Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrumentation in Particle Physics
Monday, June 2, 2014 - Friday, June 6, 2014 Beurs van Berlage
Book of Abstracts ii Tipp2014 Book of Abstracts
iii iv Contents
Award for best poster presentations 458 ...... 1
Award for best oral presentations 459 ...... 1
Highlights 460 ...... 1
Upgrade of MEG Liquid Xenon Calorimeter 47 ...... 1
Shower characteristics of particles with momenta from up to 100 GeV in the CALICE Scintillator-Tungsten HCAL 156 ...... 1
Development of the upgraded LHCf calorimeter with Gd2SiO5 (GSO) scintillators. 194 . . 2 progress status for the Mu2e calorimeter system 230 ...... 3
Timing performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter and prospects for the future 201 ...... 3
Irradiation effect on the response of the scintillators in the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter 191 . 4
Energy measurement with the SDHCAL prototype 32 ...... 4
First years of running for the LHCb calorimeter system 35 ...... 4
Performance of the AMS-02 Electromagnetic Calorimeter in Space 234 ...... 6
The Time Structure of Hadronic Showers in Analog and Digital Calorimeters confronted with Simulations 138 ...... 6
The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter: lessons learned during LHC run 1, overview and future projections 248 ...... 6
Design Studies of the Electromagnetic and Hadronic Calorimeters for sPHENIX 171 . . . 7
Calorimetry in ALICE at LHC 362 ...... 8
Photodetector R&D for the Belle II upgraded forward Electromagnetic Calorimeter 314 . 9
Fine Segmented Scintillator ECAL 60 ...... 9
Development of technological prototype of silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for ILD. 55 ...... 10
The High-Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor for the Mu3e Experiment 30 ...... 11
v Pixel sensors with different pitch layouts for ATLAS Phase-II upgrade 389 ...... 11
The Pixel Luminosity Telescopes a Dedicated Luminosity Monitor for CMS105 ...... 12
Development of thin n-in-p pixel modules for the ATLAS upgrade at HL-LHC 90 . . . . . 12
Silicon Sensors for High-Luminosity Trackers – RD50 Status Report 340 ...... 13
Monolithic pixel detectors fabricated with single and double SOI wafers 94 ...... 13
COMETH: a CMOS pixel sensor for a highly miniaturized high-flux radiation monitor 181 14
Impact of Low-Dose Electron Irradiation on the Charge Collection of n+p Silicon Strip Sensors 164 ...... 14
Experimental results for the Cherwell 1 and 2 MAPS sensors 160 ...... 15
Utilization of novel Silicon Photomultipliers with bulk integrated quench resistors in track- ing applications for particle physics. 355 ...... 15
Recent results of diamond radiation tolerance 269 ...... 16
New diamond detector structure and related front-end electronics for TOF application 253 16
Total Ionization Damage Compensations in Double Silicon-on-Insulator Pixel Sensors 45 17
Development of CMOS Pixel Sensor Featuring Pixel-Level Discrimination for the ALICE- ITS Upgrade 42 ...... 18
Study of Columnar Recombination in Xe+trymethilamine Mixtures using a Micromegas- TPC 255 ...... 18
Construction and commissioning of a setup to study ageing phenomena in high rate gas detectors 79 ...... 19
A real x-y microbulk Micromegas with segmented mesh 167 ...... 19
High rate, fast timing RPC for future LHC experiments upgrade 44 ...... 20
Radiation Tolerance of the Outer Tracker in the Forward Region at the LHC 349 . . . . . 21
A Zero Ion Backflow electron multiplier operating in noble gases 24 ...... 21
Study of a Large Prototype TPC using Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors 145 ...... 22
Construction and commissioning of the KLOE-2 Inner Tracker 99 ...... 23
Close Cathode Chamber: cost efficient and lightweight detector for tracking applications 402 ...... 23
The COMET Straw Tracker System 327 ...... 24
High granularity scanner for MPGD based photon detectors 162 ...... 24
Micromegas for sampling calorimetry 359 ...... 25
An InGrid based Low Energy X-ray Detector for the CAST Experiment 216 ...... 26
vi The Triple-GEM Project for the Phase 2 Upgrade of the CMS Muon System223 ...... 26
Construction of a large-size four plane micromegas detector 221 ...... 27
Development of a High-Sensitive and Low-Cost Imaging Gamma-Ray Camera γI (Gamma Eye) 91 ...... 27
Development of Hybrid Avalanche Photo Detector and its Readout Electronics for the Belle II Aerogel RICH counter 115 ...... 28
Test on VSiPMT prototypes 270 ...... 28
Characterization and X-Ray Damage of Silicon Photomultipliers 43 ...... 30
MPGD-based counters of single photons for Cherenkov imaging counters. 179 ...... 31
Performance of the MCP-PMTs for the TOP counter in the Belle II experiment 295 . . . . 33
Large Area Microchannel Plates for LAPPD™ 198 ...... 33
Development of Superconducting Tunnel Junction Photon Detector on SOI Preamplifier Board to Search for Radiative decays of Cosmic Background Neutrino. 147 ...... 34
TORCH - a Cherenkov based Time-of-Flight Detetor 282 ...... 35
The POSSUMUS-Detector 139 ...... 36
Study of the Radiation Damage of Hamamatsu Silicon Photo Multipliers 397 ...... 36
Aerogel Cherenkov counters for experiments at VEPP-2000 e+e- collider with SND detector 87 ...... 38
Systematic Study of a SiPMT array readout for fast time-of-flight detectors 16 ...... 38
Silicon Photomultipliers for the LHCb Upgrade Scintillating Fibre Tracker 350 ...... 39
Radial transfer of tracking data with wireless links 36 ...... 40
Diamond Detectors for beam instrumentation 339 ...... 40
Beam profile measurements based on modern vertex detectors and beam-gas interactions 203 ...... 41
Interferometric Readout for a Monolithic Accelerometer, towards the fm/rtHz 97 . . . . . 41
Scintillating Fibre and Radiation Damage Studies for the LHCb Upgrade 356 ...... 42
Multi-Gigabit Wireless Data Transfer for Tracker Readout Systems 335 ...... 42
A multi-purpose digital acoustic sensor and its application in the deep-sea environment 202 ...... 43
Fiber based hydrophones for ultra-high energy neutrino detection 291 ...... 43
Development of a 20cm-by-20cm ”hot” indium-alloy hermetic seal in an inert atmosphere for photo-detector assembly 366 ...... 44
Performance study of the TOP counter with the 2 GeV/c positron beam at LEPS 240 . . . 45
vii Characterization of Ni/SnPb-TiW/Pt Flip Chip Interconnections in Silicon Pixel Detector Modules 337 ...... 45
Scintillating Fiber Detector for the Beam Loss Proton Measurements at J-PARC Linac 23 . 46
Demonstration of a Water Cherenkov Optical Time-Projection Chamber (OTPC) 385 . . . 46
Impact of the radiation background on the CMS muon high-eta upgrade for the LHC high luminosity scenario 213 ...... 47
CMS Forward Calorimetry R&D for Phase II Upgrade 232 ...... 47
The LHCb Upgrade Scintillating Fibre Tracker 343 ...... 47
Overview of the Insertable B-Layer (IBL) Project of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider 280 ...... 48
Totally Active Scintillator Calorimeter for the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment 424 . 49
Improvements to the Fermilab Test Beam Facility 0 ...... 49
Track reconstruction in CMS high luminosity environment 195 ...... 50
Upgrade of the Level-1 muon trigger of the ATLAS detector in the barrel-endcap transition region with RPC chambers 93 ...... 50
Status of the CUORE and CUORE-0 experiments at Gran Sasso 301 ...... 51 slic: A full-featured Geant4 simulation program 411 ...... 51
Production of Scintillating Fiber Modules for high resolution tracking devices 294 . . . . 52
An EUDET/AIDA Pixel Beam Telescope for Detector Development 347 ...... 52
CERN-GIF++: a new irradiation facility to test large-area particle detectors for the high- luminosity LHC program 274 ...... 53
Aerogel RICH counter for the Belle II forward PID 279 ...... 54
Status of the CMS Phase 1 Pixel Upgrade 33 ...... 54
The RICH detector of the LHCb experiment 338 ...... 55
Calorimeters for precision timing measurements in high energy physics 236 ...... 55
Planar silicon sensors for the CMS Tracker phase II upgrade 85 ...... 56
Future Upgrades for the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC: From sPHENIX to ePHENIX 170 . 56
The DIRC Detectors at the PANDA Experiment 186 ...... 58
Upgrade of the LHCb Vertex Locator 8 ...... 58
Upgrade of the GERDA experiment 67 ...... 59
Upgrade of the ALICE detector 254 ...... 59
Development of a Muon Polarimeter for the T-violation Search Experiment at J-PARC 163 60
viii Electron Test Beams at SLAC 4 ...... 61
The upgrade of the ALICE Inner Tracking System - Status of the R&D on monolithic silicon pixel sensors 284 ...... 61
Towards the integration of the MicroVertex Detector in the PANDA experiment. 286 . . . 61
Diamond particle detectors systems in high energy physics 262 ...... 62
Measurement of nm Electron Beam Sizes using Laser Interference by Shintake Monitor 261 63
Ultra-transparent DEPFET pixel detectors for future electron-positron experiments 53 . . 63
Neutron-insensitive gamma-ray detector with aerogel for rare neutral-kaon decay experi- ment 151 ...... 63
Neutron Background Detection for a Hard X-ray Balloon-borne Polarimeter 49 ...... 64
HARPO - TPC for High Energy Astrophysics and Polarimetry from the MeV to the TeV 158 65
CITIROC : a new front-end ASIC for SiPM read-out 342 ...... 65
Athena, the next large ESA mission to study the Hot and Energetic Universe 249 . . . . . 66
Development and Evaluation of Event-Driven SOI Pixel Detector for X-ray Astronomy 321 67
Axion helioscopes update: the status of CAST & IAXO 199 ...... 67
Silicon Photomultiplier Camera for Schwarzschild-Couder Cherenkov Telescopes 400 . . 68
Development of X-ray SOI Pixel Sensors: Investigation of Charge-Collection Efficiency 292 68
Radio Detection of Cosmic Rays at the Auger Engineering Radio Array 144 ...... 69
The EUSO-Balloon Instrument 13 ...... 69
High sensitivity observation for celestial MeV gamma rays by Electron Tracking Compton camera with a balloon borne experiment 123 ...... 70
The FlashCam Camera for the Medium-Sized Telescopes of CTA66 ...... 70
Design and Performance of the HAWC DAQ 59 ...... 71
CMB Detector Technology and the South Pole Telescope 420 ...... 72
Development of Kinetic Inductance Detectors for a 3 mm camera 302 ...... 72
POLARBEAR-2 receiver system on the Simons Array telescopes for CMB polarization mea- surements 226 ...... 73
The Atmospheric Neutrino Neutron Experiment (ANNIE) 408 ...... 73
The Askaryan Radio Array: Detector Design & Operation 173 ...... 74
Calibrating photon detection efficiency in IceCube 176 ...... 74
Development of Superconducting Tunnel Junction Detectors as a far-infrared single photon detector for neutrino decay search 159 ...... 75
ix LUCIFER: Neutrinoless Double Beta decay search with scintillating bolometers 290 . . . 75
R&D of water-based liquid scintillator as a reactor anti-neutrino detector 131 ...... 76
Measuring directionality in double-beta decay and neutrino interactions with kiloton-scale scintillation detectors 371 ...... 76
3D Particle Track Reconstruction in a Single Layer CdTe-Pixel Detector 82 ...... 77
Barium-ion tagging for 136Xe double-beta decay studies with EXO 242 ...... 78
The NEXT detector: an Electroluminescence Xenon TPC for neutrinoless double betadecay detection 204 ...... 78
A Kind of Electrostatic Focusing MCP-PMT 122 ...... 80
Performance evaluation of new photodetectors for Hyper-Kamiokande 128 ...... 80
First results from a 10bar Xe-TPC with 1kg fiducial mass, read out with Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors 224 ...... 81
Status of KamLAND-Zen and purification methods 40 ...... 81
CENNS: A new method for measuring Coherent Elastic Neutrino Nucleus Scattering 5 . . 82
The LZ dark matter search 277 ...... 82
Direct Dark Matter Detection with the XENON and DARWIN experiments 237 ...... 83
Developments in light readout for noble liquid experiments 409 ...... 83
Development of solid xenon detectors for low-background experiments 81 ...... 84
A small dual-phase xenon TPC with APD and PMT readout for the study of liquid xenon scintillation 348 ...... 84
R&D for Solid Xenon Particle Detector 26 ...... 85
Detection of Proportional Scintillation in Liquid Xenon 247 ...... 85
A dark matter search using CCDs 285 ...... 86
Columbia Univeristy R&D program for large mass DarkMatter detector with LXe TPC 363 86
The dual light-emitting crystals detector for WIMPs direct searches 63 ...... 87
First Measurements of SuperCDMS SNOLAB 100 mm Diameter Germanium Dark Matter Detectors with Interleaved Charge and Phonon Channels 119 ...... 87
Characterization of a Spherical Proportional Counter in argon-based mixtures 41 . . . . . 88
A fast, low-power, multichannel 6-bit ADC ASIC with data serialization 346 ...... 88
The Timepix3 readout chip: design, tests and first measurements with silicon sensors456 89
Recent Status of Front-end Electronics for DEPFET pixel detectors for Belle-II 50 . . . . . 89
SPACIROC3: A Front-End Readout ASIC for JEM-EUSO cosmic ray observatory 141 . . . 90
x 128 channel waveform sampling digitizer/readout in the TOP counter for the Belle II up- grade 406 ...... 91
Vertex-Detector R&D for CLIC 57 ...... 91
A New Generation of Charge Integrating ADC (QIE) for the CMS HCAL Upgrade 430 . . 92
The TDCPix ASIC: Tracking for the NA62 GigaTracker 104 ...... 92
PETIROC2 : 32 ch SiGe SiPM readout ASIC for GHz time and charge measurement 146 . 93
Design of a Low-Noise, Charge Sensitive Amplifier for MCP-PMT Detector Readout 378 . 94
10 Gb/s Radiation-Hard VCSEL Array Driver 177 ...... 94
A High-Speed Electron Beam Profile Monitor for the Synchrotron Radiation Source 326 . 95
Frontend Electronics for high-precision single photo-electron timing 129 ...... 95
A serializer ASIC of 16 Gb/s for data transmission over fiber for detector front-end readout in a particle experiment 318 ...... 96
CLARO-CMOS: a fast, low power and radiation-hard front-end ASIC for single-photon counting in 0.35 micron CMOS technology 398 ...... 96
The Phase-1 Upgrade of the ATLAS First Level Calorimeter Trigger 73 ...... 98
Sharing high speed optical data transmission links with Slow Control stream 165 . . . . . 98
Tracking at High Level Trigger in CMS 180 ...... 99
Design and development of the Power Supply Board within the Digital Optical Module in KM3NeT 229 ...... 99
The LHCb trigger system: performance and outlook 9 ...... 100
A specialized processor for track reconstruction at the LHC crossing rate 39 ...... 100
Development of MTCA/xTCA/ATCA based instrumentation for partical physics at IHEP 166 ...... 101
The CERN NA62 experiment: Trigger and Data Acquisition 377 ...... 101
First prototype of a silicon tracker using an ’artificial retina’ for fast track finding 272 . . 103
CMS Trigger Improvements towards Run II 196 ...... 104
Boosting Event Building Performance using Infiniband FDR for the CMS Upgrade 106 . . 104
The new CMS DAQ system for run 2 of the LHC98 ...... 105
Development and test of a versatile DAQ system based on the ATCA standard 96 . . . . . 105
The Data Acquisition System for the KOTO detector 175 ...... 106
Many-core studies on pattern-recognition in the LHCb experiment 328 ...... 107
Evolution of the ReadOut System of the ATLAS experiment 71 ...... 107
xi Towards a Level-1 tracking trigger for the ATLAS experiment 70 ...... 108
CMD-3 TOMA DAQ goes to KEDR detector. 312 ...... 108
A Muon Trigger with high pT-resolution for Phase-II of the LHC Upgrade, based on the ATLAS Muon Drift Tube Chambers (MDT) 69 ...... 109
Development of a Data Acquisition System for the Belle II Silicon Vertex Detector 169 . . 110
A scalable gigabit data acquisition system for calorimeters for linear collider 153 . . . . . 111
A High Performance Multi-Core FPGA Implementation for 2D Pixel Clustering for the AT- LAS Fast TracKer (FTK) Processor 233 ...... 112
Correction for pile-up effect based on pixel-by-pixel calibration for tomography with Medipix3RX detector 100 ...... 112
Firmware development and testing of the ATLAS Pixel Detector / IBL ROD card 283 . . . 113
Firmware development and testing of the ATLAS IBL Back-Of-Crate card 281 ...... 113
Associative Memory computing power and its simulation. 76 ...... 114
GPU for online processing in low-level trigger 330 ...... 114
The Fast TracKer Processing Unit future evolution 95 ...... 115
TRB3 Platform for Time, Amplitude and Charge Digitisation 241 ...... 116
The Serial Link Processor for the Fast TracKer (FTK) processor at ATLAS74 ...... 117
Applications of embedded full gamma spectrum decomposition 360 ...... 117
The Thermo-Mechanical Integration of the NA62 GigaTracKer 374 ...... 117
Microchannel evaporative CO2 cooling for the LHCb VELO Upgrade 113 ...... 118
Commissioning of the CUORE cryostat: the first experimental setup for bolometric detec- tors at the 1 tonne scale 375 ...... 119
Cooling for the LHCb Upgrade Scintillating Fibre Tracker 352 ...... 119
CO2 cooling system for Insertable B Layer detector into the ATLAS experiment 287 . . . 119
Design, construction and commissioning of a 15 kW CO2 evaporative cooling system for particle physics detectors: lessons learnt and perspectives for further development 303 120
The Silicon Tracking System of the CBM experiment at FAIR: detector development and system integration 401 ...... 121
InGrid: Pixelated Micromegas detectors for a pixel TPC 227 ...... 121
Engineering studies for the inner region of the CLIC detector concepts 48 ...... 122
Performance of Three Dimensional Integrated Circuits Bonded to Sensors 14 ...... 122
Microfabrication Activities in the Engineering Office of the PH-DT Group at CERN 388 . 123
xii Development of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors for phonon and photon detec- tions 260 ...... 124
Phase camera development for gravitational wave detectors 258 ...... 124
Calibration System with Notched Fibres 133 ...... 125
Laboratory tests for Diode-Laser based Calibration Systems for Fast Time-of-Flight Systems 15 ...... 125
Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuits for High Energy Physics Applications 419 126
High-precision fiber-optical timing distribution systems over large distances and their ap- plication to astroparticle physics facilities 152 ...... 126
ASML 452 ...... 127
Shell 453 ...... 127
The Digital Photon Counter (DPC, dSiPM) – a disruptive technology for application in medical imaging, high energy physics and beyond 454 ...... 127
The SRF Technology and the ILC Accelerator Complex 448 ...... 127
ALMKID/ALMA 450 ...... 128
Opening 455 ...... 128
White Rabbit for Time Transfer 446 ...... 128
Triggering Trends 434 ...... 128
Particle detection technology for space-borne astroparticle experiments 449 ...... 129
Monolithic pixel detectors in HEP experiments 439 ...... 129
Laser acceleration of electrons at a dielectric structure – from novel accelerator technology to ultrafast measurement devices 447 ...... 129
Medipix and Technology Transfer to PANalytical 442 ...... 130
CMOS based terahertz instrumentation for imaging and spectroscopy 435 ...... 130
Trends in front-end ASICs for particle physics 433 ...... 131
The World’s Biggest Eye on the Sky 451 ...... 131
Technology Transfer from the Medipix Collaborations 443 ...... 131
The Challenges and Applications of Sub-Psec Large Area Detectors 445 ...... 132
3D integration of imagers 436 ...... 132
State of the art in Microfabrication 438 ...... 133
Lessons and trends in calorimetry 440 ...... 133
Detector challenges for the LHC upgrade program 444 ...... 133
xiii Micro Pattern Gas Detector Technologies and Applications - the work of the RD51 Collab- oration 437 ...... 134
Liquid noble gases for direct dark matter searches 441 ...... 134
Development of a Drift Chamber Detector for Large Area Applications of Muon Tomogra- phy 316 ...... 134
Genetic multiplexing for particle detectors 102 ...... 135
Development of a Small Form Factor (6cm x 6cm) Picosecond Photodetector as a Path To- wards the Commercialization of 20cm x 20cm Large Area Pico-second Photodetector Devices with Incom Inc. 399 ...... 135
High-gradient accelerator technology 431 ...... 136
Bridging the gap between science and society 416 ...... 137
Stability and homogeneity: key detector characteristics for good quality high-yield experi- mental data. 407 ...... 137
Development of a High Rate proton Computed Tomography Detector system 289 . . . . 138
A compact scintillation detector for mobile neutron spectroscopy 101 ...... 138
Verification of the compton-PET and a new approach to SPECT20 ...... 139
Energy response and temperature dependence of Ce:GAGG and Pr:LuAG coupled to SiPM 134 ...... 139
Performance of FlexToT Time Based PET Readout ASIC for Depth of Interaction Measure- ments 332 ...... 140
Triroc: 64-channel SiPM read-out ASIC for PET/PET-ToF application 331 ...... 141
Upstream Dosimetry using a Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) 238 ...... 142
EndoTOFPET-US: a novel multimodal tool for endoscopy and positron emission tomogra- phy 29 ...... 142
The brain as a trigger system 379 ...... 143
Real-time Imaging of prompt gammas in proton therapy using improved Electron Tracking Compton Camera (ETCC) 127 ...... 143
Tech transfer or give-and-take? On the history and future of silicon photomultipliers in medical imaging and other domains. 410 ...... 144
AGIPD, the electronics for a high speed X-ray imager at the Eu-XFEL 64 ...... 144
Prospects for spectral CT with Medipix detectors 308 ...... 145
