An American Profile: the United States and Its People Population, Percentage Change, and Racial Composition for the United States, 1790–2002

Home , Thomas Pinckney

An American Profile: The United States and Its People Population, Percentage Change, and Racial Composition for the United States, 1790–2002

Population of Increase over Preceding Census Racial Composition, Percent Distribution* Census United States Number Percentage White Black Latino Asian

1790 3,929,214 80.7 19.3 NA NA 1800 5,308,483 1,379,269 35.1 81.1 18.9 NA NA 1810 7,239,881 1,931,398 36.4 81.0 19.0 NA NA 1820 9,638,453 2,398,572 33.1 81.6 18.4 NA NA 1830 12,866,020 3,227,567 33.5 81.9 18.1 NA NA 1840 17,069,453 4,203,433 32.7 83.2 16.8 NA NA 1850 23,191,876 6,122,423 35.9 84.3 15.7 NA NA 1860 31,433,321 8,251,445 35.6 85.6 14.1 NA NA 1870 39,818,449 8,375,128 26.6 86.2 13.5 NA NA 1880 50,155,783 10,337,334 26.0 86.5 13.1 NA NA 1890 62,947,714 12,791,931 25.5 87.5 11.9 NA NA 1900 75,994,575 13,046,861 20.7 87.9 11.6 NA 0.3 1910 91,972,266 15,997,691 21.0 88.9 10.7 NA 0.3 1920 105,710,620 13,738,354 14.9 89.7 9.9 NA 0.3 1930 122,775,046 17,064,426 16.1 89.8 9.7 NA 0.4 1940 131,669,275 8,894,229 7.2 89.8 9.8 NA 0.4 1950 150,697,361 19,028,086 14.5 89.5 10.0 NA 0.4 1960 † 179,323,175 28,625,814 19.0 88.6 10.5 NA 0.5 1970 203,235,298 23,912,123 13.3 87.6 11.1 NA 0.7 1980 226,504,825 23,269,527 11.4 85.9 11.8 6.4 1.5 1990 248,709,873 22,205,048 9.8 83.9 12.3 9.0 2.9 2000 282,177,754 33,467,881 12.0 81.0 12.7 12.5 3.8 2002 287,973,924 5,796,170 2.0 80.1 12.7 13.4 4.0

*Not every racial group included (e.g., no Native Americans). Persons of Latino origin may be of any race. Data for 1980, 1990, 2000, 2002 add up to more than 100% because those who identify themselves as “Latino” could still be counted as “White.” †First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. (Sources: Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, updated by relevant Statistical Abstract of the United States. )

Population Density and Distribution, 1790–2000 % Urban* % Rural 80 24.8 21.0 70 26.5 26.3 30.1 36.0 43.8 43.5 48.8 60 54.3 60.3 64.9 71.8 50 75.1 80.2 84.7 91.2 89.2 94.9 93.9 92.8 92.8 40

79.0 75.2 30 73.5 73.7 69.9 64.0 Population per square mile 56.2 56.5 20 51.2 45.7 39.7 35.1 28.2 10 24.9 19.8 15.3 8.8 10.8 5.1 6.1 7.2 7.2 0 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960† 1970 1980 1990 2000 *The Bureau of the Census defines “urban” as communities of 2,500 or more inhabitants. †First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. (Sources: Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, updated by relevant Statistical Abstract of the United States .) An American Profile: The United States and Its People A51

Changing Characteristics of the U.S. Population

Birthrates per thousand women ages 15–44 Life expectancy at birth 150 80

100 60 Age Rate 50 50

0 30 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2001 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2001

Median age of population (years) Infant mortality 40 150

120

30 90 Total Age Black 60 20 White Per 1,000 live births 30

10 0 1820 1850 1900 1950 2002 1920 1930 1950 1970 1990 2001

Household size Median age at first marriage 6 30

5 28

4 26 Male 3 Age 24 2

22 1 Female

Average number of household members 0 20 1790 1850 18701890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2002 1890 1910 1930 19501970 1990 200 0

(Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.) A52 An American Profile: The United States and Its People

Changing Lifestyles in Modern America

Households with all Occupied households with Occupied households with plumbing facilities, 1940–2000 electric service, 1900–2000 telephones, 1920–2001 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 Percentage Percentage Percentage 30 20 10 0 1940* 1950* 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 1920 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2001

