Anticipating the Battle Vol. 2, No. 1 February 2010 Items of Recent and Historical Interest from Members of the Heritage Librar
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Items of recent and historical interest from members of The Heritage Library Vol. 2, No. 1 February 2010 Battle of Port Royal and its Aftermath By Lyman D. Wooster In the military history of America’s Civil War, the Battle of Port Royal Sound was in it- self a relatively minor engage- ment but, as with most battles, what followed was anything This depiction of the Battle of Port Royal graced sheet music composed but minor. by Ch. Grobe and dedicated to “Commander S.F. DuPont and his brace associates.” http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sheetmusic/. At the outset of the war, an immediate Union objective was to prevent Confederate Anticipating the Battle coastal states from receiving arms from abroad and from exporting goods—particularly cotton—and thereby rais- The battle of Port Royal on November 7, 1861, was ing funds for the support of the South’s Army. With that no surprise to either the North or the South. The New goal in mind, Federal naval forces, under the command of York Times had been printing articles about the as- Captain Samuel F. DuPont (subsequently an admiral), set sembly of an armada to blockade the South for weeks sail from Hampton Roads on October, 29, 1861, to take before the battle, remarking on October 25 about the control of South Carolina’s Port Royal Sound. impatience of those eager for action. The paper also speculated about the dangers to the ships from storms, The Sound was guarded by two Confederate forts: especially off Hatteras. On November 3, the paper Fort Walker, to the south of the Sound (in an area now published an article laying out the entire battle plan. known as Port Royal Plantation on Hilton Head), and the other, Fort Beauregard, to the north of the sound on According to Wikipedia, “Although Du Pont and St. Phillips Island. others muttered aloud about treason and leaks in high places, the article was in fact the product of straight- The Union Fleet— at that time the largest ever assem- forward journalism.” The destination of the armada bled—lost a number of ships to a heavy storm as it sailed was supposed to be a secret, but the CSA Secretary south toward the South Carolina coast. Even so, when of War had already (on November 1) telegraphed au- it reached the Sound and began action on the morning thorities in South Carolina warning that the expedi- of November 7, 1861, it was capable of firing 153 guns tion was headed for Port Royal.. against the two forts while the forts were capable of fir- ing but 39 guns. Moreover, the forts were firing at new Meanwhile at Port Royal the defenders were scram- steam-powered ships that were moving targets— making bling to improve their defenses and call up more men. the forts’ aim erratic— while the fleet was hitting station- Accounts rendered afterwards show that communica- ary targets and firing from calm waters on a calm day. By tions often went awry and that some of the anticipated mid-afternoon Ft. Walker was abandoned by the Con- reinforcements, a day late in departing, were cut off by federates and shortly thereafter the troops at Ft. Beaure- the Union forces and never arrived. Cont’d on Page 2 Glimpses: A Publication of the Heritage Library February 010 Battle of Port Royal: Cont’d from Page 1 Union forces led to an event that, at the local level, pre- gard also departed. A Union expeditionary force under ceded by eight months President Lincoln’s January 1863 the the command of Brig. Gen. T. W. Sherman, in one of announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation. earliest amphibious operations of the Civil War, occupied Hilton Head, Port Royal, Beaufort, and St. Helena Island, Two days after the arrival of Federal troops on Hilton and established itself on the outskirts of Charleston, laying Head, according to one report, about 150 slaves showed siege to that city, a situation lasting throughout the war. up at the army encampment; by December 15, 320 slaves had sought refuge there; and by February 1862 there were Casualties in the Battle of Port Royal Sound were rel- around 600 “contrabands of war” or simply “contrabands,” for the horrendous War atively light, an unusual statistic as the escaped slaves were called by Union forces. As for the between the States. Eight persons were killed in the fleet white plantation owners and their families, they had left the and 23 were wounded, while on shore in the forts 11 were island in anticipation of the invasion by Federal troops. killed and 47 wounded. Total casualties amounted to less that On Hilton Head, General T. W. Sherman (no relation 100. to General William Tecumseh Sherman), the command- er of the 13,000 Union troops that initially occupied Hil- A