Development of Real time 90Sr counter applying Cherenkov light detection 307 ...... 145
The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter barrel upgrade for High-Luminosity LHC235 . . . 146
xiv A Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor for the Upgrade of the ALICE ITS 358 ...... 146
CMOS compatible PureB technology for robust UV/VUV/EUV photodiode detectors and imagers 368 ...... 147
Dark Matter Detector Prototype testing area Underground 3 ...... 148
Muon Collider Detector Studies 395 ...... 148
A Prototype of LaBr3:Ce in situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometer for Marine Environmental Mon- itoring 382 ...... 148
Kinetic Inductance Detectors as light detectors for neutrino and dark matter searches 297 149
Novel results on small gap Micromegas microbulks 83 ...... 149
The CMS Central Hadron Calorimeter Upgrade 427 ...... 150
The AMC 13 Project 426 ...... 150
Software triggering in the XENON1T DAQ 423 ...... 151
Detector Development for the SPT-3G Experiment 421 ...... 151
Irradiation tests and expected performance of readout electronics of the ATLAS hadronic endcap calorimeter for the HL-LHC 273 ...... 151
Detector Module Design, Construction and Performance for the LHCb SciFi Tracker 357 . 152
Recent Progress in the Development of Large Area Silica Aerogel for Use as RICH Radiator in the Belle II Experiment 116 ...... 153
Performance and Radiation Damage Effects in the LHCb Vertex Locator 7 ...... 153
Energy Reconstruction in the CALICE Analog Calorimeter Systems in Analog and Digital Mode 108 ...... 154
Upgraded Fast Beam Conditions Monitor for CMS online luminosity measurement 107 . 154 feasibility study of a 3-inch Vacuum Silicon Photo Multiplier Tube 271 ...... 155
ROB performance in a high luminosity scenario 92 ...... 156
COORDINATE-SENSITIVE MICROELECTRONIC DETECTOR 56 ...... 156
TIGER – A Fast Trigger Processor based on Sampling ADCs and Real-Time Feature Extrac- tion 370 ...... 157
Deformation Monitoring of a Tracking Particle Detector using Fiber Bragg Grating sensors 52 ...... 157
Initial Upgrade of the ATLAS Level 1 Calorimeter Trigger 72 ...... 158
Development of a new fast shower maximum detector based on micro channel plates pho- tomultipliers (MCP-PMT) as an active element. 304 ...... 159
Prometeo: A portable test-bench for the upgraded front-end electronics of the ATLAS Tile calorimeter 190 ...... 160
xv The R&D of the GEM Detector Based on NS2 Technology 25 ...... 160
Development of a Silicon PIN Diode X-Ray Detector 405 ...... 160
Upgraded readout and trigger electronics for the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeters for fu- ture LHC running 268 ...... 161
The Liquid Argon Purity Demonstrator at Fermilab 396 ...... 161
The Frugal Tile: A 20-cm-square MCP-PMT Module Comprising 8 Glass Parts112 . . . . 162
MWPC Tracking System Upgrade 2 ...... 163
The Data Acquisition System for the ANAIS experiment 344 ...... 163
Development of a ne¬¬w ultra-fast shower maximum detector based on micro channel plates (MCP) as an active element. 80 ...... 164
A fast sampling, Wilkinson ADC for Cross Strip Microchannel Plate Readout 380 . . . . . 164
The CMS calorimeter trigger upgrade for the LHC Run II193 ...... 165
Performance and perspectives of the diamond based Beam Condition Monitor for beam loss monitoring at CMS 225 ...... 166
Recent Achievements of the ATLAS Upgrade Planar Pixel Sensors R&D Project 155 . . . 166
ROESTI: A Front-end Electronics for Straw Tube Tracker in COMET Experiment 334 . . 168
High-Resolution and Low Resource Time To Digital Converters for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope 365 ...... 168
A VCSEL driver ASIC at 8 Gb/s for data transmission over fiber for detector front-end readout in a particle experiment 319 ...... 169
The RICH detector of the NA62 experiment at CERN89 ...... 169
Modular Detector with Picosecond Time Resolution 121 ...... 169
Measurement of MICROMEGAS gaseous detectors on Synchrotron Radiation 38 . . . . . 170
New High Rate Tracking area 1 ...... 171
The NA62 LAV front-end electronics and the L0 trigger generating firmware 197 . . . . . 171
Aging experiment of LAB based liquid scintillator for JUNO experiment 322 ...... 172
Very low energy electron tracking and positioning based on THGEM 46 ...... 172
A Cylindrical GEM Detector with Analog Readout for the BESIII Experiment 140 . . . . . 173
Segmented scintillators with SiPM readout for measuring antiproton annihilations 324 . 173
Strip readout MRPC for the TOF System of the MPD/NICA Experiment. 415 ...... 174
Radiation hardness and stability of optical coupling materials for BelleII electromagnetic calorimeter 296 ...... 174
xvi the study of the sampling readout electronics of MRPC 84 ...... 175
The ATLAS New Small Wheel Upgrade Project 65 ...... 175
Topology in the future ATLAS Level-1 Trigger 228 ...... 176
Direct Dark Matter search with Liquid Argon at Gran Sasso: Dark Side432 ...... 176
The Silicon Strip Upgrade Tracker for the LHCb Upgrade 61 ...... 177
The upside-down structure for X-ray imaging 275 ...... 177
The GAP Project - GPU for Realtime Applications in High Level Trigger and Medical Imag- ing 333 ...... 178 zig-zagging CO2 evaporation cooling system R&D 157 ...... 179
CMS Hadron Forward Calorimeter Phase I Upgrade Status 219 ...... 180
Tracker alignment validation in CMS using electrons 188 ...... 180 mesh2gdml: Importing CAD geometries into Geant4 413 ...... 181
KM3NeT On-shore Station and Broadcast Customization of White-Rabbit Switches Towards Optimizing Communication Resources for Shared Control Link 367 ...... 182
The CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter: Calibration and Response to Pions and Positrons 231 ...... 182
Development of high-rate RPCs 320 ...... 183
Upgrade of the CMS Global Muon Trigger 136 ...... 183
New developements of the PANDA Disc DIRC detector 135 ...... 184
The Atlas SCT operation and performance 161 ...... 184
Germanium detector configuration, readout and signal processing of the GERDA phase II experiment 143 ...... 185
A study of silicon sensor for the ILD ECAL 117 ...... 185
Development of large area pixel modules for the ATLAS HL-LHC tracker upgrade 293 . . 186
Calibration and monitoring of the Tile Calorimeter during LHC Run-I 192 ...... 186
Digital Optical Module Read-Out Electronics System of the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope 373 ...... 187
Scanning facility to irradiate mechanical structures for the LHC upgrade programme 149 188
EUDAQ and EUTelescope: Software Frameworks for Test Beam Data Acquisition and Anal- ysis 345 ...... 188
Characterization of the PANDA MVD Trapezoidal Silicon Strip Sensors and Their First Op- eration in a Proton Beam 298 ...... 189
Thermal neutron detector development at the Reactor Intitute Delft457 ...... 190
xvii Development of liquid scintillator containing zirconium complex for neutrinoless double beta decay experiment 276 ...... 190
Light-yield results of 1 liter liquid argon scintillation detector based on Silicon Photo Mul- tipliers operating at cryogenic temperature 278 ...... 191
First experimental results in High Pressure Xe+TMA mixtures towards supra-intrinsic per- formance in Dark Matter and 0νββ decay searches 109 ...... 191
Lowering the background level and the energy threshold of Micromegas x-ray detectors for axion searches 103 ...... 192
Muon Scattering Tomography using Drift Chamber Detectors 37 ...... 192
Prototype tests for a highly granular scintillator-based hadron calorimeter 336 ...... 193
Gaudi GPU Manager 178 ...... 193
Simulations of Inter-Strip Capacitance and Resistance for the Design of the CMS Tracker Upgrade 239 ...... 194
Gain stabilisation of SiPMs 142 ...... 195
Development of a GEM-based TPC for H-dibaryon Search at J-PARC 22 ...... 195
Luminescent and scintillation properties of LFS-3 and GAGG:Ce crystals 148 ...... 196
Hadronic interactions in the CALICE Si-W ECAL 132 ...... 196
The MINOS micromegas-TPC vertex tracker for in-beam spectroscopy of very exotic nuclei 130 ...... 197
Designing and Construction a Prototype GEM Detector for 2D Proton Dosimetry Applica- tions 27 ...... 197
Micro Pattern Gas Detector Technologies and Applications - the work of the RD51 Collab- oration 21 ...... 198
Design and operation of a Small Gas Electron Multiplier detectors at KACST Detector Lab: Constructions and Preliminarily Results 28 ...... 198
Development of LBNE Photon Detector Front End Electronics 404 ...... 199
Characterization of Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors Using A Pulsed Laser 403 . . . 200
Evolution studies of the CMS endcap calorimeter response and implications for the High- Luminosity LHC upgrade 246 ...... 200
Test for the mitigation of the Single Event Upset for ASIC in 130 nm technology 372 . . . 201
ORKA: The Golden Kaon Experiment. Precision measurement of K+ → π+νν¯ 376 . . . . 201
Hamamatsu MPPC S11834 as a detector of Cherenkov photons 393 ...... 202
Annealing studies with the CDF Run II Silicon Vertex Detector 392 ...... 202
A Data Acquisition System using the 10 GSa/s PSEC4 Waveform Digitizing ASIC 394 . . 203
xviii A prototype for the data acquisition of the CBM Micro Vertex Detector 245 ...... 204
Electronics and Calibration system for the CMS Beam Halo Monitor 244 ...... 205
Real Time Pulse Analyzer for ITER Vertical Neutron Camera 243 ...... 205 performance of 2nd generation CALICE ASICs (HARDROC, MICROROC, SKIROC & SPIROC) 174 ...... 207
New materials for the RPCs of the next future 172 ...... 207
A radiation hardness CMOS layout by only changing procedure of a layer 182 ...... 208
Operation and performance of the CMS tracker 189 ...... 208
Kmax-based Event Mode Data Acquisition System for the University of Kentucky Acceler- ator Laboratory 12 ...... 209
An Array of Spherically Dimpled Scintillating Cells for an Integrated Readout Layer 17 . 209
The Setup of High Efficiency AMOC Spectrometer 118 ...... 210
Development of a novel Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector for cosmic ray muon tomography. 325 ...... 210
Design of CMS Beam Halo Monitor system 329 ...... 211
Light emission measurements of LFS-3 and GAGG:Ce single crystal samples under X-ray radiographic conditions 200 ...... 211
Development of Radiation Damage Model using TCAD tools for Irradiated Silicon Sensors 205 ...... 212
Evaluation of a commercial FPGA for use in the CMS HCAL Upgrade 207 ...... 213
A study for the ATLAS RPC system upgrade in view of the High Luminosity (HL) LHC 77 213
The ATLAS Tau Trigger for Run2 of the LHC75 ...... 214
Pre-research of Front-end readout electronics system for APD detectors for synchrotron radiation 78 ...... 214
Electrode material and Detector Response for Gaseous detectors 120 ...... 215
A Method of Frequency-tracking in Direct Detection Doppler Wind LIDAR 124 ...... 215
Research of silicon strip sensor specification and evaluation for the muon g-2/EDM exper- iment at J-PARC 125 ...... 216
The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) for Double Beta Decay 311 ...... 216
Simulation studies of a novel, charge sharing, multi-anode MCP detector 414 ...... 217
Radiation-hard Active Pixel Sensors for HL-LHC Detector Upgrades based on HV/HR-CMOS Technology 417 ...... 217 org.lcsim: A Java-based tracking toolkit 412 ...... 219
xix On chip design in the KM3NeT experiment 418 ...... 219
A New High-Intensity Proton Irradiation Facility at the CERN PS East Area 310 . . . . . 220
An FPGA-based full mesh enabled ATCA general purpose processor board 317 ...... 220
Nanobeacon and Laser Beacon: KM3NeT Time Calibration Devices 369 ...... 221
GPU for triggering in High Energy Physics Experiments 364 ...... 221
The MOLLER experiment: A measurement of the Weak charge of the electron, usingcur- rent mode electron detectors in a high radiation environment. 361 ...... 222
The AMC13XG: A New Generation Clock/Timing/DAQ Module for CMS MicroTCA 381 . 223
Progress in Developing a Spiral Fiber Tracker for the J-PARC E36 Experiment 383 . . . . 223
A Prototype of Beam Loss Monitoring Detector based on CVD diamond for the NSRL 384 224
Preliminary results from a test beam of ADRIANO prototype 386 ...... 224
LUCID upgrade - Atlas luminosity monitor for the LHC RUNs 2&3 387 ...... 225
High-speed photon counting readout ASIC for spectral computed tomography detectors 62 225
A portable tracking detector for muon radiography experiments 256 ...... 226
Construction and test of high precision drift-tube (sMDT) chambers for the ATLAS muon spectrometer 168 ...... 226
Performance studies of Silicon Photomultipliers with bulk-integrated quench resistors 354 227
Front-End Electronics for the LHCb Upgrade Scintillating Fibre Tracker 353 ...... 228
A New Data Concentrator for the CMS Muon Barrel Track Finder - Phase I Upgrade 217 . 228
A low noise and low drift linear power conditioner with an analogue thermal foldback protection scheme 351 ...... 229
The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter barrel upgrade for High-Luminosity LHC212 . . . 229
Luminosity measurement at CMS 210 ...... 230
Preparing Electrons and Photons High Level Trigger Reconstruction in CMS for Run II data taking 218 ...... 230
Data Acquisition System with data reduction in real-time mode 288 ...... 231
The CMS Central Hadron Calorimeter DAQ System Upgrade 429 ...... 231
Attempt at laser spectroscopy of pionic helium atoms at PSI266 ...... 232
Upgrade of the LHCb calorimeters 265 ...... 232
A Pixelated Positron Timing Counter with Fast Plastic Scintillator Readout by SiPMs for the MEG-II Experiment 264 ...... 234
A power-pulsing scheme for the CLIC vertex detector and its 3D integration 54 ...... 235
xx High-Rate Properties of Drift Tube Chambers for HL-LHC 51 ...... 235
Carbon Sputtering Technology for MPGD detectors 252 ...... 236
Design of a Deep Buffer for the 0.13um CMOS PSEC5 Waveform Sampling ASIC111 . . . 237
Development of large size hybrid Micromegas gaseous detectors for high hadron flux at COMPASS experiment 110 ...... 238
Development of Multipurpose Aerogel Cherenkov Counter 309 ...... 238
Exploiting Charge Multiplication in Silicon Detectors for the HL-LHC 300 ...... 239
The Central Logic Board for the optical module of the KM3NeT detector 222 ...... 239
Atomic layer deposition of nano-composite films to produce large area microchannel plates for electron amplification 391 ...... 240
Performance of the EUSO-BALLOON Front-End Electronics 150 ...... 240
Background optimization for a new spherical gas detector for very light WIMP detection 251 ...... 241
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Closing Session / 458
Award for best poster presentations
Closing Session / 459
Award for best oral presentations
Closing Session / 460
Highlights
Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected]
I.a Calorimetry / 47
Upgrade of MEG Liquid Xenon Calorimeter
Author: Ryu Sawada1
1 ICEPP, the University of Tokyo
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The MEG experiment yielded the most stringent upper limit on the branching ratio oftheflavor- violating muon decay µ → eγ. A major upgrade of the detector is planned to improve the sensitivity by one order of magnitude. For the upgrade, 2-inch round-shape photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) on the entrance window will be replaced by 12 × 12 cm2 Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs) to significantly improve the granu- larity. The higher granularity will improve the energy resolution from 2.4% to 1.1% and theposition resolution from 5 mm to 2 mm around the entrance window. The MPPC in the upgraded LXe detector is required to have a high photon detection efficiency (PDE) for the LXe scintillation light in the VUV range with a good gain uniformity and to be operational in the LXe temperature (165 K). A UV-enhanced MPPC is being developed in collaboration with Hamamatsu Photonics and were tested in LXe. The single-photoelectron detection capability was confirmed, and the PDE for the LXe scintillation light was measured to be 17%. A new sensor config- uration based on a series connection of the sensor segments is being developed to reduce the large sensor capacitance and thus to make the pulse shorter. The design and the expected performance of the upgraded LXe detector with a comparison withthe current detector, the plan and the status for building a prototype and the final detector and the R&D results of UV-MPPC development will be discussed.
I.a Calorimetry / 156
Shower characteristics of particles with momenta from up to 100 GeV in the CALICE Scintillator-Tungsten HCAL
Author: Wolfgang Klempt1
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1 CERN
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT: We present a study of the showers initiated by high momentum (up to 100 GeV) positrons, pions and protons in the highly granular CALICE analogue scintillator-tungsten hadronic calorimeter. The data were taken at the CERN PS and SPS. The analysis includes measurements of the calorimeter response to each particle type and studies of the longitudinal and radial shower development. The results are compared to several GEANT4 simulation models.
I.a Calorimetry / 194
Development of the upgraded LHCf calorimeter with Gd2SiO5 (GSO) scintillators.
Author: Yuya Makino1 Co-authors: Alessia Tricomi 2; Angeles Faus-Golfe 3; Anne-Laure Perrot 4; Eri Matsubayashi 1; Gaku Mitsuka 5; Guido Castellini 6; Hiroaki Menjo 5; J. Velasco 7; Katsuaki Kasahara 8; Kenji Yoshida 9; Kentaro Kawade 10; Kimiaki Masuda 1; Lel D’Alessandro 2; Lorenzo Bonechi 11; M. Grandi 2; Marina Delprete 2; Massimo Bongi 2; Maurice Haguenauer 12; Nobuyuki Sakurai 1; Oscar Adriani 6; Paolo Papini 13; Qidong Zhou 1; Sergio Bruno Ricciarini 14; Shoji Torii 8; Tadahisa Tamura 15; Takashi Sako 5; Takuya Suzuki 16; William C Turner 17; Yasushi Muraki 1; Yoshitaka Itow 1; Yuki Shimizu 16; Yuki Sugiura 1; Yutaka Matsubara 1
1 STEL, Nagoya University 2 Universita e INFN (IT) 3 Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC) UV-CSIC 4 CERN 5 Nagoya University (JP) 6 Dipartimento di Fisica 7 IFIC, Centro Mixto CSIC-UVEG, Spain 8 Waseda University (JP) 9 Shibaura Institute of Technology (JP) 10 N 11 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) 12 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH) 13 INFN sezione di Firenze 14 INFN 15 Kanagawa University (JP) 16 Waseda University 17 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Large Hadron Collider forward (LHCf) experiment is designed to measure the hadronic produc- tion cross sections of neutral particles emitted in the very forward angles in p-p collision at theLHC. LHCf has reported energy spectra of forward photons and neutral pions at √s = 900 GeV and 7 TeV proton-proton collisions measured at LHC. Forward spectra can be helpful in verifying cosmic ray interaction models. The next operation in 2015 is expected under much higher radiation dose. Therefore, we are upgrad- ing the detectors, especially their scintillators, to be radiation harder one. Plastic scintillator layers and Scintillating Fiber (SciFi) tracker are replaced with GSO layers and fine GSO hodoscope respectively. Basic properties of new sensors of the upgraded detector are measured by 400 MeV/n carbon beams at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) in June, 2012.
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Energy resolution and position resolution of the upgraded detector are evaluated by using electron beams of 50-250 GeV at Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) in summer, 2012. The results are understood by Monte Carlo simulations and are good enough for the requirements of the LHCf experiment.
I.a Calorimetry / 230 progress status for the Mu2e calorimeter system
Author: Ivano Sarra1
1 LNF INFN Frascati, Italy
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Mu2e experiment at FNAL aims to measure the charged-lepton flavor violating neutrinoless conversion of of a negative muon into an electron. The conversion results in a monochromatic electron with an energy slightly below the rest mass of the muon (104.97 MeV). The calorimeter should confirm that the candidates reconstructed by the extremely precise tracker system are indeed conversion electrons. We therefore look for a calorimeter with a large acceptance, good energy resolution O(5%) and a reasonable position (time) resolution of ~0.5 cm (<0.5ns). Moreover, the calorimeter should also provide a trigger for the experiment and perform a powerful mu/e particle identification. Finally, it should be able to keep functionality in an environment where the background delivers a dose of ~ 200 Gy/year in the hottest area. It will also need to work immersed in 1 T axial magnetic field. The baseline version of the Mu2e calorimeter is composed by two disks, 11 cm wide, of inner (outer)radius of 360 (670) mm filled by ~ 1800 hexagonal LYSO crystals. Each crystal is readout bytwo large area APDs. At the moment of writing, due to the increasing cost of the LYSO, we are examing cheaper alternative based on BaF2 or pure CsI crystals. We will report the tests done, at a dedicated cosmic rays test, with our medium size prototype that is constituted by 16 square LYSO crystals of 3x3x13 cm**3 read out by Hamamatsu APDs and dedicated prototypes of the Front End electronics. We will report also on the first tests done with single BaF2 and pure CsI crystals when readout by means of large area UV extended APD or SiPM.