Motor-vehicle registrations, Households with television sets, Households with videocassette 1900–2001 1946–2001 recorders (VCRs), 1970–2001 250 100 100 90 90 200 80 80 70 70 150 60 60 50 50 100 40 40 Percentage Percentage 30 30 50 20 20 Registration (in millions) 10 10 0 0 0 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2001 19401950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 1970 1980 1990 2001

*Except for 1940 and 1950, figures for “all plumbing facilities” (not detailed in source). For 1940, figure is for flush toilet, inside structure, private use (64.7 percent had flush toilet and private and/or shared inside structure, and 60.9 percent had installed bath or shower). For 1950, figure designates units with private toilet and bath and hot running water (flush toilet, private or shared inside structure is 74.3 percent; installed bathtub or shower, 72.9 percent). (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.)

Characteristics of the U.S. Labor Force

Total labor force (age 16 or over, employed and Gender composition of labor force, 1900–2002 Top three occupational categories unemployed seeking work) (percentage of men and women in civilian labor force) (rank based on total numbers) for workers age 14 and older 150 100

farm manual* white collar† service 75 Men Rank 1 2 3 100 1900 50 1920 Percentage 50 1940 Millions of persons Women 25 1960

1980

0 0 2002 1870 1900 1930 1960 1990 2002 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2002

*Manual workers = operators, fabricators, and laborers plus precision production, craft, and repair. †White-collar workers = managerial and professional plus technical, sales, and administrative support. (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics, relevant years.) An American Profile: The United States and Its People A53

Leading Economic Sectors (various years)

Percentage of 1849 1899 value added contributed

Construction Manufacturing Construction 7.9 32.1 12.6 Manufacturing Mining 49.3 Mining 4.6 1.4 Agriculture Agriculture 59.3 33.3

1949 2001

Communication 1.6 Agriculture Services Government Trade Transportation 5.7 1.4 Trade Government 18.7 8.9 12.7 16.0 8.7 Finance, Manufacturing insurance, 14.1 Services and real 22.1 Agriculture Manufacturing estate 10.8 7.6 28.0 Construction Mining 4.8 3.2 Mining Communication Construction 1.4 2.9 Transportation 4.4 Finance, Electricity, gas, insurance, 3.0 and sanitation and real estate 2.2 20.6

(Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States , Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.)

Per Capita Disposable Personal Income in Constant Comparative Tax Burdens (percentage of gross (1987) Dollars, 1940–2002 domestic product paid as taxes in major industrial countries, 2000) 1987 Dollars 18,000 Sweden 53.6%

Belgium 45.6% 15,000 France 45.3%

Italy 42.0% 12,000 Netherlands 41.4%

Germany 37.9% 9,000 United Kingdom 37.4% United 29.6% States 6,000 Japan 27.1% (Sources: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and 3,000 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.)

0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2002 (Sources: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and John J. McCusker, “Comparing the Purchasing Power of Money in the U.S.,” [2004], Economic History Services http://www.eh.net/hmit/ppowerusd/) A54 An American Profile: The United States and Its People

The Federal Budget Dollar and How It Is Spent, by Major Category 1960 1980 2000

Education Education Education Interest Health Interest 1.1¢ 5.4¢ 3.5¢ 8.5¢ 0.9¢ 7.5¢ Health 10¢ Interest Income 11.2¢ Health Security* 21.2¢ National 19.8¢ National Income Income Defense Defense Security* National Security* 49¢ Other 23.1¢ 33.9¢ Defense 38.2¢ 21.7¢ Other 17.3¢ Other 16.4¢ 11.3¢

*Includes Social Security payments to the elderly and disabled, unemployment compensation, and welfare. Note the shifting emphasis in the budget from defense spending to health and income security, and to interest payments on the national debt.

(Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.)

