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Der Münsterberg in Breisach in Römischer Zeit

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Der Münsterberg in Breisach in Römischer Zeit Departement Altertumswissenschaften Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche und Provinzialrömische Archäologie Prof. Dr. Brigitte Röder / Prof. Dr. Peter-A. Schwarz Inhaltsverzeichnis Breisacher Münsterberg in römischer Zeit (A. Callierotti) 1-9 Ihringen-Gündlingen 10-13 Oedenburg (L. Barbieri) 14-32 Tarodunum (D. Roth) 33-38 Zähringer Burgberg (P. Ingold) 39-49 Kegelriss (D. Roth) 50-53 Badenweiler (T. Lander) 54-63 Strasbourg (Argentorate) (J. Tanner) 64-74 Seminar Oberrheingebiet in römischer Zeit (FS 2013) Dr. Gabriele Rasbach / Prof. Dr. Peter-A. Schwarz Andreas Callierotti Datum: 05.08.2013 Der Breisacher Münsterberg in römischer Zeit Lage und Topographie Breisach am Rhein (Landkreis Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, BW) liegt nahe der deutsch-französischen Grenze an den östlichsten Ausläufern des Kaiserstuhls, jeweils etwa 60 km nördlich von Basel (CH) und südlich von Strassburg (F) (Abb. 1). Der Breisacher Münsterberg hat eine maximale Ost-West-Ausdehnung von 228 m und eine maximale Nord- Süd-Ausdehnung von 555 m. Er liegt mit 225 m. ü. M. rund 35 m über dem Rhein. Dieser fliesst seit der Korrektur im 19 Jh. westlich des Münsterbergs vorbei. Von besonderem Interesse ist die Rekonstruktion der Flussarme in römischer Zeit. Nach neuesten Untersuchungen verliefen diese auf beiden Seiten von Breisach, allerdings passierte der Hauptarm den Münsterberg auch schon in der Antike im Westen (Brunnacker 2005). Bis zur Rheinkorrektur von Johann Gottfried Tulla (1770-1828) lag der auf beiden Seiten umspülte Münsterberg bei Hochwasser wie eine Insel im Rhein. Eine entsprechende Beschreibung findet sich bei Liudprand von Cremona im 10. Jh.: „Est in Alsaciae partibus castellum Brisicau patrio vocabulo nuncupatum, quod et Rhenus in modum insulae cingens et naturalis ipsa loci asperitas munit.“ (Liudprand, Antapodosis IV 27). Eine der ältesten Erwähnungen Breisachs findet sich im codex Theodosianus (6,35,8) mit der Beschreibung des Aufenthalts von Kaiser Valentinianus I. am 30. August 369 n. Chr. am mons Brisiacus (Wirth 1949). Auch im itinerarium Antonini, einem Verzeichnis der wichtigsten Strassen aus dem 3. Jh. n. Chr. wird Breisach als monte Brisiaco gleich dreimal erwähnt: Auf zwei Ost-West-Routen, die Pannonien mit Gallien verbinden, und auf einer Nord-Süd-Route, die von Mailand über die Alpes Graiae (den kleinen St. Bernhard) durch die burgundische Pforte nach Strassburg führt (Zagermann 2010, 207). Forschungsgeschichte Ab dem 19. Jh. sind vom Münsterberg vermehrt archäologische Funde überliefert; so u. a. ein Fragment einer römischen Grabinschrift (Zell 1845; CIL XIII 2, 5332), ein Ziegel der legio XXI rapax (CIL XIII 6, 12308) oder ein 1901 entdeckter spätrömischer Münzhort (Bissinger 1906). Die ersten Grabungen erbrachten 1938 den Nachweis einer spätrömischen Festung. Die für die Rekonstruktion der römischen Besiedlung wichtigsten Grabungen fanden 1973 beim Hotel am Münster, von 1980-1983 an der Kapuzinergasse, von 1984-1986 im Zuge der Ratshauserweiterung, von 2005-2007 am Münsterplatz und 2007 bei der Schänzlertreppe