I.a Calorimetry / 201
Timing performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter and prospects for the future
Author: Adolf Bornheim1
1 Charles C. Lauritsen Laboratory of High Energy Physics
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is made of 75,848 scintillating lead tungstate crystals arranged in a barrel and two endcaps. The scintillation light is read out by avalanche photodiodes in the barrel and vacuum phototriodes in the endcaps, at which point the scintillation pulse is amplified and sampled at 40 MHz by the on-detector electronics. The fast signal from the crystal scintillation enables energy as well as timing measurements from the data collected in proton-proton collisions with high energy electrons and photons. The single-channel time resolution of ECAL measured at beam tests for high energy showers is better than 100 ps. The timing resolution achieved withthe
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data collected in proton-proton collisions at the LHC is discussed. We present how precision timing is used in current physics measurements and discuss studies of subtle calorimetric effects, such as the timing response of different crystals belonging to the same electromagnetic shower. In addition, we present prospects for the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC), where we expect an average of 140 concurrent interactions per bunch crossing (pile-up). We discuss studies on how precision time information could be exploited for pileup mitigation and for the assignment of the collision vertex for photons. In this respect, a detailed understanding of the timing performance and of the limiting factors in time resolution are areas of ongoing studies.
I.a Calorimetry / 191
Irradiation effect on the response of the scintillators in theAT- LAS Tile Calorimeter
Author: Silvia Fracchia1
1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment atthe LHC. Together with other calorimeters, it provides precise measurements of hadrons, jets, taus and missing transverse energy. The monitoring and equalisation of the calorimeter response ateach stage of the signal development is allowed by a movable 137Cs radioactive source, a laser calibration system and a charge injection system. Moreover, during the LHC data taking, an integrator based readout provides the signals coming from inelastic proton-proton collisions at low momentum trans- fer (minimum bias currents) and allows to monitor the instantaneous ATLAS luminosity as well as the response of calorimeter cells. Minimum bias currents have been used to detect and quantify the effect of TileCal scintillators irra- diation using the data taken during 2012 that corresponds to about 21 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. Moreover, the response variation for an irradiated cell has been studied combining the information from three calibration systems (cesium, laser and minimum bias). The result of the irradiation on the calorimeter response will be reported.
I.a Calorimetry / 32
Energy measurement with the SDHCAL prototype
Author: Alexey Petrukhin1
1 IPNL/CNRS
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The SDHCAL prototype that was completed in 2012 was exposed to beams of pions, electrons of different energies at the SPS of CERN for a total time period of 5 weeks. The data are being ana- lyzed within the CALICE collaboration. However preliminary results indicate that a highly granular hadronic calorimeter conceived for PFA application is also a powerful tool to separate pions from electrons. The SDHCAL provides also a very good resolution of hadronic showers energy measure- ment. The use of multi-threshold readout mode shows a clear improvement of the resolution at energies exceeding 30 GeV with respect to the binary readout mode. New ideas to improve on the energy resolution using the topology of hadronic showers will be presented.
I.a Calorimetry / 35
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First years of running for the LHCb calorimeter system
Author: Pascal Perret1
1 Univ. Blaise Pascal Clermont-Fe. II (FR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The LHCb experiment is dedicated to precision measurements of CP violation and rare decaysof B hadrons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva). It comprises a calorimeter sys- tem composed of four subdetectors: an electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) followed by a hadron calorimeter (HCAL). In addition the system includes in front of them the Scintillating Pad Detector (SPD) and Pre-Shower (PS). They are used to select transverse energy hadron, electron and photon candidates for the first trigger level and they provides the identification of electrons, photons and hadrons as well as the measurement of their energies and positions. The calorimeter has been pre-calibrated before its installation in the pit, and the calibration tech- niques have been tested with the data taken in 2010. During operation, hadronic, leptonic and photon triggers of particular interest for hadronic B decays and radiative decays are provided by the calorimeter system. The design and construction characteristics of the LHCb calorimeter will be recalled. Strategies for monitoring and calibration during data taking will be detailed in all aspects. Scintillating fibres, plastics and photomultipliers suffer from ageing due to radiation damage or high currents. Differ- ent methods which are used to calibrate the detectors and to recover the initial performances will be presented. The performances achieved will be illustrated in selected channels of interest forB physics.
Summary: The LHCb experiment is dedicated to precision measurements of CP violation and rare decaysofB hadrons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva) [1, 2]. LHCb is a single-arm spectrometer with a forward angular coverage from approximately 10 mrad to 300 mrad. It comprises a calorimeter system composed of four subdetectors [3], selecting transverse energy hadron, electron and photon candidates for the first trigger level (L0), which makes a decision 4µs after the interaction. Itprovides the identification of electrons, photons and hadrons as well as the measurement of their energiesand positions. The set of constraints resulting from these functionalities defines the general structure and the main characteristics of the calorimeter system and its associated electronics. A classical structure of an electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) followed by a hadron calorimeter (HCAL) has been adopted. In addition the system includes in front of them the Scintillating Pad Detector (SPD) and Pre-Shower (PS), which are two planes of scintillating pads separated by a 2.5 radiation length lead sheet, aimed at tagging the electric charge and the electromagnetic nature of the calorimeter clusters for the first level of trigger. ECAL, PS and SPD account for about 6000 channels each with three degrees of granularity, concentric around the beam pipe, namely, the inner, the middle and the outer parts. HCAL is made of about 1500 channels and is divided into two parts only. All four detectors are arranged in pseudo- projective geometry and follow the general principle of reading the light from scintillator tiles with wave-length shifting fibers, and transporting the light towards photomultipliers, all following the25ns readout. During operation, hadronic, leptonic and photon triggers of particular interest for hadronic B decays and radiative decays were provided by the calorimeter system. The calorimeter has been pre-calibrated before its installation in the pit, and each part of thecalorime- ter system follows a different strategy for calibration. The calibration techniques have been tested with the data taken in 2010 and have evolved to improve performances taking benefit of the high statistics recorded. Detector ageing are scrutinized regularly. They affect detector response and trigger rates but the severity of the impact on data depends on the detector type and of its use. Calibration techniques are also used to compensate for these effects. Regularly, a precise calibration is derived from a large sample of pi0 from two separated photons. Short term effects are followed with electrons from conversion look- ing at the ratio of the deposited energy of the electron in the calorimeter to its momentum measured by the tracking system (E/p) in ranges of ~40 pb-1. Initial performances of the electromagnetic calorimeter and its expected resolution are recovered for pi0 and B decays including photons. The design and construction characteristics of the LHCb calorimeter will be recalled. Strategies for monitoring and calibration during data taking will be detailed in all aspects. Scintillating fibres, plastics
Page 5 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts and photomultipliers suffer from ageing due to radiation damage or high currents. Different methods which are used to calibrate the detectors and to recover the initial performances will be presented. The performances achieved will be illustrated in selected channels of interest for B physics. References: [1] LHCb Collaboration, The LHCb Detector at the LHC, JINST 3 S08005 (2008), and references therein. [2] LHCb collaboration, A large Hadron Collider Beauty experiment, Technical Proposal, CERN/LHCC 1998-004. [3] LHCb Collaboration, LHCb calorimeters Technical Design Report, Technical Design Report, CERN/LHCC 2000-036.
I.a Calorimetry / 234
Performance of the AMS-02 Electromagnetic Calorimeter in Space
Author: Marco Incagli1
1 Sezione di Pisa (IT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a high-energy particle detector deployed on theInter- national Space Station (ISS) since May 19, 2011 to conduct a long-duration mission on fundamental physics research in space. The main scientific goals of the mission are the detection of antimatter and dark matter through the study of the spectra and fluxes of protons, electrons, nuclei untilthe iron, their antiparticles, and gamma-rays in the GeV to TeV energy range. The Electromagnetic CALorimeter (ECAL) is required to measure e+, e- and gamma spectra and to discriminate electro- magnetic showers from hadronic cascades. To fulfill these requirements the ECAL is based ona lead/scintillating fiber sandwich, providing a 3 Dimensional imaging reconstruction of the showers. The high granularity consists of 18 samplings in the longitudinal direction, and 72 samplings inthe lateral direction. Measurements of ECAL parameters in space and performance in term of energy and angular resolutions, linearity, proton rejections will be reviewed.
I.a Calorimetry / 138
The Time Structure of Hadronic Showers in Analog and Digital Calorimeters confronted with Simulations
Author: Frank Simon1
1 Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The intrinsic time structure of hadronic showers influences the timing capability and the requiredin- tegration time of highly granular hadronic calorimeters for future collider experiments. To evaluate the influence of different active media and different absorbers, dedicated experiments with tungsten and steel hadron calorimeters of the CALICE collaboration have been carried out. These use plastic scintillator tiles with SiPM readout and RPCs, both arranged as 15 small detector cells read out with fast digitizers and deep buffers. The results of the studies provide detailed information on thetime structure of hadronic showers, and are confronted with GEANT4 simulations to evaluate the realism of current hadronic shower models with respect to the time evolution of hadronic cascades.
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I.a Calorimetry / 248
The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter: lessons learned during LHC run 1, overview and future projections
Author: Arabella Martelli1
1 INFN e Università Milano-Bicocca (IT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment atthe LHC is a hermetic, fine grained, homogeneous calorimeter, comprising 75848 lead tungstate scin- tillating crystals. We highlight the key role of the ECAL in the discovery and elucidation of the Standard Model Higgs boson during LHC Run I. We discuss, with reference to specific examples from LHC Run I, the challenges of operating a crystal calorimeter at a hadron collider. Particular successes, chiefly in terms of achieving and maintaining the required detector energy resolution in the harsh radiation environment of the LHC, are described. The prospects for LHC Run II (starting in 2015) are discussed, building upon the experience gained from Run I. The high luminosity up- grade of the LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to be operational from about 2025 to 2035 and will provide instantaneous and integrated luminosities of around 5 x 10^34 cm-2 s-1 and 3000 fb-1 respectively. We outline the challenges that ECAL will face and motivate the evolution of the detector that is thought to be necessary to maintain its performance throughout LHC and High-Luminosity LHC operation.
I.a Calorimetry / 171
Design Studies of the Electromagnetic and Hadronic Calorime- ters for sPHENIX
Author: Edouard Kistenev1
1 Department of Physics
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The PHENIX Experiment at RHIC is planning a series of major upgrades that will transform thecur- rent PHENIX detector into a new detector, sPHENIX, which will be used to carry out a systematic measurement of jets in heavy ion collisions in order to study the phase transition of normal nuclear matter to the Quark Gluon Plasma near its critical temperature. The baseline design ofsPHENIX will utilize the former BaBar solenoid magnet and incorporate two new calorimeters, one electro- magnetic (EMCAL) and another hadronic (HCAL), that will be used to measure jets in the central region. The calorimeters will cover a region of ±1.1 in pseudorapidity and 2pi in phi, and willresult in a factor of 6 increase in acceptance over the present PHENIX detector. The HCAL will be first hadronic calorimeter ever used in an experiment at RHIC and will enable this first comprehensive study of jets in heavy ion collisions. It will be based on scintillator plates interspersed between steel absorber plates that are read out using wavelength shifting fibers. It will have a total depth of~5 Labs that will be divided into two longitudinal sections, and will have an energy resolution ~ 50%/√E for single particles and <100%/√E for jets. The EMCAL will be a tungsten-scintillating fiber design, and will have a depth of ~ 17 X0 and an energy resolution of ~ 15%/√E. Both calorimeters will be read out using silicon photomultipliers and waveform digitizing electronics. In addition, it is planned to add a preshower detector in front of the EMCAL that will consist of ~ 2 X0 of tungsten absorbers and silicon strip detectors in order to improve electron and single photon identification. This talk will discuss the detailed design of both calorimeters and the preshower, and the construction of the first prototypes of each of these devices. These prototypes were recently tested in a test beam at Fermilab and the first preliminary results of those tests will be presented. A discussion of additional upgrade plans that will transform sPHENIX into ePHENIX, which will be a detector for a future Electron Ion Collider at Brookhaven, will be discussed in a separate contribution to this conference.
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Summary: The PHENIX Collaboration is planning a series of major new upgrades that will transform the current PHENIX detector at RHIC into a new, multipurpose detector that will be used to carry out a systematic study of jets in heavy ion collisions in order to study the Quark Gluon Plasma near its critical tempera- ture, and to study polarized electron-hadron and electron-ion collisions at a future Electron Ion Collider at Brookhaven. The first in this series of upgrades is sPHENIX, which will utilize the BaBar solenoid magnet and instrument it with two new calorimeters, one electromagnetic and one hadronic, that will have full azimuthal coverage and cover 2.2 units of rapidity, thereby increasing the current PHENIX ac- ceptance by a factor of six. The sPHENIX hadron calorimeter will be the first hadronic calorimeter ever used in an experiment at RHIC, and will enable the first study of jets at RHIC that utilizes a complete jet energy measurement. The evolution of sPHENIX to ePHENIX, which will be a new detector for eRHIC, will be described in a separate contribution to this conference. The hadronic calorimeter will be a steel plate and scintillating tile design that is read out withwave- length shifting fibers and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). It will incorporate a novel design feature where the steel plates are oriented parallel to the beam direction so that they also function as the flux return for the magnet. This results in the steel plates being wedged shaped and that the sampling frac- tion changes with depth. However, the calorimeter will be divided into two longitudinal compartments, which allows the measurement of the longitudinal center of gravity of the shower, and thereby an event by event correction for the longitudinal shower fluctuations. It will be divided roughly into 1/3 forthe front section and 2/3 for the back section, and each section will oriented at a small angle with respect to the incoming particles. Scintillating tiles are interspersed between the steel plates and read out using wavelength shifting fibers. The fibers are bundled and read out using 3x3 mm3 silicon photomultiplers (SiPMs) which operate in the fringe field of the solenoid magnet. The EMCAL will be a tungsten plate and scintillating fiber design with the plates and fibersoriented approximately along the incoming particle direction, as in the HCAL. In order to prevent channeling of particles through the calorimeter (i.e., particles that could only interact in the scintillator), the plates and fibers will either be tilted at a small angle with respect to the incoming particle, as intheHCAL,or the plates and fibers will have an accordion structure that will prevent any direct particle path through the scintillator. The fibers are brought to the back of the calorimeter where the light is collectedby an array of light collecting cavities that form the readout towers and direct the light onto SiPMs. The EMCAL will have a Moliere radius ~ 2 cm and a radiation length ~ 7 mm. Both calorimeters will use the same SiPMs and readout electronics, thereby simplifying the combined calorimeter design and resulting in an overall cost savings. The SiPM signals are amplified by custom designed preamplifiers that provide feedback for correcting the bias voltage to compensate forgain variations with temperature. An LED monitoring system is also incorporated for gain monitoring and calibration. The signals are digitized using flash ADC electronics that was used for a previous PHENIX detector. There have been detailed design and simulation studies for both the EMCAL and HCAL and prototypes of both calorimeters have been constructed. These prototypes will be tested in a test beam at Fermilab in February 2014 where their actual performance properties will be measured. In addition, we plan to test a prototype of a silicon-tungsten preshower that would go in front of the EMCAL in the sPHENIX detector. This talk will describe the detailed design of both calorimeters and the preshower, including Monte Carlo simulations, and will discuss the first results from the prototype beam tests.
I.a Calorimetry / 362
Calorimetry in ALICE at LHC
Author: Tatsuya Chujo1
1 University of Tsukuba (JP)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
ALICE at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the dedicated experiment focused on heavy ion colli- sions at LHC, to study a de-confined matter of quarks and gluons, called Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). Among the sub-detector systems in AILCE, there are two types of calorimetry in the central barrel. One is EMCal (Lead-Scintillator, a sampling electromagnetic calorimeter with a WLS fiber and APD readout), having a wide geometrical acceptance to measure jets, and photons and neutral mesons
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with a moderate energy resolution. Another type of calorimeter is PHOS (PHOton Spectrometer), PbWO4 crystal with APD readout for high granularity and higher precision energy measurement for photons. In this talk, we review those detectors performance in ALICE, and show a ongoing upgrade project in calorimetry, DCAL (Di-jet Calorimeter), an extension of EMCal coverage to measure back-to-back jets. Furthermore, we present an upgrade proposal for the forward direction calorimetry, FOCAL, to measure direct photons in η = 3.3 − 5.3, by using a nobel technology of silicon photo-diodes with absorbers based electromagnetic calorimeter for photons, together with a conventional hadron calorimeter for jets. The current status of FOCAL R\&D project will be presented.
I.a Calorimetry / 314
Photodetector R&D for the Belle II upgraded forward Electromag- netic Calorimeter
Authors: Alberto Aloisio1; Alessandro Rossi2; Alessia Cemmi3; Antonio Passeri4; Claudia Cecchi5; Crisostomo Sciacca1; Erika De Lucia6; Giulietto Felici6; Giuseppe Finocchiaro6; Guglielmo De Nardo1; Ida Peruzzi7; Marcello Piccolo8; Paolo Branchini4; Pasquale Lubrano9; Raffaele Giordano1; Riccardo de Sangro10; Salvatore Fiore11; Sergio Cavaliere1; Stefania Baccaro3; antonio ordine12; elisa manoni9; piero patteri6
1 Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” and INFN Sezione di Napoli 2 INFN Perugia 3 ENEA UTTMAT, Casaccia (RM) and INFN Sezione di Roma 4 INFN sezione di Roma Tre 5 Universita’ degli Studi di Perugia and INFN Sezione di Perugia 6 Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN 7 Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN 8 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) 9 INFN Sezione di Perugia 10 INFN - LNF 11 ENEA UTTMAT, Casaccia (RM) and NFN Sezione di Roma 12 INFN Sezione di Napoli
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Belle II experiment will operate at the SuperKEKB e+e− collider, designed to reach a peaklumi- nosity of 8×10^35 cm−2 s−1 at the Ypsilon(4S). The high background environment of SuperKEKB poses serious challenges to the design oftheBelle II detector. In particular, an upgrade of the forward Electromagnetic Calorimeter is foreseen: the new calorime- ter will use pure CsI crystals, which have a faster scintillation light emission and lower light yield than the CsI(Tl) crystals presently used. An intense R&D program is ongoing to select the optimal photodetector to meet the stringent re- quirements set by the use of pure CsI in Belle II. A study of equivalent noise, resolution, radiation hardness and stability of low noise, high-gain avalanche photodiodes obtained by reading single pure CsI crystals will be presented. Our preliminary results indicate that a readout chain using these devices meets the requirements for the Belle II calorimeter and represents a cost-effective choice for the readout of pure CsI crystals in general.
I.a Calorimetry / 60
Fine Segmented Scintillator ECAL
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Authors: Katsushige Kotera1; Lloyd Teh1; Ryutaro Hamasaki1; Sei Ieki2; Takuya Tsuzuki1; Tomohisa Ogawa1; Toru Takeshita3; Wataru Ootani4
1 Shinshu University 2 University of Tokyo 3 Shinshu University (JP) 4 ICEPP, University of Tokyo
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The idea of using scintillator strips coupled with Pixelated Photon-Detector(PPD) has provided the ILD an electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL) option with a lower cost. In the FNAL 2009 beam test, it was found that the prototype calorimeter of 30 layers could meet the stringent requirements of the ILD. Following this, efforts has been made to develop a more feasible ECAL in terms of performance, size and cost. With a more compact readout electronics and improved PPD, 2 layers of embed- ded front end electronics technological prototype was fabricated using 3 layers of 180x180mm^2 ECAL base unit(EBU), in which each EBU has 144 channels of 45x5mm scintillator strip coupled with the improved PPD. The two layers are arranged orthogonally and by using the Strip Splitting Algorithm(SSA), we could create a fine granularity of 5x5mm^2 for the Particle Flow Algorithm ap- plication. The layers were tested at DESY and the results of this beam test shall be presented. In addition, various studies has been made on the scintillator strip in order to further improve the ScE- CAL’s performance such as to reduce the dead volume by PPD etc. The findings of these studies shall also be discussed and compared with the simulation results.
Summary: The ScECAL technological prototype shows no significant problems operating in a multilayer configu- ration and the SSA works well. The results from the beam test shows good energy deposit, low noisy or dead channel ratio and good scintillator uniformity. By modifying the scintillator strip shape and configuration, these performance can be further improved.
I.a Calorimetry / 55
Development of technological prototype of silicon-tungsten elec- tromagnetic calorimeter for ILD.
Authors: Marc Anduze1; Remi Jean Noel Cornat2; Vincent Boudry2; Vladislav Balagura2
Co-author: . on behalf of all ILD SiW ECAL group 3
1 LLR 2 Ecole Polytechnique (FR) 3 .
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The best jet energy resolution required for precise physics measurements at ILC is achievable using a Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA) and highly granular calorime- ters. As it was shown by CALICE international R&D collaboration, the silicon-tungsten imaging electromagnetic calorimeter provides the best granularity and jet resolution. After proving the PFA concept with physical prototypes in 2006-2011, an emphasis is now moved to building a techno- logical prototype satisfying challenging physical, mechanical, electronic and thermal requirements. All chosen technologies should be reliable and scalable for a mass production of a future detector. We report on the current status of R&D, in particular, on beam, cosmic and charge injection tests of the technological prototype and on the tests of ECAL mechanical structure with embedded fiber Bragg grating optical sensors. We also report on our plans to build a realistic almost full-scale pro- totype detector of 1-1.5 m length and test it together with an existing 600 kg carbon fiber - tungsten mechanical structure in 2015 at CERN beams.