The U.S. Balance of Trade, 1900–2002

Billions of dollars 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

50 +5.922 +2.7 +2.950 +1.396 +1.423 +.782 +.545 0 +.188

–

50 –66.2 –75.0 –24.2 –40.0 –101.7

–100 –108.0 –132.1 –261.2 –150 –163.2

–200

–250 Status of the balance trade

–300

–350 –357.8 –375.4

–400 –418.0

–450

(Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.) An American Profile: The United States and Its People A55

Tariff Levies on Dutiable Imports, 1821–2003 (ratio of duties to value of dutiable imports)

100

90 t 46 61 1947 1967 80

1828 TariffCompromise of AbominationsTariff Tariff, Walkerof 18421833 Tariff,Tariff 18 Morrillof 1857 Tariff, 18 McKinley Tariff,Wilson-Gorman Dingley1890 Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Tariff, Underwood1897 1894 Tariff,Emergency Tariff, Fordney-McCumber1909 1913 Tariff,Smoot-Hawley 1921 Tariff,Reciprocal Tariff, TradeGeneral 1930 Agreements Agreement on 70 1922 Act, 1934 Tariffs & Trade, 1962 TradeKennedy Expansion TradeRound, Reform Ac Trade Act, & 1974 Tariff Act, 1984 60

North American 50 Free Trade Agreement,

Percentage 1993 40

0 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2003

(Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States , Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and United States International Trade Commission.) Gross Domestic Product in Current and Constant 1995 Dollars*

11,000

10,000

9,000

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000 U.S. dollars (in billions) 3,000

2,000 Constant 1995 dollars Current dollars 1,000

0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2002 (Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.) *Gross national product before 1960. Gross national product includes income from overseas investment and excludes profits generated in the United States but accruing to foreign accounts. Gross domestic product excludes overseas profits owed to American accounts but includes the value of all items originating in the United States, regardless of the ultimate destination of the profits. Until recent years, those factors made for negligible differences in the calculation of national and domestic product, but most economists now prefer the latter methodology. A56 An American Profile: The United States and Its People

Presidential Elections*

Election Candidates Parties Popular Vote Electoral Vote

1789 GEORGE WASHINGTON No party designation 69 JOHN ADAMS 34 MINOR CANDIDATES 35 1792 GEORGE WASHINGTON No party designation 132 JOHN ADAMS 77 GEORGE CLINTON 50 MINOR CANDIDATES 5 1796 JOHN ADAMS Federalist 71 THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 68 THOMAS PINCKNEY Federalist 59 AARON BURR Democratic-Republican 30 MINOR CANDIDATES 48 1800 THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 73 AARON BURR Democratic-Republican 73 JOHN ADAMS Federalist 65 CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist 64 JOHN JAY Federalist 1 1804 THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 162 CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist 14 1808 JAMES MADISON Democratic-Republican 122 CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist 47 GEORGE CLINTON Democratic-Republican 6 1812 JAMES MADISON Democratic-Republican 128 DEWITT CLINTON Federalist 89 1816 JAMES MONROE Democratic-Republican 183 RUFUS KING Federalist 34 1820 JAMES MONROE Democratic-Republican 231 JOHN Q. ADAMS Independent Republican 1 1824 JOHN Q. ADAMS (Min.) † Democratic-Republican 108,740 84 ANDREW JACKSON Democratic-Republican 153,544 99 WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD Democratic-Republican 46,618 41 HENRY CLAY Democratic-Republican 47,136 37 1828 ANDREW JACKSON Democratic 647,286 178 JOHN Q. ADAMS National Republican 508,064 83 1832 ANDREW JACKSON Democratic 687,502 219 HENRY CLAY National Republican 530,189 49 WILLIAM WIRT Anti-Masonic 7 33,108 JOHN FLOYD National Republican} 11 1836 MARTIN VAN BUREN Democratic 765,483 170 WILLIAM H. HARRISON Whig 73 HUGH L. WHITE Whig 26 739,795 DANIEL WEBSTER Whig 14 W. P. MANGUM Whig } 11 1840 WILLIAM H. HARRISON Whig 1,274,624 234 MARTIN VAN BUREN Democratic 1,127,781 60 1844 JAMES K. POLK (Min.) † Democratic 1,338,464 170 HENRY CLAY Whig 1,300,097 105 JAMES G. BIRNEY Liberty 62,300

* Candidates receiving less than 1 percent of the popular vote are omitted. Before the Twelfth Amendment (1804), the Electoral College voted for two presidential candidates, and the runner-up became vice president. Basic figures are taken primarily from Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (1975), pp. 1073–1074, and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years. †“Min.” indicates minority president—one receiving less than 50 percent of all popular votes. An American Profile: The United States and Its People A57