sidelight of the ships-ver- ton Head, wrote to Washington D. C. in February 1862 sus-forts engagement is that it asking for guidance regarding the handling of the con- pitted brother against brother, trabands. Then in April, he issued a military order freeing a not uncommon event in a Sea Island blacks, an action that nullified the term “con- civil war. In this case, it was traband” and introduced the term “freedman.” In spite of Brigadier General Thomas F. the fact that the order was beneficent and had the approval Thomas Drayton Drayton, a graduate of the US of high Federal authorities, Sherman was reassigned; his Military Academy, the com- abrasive personality evidently made him difficult to work mander of Ft. Walker, and with. While he served in various capacities throughout the a plantation owner on Hil- war, he did so without distinction. ton Head, against his brother The influx of slaves from nearby off-island plantations Commander Percival Dray- seeking refuge and freedom so increased the number of Af- ton, captain of the Pocahontas, rican-Americans on Hilton Head it created a serious hous- a ship in the attacking arma- ing problem for the occupying forces. Initially, barracks were da. After his defeat, General built, but by October 1862 they were described as “sties” and Thomas Drayton continued to considered a failure. serve the Confederate Army Major General Mitchel but in administrative posts; he Percival Drayton assumed command of the was said to be incompetent in headquarters on Hilton Head the field. His brother Percival served in the navy through- in September 1862; it was he out the war and served well. who envisioned the creation The Battle of Port Royal Sound accomplished its of a town of former slaves. A primary goal; it succeeded in effecting a blockade from cotton field near the military Charleston to Savannah, an area rich with cotton. Hilton camp on what had been the Head became the headquarters for the Department of Drayton plantation was se- the South. In addition, the occupation of Hilton Head by lected as the site of a village; by Ormsby Mitchel Glimpses is published by The Heritage Library. • 852 Wm Hilton Parkway Suite 2A • Hilton Head Island SC 29926 • 843-686-6560 • www.heritagelib.org President: Robert P. Smith 843-686-6560 • [email protected] Editor: Barbara Muller • 843-715-0153 • [email protected] February 010 Glimpses: A Publication of the Heritage Library five hours each day. The town of Mitchelville existed into the 1870s, but sometime in the early 1880s it apparently ceased being a true town and became a small, kinship-based community centered around a church. The initial 13,000 Union troops on Hilton Head even- tually became 50,000; their mission was to enforce the blockade of the South Carolina coast from Charleston to “Refugee quarters” in Mitchelville. From the National Archives and including Savannah, Georgia. The blockade was never late 1862 the creation of a town was under way. It was perfect; blockade runners got through. Even so, the differ- named Mitchelville in honor of the general, who had died ence between the large number of cotton bales shipped in of malaria or yellow fever on October 30, 1862. the pre-war period and the much smaller number that got Mitchelville was developed as an actual town, the first through the blockade during the war was substantial. Re- American town to be created and settled by freedmen; it ducing the amount of cotton exported during the war was had named streets, one-quarter acre lots, elected officials, a strategic accomplishment of considerable consequence. several stores, and churches. There were laws dealing with The decision to free the slaves on the Sea Islands was, community behavior and sanitation; some officials were of course, of major importance to the local African-Amer- elected and others were appointed by the military; taxes icans. While there is no evidence of wider impact, it is con- were levied and collected; and a compulsory education ceivable that the ability of freedmen to establish on Hilton system for children between the ages of six and fifteen was Head a viable town, Mitchelville, had some influence in established, perhaps the first such system in the South. Washington when it came to the formulation of policies The typical house was about 12 feet by 12 feet in size, a regarding African-Americans, their emancipation and rather simple structure constructed by the freedmen from subsequent treatment. lumber donated by the Army that operated the sawmills. Begun in late 1862, Mitchelville more than doubled Sources: in size in three years; there were about 1,500 residents by Mitchelville: Experiment in Freedom, Chicora Foundation, 1865. Residents earned money by working for the mili- Inc., 1995 tary; wages ranged from four to twelve dollars a month Hilton Head, A Sea Island Chronicle, Virginia C.