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I.b Semiconductors / 30
The High-Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor for the Mu3e Experiment
Author: Shruti Shrestha1
1 Physikalisches Institut Heidelberg
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Mu3e experiment searches for the lepton flavor violating decay µ+ → e+e−e+. We are aiming for a sensitivity of one in 1016 µ-decays. To measure the momentum and vertex position of low momentum electrons (10 - 53 MeV/c) originating from such a rare decay with high precision, a tracking detector built from High-Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (HV-MAPS) is implemented. The MUPIX chips are HV-MAPS designed for Mu3e and are implemented in 180 nmHV-CMOS technology. HV-MAPS is the technology of choice because it can be thinned to 50~µm, is radiation- tolerant, has a high time resolution, and is low cost. Furthermore, the pixel electronics are embedded inside the sensor chip to reduce the material budget. Performance results of the MUPIX4 chip are presented. In 2013, we tested the MUPIX4 chip using a 1 - 6~GeV electron beam at DESY. The discussed results include the spatial resolution, time resolution, and efficiency of the MUPIX4 chip.
I.b Semiconductors / 389
Pixel sensors with different pitch layouts for ATLAS Phase-II up- grade
Authors: Marko Milovanovic1; Paul Dervan1; Sergey Burdin1 Co-authors: Andrew Blue 2; Andrew Stewart 3; Corrinne Mills 4; Craig Buttar 5; Dean Charles Forshaw 1; Fiona Mcewan 5; Frederick Doherty 5; Georgios Sidiropoulos 4; Gianluigi Casse 1; Helen Hayward 1; Ilya Tsurin 1; John Lipp 6; John Matheson 7; Joleen Pater 8; Joseph Ashby 5; Kate Doonan 5; Kenneth Gibb Wraight 5; Michael Wormald 1; Philip Patrick Allport 1; Richard Bates 5; Stephan Eisenhardt 4; Sven Wonsak 1; Thomas Mcmullen 5
1 University of Liverpool (GB) 2 University of Glasgow 3 U 4 University of Edinburgh (GB) 5 University of Glasgow (GB) 6 Science and Technology Facilities Council 7 STFC - Rutherford Appleton Lab. (GB) 8 University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Different pitch layouts are considered for the pixel detector being designed for the ATLAS upgraded tracking system which will be operating at the High Luminosity LHC. The tracking performance in the Endcap pixel regions could benefit from pixel layouts which differ from the geometries used in the barrel region. Also, the performance in different barrel layers and eta regions could be optimized using different pixel sizes.
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This presentation will report on the development and tests of pitch layouts which could bereadout by the FE-I4 ASICs. The pixel geometries include 50x250 um2, 25x500 um2, 100x125 um2, 125x167 um2, 50x2000 um2 and 25x2000 um2. The sensors with geometries 50x250 um2, 25x500 um2 and 100x125 um2 were irradiated andtested at the DESY testbeam. These and other testbeam results as well as results from characterization of these sensors in the laboratory will be presented.
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The Pixel Luminosity Telescopes a Dedicated Luminosity Moni- tor for CMS
Author: Dean Andrew Hidas1
1 Rutgers, State Univ. of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Pixel Luminosity Telescopes (PLT) will be the first dedicated luminosity monitor installed inthe CMS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. It is designed to measure the bunch-by-bunch relative luminosity to high precision. It consists of a set of small angle telescopes each with three planes of pixel sensors. The full PLT will be installed in CMS for the first full energy operation ofthe LHC in September 2014. In the 2012-2013 LHC run a pilot PLT detector was installed consisting of both single-crystal diamond and silicon sensors giving a first look at their performance in a contin- uous high-rate environment. This was the first operation of a diamond pixel tracking detectorina high energy physics experiment and is providing the first data on diamond pixel sensors under high particle rate in a high radiation environment. We will report on the design, construction, testing, and installation status for the 2014 installation as well as report the findings of the single-crystal di- amond based pilot detector. In addition we will discuss high-rate studies of polycrystalline diamond sensors for potential use in the PLT for the 2014 installation.
I.b Semiconductors / 90
Development of thin n-in-p pixel modules for the ATLAS upgrade at HL-LHC
Author: Anna Macchiolo1
Co-authors: Botho Albrecht Paschen 1; Philipp Weigell 1; Richard Nisius 1; Stefano Terzo 1
1 Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) (D
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We present the results of the characterization performed on n-in-p pixel modules produced with thin sensors, ranging in thickness from 100 to 200 μm, assembled to the ATLAS FE-I3 and FE-I4 read-out chips. Among these samples, the sensors produced at VTT (Finland), 100 μm thick, have been processed to obtain active edges, which considerably reduce the dead area at the periphery of the device down to 50 μm per side. This feature, together with the very reduced material budget, makes them attractive candidates to instrument the inner layers of the upgraded pixel system at HL-LHC. n-in-p sensors, 200 μm thick, with a standard guard-ring, produced by CIS (Germany) are manufac- tured without an handle-wafer and they represent reliable and cost-effective detectors to cover the large surface of the outer layers of the new pixel system. The different flavors of n-in-p pixel sensors are characterized by means of scans with radioactive
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sources and beam tests at the CERN-SPS and DESY. The results of these measurements will be dis- cussed for devices before and after irradiation up to a fluence of 1.5x1016 neq cm-2 . Thecharge collection and tracking efficiency will be compared for the different sensor thicknesses.
I.b Semiconductors / 340
Silicon Sensors for High-Luminosity Trackers – RD50 Status Re- port
Author: Susanne Kuehn1
1 Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The revised schedule for the LHC upgrade foresees a significant increase of the luminosity oftheLHC by upgrading towards the HL-LHC (High Luminosity-LHC). The final upgrade is planned for around 2023, followed by the HL-LHC running. This is motivated by the need to harvest the maximum physics potential from the machine. It is clear that the high integrated luminosity of 3000 fb-1 will result in very high radiation levels, which manifest a serious challenge for the detectors. This is especially true for the tracking detectors installed close to the interaction point. For HL-LHC, all- silicon central trackers are being studied in ATLAS, CMS and LHCb, with extremely radiation hard silicon sensors to be employed in the innermost layers. Within the RD50 Collaboration, a massive R&D program is underway, with an open cooperation across experimental boundaries to develop silicon sensors with sufficient radiation tolerance. One research topic is to study sensors made from p-type silicon bulk, which have superior radiation hardness as they collect electrons instead of holes. A further area of activity is the development of advanced sensor types like 3D detectors designed for the extreme radiation levels expected for the inner layers. We will present results of several detector technologies and silicon materials at radiation levels corresponding to HL-LHC fluences. Observations of charge multiplication effects at very high bias voltages in a number of detectors will be reported. Based on our results, we will give recommendations for the silicon detectors to be used for LHC detector upgrades.
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Monolithic pixel detectors fabricated with single and double SOI wafers
Author: Toshinobu Miyoshi1 Co-authors: Ayaki Takeda 2; Kazuhiko Hara 3; Kazuya Tauchi 1; Shingo Mitsui 4; Shunsuke Honda 3; Toru Tsub- oyama 5; Yasuo Arai 4; Yoichi Ikegami 4; Yoshinobu Unno 4; Yowichi Fujita 1; Yukiko Ikemoto 1
1 KEK 2 SOKENDAI 3 University of Tsukuba (JP) 4 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP) 5 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Monolithic pixel detectors using 0.2 um FD-SOI pixel process have been developed since 2006. An SOI wafer is utilized for sensor and electronics. The top silicon is used for SOI-CMOS circuit, andthe substrate is used for a radiation sensor. There is a buried oxide layer between two silicon materials, and these are connected each other through Tungsten via. SOI-CMOS circuit has smaller parasitic
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capacitance compared with bulk CMOS, and therefore high-speed, low noise and low power circuits can be fabricated. Since a bump bonding is not used, the sensors have high gain with smaller pixel size. Double SOI wafers are also available. In this case, the middle SOI layers are used for shield layer against the back-gate effect and cross talk. When the voltages are applied in the middle layer,the distribution of charge traps caused by radiation in the silicon oxide can be controlled which helps to enhance radiation tolerance. KEK has organized Multi Project Wafer (MPW) runs twice a year and several types of SOI detectors has been developed and evaluated using IR laser and radiation sources. We are also trying to solve existing problems such as sensor-circuit crosstalk and radiation hardness by utilizing double SOI wafers. In this presentation, evaluation test results of up-to-date SOI pixel detectors will be shown.
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COMETH: a CMOS pixel sensor for a highly miniaturized high- flux radiation monitor
Authors: Christine Guo Hu1; Jerome Baudot1; Kimmo JAASKELAINEN1; Marc Winter1; Yang ZHOU1; Yongcai Hu1
1 Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (FR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The need for miniaturized and versatile real-time radiation monitors has become a general trendfor spacecraft applications. It requires a highly integrated detection system with the ability to identify ion species in a high flux mixed environment. We have proposed [1] a new strategy to meet these requirements with a single CMOS pixel chip. This sensor is based on a matrix of 50×50 µm2 pixels, read out in rolling-shutter mode, andfeatures columns ended by 3-bit ADCs with tunable threshold. An embedded digital algorithm extracts the particle properties from the hit information to provide the radiation flux on–line. A reduced scale prototype with 32×32 pixels and 32 column ADCs has been designed and fabricated in a 0.35 µm process. The layout of the identifying and counting algorithm, downstream the pixel matrix, was developed in the same process. A full simulation of this layout for a subset of columns was used to check the algorithm output against many inputs. Test results obtained with X-rays, ß- particles and laser illumination, confirm previous simulations addressing gain and linearity. Column ADCs also show expected features. Those measurements validate the possibility to monitor proton and electron fluxes up to 107 particles•cm-2•s-1 and dis- tinguish proton from electron for energies lower than 50 MeV. [1] Y.Zhou et al., JINST 7 (2012) C12003. *COMETH: Counter for Monitoring the Energy and Type of charged particles in High flux
I.b Semiconductors / 164
Impact of Low-Dose Electron Irradiation on the Charge Collec- tion of n+p Silicon Strip Sensors
Author: Robert Klanner1
1 University of Hamburg
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The response of p+n strip sensors to electrons from a 90Sr source and focussed laser lightwith different wave lengths was measured using the ALiBaVa read-out system. The measurements were performed over a period of several weeks, during which a number of operating conditions were varied. The sensors were fabricated by Hamamatsu on 200 µm thick float-zone silicon. Theirpitch is 80 µm, and both p-stop and p-spray isolation of the p+n strips were studied.
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The electrons from the 90Sr source were collimated to a spot with a full-width-at-half maximum of 1.8 mm at the sensor and the dose rate at the maximum in the SiO2 was about 0.6 mGy/s. The estimated dose at the end of the measurements was about 1 kGy in SiO2. In addition, test structures (pad diodes, MOS capacitors with and without p-stop and p-spray implants, and gate-controlled diodes) fabricated together with the sensors, were investigated for X-ray doses of up to 1 kGy in SiO2 in order to determine technological parameters and their dependencies on X-ray dose. As function of irradiation time with the 90Sr source significant changes in charge collection and charge sharing are observed. Annealing studies with temperatures up to 80℃ have shown that the observed changes are only partially reversed. The observations are qualitatively explained with the help of TCAD simulations. The relevance of the measurements for the design and the use ofp+n strip sensors in different radiation environments are discussed.
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Experimental results for the Cherwell 1 and 2 MAPS sensors
Author: Fergus Wilson1
Co-authors: Adrian Bevan 2; Jaap Velthuis ; Roy Crawford Lemmon 3; renato turchetta 4
1 STFC - Rutherford Appleton Lab. (GB) 2 University of London (GB) 3 STFC Daresbury Laboratory (GB) 4 ral-stfc
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We report on the status and performance of the CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) Cher- well 1 and 2 sensors for the detection of charged particles in vertexing, tracking, and calorimetry applications. Cherwell is a 4-T CMOS sensor in 180 nm technology on a 12um epitaxial substrate with low-noise, low-power, in-pixel correlated double sampling, and high conversion gain. Cherwell 1 consists of four arrays, two optimized for vertexing and tracking applications, and two for digital calorimetry applications. The vertexing arrangements have a matrix of 96x48 pixels witha pitch of 25 um. The “reference array” is readout on a rolling shutter base with a fine resolution 12-bit, single-slope column parallel ADC. The “strixel” array has the readout and ADC circuits embedded in the space between the pixel diodes. The two sections for calorimetry have a matrix of 96x48 pixels with 25 um pitch and 48x24 pixels with 50 um pitch, respectively. Additional circuitry is added to provide charge summing of 2x2 pixels during readout. Cherwell 2 is a prototype candidate sensor to be used in the upgrade of the ALICE Inner Tracker System at the LHC. It has three variants of a 128x128 pixel array on a 20um pitch using the strixel technology. We report on the characterisation and performance of the prototypes, on the test bench and at the test beam.
Summary: Performance of two prototype CMOS MAPS sensors.
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Utilization of novel Silicon Photomultipliers with bulk integrated quench resistors in tracking applications for particle physics.
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Author: Stefan Petrovics1 Co-authors: Christian Jendrysik 1; Christian Reckleben 2; Felix Sefkow 2; Florian Schopper 1; Inge Diehl 2; Jelena Ninkovic 1; Karsten Hansen 2; Katja Krueger 2; Laci Andricek 1; Raik Lehmann 1; Rainer Richter 1
1 Semiconductor Laboratory of the Max-Planck Society 2 DESY
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a promising candidate for replacing conventional photomulti- plier tubes in many applications, thanks to ongoing developments and advances in their technology. A drawback of conventional SiPMs is their limited fill factor caused by the need for a high ohmic polysilicon quench resistor and its metal lines on the surface of the devices, which in turn limits the maximum photon detection efficiency. At the Semiconductor Laboratory of the Max-Planck Soci- ety (HLL) a novel detector concept was developed integrating the quench resistor directly into the silicon bulk of the device resulting in a free entrance window on the surface. The feasibility of the concept was already confirmed by simulation and extensive studies of first prototype productions. Recently SiPMs were also considered as an attractive alternative for tracking applications in vertex detectors. The requirements for a fast response, simple design and high fill factor can allbemetby SiPMs. In addition the increased trigger probability for an avalanche by minimum ionizing particles allows device operations at lower overbias voltages, resulting in a decreased noise contribution. The concept can be evolved further towards an imaging photo-detector. A new design for an application of these SiPM devices as vertex detectors with active quenching developed by the HLL and DESY as well as first simulation results will be presented. Also, first mea- surements of the trigger efficiency as a function of the applied overbias voltage of SiPM devices will be shown.
I.b Semiconductors / 269
Recent results of diamond radiation tolerance
Author: Harris Kagan1 Co-authors: Members of RD42 OTHER 2; William Trischuk 3
1 Ohio State University (US) 2 The RD42 Collaboration 3 University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Progress in experimental particle physics in the coming decade depends crucially upon the ability to carry out experiments at high energies and high luminosities. These two conditions imply that future experiments will take place in very high radiation areas. In order to perform these complex and perhaps expensive experiments new radiation hard technologies will have to be developed. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond has been developed as a radiation tolerant material for use very close to the interaction region where detectors must operate in extreme radiation conditions. During the past few years many CVD diamond devices have been manufactured and tested. As a detector for high radiation environments CVD diamond benefits substantially from its radiation hardness, very low leakage current, low dielectric constant, fast signal collection and ability to operate at room temperature. As a result CVD diamond has now been used extensively in beam conditions monitors at every experiment in the LHC. In addition, CVD diamond is now being considered as a sensor material for particle tracking detectors closest to the interaction region where the most extreme radiation conditions exist. We will present the present state-of-the-art of polycrystalline CVD diamond and single crystal CVD diamond and the latest results on the radiation tolerance of these materials for a range of protons, pions and neutrons obtained from strip detectors constructed with these materials.
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New diamond detector structure and related front-end electron- ics for TOF application
Authors: Anna Di Ciaccio1; Lorenzo Paolozzi1; Roberto Cardarelli1
1 Universita e INFN Roma Tor Vergata (IT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The results obtained at BTF (Beam Test Facility) of Frascati with 500 MeV electrons workingat single electron mode and with cosmic rays have shown a time resolution of the order of 100 ps with a polycrystalline diamond detector of 1.25 mm total thickness and a surface of 3x3 mm^2 operated at 350 V. To achieve this performance, a new structure of the diamond detector and a dedicated front-end electronics have been developed. The results obtained will be compared with standard mono and polycrystalline diamond detectors. This new structure of the detector together withthe dedicated front-end electronics suggest the possibility to realize diamond detectors for MIPs with time resolution of the order of few tens ps.
I.b Semiconductors / 45
Total Ionization Damage Compensations in Double Silicon-on- Insulator Pixel Sensors
Author: Shunsuke Honda1
Co-authors: Kazuhiko Hara 1; Kohei Tsuchida 1; Mari Asano 1; Masao Okihara 2; Morifumi Ohno 3; Naoshi Tobita 4; Noriyuki Miura 5; Takaki Hatsui 6; Takeshi Tsuru 7; Toshinobu Miyoshi 8; Yasuo Arai 9; hiroki Kasai 5; tatsuya Maeda 1
1 University of Tsukuba (JP) 2 Lapis Semiconductor Co., Ltd. (JP) 3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (JP) 4 University of tsukuba (JP) 5 Lapis Semiconductor Miyagi Co., Ltd. (JP) 6 RIKEN 7 Kyoto University 8 KEK 9 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We are developing monolithic pixel sensors based on a 0.2 um fully-depleted Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology. Such sensors have properties such as high-speed operation, low-power dissipa- tion, and SEU/SET immunity. The major issue in applications them in high-radiation environments is the total ionization damage (TID) effects. The effects are rather substantial in the SOI devices since the transistors are enclosed in the oxide layers where generated holes are trapped and affect the operation of the near-by transistors. The double SOI sensors that provide an independent electrode underneath the buried oxide (BOX) layer have been developed. A negative voltage applied to this electrode is expected to cancel positive potential due to hole traps in the BOX layer. We have irradiated transistor test elements and pixel sensors with γ-rays. By adjusting the poten- tial of this electrode, the TID effects are shown to be compensated. The transistors irradiated to2 MGy recovered their performances by applying a bias to the electrode. Transistors were shown to have modest differences in behaviors of TID compensations according to their types. Furthermore, differences depending on the biasing condition during irradiation were observed. The pixelsensor
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irradiated to 100 kGy recovered its functionality by applying a bias to the electrode. We used in- frared laser pulse and γ-ray sources to evaluate TID compensations of pixel sensors. The radiation tolerance of the SOI devices has been substantially improved by employing the innovative double SOI.
I.b Semiconductors / 42
Development of CMOS Pixel Sensor Featuring Pixel-Level Dis- crimination for the ALICE-ITS Upgrade
Author: Tianyang WANG1 Co-authors: Andrei Dorokhov 1; Christine Hu 2; Thanh Hung PHAM 3; Yann HU 1
1 IPHC 2 IPHC/IN2P3 3 CNRS
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CMOS pixel sensor (CPS) based on the TowerJazz 180nm CIS process can provide qualified radiation hardness for the ALICE-ITS upgrade. Meanwhile, full CMOS integration in the pixel is achievable due to the availability of deep P-well. Therefore, a novel concept of pixel with integrated discriminator was realized to develop a fast and power efficient rolling shutter CPS architecture for the ALICE-ITS upgrade. Compared with the conventional CPS using column-level discrimination, the in-pixel discrimination sets the analog processing within the pixel. Thus the analog buffer driving the long distance column bus is no longer needed and the static current consumption per pixel can be largely reduced from 120µA down to 15µA. Besides, the row processing time can be halved down to 100ns thanks to small local parasitic. As a proof of concept, the prototype chip called AROM0 was fabricated in April 2013. Full functionality and the noise performance of the chip have been validated in laboratory test. Based on the experience of AROM0, the improved pixel designs have been implemented in the chip called AROM1 which is an intermediate prototype chip anticipating the final sensor architecture proposed for the ALICE-ITS upgrade. It features the pixel arrayof 64 × 64 with double-row readout while integrating the on-chip biasing/reference control and JTAG programmable sequence management circuitry. This paper will present the design and test results of AROM0. It’ll also discuss the improvementin AROM1 and present the test results of this sensor which is expected in early 2014.
I.c Gaseous / 255
Study of Columnar Recombination in Xe+trymethilamine Mix- tures using a Micromegas-TPC
Author: Diana Carolina Herrera Muñoz1 Co-authors: Azriel Goldschmidt 2; Carlos Alberto Bastos De Oliveira 3; Diego Gonzalez Diaz 4; Francisco Jose Iguaz Gutierrez 4; Gloria Luzon 5; Igor Garcia Irastorza 4; Joshua Renner 6; Megan Long 7; Susana Cebrian 4; Theopisti Dafni 4
1 University of Zaragoza 2 UC Berkeley /Lawrence Berkely National Lab 3 Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, CA, USA 4 Universidad de Zaragoza (ES) 5 Universidad de Zaragoza
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6 UC Berkeley / Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 7 L
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Electron-ion recombination is experimentally studied in Xe+trimethylamine mixtures, motivated by its potential use for directional dark matter searches. A time projection chamber of 2.4 l with a novel configuration formed by two symmetric drift regions with two microbulk-Micromegas readouts is used to measure the recombination of α- and γ-particles, which are emitted in coincidence by an 241Am source. A gas mixture of 98\%Xe+2\%TMA is used, varying the pressure from 2 to 10 bar, and the reduced drift field within 10-400 V/cm/bar range. Both α-and γ-particles exhibit recombination as the electric drift field decreases, being stronger for α- particles. This is partially explained by columnar recombination due to the dependency observed with the track angle (relative to the direction of electric drift field). The comparison of the data with the theoretical models for recombination will be shown and discussed. These results support a suggestion that has been recently put forward on how to obtaina directional signal in the recoils induced by Dark Matter interactions with xenon-gas. In fact, there are already efforts trying to pursue directionality but with very low masses.