Presidential Elections (continued)

Election Candidates Parties Popular Vote Electoral Vote

1848 ZACHARY TAYLOR Whig 1,360,967 163 LEWIS CASS Democratic 1,222,342 127 MARTIN VAN BUREN Free Soil 291,263 1852 FRANKLIN PIERCE Democratic 1,601,117 254 WINFIELD SCOTT Whig 1,385,453 42 JOHN P. HALE Free Soil 155,825 1856 JAMES BUCHANAN (Min.)* Democratic 1,832,955 174 JOHN C. FRÉMONT Republican 1,339,932 114 MILLARD FILLMORE American 871,731 8 1860 ABRAHAM LINCOLN (Min.)* Republican 1,865,593 180 STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS Democratic 1,382,713 12 JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE Democratic 848,356 72 JOHN BELL Constitutional Union 592,906 39 1864 ABRAHAM LINCOLN Union 2,206,938 212 GEORGE B. MC CLELLAN Democratic 1,803,787 21 1868 ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 3,013,421 214 HORATIO SEYMOUR Democratic 2,706,829 80 1872 ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 3,596,745 286 HORACE GREELEY Democratic Liberal 2,843,446 66 Republican 1876 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (Min.)* Republican 4,036,572 185 SAMUEL J. TILDEN Democratic 4,284,020 184 1880 JAMES A. GARFIELD (Min.)* Republican 4,453,295 214 WINFIELD S. HANCOCK Democratic 4,414,082 155 JAMES B. WEAVER Greenback-Labor 308,578 1884 GROVER CLEVELAND (Min.)* Democratic 4,879,507 219 JAMES G. BLAINE Republican 4,850,293 182 BENJAMIN F. BUTLER Greenback-Labor 175,370 JOHN P. ST. JOHN Prohibition 150,369 1888 BENJAMIN HARRISON (Min.)* Republican 5,447,129 233 GROVER CLEVELAND Democratic 5,537,857 168 CLINTON B. FISK Prohibition 249,506 ANSON J. STREETER Union Labor 146,935 1892 GROVER CLEVELAND (Min.)* Democratic 5,555,426 277 BENJAMIN HARRISON Republican 5,182,690 145 JAMES B. WEAVER People’s 1,029,846 22 JOHN BIDWELL Prohibition 264,133 1896 WILLIAM MC KINLEY Republican 7,102,246 271 WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic 6,492,559 176 1900 WILLIAM MC KINLEY Republican 7,218,491 292 WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic; Populist 6,356,734 155 JOHN C. WOOLLEY Prohibition 208,914 1904 THEODORE ROOSEVELT Republican 7,628,461 336 ALTON B. PARKER Democratic 5,084,223 140 EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 402,283 SILAS C. SWALLOW Prohibition 258,536 1908 WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican 7,675,320 321 WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic 6,412,294 162 EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 420,793 EUGENE W. CHAFIN Prohibition 253,840

* “Min.” indicates minority president—one receiving less than 50 percent of all popular votes. A58 An American Profile: The United States and Its People

Presidential Elections (continued)