statt (Abb. 2 und 3). Der Breisacher Münsterberg ist aus archäologischer Sicht hervorragend aufgearbeitet. Für die römische Epoche besonders wertvoll ist die Arbeit von Marcus Zagermann (Zagermann 2010), der auf den Arbeiten von Helmut Bender und Gerhard Pohl (Bender/Pohl 2005) aufbaut und vor allem für die Spätantike zu neuen Ergebnissen gelangt. Die Prähistorie wurde von H. Bender, Ludwig Pauli und Ingo Stork (Bender/Pauli/Stork 1993) vorgelegt, die Hallstattzeit von Ines Balzer (Balzer 2009), die Spätlatènezeit von Holger Wendling (Wendling 2012), das Frühmittelalter von Christel Bücker (Bücker 2007) und das Mittelalter schliesslich von Michael Schmaedecke (Schmaedecke 1992). 1 Seminar Oberrheingebiet in römischer Zeit (FS 2013) Dr. Gabriele Rasbach / Prof. Dr. Peter-A. Schwarz Andreas Callierotti Datum: 05.08.2013 Die bedeutendsten archäologischen Funde sind in der Dauerausstellung im Museum für Stadtgeschichte (Rheintorplatz 1) ausgestellt, das seit 1991 im ehemaligen Rheintor untergebracht ist. Eisenzeit In der älteren Eisenzeit ist anhand des Fundspektrums von einer Besiedlung in HaD3 auszugehen (Pauli 1993, 101). Der Breisacher Münsterberg wird traditionellerweise zu den „Fürstensitzen“ gezählt (Kimmig 1969, 107; Eggert 1989, 53). Gegen Ende der Stufe LT A wird die Siedlung aufgelassen und nach Ausweis der Fundmünzen erst wieder in der ersten Hälfte des 1. Jhs. v. Chr. besiedelt (Wendling 2012, 216). Der spätlatènezeitliche Zentralort auf dem Münsterberg löst die Talsiedlung Hochstetten ab, wodurch einige Parallelen zur gleichzeitigen Situation in Basel gegeben scheinen (Bender/Pauli/Pork 1993, 195-198). Unklar bleibt allerdings, ob die Siedlung auf dem Breisacher Münsterberg als Oppidum gelten kann: Die von H. Bender so gedeutete Pfostenschlitzmauer ist einerseits anhand des Fundmaterials nicht datierbar und andererseits nicht sicher als Befestigungsanlage anzusprechen (Bender/Pauli/Stork 1993, 23-32). Die Siedlung wurde vermutlich in den 30er Jahren des 1. Jhs. v. Chr. wieder aufgelassen (Wendling 2012, 217). Siedungshiatus? - Ende Latènezeit bis 2. Hälfte 3. Jh. n. Chr. Obwohl sich der Münsterberg als Ort für ein Militärlager anbietet, fehlt augusteisches Fundmaterial bislang vollständig. Erst aus tiberisch-claudischer Zeit sind vereinzelt Funde bekannt: eine rädchendekorierte Wandscherbe, eine TS-Scherbe mit Fischgrätdekor, ein Krug mit unterschnittenem Kragenrand, ein Ziegelstempel der legio XXI rapax und ein Fibelfragment, das möglicherweise ins 1. Jh. gehört (Zagermann 2010, 196). Die spärlichen Funde und fehlenden Befunde deuten am ehesten auf einen Beobachtungsposten, der entweder keine nachweisbaren Spuren im Boden hinterliess oder auf der Nordseite des Berges lag und noch nicht entdeckt wurde (Zagermann 2010, 197-198). Nach der Vorverschiebung der Grenze mit dem Clemensfeldzug (73/74 n. Chr.) ist ein Beobachtungsposten auf dem Breisacher Münsterberg nicht mehr notwendig. Aus nachflavischer Zeit ist in Breisach auch kein Fundmaterial bekannt, die wenigen Münzen des 1. und 2. Jhs. n. Chr. gehören wohl zum spätantiken Münzumlauf (Zagermann 2010, 79-80). Anhand der bei der Grabung Ratshauserweiterung entdeckten Schicht A, die eine homogene Zusammensetzung mit wenig Kulturschutt aufweist und als Bodenbildung interpretiert wird (Zagermann 