I.c Gaseous / 79
Construction and commissioning of a setup to study ageing phe- nomena in high rate gas detectors
Author: Alhussain abuhoza1
Co-authors: Christian Joachim Schmidt 2; Hans Rudolf Schmidt 3; Joerg Lothar Hehner 2; Saikat Biswas 1; Uli Frankenfeld 2
1 GSI 2 GSI - Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung GmbH (DE) 3 Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet Tuebingen (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
A very accurate apparatus has been constructed and commissioned at the GSI detector laboratory, which will be dedicated for many objectives. Among these objectives; investigation of the ageing phenomena of high rate gaseous detectors, the ageing influences of the construction materials of the gaseous detectors, long term monitoring of gaseous detectors tolerance, planned to be used in The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the future Facility for Antiproton andIon Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany. It is very important, in ageing studies, to sense the detector degradation, if any, in reasonable time period and with a particle rate comparable to that in real experiments. In order to reach the envisaged accuracy, several optimizations have been implemented over the design of the used counters, the setup approach and automation and the gas system. In this article, details of the experimental setup, the systematic optimization tests, studies of ageing and anti-ageing manifestations, and results of the influence of different construction materials will be presented.
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A real x-y microbulk Micromegas with segmented mesh
Author: Theodoros Geralis1
Co-authors: Athanasios Kalamaris 1; Esther Ferrer Ribas 2; Fransisco Aznar 3; Fransisco J. Iguaz 3; Mariam Kebbiri 4; Martyn Davenport 5; Rui De Oliveira 5; Serge Ferry 5; Theopisti Dafni 3; Thomas Papaevangelou 6
1 NCSR Demokritos 2 IRFU Sacaly 3 University of Zaragoza 4 IRFU Saclay 5 CERN 6 CEA/IRFU,Centre d’etude de Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette (FR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We present for a first time, the development of Micromegas detectors based on Microbulk technol- ogy with segmented mesh. The space charge produced within the amplification volume induces both signals and the mesh strips provide the y coordinate while the anode strips the x coordinate. The manufacturing of a segmented mesh simplifies the x-y readout that up to now was produced ina complicated and delicate way due to the x-y strips formation (x-pads link in the front and y-pads link via through holes in the back plane) and had a high risk of deteriorating the detector quality or even damaging the detector in the last stages of construction. This R&D is a project supported by the RD51 collaboration. The design and manufacturing has been optimized and produced seg- mented mesh Microbulk Micromegas with excellent properties in Energy resolution, stability and good position resolution. We have designed appropriate FE-electronics for providing the bias HV to every individual mesh strip and reading it out. The design aims to an ultra low background, ultra low threshold detector appropriate for rare event searches, thanks to its low material budget that may further improve the excellent Microbulk technology background properties close to ~(few)x10-7 cnts/keV/cm2/s. We will present details of the design and the manufacturing of the segmented mesh microbulk, results on the detector performance, prospects for further improvements and possibilities that open for rare processes, neutron detection and other applications. We believe that this design constitutes a break-through in the Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors developments.
I.c Gaseous / 44
High rate, fast timing RPC for future LHC experiments upgrade
Author: Laktineh Laktineh1
1 Universite Claude Bernard-Lyon I (FR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
New generation of RPC using semi-conductive plates could provide an excellent choice for the up- grade of LHC muon detectors. These cost-effective GRPC stand high particle rate. The excellent timing they can provide could allow to improve on the trigger rate and reduce the pileup conse- quences of the LHC luminosity increase. Single and multi-gap GRPC using low-resistivity glass are being proposed to equip high eta region of experiments such CMS. Electronics readout with a time measurment precison of less than 25 ps is being developped to equip such detectors.
Summary: With the increase of the LHC luminosity foreseen in the coming years many detectors currently used in the different LHC experiments will be dramatically impacted and some need to be replaced. Thenew ones should be capable not only to support the high particle rate but also to provide excellent timing
Page 20 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts to reduce the data ambiguity due to the expected high pileup. RPC using low-resistivity glass are pro- posed to equip the very forward region of the LHC experiments. In their single-gap version they can stand rates of few kHz/cm2. Their time precision of about 1ns could in principle allow to reduce the noise contribution, leading to an improvement of the trigger rate. In their multi-gap version they can do better in both the particle rate detection and the time precision measurement. Time precision ofless 25 ps could be obtained. This aims at reducing the ambiguity the high expected pileup will introduce. In both cases new electronics equipped with excellent timing precision measurement are being developed to read out the RPC detectors. Tests are ongoing to validate the different scenarios.
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Radiation Tolerance of the Outer Tracker in the Forward Region at the LHC
Authors: Niels Tuning1; Till Moritz Karbach2
1 NIKHEF (NL) 2 CERN
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The LHCb experiment is designed to study B-decays at the LHC, andassuchis constructed as a forward spectrometer. The large particle density in the forward region poses extreme challenges to the subdetectors, in terms of hit occupancies and radiation tolerance. To accurately and efficiently detect the charged decay particles inthe high-density particle environment of the LHC the Outer Tracker (OT) has been constructed. The OT is a gaseous straw tube detector, consisting of 53,760 straw tubes, covering an area of 360 m2 of double layers. At the time of the conference, the performance of the OT during run I of the LHC has been scrutinized. The detector has operated under nominal LHC conditions for a period of over 2 years, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 3 fb-1. A remarkable radiation resistance of this sensitive gas detector is reported. Unlike most other subdetectors in LHCb, constructed with various technologies, no sign of ageing is observed after having received a total dose corresponding to about 100 mC/cm in the hottest region. Two independent and complementary methods have been used to measure the radiation resistance of this gas detector in the forward region at the LHC. One method uses a dedicated setup in situ, with which a 90Sr source is scanned over the surface of part of the OT detector. The second method utilizes reconstructed tracks duing LHC operation, with which the hit efficiency over the full detector surface is determined at increased amplifier threshold.
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A Zero Ion Backflow electron multiplier operating in noble gases
Author: Fernando Amaro1 Co-authors: Joaquim dos Santos 2; Markus Ball 3; joao veloso 4
1 Coimbra University
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2 University of Coimbra 3 Technical University Munich 4 university of aveiro
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We present a new concept for the suppression of the secondary ions in gaseous detectors. The Zero Ion Backflow electron multiplier operates in a noble gas atmosphere and supress the ionbackflow to the level of the primary ionization, totally blocking the secondary ions that are produced in the multiplier. This detector is composed by a proportional scintillation region, composed by two highly transparent meshes, followed by a gaseous photon-multiplier. The primary electrons drift through the proportional scintillation region under the influence of an electric field below the ionization threshold of the gas, emitting electroluminescence without the production of secondary ions. The electroluminescence signals are collected by the gaseous photon multiplier, composed by a gaseous electron multiplier coupled to a CsI phothocade, and further amplified by electron avalanche. The positive ions that result from electron avalanches in the gaseous photomultiplier are prevented from reaching the conversion region by an electrostatic separation between the proportional scintillation region and the gaseous photomultiplier. The ion back flow is therefore reduced to the level ofthe primary ionization and is totally independent on the electron avalanches that occur on the gaseous photomultiplier.
Summary: We present the results obtained with the Zero Ion Backflow electron multiplier operated in pure Xenon equipped with a proportional scintillation region of 6 mm. The gaseous photomultiplier is composed by a double GEM cascade coupled to a CsI photocathode, separated from the proportional scintillation region by an extraction region with 2 mm. The transference of the secondary ions from the gaseous photomultiplier to the proportional scintillation region is dependent on the electric field between these two regions, EExtraction, that also influences the photoelectron extraction from the CsI photocathode. We have determined the influence of this field on the levels of ion backflow and on the photo-electron extraction. A value between 0.1 and 0.2 kV/cm*bar was found to ensure simultaneously maximum rela- tive photoelectron extraction and full ion backflow suppression. Energy resolution of 17% was measured when irradiating the detector with 5.9 keV x-rays.
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Study of a Large Prototype TPC using Micro-Pattern Gas Detec- tors
Author: David ATTIE1
1 CEA/Irfu
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
In the last decade, R&D of detectors for the future International Linear Collider (ILC) has been carried out by the community. The International Large Detector (ILD) is one detector concept at theILC where calorimetry and tracking systems are combined. The tracking system consists of a Si vertex detector and forward tracking disks coupled to a large volume Time Projection Chamber (TPC). Within the framework of the LC-TPC collaboration, a Large Prototype (LP) TPC has been built as a demonstrator. Its endplate is able to contain up to seven identical Micro-Pattern Gas Dectectors (MPGD) modules. Recently, the LP has been equipped with resistive anode Micromegas (MM) or Gas electron Multiplier (GEM) modules. Both the MM and GEM technologies have been studied with a 5 GeV electron beam in a 1 Tesla magnet. After introducing the LP, the current status, recent results (drift velocity, field distortions, iongate and spatial resolution measurements) as well as future plans of the LC-TPC R&D with MM and GEM will be presented.
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Summary: on behalf of the LC-TPC collaboration
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Construction and commissioning of the KLOE-2 Inner Tracker
Author: Gianfranco Morello1 Co-authors: Alessandro Balla 1; Alessandro Pelosi 2; Anthony Palladino 3; Antonio Budano 4; Antonio Di Domenico 5; Antonio Ranieri 6; Danilo Domenici 1; Edisher Tskhadadze 7; Erika De Lucia 1; Eryk Czerwinski 3; Giampiero Fanizzi 8; Giovanni Bencivenni 1; Giulietto Felici 9; Giuseppe De Robertis 6; Jing Dong 10; Lina Quintieri 3; Manlio Capodiferro 11; Maurizio Gatta 1; Maurizio Mongelli 8; Nicola Lacalamita 6; Paolo Branchini 4; Paolo Ciambrone 1; Raffaele Liuzzi 8; Stefano Cerioni 1; Vincenzo Valentino 8
1 Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (IT) 2 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma 1 3 LNF-INFN 4 Roma Tre Universita Degli Studi (IT) 5 Universita e INFN, Roma I (IT) 6 Universita e INFN (IT) 7 Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research (RU) 8 INFN Sezione di Bari (IT) 9 Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) 10 INFN 11 ”Sapienza” Università di Roma (IT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The KLOE-2 experiment is starting its data taking at the DAΦNE ϕ-factory at the Frascati National Laboratory of the INFN. The experiment is continuing the successful physics program of KLOE, that collected 2.5 fb-1 of integrated luminosity between 2001 and 2006. For the new data taking campaign the detector, consisting of a huge Drift Chamber and a Electromagnetic Calorimeter working ina 0.5 T axial magnetic field, has been upgraded. One of the upgrades involves the tracking system, with the insertion of a GEM-based detector in the space separating the DAΦNE interaction region and the inner wall of the Drift Chamber. The Inner Tracker, composed of four coaxial cylindrical triple-GEMs, is a kapton-based detector allowing us to keep the total material budget below 2% X0, as required in order to minimize the multiple scattering of low-momentum tracks. Novel and advanced solutions were developed to cope with the challenging problems that arose during the construction phase. The tracker achieves 200 μm spatial resolution in the transverse plane and 500 μmalongthe beam direction. The two coordinates are provided by a dedicated XV readout pattern coupled tothe GASTONE front-end, a 64 channel ASIC with digital output specially developed for this detector. The first results from the commissioning of the detector will be shown, including the preliminary response of the detector to cosmic-ray muons and DAΦNE beam interactions.
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Close Cathode Chamber: cost efficient and lightweight detector for tracking applications
Authors: Dezso Varga1; Gergo Hamar1
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1 Wigner RCP
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Close Cathode Chamber (CCC) is an asymmetric Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber (MWPC), which, owing to its specifically optimized field structure, has key advantages relative to the classical MWPC design. The CCC contains alternating field wires and anode (sense) wires, and the wireplane is asymmetric with respect to two parallel planes, being as close as 1.5mm typically to one of the planes for 2mm wire spacing. We have shown that this arrangement minimizes the dependence of the avalanche gain on detector wall planarity [1], and specifically, insensitivity to corresponding mechanical distortions or internal overpressure (causing bulging). Such feature allows one to build CCC chambers with small overall material budget, avoiding also the thick frames typical for MWPC- s. Careful studies confirmed that signal formation and position resolution correspond to thatin classical MWPC-s. The dead zones created by internal support structures have been evaluated [2]. CCC detectors have found application in a portable cosmic muon tracking system [3],[4], proving their mechanical and operational stability under hars and varying environmental conditions. [1] D. Varga et al.: NIM A648 (2011) 163-167 [2] D. Varga et al.: NIM A698 (2013) 11-18 [3] G. G. Barnaföldi et al.: NIM A689 (2012) 60-69 [4] L. Oláh et al.: Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. (2012) 2 781-800
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The COMET Straw Tracker System
Author: Hajime Nishiguchi1
Co-authors: Alexander Volkov 2; Anatoly Moiseenko 2; Kazuki Ueno 1; Nikolozi Tsverava 2; Petr Evtoukhovitch 2; Satoshi Mihara 1; Zviadi Tsamalaidze 2
1 KEK 2 JINR
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The COMET experiment at J-PARC aims to search for a lepton-flavour violating process ofmuonto electron conversion in a muonic atom, µ-e conversion, with a branching-ratio sensitivity of better than 10−16, 4 orders of magnitude better than the present limit, in order to explore the parameter region predicted by most of well-motivated theoretical models beyond the Standard Model. The need for this sensitivity places several stringent requirements on the detector development. The experiment requires to detect the monochromatic electron of 105 MeV, the momentum resolution is primarily limited by the multiple scattering effect for this momentum region. In addition, high power proton driver is essential to accumulate an enough statistics, ie. high rate capability is necessary. Thus we need the very light material detector which can handle the high intensity beaminorder to achieve an excellent momentum resolution, better than 200 ckeV/ , and to accumulate an enough statistics, up to 5 × 109µ−/s. In order to fulfill such requirements, we decided to develop the straw-base planar tracker which is operational in the vacuum and made by the extremely light material. The COMET straw tracker consists of 10 mm diameter tube, longer than 1 m length, with20 µm thickness Mylar foil and 70 nm aluminum deposition, even thinner material down to 12 µm thickness is under development by the ultrasonic welding technique. In this presentation, the development of COMET straw tracker is described including the prospect of final detector construction.
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High granularity scanner for MPGD based photon detectors
Authors: Dezso Varga1; Gergo Hamar1
1 Wigner RCP, Budapest
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Gaseous detectors can be made sensitive to photons, and become excellent choice for applications such as Cherenkov radiation imaging for particle identification. Micopattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) technologies opened new ways to photon detection, where the possibility for reduced ion feedback, better timing and the suppression of non-photon signals are factors of improved perfor- mance. On the other hand the microstructure of an MPGD renders the photo-electron emission, transfer and subsequent detection to be a very complex process. We have developed a high resolution UV photon scanner, where single photon-electron response measures local detection efficiency and gas gain with position resolution better than 100 microns. Studies on Thick GEM based photon detectors proved the existence of inefficient symmetry points, and shed light on hole-gain structure and microscale variance. In fact practically all MPGD detectors, even if not designed for photon detection in the first place, can be made sensitive, and thusbe explored, by the scanning system. Measurement of the microsturcture of the charge transport can lead to a better understanding of the detection mechanisms, and help in optimization of various MPGD, especially for Cherenkov detectors. The presentaion will focus on details of the critical parts of such a system; and recent resultson TGEM microstructure with its dependence on the applied micropattern configurations. Ref.: Nucl.Instr.Meth. A 694 (2012) 16
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Micromegas for sampling calorimetry
Author: Maximilien Chefdeville1
1 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Micromegas is an attractive option for a gaseous sampling calorimeter. It delivers proportional and fast signals, achieves high efficiency to minimum ionising particles with a compact design andshows well-uniform performance over meter-square areas. The current R&D focuses on large-size spark- protected Micromegas with integrated front-end electronics. It targets an application at future linear colliders (LC) and possible upgrades of LHC experiments for the running at high luminosity. Proto- typing work and characterisation results will be reported with a special emphasis on the impact of the resistive layer on the calorimeter signals.
Summary: A few technologically-advanced prototypes of 1x1 m2 were constructed. Optimised for Particle-Flow hadron calorimetry at a LC, they are segmented into pads of 1x1 cm2, each read out by simple thresh- old electronics. Their standalone performance were studied in great details in testbeams. In addition, expected performance of a Micromegas calorimeter were deduced from the measured three-dimensional shape of high-energy pion showers inside the CALICE semi-digital hadron calorimeter (SDHCAL). Absorption in the gas of highly ionising particles produced in hadron showers occasionally triggers a discharge. This can be a serious show-stopper for high-rate applications such as forward calorimetry at a high-luminosity LHC experiment. Discharge protections based on resistive films were successfully
Page 25 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts implemented on small-size prototypes. Several resistive configurations were actually studied to min- imise the time necessary for charge evacuation and the resulting efficiency and linearity losses.
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An InGrid based Low Energy X-ray Detector for the CAST Exper- iment
Author: Christoph Krieger1 Co-authors: Jochen Kaminski 1; Klaus Desch 1; Michael Lupberger 1; Theodoros Vafeiadis 2
1 Universitaet Bonn (DE) 2 CERN
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) is searching for axions and other new particles coupling to photons and emerging from the sun. Those particles are converted into soft X-ray photons ina high magnetic field. To enhance sensitivity for physics beyond the Standard Model it is necessary to cope with weak couplings and low energies, thus requiring an efficient background discrimination as well as a detection threshold below 1 keV. A promising candidate for a future CAST detector is an InGrid based X-ray detector. This detector combines the high spatial resolution of a pixelized readout with a highly granular Micromegas gas amplification stage. Fabrication by photolithographic postprocessing techniques allows to matchthe amplification grid to the pixels. The thereby achieved overall high granularity facilitates detection of single electrons which allows to determine the X-ray energy by electron counting. Additionally, rejection of background events mostly originating from cosmic rays is provided by an event shape analysis exploiting the high spatial resolution. A first prototype achieved a background reduction of roughly 120 and an energy resolution of 5.2 % at 5.9 keV. In order to demonstrate its low detection threshold an InGrid based detector was tested in the CAST Detector Lab where an X-ray generator for energies down to a few hundred eV is available. Results of these tests demonstrating the detector’s ability to detect the carbon Kα line at 277 eV will be presented as well as a short report on the installation at the CAST experiment.
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The Triple-GEM Project for the Phase 2 Upgrade of the CMSMuon System
Author: Michael Tytgat1
1 Ghent University (BE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
In view of the high-luminosity phase of the LHC, the CMS Collaboration is considering the use of Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector technology for the upgrade of its muon system in the forward re- gion. With their ability to handle the extreme particle rates expected in that area, such micro-pattern gas detectors can sustain a high performance and redundant muon trigger system. At the same time, with their excellent spatial resolution, they can improve the muon track reconstruction and identifi- cation capabilities of the forward detector, effectively combining tracking and triggering functions in one single device. The present status of the CMS GEM project will be reviewed, highlighting importants steps and achievements since the start of the R&D activities in 2009. Several small and
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full-size prototypes have been constructed with different geometries and techniques. The baseline design of the triple-GEM detectors proposed for installation in different stations of the CMS muon endcap system will be described, along with the associated frontend electronics and data-acquisition system. The expected impact on the performance of the CMS muon system will be discussed, and results from extensive test measurements of all prototypes, both in the lab and in test beams at CERN and FNAL will be presented.
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Construction of a large-size four plane micromegas detector
Author: Paolo Iengo1 Co-authors: Chrysostomos Valderanis 2; Fabian Kuger 3; Francisco Perez Gomez 4; Givi Sekhniaidze 5; Hans Danielsson 4; Joerg Wotschack 4; Matthias Schott 4; Michele Bianco 6; Rui De Oliveira 4; Tai-Hua Lin 2
1 INFN Napoli (IT) 2 Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz (DE) 3 Bayerische Julius Max. Universitaet Wuerzburg (DE) 4 CERN 5 Universita e INFN (IT) 6 C
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
In view of the use of micromegas detectors for the upgrade of the ATLAS muon system, we have constructed two detector quadruplets with an area of 0.5 m^2 per plane serving as prototypes for future ATLAS chambers. They are based on the resistive-strip technology and thus spark tolerant. The detectors were built in a modular way. The quadruplets consist of two double-sided readout panels with 128 µm high support pillars and three support (or drift) panels equipped with the mi- cromesh and the drift electrode. The distance of the micromesh from the drift-electrode determines the drift (or conversion) gap. The panels are bolted together such that the detector canbeopened and cleaned, if required. Each readout plane comprises 1024 strips with a pitch of 0.4 mm. Two of the readout planes are equipped with readout strips inclined by 1.5 degree. The quadruplet thus delivers track coordinates with a resolution of better than 100 µm in the precision coordinate and 1 mm in the second coordinate. We will present the detector concept, our experience with the detector construction, and the evalu- ation of the detectors with cosmic rays and x-rays. One of the quadruplets will be installed in ATLAS in summer 2014, equipped with the newly devel- oped digital VMM readout chip.