Election Candidates Parties Popular Vote Electoral Vote

1912 WOODROW WILSON (Min.)* Democratic 6,296,547 435 THEODORE ROOSEVELT Progressive 4,118,571 88 WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican 3,486,720 8 EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 900,672 EUGENE W. CHAFIN Prohibition 206,275 1916 WOODROW WILSON (Min.)* Democratic 9,127,695 277 CHARLES E. HUGHES Republican 8,533,507 254 A. L. BENSON Socialist 585,113 J. F. HANLY Prohibition 220,506 1920 WARREN G. HARDING Republican 16,143,407 404 JAMES M. COX Democratic 9,130,328 127 EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 919,799 P. P. CHRISTENSEN Farmer-Labor 265,411 1924 CALVIN COOLIDGE Republican 15,718,211 382 JOHN W. DAVIS Democratic 8,385,283 136 ROBERT M. LA FOLLETTE Progressive 4,831,289 13 1928 HERBERT C. HOOVER Republican 21,391,993 444 ALFRED E. SMITH Democratic 15,016,169 87 1932 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 22,809,638 472 HERBERT C. HOOVER Republican 15,758,901 59 NORMAN THOMAS Socialist 881,951 1936 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 27,752,869 523 ALFRED M. LANDON Republican 16,674,665 8 WILLIAM LEMKE Union 882,479 1940 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 27,307,819 449 WENDELL L. WILLKIE Republican 22,321,018 82 1944 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 25,606,585 432 THOMAS E. DEWEY Republican 22,014,745 99 1948 HARRY S TRUMAN (Min.)* Democratic 24,179,345 303 THOMAS E. DEWEY Republican 21,991,291 189 J. STROM THURMOND States’ Rights Democratic 1,176,125 39 HENRY A. WALLACE Progressive 1,157,326 1952 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Republican 33,936,234 442 ADLAI E. STEVENSON Democratic 27,314,992 89 1956 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Republican 35,590,472 457 ADLAI E. STEVENSON Democratic 26,022,752 73 1960 JOHN F. KENNEDY (Min.)* † Democratic 34,226,731 303 RICHARD M. NIXON Republican 34,108,157 219 1964 LYNDON B. JOHNSON Democratic 43,129,566 486 BARRY M. GOLDWATER Republican 27,178,188 52 1968 RICHARD M. NIXON (Min.)* Republican 31,785,480 301 HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, JR. Democratic 31,275,166 191 GEORGE C. WALLACE American Independent 9,906,473 46 1972 RICHARD M. NIXON Republican 47,169,911 520 GEORGE S. MC GOVERN Democratic 29,170,383 17 1976 JIMMY CARTER Democratic 40,828,657 297 GERALD R. FORD Republican 39,145,520 240

* “Min.” indicates minority president—one receiving less than 50 percent of all popular votes. †Six Democratic electors in Alabama, all eight unpledged Democratic electors in Mississippi, and one Republican elector in Oklahoma voted for Senator Harry F. Byrd. An American Profile: The United States and Its People A59

Presidential Elections (continued)

Election Candidates Parties Popular Vote Electoral Vote

1980 RONALD W. REAGAN Republican 43,899,248 489 JIMMY CARTER Democratic 35,481,435 49 JOHN B. ANDERSON Independent 5,719,437 0 1984 RONALD W. REAGAN Republican 52,609,797 525 WALTER MONDALE Democratic 36,450,613 13 1988 GEORGE BUSH Republican 47,946,422 426 MICHAEL DUKAKIS Democratic 41,016,429 111 1992 WILLIAM CLINTON (Min.)* Democratic 44,909,889 370 GEORGE BUSH Republican 39,104,545 168 H. ROSS PEROT Independent 19,742,267 1996 WILLIAM CLINTON (Min.)* Democratic 47,401,898 379 ROBERT DOLE Republican 39,198,482 159 H. ROSS PEROT Reform 7,874,283 2000 GEORGE W. BUSH (Min.)* Republican 50,456,002 271 ALBERT GORE, JR. Democratic 50,999,897 266 RALPH NADER Green 2,783,728 0 2004 GEORGE W. BUSH Republican 60,693,281 286 JOHN KERRY Democratic 57,355,978 252 RALPH NADER Green 405,623 0

* “Min.” indicates minority president—one receiving less than 50 percent of all popular votes.

Presidents and Vice Presidents

Term President Vice President

1789–1793 George Washington John Adams 1793–1797 George Washington John Adams 1797–1801 John Adams Thomas Jefferson 1801–1805 Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 1805–1809 Thomas Jefferson George Clinton 1809–1813 James Madison George Clinton (d. 1812) 1813–1817 James Madison Elbridge Gerry (d. 1814) 1817–1821 James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 1821–1825 James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 1825–1829 John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun 1829–1833 Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun (resigned 1832) 1833–1837 Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren 1837–1841 Martin Van Buren Richard M. Johnson 1841–1845 William H. Harrison (d. 1841) John Tyler John Tyler 1845–1849 James K. Polk George M. Dallas 1849–1853 Zachary Taylor (d. 1850) Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore 1853–1857 Franklin Pierce William R. D. King (d. 1853) 1857–1861 James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge A60 An American Profile: The United States and Its People

Presidents and Vice Presidents (continued)