2010, 20-22), kann von einem Siedlungsunterbruch zwischen dem Ende des 1. Jhs. und dem spätem 3. Jh. n. Chr. ausgegangen werden. Der Grund dafür könnte im Mehraufwand bei der Wasserversorgung und Bevorratung liegen, welcher für besagten Zeitraum in keinem Verhältnis zum topographischen Vorteil des Münsterberges stand (Zagermann 2010, 52-57). Aber auch die verkehrstechnische Lage dürfte massgebend gewesen sein: Weil in der Eisenzeit und in der Spätantike Verbindungen eher in Richtung Ost-West verliefen, kam dem Münsterberg in Breisach als Rheinübergang eine wichtige Rolle zu. Im Verkehrskonzept in den 300 Jahre dazwischen, dass auf die entlang der Rheinachse führende Nord-Süd Verbindung ausgerichteten war, allerdings nicht (Bender/Pohl 2005, 304). Wiederbesiedlung - Ende 3. und Anfang 4. Jh. n. Chr. Nach der Aufgabe des Limes gewannen Orte wie der Breisacher Münsterberg wegen ihrer fortifikatorischen Eigenschaften an Bedeutung. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass die Befestigung in Breisach auf 2 Seminar Oberrheingebiet in römischer Zeit (FS 2013) Dr. Gabriele Rasbach / Prof. Dr. Peter-A. Schwarz Andreas Callierotti Datum: 05.08.2013 offizielle Initiative hin geplant und gebaut wurde – vor allem der Bau des Prätoriums spricht dafür (Abb. 2). Dass anhand der Befunde von einer von höherer Stelle aus gelenkten Räumung des rechtsrheinischen Obergermaniens und einem Ausbau der Befestigungen am Ober- und Hochrhein (u. a. in Basel, Augst, Breisach, Strassburg) – womöglich unter Kaiser Probus (276-282) – ausgegangen werden kann, hält M. Zagermann für wahrscheinlich (Zagermann 2010, 202-206). Dank des Münzspektrums, welches grosse Ähnlichkeiten zu jenem von Augst „Kastelen“ aufweist, kann der Beginn der römischen Besiedlung auf dem Münsterberg in das letzte Viertel des 3. Jh. n. Chr. gesetzt werden (Zagermann 2010, 80-83). Im Winter 1969/70 wurden bei der Erneuerung des Bodenbelags auf dem Münsterplatz die Reste eines römischen Bauwerks entdeckt. In den Jahren 2005-2007 konnten weitere Mauern desselben Gebäudes freigelegt werden (Abb. 4). In Analogie zum inschriftlich als Prätorium belegten Gebäude in Muru de Bangius, Sardinien (Zucca 1992) kann dieses Gebäude unter dem Breisacher Münster ebenfalls als Prätorium angesprochen werden (Zagermann 2010, 22-39). Es ist anhand der Funde jedoch nicht zu datieren. Weil kein römisches Vorgängergebäude nachgewiesen ist, hält M. Zagermann eine Erbauung im Zusammenhang mit dem Beginn der römischen Besiedlung auf dem Münsterberg im letzten Viertel des 3. Jh. n. Chr. für am wahrscheinlichsten. Im Befund der Grabung Kapuzinergasse ist die Fundamentgrube einer Wehrmauer nachgewiesen, die ausserhalb der Umwehrung des spätantiken Castrums verläuft. M. Zagermann postuliert einen Verlauf der Mauer um den gesamten Münsterberg herum. Anhand des Fundmaterials kann der Baubeginn der Mauer in das letzte Viertel des 3. Jhs. n. Chr. gesetzt werden (Zagermann 2010, 39-43). Dass nicht nur der gesamte Berg befestigt, sondern auch besiedelt war, ist durch Grubenbefunde im Bereich der Grabung Kapuzinergasse und Stampflehmböden im Bereich der Grabung Ratshauserweiterung/Tiefgaragenneubau als sehr wahrscheinlich zu erachten (Zagermann 2010, 47-51). Steinbauphase des Castrums -
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