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Development of a High-Sensitive and Low-Cost Imaging Gamma- Ray Camera γI (Gamma Eye)
Author: Mika Kagaya1 Co-authors: Hideaki Katagiri 1; Hiroshi Muraishi 2; Kazuhiro Sato 3; Kohei Nakayama 1; Masao Hosokawa 4; Ryoji Enomoto 5; Ryuji Hanafusa 4; Shohei Yanagita 1; Tatsuo Yoshida 1; Toru Takeda 2; Yoshikazu Ito 4
1 Ibaraki University 2 Kitasato University 3 Shinsei Corporation 4 Fuji Electric
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5 Tokyo University (ICRR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We developed a Compton camera γI (Gamma Eye) using CsI (Tl) scintillators for measurement of arrival direction of gamma rays produced by radioactive cesium released into the environment from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident due to the great east Japan earthquake and subsequent tsunamis in 2011. The radiation exposure of residents remains extremely a serious problem in Japan. The capability of gamma-ray imaging with good angular resolution is a key feature for identification of radiation hotspots and effective decontamination operation. A detector using Compton kinematics isoneof the best candidates. Some Compton cameras for such purpose are being developed so far. However, they are not sufficient to cover a wide contamination area with the dose rate inairof< 1µSv/hour around the Fukushima Power Plant because of their low detection efficiency and/or very high cost. Thus we developed a novel Compton camera γI (Gamma Eye) with high sensitivity and low-cost. It consists of 2 arrays of detectors which act as a Compton scatterer and absorber. Ener- gies deposited by Compton scattered electrons and subsequent photoelectric absorption measured by photomultipliers are used for image reconstruction. Each array consists of 8 large CsI (Tl) scintil- lator cubes, 3.5cm on a side, which are inexpensive and have good energy resolution. The 2 arrays are separated by 40cm to provide a 60-degree wide field of view as well as to keep position determi- nation accuracy < 5 degree. The imaging capability was verified by test measurements in Fukushima Prefecture together with the laboratory tests.
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Development of Hybrid Avalanche Photo Detector and its Read- out Electronics for the Belle II Aerogel RICH counter
Author: Shuichi Iwata1
1 Tokyo Metropolitan University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
For the Belle II experiment at the superKEKB accelerator, we have been developing a proximity fo- cusing ring imaging Cherenkov detector using a silica aerogel as a radiator (A-RICH). This counter is designed to be used at the forward endcap region and to have pion/kaon separation with more than 4-sigma deviations at momenta up to 4 GeV/c. 144-channel Hybrid Avalanche Photo-Detector (HAPD) modules developed with Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. have been adopted as the photon de- tectors for the A-RICH. A total of 420 HAPD will be used in Belle II detector. We started the mass production of the HAPD. Quality of the manufactured HAPD is checked bya system that we developed. We report the status of the quality check that consists of the leakage cur- rent measurement, channel-by-channel noise level measurement, the 2-dimensional scan for photon detection, and the quantum efficiency measurement for the photo cathode. As for the readout of about 60,000 channels from the A-RICH, we developed an ASIC for the ampli- fication and digitization of the signal from HAPDs. We started the mass production of the ASIC last year. Then we plan to test all the ASIC chips before mounting them on the front-end boards attached to HAPDs. The data from several front-end boards will be merged into one board, and are sent to theBelleII central DAQ system by an optical link called Belle2Link. For this purpose, modules called “merger board” located inside the detector are under development. Each merger board is connected to 6 front-end boards, and has an FPGA for the data merging and transmission. We are developing the firmware for the FPGA and testing it. In this presentation, status of the mass production of HAPDs and ASICs, and the development and test results for the merger board will be reported.
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Test on VSiPMT prototypes
Author: Daniele Vivolo1
Co-authors: Biagio Rossi 2; Carlos Maximiliano Mollo 3; Felicia Carla Tiziana Barbato 4; Giancarlo Barbarino 4; Gianfranca De Rosa 3; Giuliana Fiorillo 5; Pasquale Migliozzi 5; Riccardo De Asmundis 5
1 Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and INFN Napoli 2 Laboratorium fuer Hochenergiephysik-Universitaet Bern-Unknown 3 INFN 4 Università degli studi di Napoli - Federico II and INFN Naples 5 Universita e INFN (IT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube (VSiPMT) is an innovative photodetector based on the com- bination of SiPM and PMT technologies. The basic idea consists in replacing the classical dynode chain of a PhotoMultiplier Tube with a SiPM. Such a design was proposed by our group in order to match the goal of a large photocathode sensitive area with the unrivalled photon counting performances of SiPMs. Moreover, much more improve- ments with respect to the standard PMT technology are expected to be obtained by VSiPMTs. First of all, the absence of the standard dynode chain will lead to avoid using voltage dividers and, hence, to a much lower power consumption. Transit Time Spread is expected to be sensibly reduced, since there will be no dynode chain spread, while Single Photoelectron resolution and gain stability will be much improved. In the proposed configuration, the SiPM acts as an electron multiplying detector. Therefore, the proof of feasibility of VSiPMT has required a thorough study both from a theoretical and experimen- tal point of view. The extremely encouraging results obtained by our group led us to a new, advanced phase, consist- ing in the test of some VSiPMT prototypes realized by Hamamatsu. Our results show that VSiPMT prototypes performances go far beyond our expectations, thus chart- ing the course for the development of an unrivalled innovative photon detection technology. In the present work we will describe accurately the results of our tests on Hamamatsu prototypes and we will show our studies and our purposes for the optimization of the device.
Summary: The detection of (single) photons is an essential experimental tool for a wide range of research areas. To date, in astroparticle physics experiments based on Cherenkov detectors a crucial role has been played by photomultiplier tubes. PMT technology has been improved continuously in the last years: the quantum efficiency of the photocathode has now reached a level of 40%, close to the theoretical maximum; single photon sensitivity and time resolution have been improved by a careful design of electrostatic focusing on the 1st dynode; with new coatings the secondary electron yield of dynodes has greatly improved, reducing the required number of dynodes and their size. Nevertheless standard photomultiplier tubes suffer the following drawbacks: • fluctuations in the first dynode gain make single photon counting difficult; • linearity is strongly related to the gain and decreases as the latter increases; • transit time spreads over large fluctuations; • mechanical structure is complex, voluminous, rather massive and expensive; • they are sensitive to magnetic fields. Moreover, in low background experiments the radioactivity of the photomultiplier components is a key concern. In fact, in many applications PMTs can dominate the total radioactivity of the detector. A significant effort is being made by manufacturers and research teams in order to reduce the background from photomultiplier tubes by rigorous choice of the raw materials used for all components. However, significant traces of radioactive nuclei are encountered in the metal and ceramic parts of theelectron multiplication system. Hybrid photodetectors, not using dynode structures for amplification, are an attractive solution. In fact, in this type of device photoelectrons emerging from the photocathode are focused onto a silicon detec- tor. As silicon is virtually free of radioactivity and the mass of the photodiode can be very small, the background from the inner part of the tube can be significantly reduced.
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The Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube (VSiPMT) is an innovative photodetector based on thecom- bination of SiPM and PMT technologies. The basic idea consists in replacing the classical dynode chain of a PhotoMultiplier Tube with a SiPM. Such a design was proposed by our group in order to match the goal of a large photocathode sensitive area with the unrivalled photon counting performances of SiPMs. Moreover, much more improvements with respect to the standard PMT technology are expected to be obtained by VSiPMTs. First of all, the absence of the standard dynode chain will lead to avoid using voltage dividers and, hence, to a much lower power consumption. Transit Time Spread is expected to be sensibly reduced, since there will be no dynode chain spread, while Single Photoelectron resolution and gain stability will be much improved. Differently from standard hybrids based on APDs, in the VSiPMT the HV between the photocathode and the silicon device is limited to 2-4 kV. Moreover, this HV is needed for the transportation of the photoelectrons and to make them overcome the SiO2 coating layer covering the SiPM. Therefore, the photoelectrons need a much lower voltage to be detected by a SiPM. The multiplication given by the SiPM is independent of the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons, as the output signal of a SiPM is inde- pendent of the number of electrons/holes created by the photoelectron in the same cell and is instead proportional to the number of cells fired. Several studies have been performed in last years by the INFN Napoli group on this subject. On the base of the very encouraging results obtained by our group, a first prototype of the VSiPMT has been developed in collaboration with Hamamatsu and tested in our labs. The measured performances are extremely encouraging. The work function of the VSiPMT hasbeen evaluated showing a good linearity with satisfactory gain output G=(3÷6)·105. This prototype showed extremely good photon counting capabilities thanks to the very good performance in terms of SPE res- olution (<17%), peak-to-valley ratio (> 60) and Transit Time Spread (< 0.5 ns). With an optimized design, the VSiPMT will exhibit several attractive features such as: • excellent single photon detection; • high gain; • small electron amplification system size; • negligible power consumption; • low radioactivity background; • weak dependence on magnetic fields; • small price with respect to PMTs; • good performance at low temperature. In this work we will provide an accurate description of the prototypes and of the extremely encouraging results of our tests. Moreover, we will show our studies and our purposes for the optimization of the device.
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Characterization and X-Ray Damage of Silicon Photomultipliers
Author: Robert Klanner1
Co-authors: Chen Xu 2; Erika Garutti 1; Wolf Lukas Hellweg 1
1 Univ. Hamburg 2 DESY
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Abstract–For Hamamatsu silicon-photomultipliers (SiPM) S10362-11-050P before and after irradi- ation to 200 Gy, 20 kGy, 2 MGy and 20 MGy, forward current–voltage, reverse current–voltage, capacitance/conductance–voltage, capacitance/conductance–frequency, pulse shape and pulse height measurements below and above the breakdown voltage were performed. The data were analysed us- ing an electrical model of the SiPM which allowed determining characteristic parameters like pixel
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capacitance, quench resistor and quench capacitance, parasitic resistance, and breakdown voltage in different ways, and studying their dependence on X-ray dose. In addition, the doping profileand the electric field distribution in the SiPM have been determined. It is found that the electrical model provides a consistent description of the data. The main changes with X-ray dose are a decrease of the parasitic resistance, and an increase indark current due to current generation at the Si-SiO2 interface. Whereas for dose values of 20 kGy and below the surface generation current hardly affects the properties of the SiPM above the breakdown voltage, it gets amplified for dose values above 20 kGy resulting in a significant increase indark- count rate. Apart from this effect, the performance of the Hamamatsu SiPM as high-gain photo detector is hardly affected by X-ray radiation up to a of 20MGy.
Summary: Hamamatsu Silicon Photo Multipliers (SiPM) of the type S10362-11-050P are characterized and the change of their parameters after irradiation to X-rays of 200 Gy, 20 kGy, 2 MGy and 20 MGy determined. A novel method how characteristic parameters of SiPMs can be obtained in different ways is presented.
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MPGD-based counters of single photons for Cherenkov imaging counters.
Author: Stefano Levorato1
1 INFN Trieste
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Architectures based on MicroPattern Gas Detectors (MPGD) represent a possible answer to the quest for novel gaseous counters with single photon detection capability able to overcome all the lim- itations of the present generation of gaseous photon detectors. In Cherenkov imaging counters, gaseous photon detectors are still the unique option when insensitivity to magnetic field, low mate- rial budget, and affordable costs in view of large detection surfaces are required. A systematic R&D programme has been performed for several years to develop novel gas photon detectors base on an arrangement of multiple layers of THick-Gas Electron Multipliers (THGEM): a deep understanding of the THGEM characteristics has been achieved and their parameters have been optimised in view of the photon detection application. Large gains are required to detect effec- tively single photoelectrons and, after the optimisation process, the novel detectors exhibit electrical stability up to gains as high as to 1-2 x 105 also in presence of radioactive backgrounds. The delicate aspect of the photoelectron extraction from a GEM-like photocathode has been studied in detail and conditions for effective extraction have been obtained. The suppression of the signal produced by ionising particles crossing the photon detectors has been proven. In parallel with establishing the detector principle, the engineering towards large-size counters is ongoing and an intermediate size detector with 300 x 300 mm2 active surface has been successfully operated. Recently a new hybrid approach has been considered: an architecture where the last multiplication stage is obtained by using a Micromegas arrangement. The completed R&D studies and the engineering aspects are summarised and the characterization of the hybrid detector prototypes are reported.
Summary: Nowadays, the Cherenkov imaging technique for Particle IDentification (PID) has been established asa robust, reliable experimental approach thanks to the use in several experiments. They are used and fore- seen in the experimental apparata of several future research programmes. The effectiveness of visible and UV single photon detection is at the basis of the success of these counters. So far, only vacuum-based detectors and gaseous photon detectors have been adopted. Other photon detectors being developed are interesting only for applications in the far future. Gaseous photon detectors are still the only available option to instrument detection surfaces when insensitivity to magnetic field, low material budget, and affordable costs in view of large detection surfaces are required.
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The present generation of gaseous photon detectors, namely MWPC where a cathode plane isformedby a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) segmented in pads and coated with a CsI film, adopted in several experi- ments (NA44, HADES, COMPASS, STAR, JLab-HallA and ALICE) exhibit some performance limitations: ageing, causing a severe decrease of the quantum efficiency after a collected charge of the order ofsome mC/cm2, feedback pulses with a rate increasing at large gain-values, and long recovery time (about 1 day) after an occasional discharge in the detector. These limitations are related to the photon feedback from the multiplication region and to the bombardment of the CsI photocathode film by the positive ions generated in the multiplication process. They impose to operate at low gain (a few times 104), resulting in two relevant consequences: the efficiency of single photoelectron detection is reduced and rate lim- itations are present. Moreover, in these detectors the signal formation is intrinsically slow. There is a clear quest for novel gaseous photon detectors with advanced characteristics, namely intrinsically fast signals and reduced photon and ion backflow to operate at larger gains and to ensure longer detector life-time. In a multilayer structure of electron multipliers, the photons from the multiplication process cannot reach the photocathode and a good fraction of the ions is trapped in the intermediate layers. The signal is mainly due to the electron motion, namely its development is fast. GEM-based photon detectors cou- pled to semi transparent or reflective photocathodes have been proposed shortly after the introduction of the GEM concept. The threshold Cherenkov counter Hadron Blind Detector (HBD) of the PHENIX experiment at BNL RHIC represents the first application of these ideas, even if high gain is not required in a threshold counter. THich GEMs (THGEM), introduced in parallel by several groups about ten years ago, are electron multi- pliers derived from the GEM design, by scaling the geometrical parameters and changing the production technology. Large gains and good rate capabilities have been reported for detectors with single or double THGEM layers. THGEMs can be produced in large series and large size at moderate cost with standard PCB technology, in spite of the large number of holes: some millions per square meter. THGEMs have intrinsic mechanical stiffness, and they are robust against damages produced by electrical discharges. Moreover, thanks to the reduced gaps between the multiplication stages, these detectors can be success- fully used in magnetic field. The basic architecture of the THGEM-based photon detector that we propose consists in multiple, typ- ically triple, THGEM layers, where the top face of the first layer is coated with a CsI film and actsas a reflective photocathode. The electron multiplication takes place in the THGEM holes thanks tothe dipole electric field obtained biasing the two PCB faces. A plane of drift wires defines the drift electric field above the first THGEM layer. The field between two THGEM layers acts as a transfer field;an induction field is applied between the bottom face of the last THGEM and the anode electrode. The signals are collected at the anode plane, formed by a PCB segmented in pads. Our R&D studies performed using single and multiple THGEM arrangements to detect ionising particles or UV photons in laboratory and test beam exercises have been dedicated to explore the characteristics of the THGEM multipliers and the role of the various geometrical parameters, and to establish the guidelines towards the optimisation of the basic architecture. More than 50 different small size THGEM samples (30 x 30 mm2) have been characterised. The measurement campaigns have been accompanied by simulation studies. The main outcomes are summarised in the following. • The rim is the clearance ring around the holes. The THGEM maximum gain is increased bymorethan an order of magnitude by adopting large rims, namely annulus width of the order of 100 μm. These THGEMs exhibit relevant gain dependence versus rate and over time. These gain variations are absent or negligible for no rim or small rim THGEMs. On the basis of these facts, we have selected THGEM with the minimum rim imposed by the production technology to remove the drilling residuals at the hole edge, namely annulus width smaller than 10 μm. • The large gains ensured by sizable rims can be recovered by increasing the THGEM thickness upto 0.8-1 mm: these thickness-values are ideal for the second and third THGEM layers. • The time response is satisfactory: the typical resolution obtained with THGEM-AGPs is 7nsr.m.s.. • Concerning photoelectron extraction efficiency from the CsI photoconverting layer, it is clearly es- tablished that the effective extraction rate depends on the gas atmosphere in the detector and requires an electric field ≥ 1000 V/cm at the photocathode surface. At the THGEM surface, the electric fieldis dominated by the THGEM bias and it has a minimum at the critical point, namely the centre of the equilateral triangle, which is the unit cell of the THGEM pattern. Higher electric fields at the critical point can be obtained by reducing the THGEM thickness and values around 0.3-0.4 mm are selected: this is the thickness suggested for the photocathode THGEM. • Photon backflow from the multiplication region to the photocathode plane is almost totally suppressed; ion backflow rate depend on the geometry details; in prototypes with staggered hole alignment itis
Page 32 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts lower than 10 %. • Triple THGEM configurations can provide gains up to 106 when detecting single photoelectrons; the gain has to be reduced in radioactive environments. This gain reduction is made less severe by applying appropriate voltage bias in front of the photocathode to suppress the ionising particle signal: the novel detectors can operate at gains at least one order of magnitude larger than the present ones. In conclusion, the THGEM-based photon detectors can satisfy all the requirements posed to overcome the limitation of the present gaseous photon detectors. In parallel with establishing the detector principle, the engineering towards large-size counters is on- going. An essential goal of the project is to provide large size detectors with minimal dead zones while preserving the optimised characteristics obtained within the R&D studies. Some samples of good qual- ity large size THGEMs (600 x 600 mm2) have been produced proving the feasibility of large boards. The voltages applied to the electrodes can be as high as 8 kV. Minimum dead zones can be obtained with an accurate mechanical design and the correct choice of the materials for the detector vessel, and appro- priate HV distribution to the many electrodes. The goal is a dead area below 10%. An intermediate size detector with 300 x 300 mm2 active surface satisfying this prescription has been successfully operated. Recently a new hybrid approach has been considered: an architecture where the last multiplication stage is obtained by using a Micromegas arrangement. Stable operation at large gain (> 106) has been obtained detecting single photons. The hydrid detector has recently been characterized. The R&D studies and the engineering aspects are summarised; the characterization of the hybrid archi- tecture prototypes is also reported.
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Performance of the MCP-PMTs for the TOP counter in the Belle II experiment
Author: Takuya Yonekura1
Co-authors: Daiki Furumura 1; Kazuhito Suzuki 1; Kenji Inami 1; Kodai Matsuoka 1; Shigeki Hirose 1; Tomokatsu Hayakawa 1; Toru Iijima 1; Yuhei Ito 1; Yuji Kato 1; Yutaro Sato 1
1 Nagoya university
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We developed the micro-channel-plate (MCP) PMT for the Time-of-Propagation (TOP) counter, which is a novel Cherenkov counter to be used for particle identification in the Belle II experiment. The developed MCP-PMT has excellent performance for single photon detection; a timing resolution of about 40ps (sigma, including readout jitter), a nominal gain as high as 2 x 10^6, and a position sensi- tivity of about 5mm with 4 x 4 anode. In the Belle II TOP counter, 512 MCP-PMTs are used under a magnetic field of 1.5T. The performance details were inspected with and without the magnetic field. The gain on each anode was found to vary up to a factor of two over the 16 anodes insomeofthe MCP-PMTs. We will discuss on this issue. The gain was dropped by 20-80% in a 1.5T magnetic field. The reason is considered that the secondary electrons can be localized and the electron amplifica- tion can be saturated. The rate of the gain drop seems to have a correlation with the high-voltage applied to obtain the nominal gain. We will discuss on the gain drop and its rate. The photon de- tection efficiency was also measured in a 1.5T magnetic field. The results on about 300MCP-PMTs will be reported. Regarding the lifetime of the MCP-PMT, we succeeded in extending the lifetime significantly by introducing the atomic layer deposition technique on MCP coating. The resultsof the lifetime measurements will be reported.
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Large Area Microchannel Plates for LAPPD™
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Author: Michael Minot1 Co-authors: Aileen O’Mahony 2; Andrey Elagin 3; Anil Mane 4; Christopher Craven 1; Daniel Bennis 1; Henry Frisch 3; Jason McPhate 5; Jeffrey Elam 4; Joseph Renaud 1; Justin Bond 1; Matthew Wetstein 4; Michael Stochaj 1; Oswald Siegmund 6; Richard Northrop 3; Robert Wagner 4
1 Incom Inc. 2 Incom Incl 3 University of Chicago 4 Argonne National Laboratory 5 Univ. of California, Berkeley 6 University of California
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Manufacturing plans for “next generation” microchannel plates (MCPs) and the technical advantages enabled by this evolving technology will be presented. The Large Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPD™) is an MCP based photodetector, capable of imaging, with high spatial and temporal res- olution in a hermetic package with an active area of 400 square centimeters. A key component of LAPPD™ is a chevron pair of large area (203 mm x 203 mm) MCPs. The manufacture of these large-area high performance MCPs has been enabled by the convergence of two technological break- throughs. The first to be presented, is the ability to produce large blocks of hollow, micron-sized glass capillary arrays (GCAs) developed by Incom Inc. The Incom process is based on the use of hollow capillaries in the glass drawing process, eliminating the need to remove core material by chemical etching. The arrays are fabricated as large blocks that can be sliced to form large area wafers, without regard to the conventional limits of L/d (capillary length / pore diameter). Moreover, borosilicate glass is less expensive than the prior-art leaded glass, and is more environmentally friendly. The second breakthrough to be presented is the advent of atomic layer deposition (ALD) coating meth- ods and materials to functionalize GCAs to impart the necessary resistive and secondary emission properties suitable for large area detector applications. Recent results demonstrating the high per- formance, uniformity and long term stability of the current MCP product under various operating conditions will be presented.
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Development of Superconducting Tunnel Junction Photon Detec- tor on SOI Preamplifier Board to Search for Radiative decays of Cosmic Background Neutrino.