Term President Vice President

1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin 1865–1869 Abraham Lincoln (d. 1865) Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson 1869–1873 Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax 1873–1877 Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wilson (d. 1875) 1877–1881 Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler 1881–1885 James A. Garfield (d. 1881) Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur 1885–1889 Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks (d. 1885) 1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton 1893–1897 Grover Cleveland Adlai E. Stevenson 1897–1901 William McKinley Garret A. Hobart (d. 1899) 1901–1905 William McKinley (d. 1901) Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt 1905–1909 Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks 1909–1913 William H. Taft James S. Sherman (d. 1912) 1913–1917 Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall 1917–1921 Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall 1921–1925 Warren G. Harding (d. 1923) Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge 1925–1929 Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes 1929–1933 Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis 1933–1937 Franklin D. Roosevelt John N. Garner 1937–1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt John N. Garner 1941–1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt Henry A. Wallace 1945–1949 Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1945) Harry S Truman Harry S Truman 1949–1953 Harry S Truman Alben W. Barkley 1953–1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon 1957–1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon 1961–1965 John F. Kennedy (d. 1963) Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson 1965–1969 Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert H. Humphrey, Jr. 1969–1974 Richard M. Nixon Spiro T. Agnew (resigned 1973); Gerald R. Ford 1974–1977 Gerald R. Ford Nelson A. Rockefeller 1977–1981 Jimmy Carter Walter F. Mondale 1981–1985 Ronald Reagan George Bush 1985–1989 Ronald Reagan George Bush 1989–1993 George Bush J. Danforth Quayle III 1993–2001 William Clinton Albert Gore, Jr. 2001–2004– George W. Bush Richard Cheney 2004– George W. Bush Richard Cheney An American Profile: The United States and Its People A61

Admission of States (See p. 183 for order in which the original thirteen entered the Union.)

Order of Date of Order of Date of Admission State Admission Admission State Admission

14 Vermont Mar. 4, 1791 33 Oregon Feb. 14, 1859 15 Kentucky June 1, 1792 34 Kansas Jan. 29, 1861 16 Tennessee June 1, 1796 35 W. Virginia June 20, 1863 17 Ohio Mar. 1, 1803 36 Nevada Oct. 31, 1864 18 Louisiana April 30, 1812 37 Nebraska Mar. 1, 1867 19 Indiana Dec. 11, 1816 38 Colorado Aug. 1, 1876 20 Mississippi Dec. 10, 1817 39 N. Dakota Nov. 2, 1889 21 Illinois Dec. 3, 1818 40 S. Dakota Nov. 2, 1889 22 Alabama Dec. 14, 1819 41 Montana Nov. 8, 1889 23 Maine Mar. 15, 1820 42 Washington Nov. 11, 1889 24 Missouri Aug. 10, 1821 43 Idaho July 3, 1890 25 Arkansas June 15, 1836 44 Wyoming July 10, 1890 26 Michigan Jan. 26, 1837 45 Utah Jan. 4, 1896 27 Florida Mar. 3, 1845 46 Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907 28 Texas Dec. 29, 1845 47 New Mexico Jan. 6, 1912 29 Iowa Dec. 28, 1846 48 Arizona Feb. 14, 1912 30 Wisconsin May 29, 1848 49 Alaska Jan. 3, 1959 31 California Sept. 9, 1850 50 Hawaii Aug. 21, 1959 32 Minnesota May 11, 1858

Estimates of Total Costs and Number of Battle Deaths of Major U.S. Wars*

Total Costs † Original Costs Number of War (millions of dollars) Battle Deaths

Vietnam Conflict $352,000 $140,600 47,355 ‡ Korean Conflict 164,000 54,000 33,629 World War II 664,000 288,000 291,557 World War I 112,000 26,000 53,402 Spanish-American War 6,460 400 385 Union only 12,952 3,200 140,414 Civil War { Confederacy (est.) N.A. 1,000 94,000 Mexican War 147 73 1,733 War of 1812 158 93 2,260 American Revolution 190 100 6,824

* Deaths from disease and other causes are not shown. In earlier wars especially, owing to poor medical and sanitary practices, nonbattle deaths substantially exceeded combat casualties. † The difference between total costs and original costs is attributable to continuing postwar payments for items such as veterans’ benefits, interest on war debts, and so on. ‡ 1957–1990 (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States, Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1986. )