Author: Kota Kasahara1 Co-authors: Dmitri Sergatskov 2; Erik Ramberg 3; Hirokazu Ishino 4; Kazuki Nagata 1; Kenji Kiuchi 1; Koichi Nagase 5; Koya Moriuchi 6; Mark Kozlovsky 3; Masahiro Kanamaru 6; Masashi Hazumi 7; Paul Ruvinov 3; Ren Senzaki 6; Satoru Mima 8; Shinhong Kim 6; Shuji Matsuura 5; Takehiko Wada 5; Takuo Yoshida 9; Takuya Okudaira 6; Tatsuya Ichimura 6; Yasuo Arai 7; Yuji Takeuchi 6; Yukihiro Kato 10
1 University of Tsukuba (JP) 2 Fermilba 3 Fermilab 4 Okayama University 5 JAXA 6 University of Tsukuba 7 KEK 8 RIKEN 9 Fukui University 10 Kinki University
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Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We develop superconducting tunnnel junction (STJ) to search for radiative decays of cosmic back- ground neutrino using cosmic infrared background energy spectrum. The requirement for performance of the detector in our experiment is to detect a single far-infrared photon. We can detect a single far-infrared photon with Nb/Al-STJ theoretically. So far we have not suc- ceeded in detecting it yet because the signal of a single far-infrared photon with the STJ is too small comaparing with the present noise of our electronics. To solve this problem, we use a charge sensitive preamplifier that can operate at low temperature around 1K to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of STJ. cSOI(Silicon on Insulator) preamplifier is a candidate of the preamplifier as it was proved to operate at 4K by a JAXA/KEK group. We have developed a STJ processed on a SOI preamplifier board to make this detector compact. Firstly, we have processed STJ on a SOI board with only SOI-MOSFET’s to check the connection between STJ and SOIFET and the STJ processing without any damage on SOIFET. We confirmed that the SOIFET had excellent performance below 1K and the STJ on SOI couldoper- ate normally. Then we made and tested the second version of SOI-STJ detector with the readout circuitonSOI wafer as the charge sensitive amplifier. We will report the present status of development of this SOI-STJ detector.
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TORCH - a Cherenkov based Time-of-Flight Detetor
Author: Euan Niall Cowie1
Co-authors: Carmelo D’Ambrosio 2; Christoph Frei 2; David Cussans 1; Didier Piedigrossi 2; Johan Maria Fopma 3; Lucia Castillo Garcia 4; Neville Harnew 3; Nicholas BROOK 5; Roger Forty 2; Rui Gao 3; Thierry Gys 2; Tibor Keri 3
1 University of Bristol (GB) 2 CERN 3 University of Oxford (GB) 4 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH) 5 BRISTOL
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
TORCH (Time Of internally Reflected CHerenkov radiation) is an innovative time-of-flight sys- tem designed to provide particle identification over large areas up to a momentum of 10 GeV/c. Cherenkov photons emitted within a 1 cm thick quartz radiator are propagated by internal reflec- tion and imaged on to an array of Micro-Channel Plate photomultiplier tubes (MCPs). Performing 3σ pion/kaon separation at the limits of this momentum regime requires a time-of-flight resolution per track of 10-15 ps, over a ~10m flight path. With ~30 detected photons per track the required single-photon time resolution is ~70 ps. This presentation will discuss the development of the TORCH R&D program and present anoutline for future work.
Summary: TORCH (Time Of internally Reflected CHerenkov radiation) is a highly compact Time-of-Flight (ToF) system utilizing Cherenkov radiation to achieve particle identification up to 10 GeV/c. At the upper limit of this momentum, a 10-15 ps resolution per track is required to achieve a 3σ ToF difference between pions and kaons. TORCH will consist of a 1cm thick radiator plate equipped with light guides along the top and bottom of the plate which focus the produced Cherenkov radiation onto a series of micro-channel plate photomul- tipliers (MCPs). Precise timing of the arrival of the photons and their association with a particle track
Page 35 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts is then used to determine the particle time-of-flight. Around 30 photons are expected to be detected per track which results in a required time resolution per photon of around 70 ps. The time of propagation of each photon through the plate is governed by its wavelength which affects both its speed of propagation and its Cherenkov emission angle, and by measuring this angle to 1mrad precision TORCH will correct for chromatic dispersion.
The performance of the system relies on the MCP combining fast timing and longevity in high radiation environments, with a high granularity to allow precise measurement of the Cherenkov angle. Devel- opment of a 53 mm x 53 mm active area device with 8x128 effective pixel granularity, sub 50ps time resolution and long lifetime is under way with an industrial partner as part of the TORCH develop- ment.
A GEANT-4 simulation of the TORCH detector and its performance is currently being developed, taking accounting for the contributions to the overall TORCH resolution. This talk will focus on the require- ments of the TORCH design and R&D developments including progress toward a prototype and the development and laboratory tests of the MCP.
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The POSSUMUS-Detector
Author: Alexander Ruschke1
Co-authors: Johannes Grossmann 2; Otmar Biebel 1; Ralf Hertenberger 1; Ralph Muller 1
1 Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ. Muenchen (DE) 2 LMU
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We present the newly developed Position Sensitive Scintillating Muon SiPM -Detector (POSSUMUS). This modular designed scintillation detector is capable to determine particle’s position two-dimensional with resolution of a few mm for minimum ionizing particles. POSSUMUS is usable for large area trigger applications with few readout channels. The idea of this detector is to combine two trapezoidal shaped plastic scintillators to form one rectangular shaped scintillator rod. Each trapezoid in a rod is optically insulated against the other. In both trapezoids the scintillation light is collected by wavelength shifting fibers (WLS-fibers) and guided to Silicon-Photo-Multipliers (SiPM), where the light yield is detected. The SiPMs are located at opposite sites of each WLS-fiber, an automatic voltage adjustment allows for a stable gain of the detected light signals. Position resolution in the transverse direction is achieved by the geometric shape of the scintillators. The amount of light produced by incoming particles is proportional to their path length in the trapezoid and thus position dependent. The longitudinal position resolution, along the scintillator rod, is determined by the propagation time of light to either end of the rod. Because of its modularity, the POSSUMUS-detector can be used for trigger applications of different sizes with only few readout channels. By combining several scintillator rods, position sensitive areas from 100 cm2 to few m2 are achievable. In this talk we present a fully operating prototype of POSSUMUS, the multi-channel gain stabilization system for SiPMs and results for transverse and longitudinal position resolution
I.d Photon / 397
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Study of the Radiation Damage of Hamamatsu Silicon Photo Mul- tipliers
Authors: Angelo Cotta Ramusino1; Eleonora Luppi1; Flavio Dalcorso2; Giulia Tellarini1; Luca Tomassetti3; Massi- miliano Fiorini1; Mirco Andreotti4; Roberto Calabrese1; Roberto Malaguti5; Wander Baldini1
1 Universita di Ferrara (IT) 2 University of Padova and INFN 3 University of Ferrara and INFN 4 INFN Ferrara 5 Ferrara INFN
Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected]
An irradiation test on 16 Silicon Photo Multipliers produced by Hamamatsu has been performed in Louvain-la-Neuve at the CRC-CYCLONE 110 facility. The devices has been irradiated with neutrons in three dose steps: 5x10^8 1MeV-neutron equivalent (neq), 5x10^9 neq and 5x10^10 neq. After each irradiation step the characteristic current-voltage curves and a high statistics sample of the dark noise waveforms have been recorded for offline anal- ysis. In the proposed contribution we will present the results on the variation of the main SiPM param- eters as a function of the dose for the devices under study, that include as well special “Radiation Hard” designs.
Summary: Silicon Photo Multipliers (SiPMs) are novel solid state photon detectors based on matrices of Geiger mode APDs. The interest of the scientific community for these devices has constantly increased since their (recent) development, thanks to their very appealing characteristics. They can in fact guarantee the same performances of standard vacuum tube photo multipliers with many advantages: single photon counting capability, compactness (few mm), low bias voltage (< 100V) , insensitivity to magnetic fieds etc… They have also a few drawbacks though, like the high dark noise rate and the radiation damage,which cause a degradation of the main parameters (i.e. gain, dark noise, photon counting capability…). The first issue has been addressed by the manufacturers, with significative improvements inthelast years. The radiation damage is, instead, an intrinsic effect that is of paramount importance tounder- stand, especially for applications where a high radiation environment is expected (like in High Energy Physics experiments). SiPMs producers are prototyping new devices to face this issue and it is very important to have a feed- back from the final users. In the proposed contribution we will present results of the irradiation test of 16 SiPMs from Hamamatsu, including non commercial “Radiation Hard” devices. The sample under study is made of 16 SiPMs with the same geometrical parameters (a square 1x1 mm2 active area and 50μm pixels) but realized with 8 different constructive methodologies (2 SiPM per type). The devices have been irradiated with neutrons in Leuven la Neuve at the CRC-CYCLONE 110facility, with integrated 1 MeV equivalent doses of: 5x10^8 neq, 5x10^9 neq and 5x10^10 neq. (values where is maximum the rate of change of the performances.). The experimental setup consisted of: a custom made PCB, for the mechanical support, bias andreadout of the SiPMs signals; a commercial National Instrument CompactRIO system, for the readout of the currents and of the temperature; a high performances waveform digitizer (5GS/s, 12 bits) and a Keithley picoammeter for the I-V curves. After each irradiation step and for each device, we measured the current versus voltage (I-V) charac- teristic curve and, thanks to the high resolution wavewform digitizer, we stored a high statistics (100 k-events per SiPM) sample of dark noise signals. The offline analsysis of the above data will allow usto measure the change in the main parameters of the devices: dark current, dark noise (rate and spectra) and, possibly, the gain (for the latter parameter, it can be measured as long as the single photo electron peaks are visible).
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The results of the above measurements will be presented.
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Aerogel Cherenkov counters for experiments at VEPP-2000 e+e- collider with SND detector
Author: Karina Martin1
Co-authors: Konstantin Beloborodov 1; Sergey Serednyakov 1; Vladimir Golubev 1
1 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
For experiments at VEPP-2000 e+e- collider with SND detector the particle identification system based on the threshold aerogel Cherenkov counters was developed. The counter design is based on ASHIPH technique (Aerogel, SHifter, PHotomultiplier). Cherenkov light emitted in aerogel iscol- lected by a wavelength shifter and detected by a photomultiplier tube based on microchannel plates (MCP PMT). For the particle identification two systems with different refractive indexes of aerogel were manu- factured: with n=1.13 for the separation of pi and K mesons up to particle energy of 1 GeV and with n=1.05 for e/pi separation up to particle energy of 0.45 GeV. The construction of the aerogel Cherenkov counter is described. Main characteristics of counters measured using particles (e, mu, pi, K) produced in e+e- annihilation are presented.
Summary: Experiments at the VEPP-2000 e+e- collider with upgraded SND detector have been started in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (Novosibirsk, Russia) in 2010. The designed parameters of VEPP-2000 are the following: center-of-mass energy is up to 2 GeV, luminosity is 10^32 cm^-2s^-1. Development of the new particle identification system based on the threshold aerogel Cherenkov counters was a partofthe SND upgrade. The counter design is based on ASHIPH technique (Aerogel, SHifter, PHotomultiplier). Cherenkov light emitted in aerogel is collected by a wavelength shifter, re-emited and transported tothe photocathode. A microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP PMT) with multialkali photocathode is chosen as a photodetector. For the particle identification at different energies two systems with different refractive indexes ofaero- gel were manufactured: with n=1.13 for the separation of pi and K mesons up to particle energy of 1 GeV and with n=1.05 for e/pi separation up to particle energy of 0.45 GeV. The system with n=1.13 was calibrated with particles (e, mu, pi, K) produced in e+e- collisions.The signal magnitude from ultrarelativistic electron is 6-8 photoelectrons. This system provides pion sup- pression by more than two orders of magnitude in the momentum range from 0.35 to 1.00 GeV/c. The measurements of characteristics of system with n=1.05 have been done using particles frome+e- >e+e- and e+e->mu+mu- reactions. The average signal from electrons is 3.5 photoelectrons.
I.d Photon / 16
Systematic Study of a SiPMT array readout for fast time-of-flight detectors
Author: Maurizio Bonesini1
Co-authors: Antonio de Bari 2; Marco Prata 3; Massimo Rossella 3; Orlando Barnaba 3; Roberto Bertoni 4; Roberto Nardo’ 5
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1 Universita & INFN, Milano-Bicocca (IT) 2 Sezione INFN e Universita’ di Pavia 3 Sezione INFN Pavia 4 Sezione INFN Milano Bicocca 5 Sezione INFN e Universita’ Pavia
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Array of SiPMTs may be used, in place of fast conventional photomultipliers (PMTs), for the readout of scintillator based time-of-flight systems. These new detectors are insensitive to external magnetic fields, have lower cost than traditional PMTs and present a compact design. Comparison of the obtained timing resolutions as respect to the baseline one (~ 50 ps) obtained with Hamamatsu R4998 PMTs are reported. Results using arrays from Hamamatsu, SenSL, Advansid will be shown. Tests were done in laboratory both with cosmics and an home developed laser system, based on a fast Avtech pulse and a Nichia laser-diode, capable of simulating the signal from a MIP. Up to four scintillator detectors were testes in parallel, distributing the light signal using a fused fiber splitter.
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Silicon Photomultipliers for the LHCb Upgrade Scintillating Fi- bre Tracker
Author: Guido Haefeli1
Co-author: Fred Blanc 1
1 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are solid state photo detectors that combine all of the features nec- essary for the photon detection of a high resolution scintillating fibre tracker. Two SiPM manufacturers, Hama- matsu and KETEK have developed customized devices for SciFi Tracker application in the context of the LHCb tracker up- grade. These custom devices provide high photon detection efficiency (PDE) in a large wavelength range, high reliability dueto its simple mechanical construction, a high density multi-channel package and are of sufficiently low cost to build a large area tracking device. There are several challenging requirements placed on the photo-detector mainly due to the neutron radiation environment and the low light output of the long scintillating fibre modules. New devices with the latest technological improvements implemented are available in spring 2014. This includes devices with different optical isolation be- tween pixels (trenches) and different pixel sizes. The dark noise rate (DCR) increases strongly with irradiation andthenoise cluster rate of the tracking device can only be kept sufficiently low at a temperature of -40℃. We present the results on PDE, cross-talk and noise before and after neutron irradiation at various temperatures. The results are compared for the latest and the devices based on the standard technology.
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I.e Novel Technologies / 36
Radial transfer of tracking data with wireless links
Authors: Daniel Pelikan1; Richard Brenner1
Co-authors: Dragos Dancila 2; Leif Gustafsson 2; Nils Bingefors 2
1 Uppsala University (SE) 2 Uppsala University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Wireless data transfer has revolutionized the consumer market for the last decade giving products equipped with transmitters and receiver for wireless data transfer. Wireless technology has features attractive for data transfer in future tracking detectors. The removal of wires and connectors for data links is certainly beneficial both for the material budget and the reliability of the system. Other advantages is the freedom of routing signals which today is particularly complicated when bringing the data the first 50 cm outside the tracker. With wireless links intelligence can be built intoa tracker by introducing communication between tracking layers within a Region Of Interest which would allow the construction of track primitives in real time. The wireless signal is transmitted by a passive antenna structure which is clearly a much lesscomplex and radiation hard object than an optical transmitter. The technology used in consumer goods are however not suitable for trackers. The first limitation is the low data transfer capacity with current 5 GHz transceivers but also the relatively large feature sizes of the components. Due to the requirement of high data rates in detectors a high bandwidth is required. The frequency band around 60 GHz turns out to be a very promising candidate. The frequency is a strong candidate for future WLAN use hence components are available on the market. The high baseband frequency allow for data transfer of the order of several Gbit , andduetothe small wave length in the mm range, only small structures are needed. The challenge is to bring the signal around or trough boundaries that are not transparent to the mm-waves like silicon detector modules or support structure. Further more low power operation and strong focusing antennas is required for massive parallelization of data transfer inside the tracker. We will present patch antennas produced on flexible Printed Circuit Board substrate that can beused in future trackers. The antennas can be connected to transceivers for data transmission/reception or be connected by wave-guides to structures capable of bringing the signal pass boundaries. This presentation aims to present results on simulation, modelling, fabrication and characterisation of such antennas. Studies of a 60 GHz data link for radial transmission of mm-waves through a ATLAS detector model will be shown.
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Diamond Detectors for beam instrumentation
Author: Griesmayer Erich1
Co-author: Pavel Kavrigin 2
1 CIVIDEC Instrumentation 2 CIVIDEC
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Diamond is perhaps the most versatile, efficient and radiation tolerant material available for usein beam detectors with a correspondingly wide range of applications in beam instrumentation. Numer- ous practical applications have demonstrated and exploited the sensitivity of diamond to charged
Page 40 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts
particles, photons and neutrons. In this presentation, emphasis will be given to fast beam loss mon- itoring at the LHC and to neutron detection, where diamond can potentially be used as an He-3 replacement.
Summary: Diamond detectors have proven to be useful as fast beam loss instrumentation. At the LHC bunch-by- bunch losses are resolved and lead to new insight into the behaviour of the accelerator. Recent research has shown that diamond is also a proper candidate for neutron detection, where it proves to be a poten- tial candidate to replace He-3 in the future.
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Beam profile measurements based on modern vertex detectors and beam-gas interactions
Author: Colin Barschel1
Co-author: Massimiliano Ferro-Luzzi 1
1 CERN
Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected]
A novel, non-disruptive technique to measure transverse beam shapes was recently demonstrated by the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The technique is based on the detection of beam-gas interaction vertices with a tracking detector and was used in LHCb to obtain a 1.4% precision on the luminosity calibration. A new device, the Beam-Gas Vertex (BGV) system, is now under development to perform dedicated beam size measurements at the LHC at any beam energy and intensity. This technique could be applied to other particle accelerators. The BGV tracking detectors will be based on scintillating fibre modules read out by silicon photomultipliers. These modules are very similar in performance requirements and environmental constraints to the fibre tracker modules of the LHCb Upgrade and are therefore developed in close cooperation. The design studies, selected R&D results and the expected performance of the BGV demonstrator system will be presented.
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Interferometric Readout for a Monolithic Accelerometer, towards the fm/rtHz
Author: Joris van Heijningen1
Co-authors: Alessandro Bertolini 1; David Rabeling 2; Jo van den Brand 3
1 Nikhef 2 ANU 3 VU/ NIkhef
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
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In order to make a really precise vibration sensor, a monolithic accelerometer, in which a mass is suspended by a pendulum and an inverted pendulum, is read out using a tabletop Michelson interferometer (IFO). To measure the position of the mass, a corner cube attached to the suspended mass is used. The signals in both arms of the IFO are monitored, matched and subtracted, usingthis differential signal as an error signal in a feedback loop driving the voice coil actuating totheother side of the suspended mass. Pursuing to be shot-noise limited from 5Hz onwards and having a upper limit to the bandwidth of about 200Hz, the resolution is pushed towards the fm/rtHz.
Summary: The upgrade for the Virgo Gravitational Wave Observatory (Cascina, Italy) necessitates for addedsens- ing which has to be seismically isolated as well. Nikhef has built the compact isolator to do this, but to measure its residual motion in full assembly, no (commercial) sensor is available that is good enough to actually measure it. A novel vibration sensor is built at Nikhef by using an interferometric readout of a monolithic accelerometer. This system is also being researched at Nikhef in a fiber version, sothatit can be used in monitoring the vibration in the magnetic and radiation environment of the quadrupole magnets a (future) linear collider such as CLiC or the ILC.
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Scintillating Fibre and Radiation Damage Studies for the LHCb Upgrade
Author: Christian Joram1 Co-authors: Blake Leverington 2; Fred Blanc 3
1 CERN 2 Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg (DE) 3 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Scintillating Fibre (SciFi) Tracker for the LHCb Upgrade (CERN/LHCC 2014-001; LHCb TDR15) is based on 2.5 m long multi-layered ribbons of 0.250 mm diameter Kuraray SCSF-78MJ scintillating fibre as the active medium and signal transport over covering 350 m2 with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays for photo-readout. Over 10,000 km of fibre will turned into precision detector elements. The performance of the detector depends crucially onthe geometrical and optical fibre parameters and, in particular, on their possible degradation due to ionizing radiation. The dearth of results for this fibre type in the total ionizing dose range of the upgrade, 60 Gy up to 35 kGy, alongwithcon- flicting conclusions regarding annealing and dose rate behaviour in literature, required a set of irradiation campaigns to estimate the behaviour of the full detector over its lifetime, especially as it is non-linear with dose. We will present results from the irradiation experiments performed by the LHCb SciFi collaboration over the last two years which show a behaviour due to radiation damage consistent with published models for polystyrene-based fibres, and are able to re- produce these results in various test facilities and beams. Other measurements of the fibre properties will be shown as well.
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Multi-Gigabit Wireless Data Transfer for Tracker Readout Sys- tems
Author: Hans Kristian Soltveit1 Co-authors: Andre Schoening 1; Dirk Wiedner 1
1 Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
State-of-the-art tracking detector systems as the ATLAS silicon micro-strip tracker will after the up- grade in 2022, require an overall readout bandwidth between 50 and 100 Tb/s. To allow such a highly granular tracker to contribute to the first level trigger decision or event filter- ing, a fast readout system with a tremendous bandwidth is therefore essential. With up to 9 GHz of continous license free bandwidth allocated worldwide centerd around 60 GHz, a fast readout system using a wireless data transfer at that carrier frequency becomes feasible. A prototype transceiver at 60 GHz with 9 GHz bandwidth is currently under development at Univer- sity of Heidelberg using the IBM 0.13μm SiGe HBT BiCMOS process. The design is based on the well known superheterodyne transceiver architecture. The targeted data rate for our first prototype is 4.5 gigabit per second over a distance of 20 cm. The Multi-Gigabit transceiver system, its individual blocks and key issues of the system design will be explained in detail in this talk.
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A multi-purpose digital acoustic sensor and its application in the deep-sea environment
Author: Kay Graf1
1 University of Erlangen
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The KM3NeT project is a deep-sea research infrastructure that will host a neutrino telescope witha volume of several cubic kilometres as well as Earth and Sea science instrumentation for monitoring the deep Mediterranean Sea. Within the project, a variety of acoustic topics are pursued: from acoustic position calibration of the flexible detector structures of the neutrino telescope over acoustic marine life monitoring toacoustic detection of ultra-high energy neutrinos. For these tasks - with a focus on position calibration - a multi-purpose digital acoustic sensor was developed that is integrated into the active elements of the detector: glass spheres holding photomultipliers, readout electronics and additional instrumen- tation. The sensor directly provides high-bandwidth digital data in standard audio format, its firmwareis exchangeable. The data is sampled at about 200 kHz with 24-bit accuracy. The acoustically sensi- tive piezo-electric ceramic together with circuitry for pre-amplification, filtering, digitization and data formatting (using an FPGA) are implemented in a very compact design (2cm diameter and3cm length). The sensor is flexible in application: it is shielded from electromagnetic interference, can be attached to the inside of containers, and can be coated for direct usage in water. Thedesignand characteristics of the acoustic sensor are described and possible applications are discussed.
Summary: A multi-purpose digital acoustic sensor has been developed primarily for acoustic position calibration of the KM3NeT detector. Its small size and its flexible firmware allow for a wide range of applications.
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Fiber based hydrophones for ultra-high energy neutrino detec- tion
Author: Ernst-Jan BUis1
Co-authors: Daan van Eijk 1; Ed Doppenberg 1; Peter Toet 1; Remco Nieuwland 1; Robert Lahmann 2
1 TNO 2 Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, University of Erlangen
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
It is a well studied process [1,2] of energy deposition of cosmic ray particles in water that generate thermo-acoustic signals. Hydrophones of sufficient sensitivity could measure this signal and provide a means of detecting ultra-high energetic cosmic neutrinos. We investigate optical fiber-based hy- drophone technology that could potentially have several advantages over conventional hydrophones based on piezo ceramics. Optical fibers form a natural way to create a distributed sensing systemin which several sensors are attached to a single fiber. The detection system in this case will consistof several sensors, an erbium doped fiber laser and an interferometric interogator. Next to the advan- tage of having multiple sensors on a single fiber, this technology has a low power consumption and no electromagnetic interference with other read-out electronics. Maybe even more important, fiber optics technology provides a cost-effective and straightforward way to implement a large number of hydrophones. This allows to establish a large scale experimental set-up with multikm3 detection volume that is required for the expected low event rate of neutrino interactions at energies exceeding 10 PeV. In this talk we will show the results of several measurement campaigns, e. g. in an anechoic bassin for calibration and hydrophone sensitivity measurements. Based on these measurements and realistic simulations we will investigate the feasibility of a potential future large scale neutrino detector based on fiber-based hydrophones. [1] G. A. Askaryan. Acoustic recording of neutrinos. Zemlia i Vselennaia 1 p13 (1979). [2] J. G. Learned. Acoustic radiation by charged atomic particles in liquids: An analysis. Phys. Rev. D 19 p 3293 (1979).
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Development of a 20cm-by-20cm ”hot” indium-alloy hermetic seal in an inert atmosphere for photo-detector assembly
Authors: ANDREY ELAGIN1; Henry Frisch1; Richard Northrop1
Co-authors: Bernhard Adams 2; Mary Heintz 1; Matthew Wetstein 1; Razib Obaid 3
1 University of Chicago 2 Argonne National Laboratory 3 Illinois Institute of Technology
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Large-Area Picosecond Photo-Detector Collaboration (LAPPD) is currently developing alarge- area, modular photo-detector system composed of thin, planar, glass-body modules, each with two 20x20-cm-squared ALD-functionalized MCPs in a chevron geometry. In the case of LAPPD, hermetic sealing between the entrance window and the detector body is complicated by the square shape of the detector and the large area. We have successfully demonstrated a technique to make a vacuum seal for the LAPPD detectors by using an indium-alloy above its melting temperature on a flat pre- coated glass surface in an inert atmosphere. While this technique has been developed in a glove box filled with an inert gas, it can be adapted for the use in a vacuum transfer assembly process.
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Performance study of the TOP counter with the 2 GeV/c positron beam at LEPS
Author: Kodai Matsuoka1
1 Nagoya University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The TOP (Time-Of-Propagation) counter is a novel ring-imaging Cherenkov detector for particle identification in Belle II. Our goal is to identify up to 3 GeV/c kaons and pions with apionefficiency of 95% and a fake-pion rate of 5% or better. The TOP counter mainly consists of a 2.7 m long quartz radiator bar and 32 micro-channel-plate PMTs. It measures the time of propagation of the Cherenkov photons in the quartz bar with a resolution of 50 ps to reconstruct the Cherenkov “ring” image in the detection time and position plane. A prototype TOP counter which was close to the final design was tested with the 2 GeV/c positron beam at the LEPS beam line in SPring-8, Japan. The test was successful and a beautiful pattern of the Cherenkov image was obtained as expected for thefirst time. This talk will focus on the results of the beam test, and the principle of the TOPcounterwill be demonstrated. The results include the number of detected photons per event, the distributions of the time of propagation, the reconstructed velocity of the positron on event by event basis, study for the particle identification based on the Likelihood ratio analysis and comparisons with theMonte Carlo simulation.
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Characterization of Ni/SnPb-TiW/Pt Flip Chip Interconnections in Silicon Pixel Detector Modules
Author: Aneliya Karadzhinova1
Co-authors: Anton Nolvi 2; Edward Haeggström 2; Eija Tuominen 1; Ivan Kassamakov 2; Jaakko Härkönen 1; Juha Kalliopuska 3; Panja Luukka 1; Sami Vähänen 3; Teppo Mäenpää 1
1 Helsinki Institute of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland 2 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland 3 Advacam Ltd, Tietotie 3, Espoo, Finland
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
In contemporary high energy physics experiments, silicon detectors are essential for recording the trajectory of new particles generated by multiple simultaneous collisions. To guarantee high sensi- tivity near the collision point, modern particle tracking systems may feature 100 million channels, or pixels, which need to be individually connected to read-out chains. Silicon pixel detectors are typically connected to readout chips by flip-chip bonding using solder bumps. The electrical and mechanical quality of the flip-chip interconnects are important for theproper functioning of the particle tracking system in order to minimize the number of dead read-out chan- nels. Furthermore, the detector modules must be robust enough to endure the handling during the installation and the heat generation and the cooling during the operation. The silicon pixel detector modules were constructed by flip chip bonding 16 readout chips toasingle sensor. Eutectic SnPb solder bumps were deposited on the readout chips and the sensor chips had TiW/Pt thin film UBM (under bump metallization). The modules were assembled at Advacam Ltd operating at Micronova Nanofabrication Centre. We studied the quality and uniformity of the interconnections using Scanning White Light Inter- ferometry (SWLI), stylus profiler and performing destructive pull-strength tests. Furthermore, we
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compared the results of the characterization of interconnections to those of module performance measurements. According to our results, the Ni/SnPb-TiW/Pt interconnections are excellent for flip-chip bonding pixel detector modules.
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Scintillating Fiber Detector for the Beam Loss Proton Measure- ments at J-PARC Linac
Author: Konstantinova Olga1
Co-authors: Akihiko Miura 2; Hiroyuki Sako 3; Tomofumi Maruta 1
1 KEK 2 Japan Atomic Energy Agency 3 Japan Atomic Research Agency
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
In the J-PARC linac, due to its high intensity H- beam, significant beam loss has been observed at the downstream straight beam line section called ACS (Annular-Coupled Structure linac). The loss is mainly due to a proton which is produced due to double electron stripping of the H^- beam by the residual gas inside the beam pipe, and the titanium beam pipe. We have developed a detector system consisting of 8 planes of scintillating fiber hodoscopes in order to measure proton tracks emitted from the beam pipe of the J-PARC linac. The system measures positions of the charged particle tracks in a small solid angle, and also measures the time-of-flight of each particle. We show angular and energy distribututions of the proton tracks measured in 2012-2013. We also show comparison of the results with simulation.
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Demonstration of a Water Cherenkov Optical Time-Projection Chamber (OTPC)
Author: eric oberla1
Co-authors: Andrey Elagin 2; Matthew Wetstein 2; henry frisch 3
1 uchicago 2 University of Chicago 3 u
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We describe a prototype water-based optical time projection chamber (OTPC), in which tracks of relativistic charged particles are reconstructed using the emitted Cherenkov radiation. The detector is a vertical cylindrical ∼40 kg water mass that is instrumented with a combination of 2×2 in2 mi- crochannel plate (MCP) photodetectors and 3×3 in2 mirrors on the sides, in a stereo configuration. For each MCP, a mirror is mounted on the opposite side of the cylinder allowing for the detection of both direct and reflected photons. Each MCP photomultiplier has 60 channels of waveform digitiz- ing readout in which the waveforms are read out on a transmission line anode. The system’s time (∼50 ps) and spatial (∼1 mm) resolution tagging of single photons allow for precision track reconstruction using both the prompt and reflected light. Particle tracks are reconstructed by fitting the vertical and azimuth photon time projection data,
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extracting 3D tracks and the Cherenkov angle. First results from cosmic ray muons will be pre- sented.
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Impact of the radiation background on the CMS muon high-eta upgrade for the LHC high luminosity scenario
Author: Alfredo Martin Castaneda Hernandez1
1 Texas A & M University (US)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CMS experiment is preparing an upgrade of its muon detection system, one of the mainpurposes is to extend the muon detection capabilities in the very forward region (|eta|>1.6) with the installa- tion of new stations of Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) and Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector technologies for the second (2019) and third (2023) CMS upgrade scenarios. With the increase of the LHC luminosity to 10E34cm-2s-1 an unprecedented and hostile radiation environment will be created, the subsystems most affected will be the ones located in the very forward region wherethe intense flux of neutrons and photons (from nuclear interactions) can potentially degrade theperfor- mance in terms of muon detection and triggering. Using FLUKA simulation the expected radiation background rates are calculated for the regions of interest, the impact on the detector performance is evaluated and possible radiation shielding scenarios are studied.
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CMS Forward Calorimetry R&D for Phase II Upgrade
Author: Burak Bilki1
1 University of Iowa (US)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Forward calorimeters in CMS will need to be upgraded for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) operations, which is planned to be started in 2025. The major challenge is to preserve/improve the high performance of the current forward detectors while designing the detectors considerably radiation hard. This report will concentrate on the need for the upgrade, major challenges and various proposed R&D concepts suitable for the Phase II upgrade framework. Various designs will be discussed with recent information about the beam tests and laboratory measurements.
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The LHCb Upgrade Scintillating Fibre Tracker
Author: Blake Leverington1
Co-author: Fred Blanc 2
1 Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg (DE) 2 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH)
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Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Scintillating Fibre (SciFi) Tracker is designed to replace the current downstream tracking detec- tors in the LHCb Upgrade during 2018 (CERN/LHCC 2014-001; LHCb TDR 15). The operation and the results obtained from the data collected 2011 and 2012 demonstrate that the current detector is robust and functioning very well. However, the limit of O(1 fb−1) of data per year cannot be overcome without improving the detector. After 2018, it is planned to run with an increased luminosity of 1 − 2 × 1033 cm−2s−1 to collect up to 50 fb−1 of data. This will be achieved using 25 ns bunch spacing with the average number of proton-proton interac- tions per bunch crossing ν = 3.8 − 7.6. Collecting data at this luminosity will only be possible if the detector is improved by increasing the readout of the front-end electronics to 40MHz and implementing a more flexible software-based trig- gering system that will increase the data rate as well as the efficiency. The increase in interactions per bunch crossing will result in an increased occupancy in the tracking detectors and will exceed the operational occupancy for the Outer Tracker. Here we present the SciFi Tracker as the replacement for the Outer and Inner Trackers. The SciFi Tracker is based on 2.5 m long multi-layered ribbons from 10,000 km of 0.250 mmdiameter scintillating fibre as the active medium and signal transport over 12 planes covering 350 m2. Cooled silicon photomulti- plier (SiPM) arrays with 128 channels and 0.25 mm channel width are used as readout. The front-end electronics are designed to digitize the signals from the SiPMS with a custom ASIC chip, the PACIFIC, for the approximately 560,000 chan- nels and reconstruct the track hit position within an on-board FPGA. Several challenges facing this detector will be presented regarding the precision construction of the large active detector components, the radiation hardness of the scintil- lating fibres and the SiPMs, the high density readout electronics, and the necessary cooling systems.
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Overview of the Insertable B-Layer (IBL) Project of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider
Author: Clara Troncon1 Co-author: Cecile Lapoire 2
1 Milano Universita e INFN (IT) 2 Universitaet Bonn (DE)/CERN
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The ATLAS experiment will upgrade its Pixel Detector with the installation of a new pixel layer in 2014. The new sub-detector, named Insertable B-layer (IBL), will be installed between the existing Pixel Detector and a new smaller radius beam-pipe at a radius of 3.3 cm. To cope with the high radiation and pixel occupancy due to the proximity to the interaction point, a new read-out chip and two different silicon sensor technologies (planar and 3D) have been developed. Furthermore, the physics performance will be improved through the reduction of pixel size while targeting for a low material budget
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should be imposed, pushing for a new mechanical support using lightweight staves and a CO2 based cooling system. An overview of the IBL project as well as the present experience in its construction will be presented, focusing on the staves production, qualification of the assembly procedure, integration of the staves around the beam pipe and commissioning of the detector.
Summary: The ATLAS experiment will upgrade its Pixel Detector with the installation of a new pixel layer in 2014. The new sub-detector, named Insertable B-layer (IBL), will be installed between the existing Pixel Detector and a new smaller radius beam-pipe at a radius of 3.3 cm. An overview of the IBL project as well as the present experience in its construction will be presented, focusing on the staves production, qualification of the assembly procedure, integration of the staves around the beam pipe and commissioning of the detector.
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Totally Active Scintillator Calorimeter for the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment
Author: Ruslan Asfandiyarov1
1 Universite de Geneve (CH)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Electron-Muon Ranger (EMR) is a totally active scintillator detector to be installed inthemuon beam of the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) - the R&D project for the future neutrino factory. It is aimed at measuring properties of low energy beam composed of muons, electrons and pions performing the identification particle by particle. The EMR is made of 48 intersecting layers. Each layer consists of 59 triangular scintillator bars. The granularity of the detector (2880 readout channels) makes it possible to identify tracks and measure particle ranges and shower shapes. The read-out is based on FPGA custom made electronics and commercially available modules. It was built at University of Geneva and installed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxford in September 2013. Tests with low energy beam (100 - 400MeV/c) revealed an exceptional performance of the detector.
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Improvements to the Fermilab Test Beam Facility
Author: Aria Soha1
1 Fermilab
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Fermilab Test Beam Program provides flexible, equal, and open access to test beams forallde- tector tests, with relatively low bureaucratic overhead and a guarantee of safety, coordination, and oversight. The facility provides a multitude of particle and energy types, as well as an array ofin- strumentation with an extensive infrastructure.
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Recently Fermilab went through a 14 month downtime for accelerator and facility upgrades. Dur- ing this time, many extensive upgrades were made to the facility including temperature regulation, remote control systems, and instrumentation upgrades.
Summary:
The Fermilab Test Beam Program provides flexible, equal, and open access to test beams for alldetector tests, with relatively low bureaucratic overhead and a guarantee of safety, coordination, and oversight. The facility provides a multitude of particle and energy types, as well as an array of instrumentation with an extensive infrastructure. Recently Fermilab went through a 14 month downtime for accelerator and facility upgrades. During this time, many extensive upgrades were made to the facility including temperature regulation, remote control systems, and instrumentation upgrades. Patch Panel, Cable, & Network Upgrade Insulation of MT6.2 Enclosure Addition of 2C hut Camera Upgrade Alignment Laser Upgrade Communication System Upgrade Tracking System Upgrade Control Rooms re-configuration Electronics Room Re-configuration Motion Table Control System Upgrade
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Track reconstruction in CMS high luminosity environment
Author: Kajari Mazumdar1
1 Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research (IN)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CMS tracker is the largest silicon detector ever built, covering 200 square meters andproviding an average of 14 high-precision measurements per track. Tracking is essential for the reconstruction of objects like jets, muons, electrons and tau leptons starting from the raw data from the silicon pixel and strip detectors. Track reconstruction is widely used also at trigger level as it improves objects tagging and resolution.
The CMS tracking code is organized in several levels, known as ‘iterative steps’, each optimizedto reconstruct a class of particle trajectories, as the ones of particles originating from the primary vertex or displaced tracks from particles resulting from secondary vertices. Each iterative step consists of seeding, pattern recognition and fitting by a kalman filter, and a final filtering and cleaning.Each subsequent step works on hits not yet associated to a reconstructed particle trajectory.
The CMS tracking code is continuously evolving to make the reconstruction computing loadcom- patible with the increasing instantaneous luminosity of LHC, resulting in a large number of primary vertices and tracks per bunch crossing. This is achieved by optimizing the iterative steps andby using new software techniques. Tracking algorithms used in CMS are described; physics and computing performances are discussed with respect to Run 1 and Run 2 physics program and within CMS future upgrades.
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Upgrade of the Level-1 muon trigger of the ATLAS detector in the barrel-endcap transition region with RPC chambers
Author: Lorenzo Massa1
1 University of Bologna and INFN (IT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
This report presents a project for the upgrade of the Level-1 muon trigger in the barrel-endcap tran- sition region (1.0<|ƞ|<1.3) of the ATLAS detector with RPC chambers. The ATLAS Level-1 muon trigger rate is dominated by fake triggers in the Endcap region (|ƞ|>1) caused by charged particles originating from secondary interactions downstream of the interaction point. After the LHC phase-1 upgrade, forseen for 2018, the Level-1 muon trigger rate wouldsat- urate the allocated bandwidth unless new measures are adopted to improve the rejection of fake triggers. ATLAS is going to improve the trigger selectivity in the region |ƞ|>1.3 with the addition of the New Small Wheel detector as an inner trigger plane. To obtain a similar trigger selectivity in the barrel-endcap transition region 1.0<|ƞ|<1.3, it is pro- posed to add new RPC chambers at the edge of the inner layer of the barrel muon spectrometer. These chambers will be based on a three layer structure with thinner gas gaps and electrodes with respect to the ATLAS standard and a new low-profile light-weight mechanical structure that will allow the installation in the limited available space. New front-end electronics, integrating fast TDC capabilities will be used. A preliminary study based on 2012 data demonstrates that the new system could reject more than 90% of the fake triggers while maintaining high trigger efficiency. This will allow to keep a relatively low momentum threshold, while matching the rate requirements of both Phase-1 and Phase-2 LHC runs.
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Status of the CUORE and CUORE-0 experiments at Gran Sasso
Author: Ouellet Jon1
1 LBL
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
CUORE is a 741 kg array of TeO2 bolometers for the search of neurinoless double beta decay in Te- 130. The detector is being constructed at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy, where itwill start taking data in 2015. If the target background of 0.01 counts/(keV kg y) will be reached, in five years of data taking CUORE will have an half life sensitivity of about 1026 y. CUORE-0 is a smaller experiment constructed to test and demonstrate the performances expected for CUORE. The detector is a single tower of 52 CUORE-like bolometers that started taking data in spring 2013. The status and perspectives of CUORE will be discussed, and the first CUORE-0 data will be presented.
II.a Experiments & Upgrades / 411 slic: A full-featured Geant4 simulation program
Author: Norman Anthony Graf1
1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
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Corresponding Author: [email protected]
As the complexity and resolution of particle detectors increases, the need for detailed simulation of the experimental setup also increases. We have developed efficient and flexible tools for detailed physics and detector response simulations which build on the power of the Geant4 toolkit but free the end user from any C++ coding. Geant4 is the de facto high-energy physics standard for simulat- ing the interaction of particles with fields and materials. However, the end user is required to write their own C++ program, and the learning curve for setting up the detector geometry and defining sensitive elements and readout can be quite daunting, especially for those without previous expe- rience or not associated with large collaborations. We have developed the Geant4-based detector simulation program, slic, which employs generic IO formats as well as a textual detector description. Extending the pure geometric capabilities of GDML, LCDD enables fields, regions, sensitive detector readout elements, etc. to be fully described at runtime using an xml file. We also describe how more complex geometries, such as those from CAD programs, can be seamlessly incorporated into the xml files. We have defined generic “hits” which can be used to model sophisticated tracking and calorimetry readouts, but the native Geant4 scoring functionality can also be used for simpler appli- cations. Although developed within the context of HEP collider detectors, the program is completely flexible and can be used to simulate detectors in many different fields.
Summary: We present a software toolkit and computing infrastructure which allows physicists to quickly andeas- ily contribute to detector design by modeling detector elements without requiring either C++ coding expertise or experience with Geant4. This makes it perfect for small groups in new and emerging tech- nologies, or those not associated with large collaborations or universities with in-house expertise.
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Production of Scintillating Fiber Modules for high resolution track- ing devices
Author: Thomas Kirn1 Co-authors: Arndt Schultz von Dratzig 2; Georg Schwering 1; Michael Wlochal 1; Roman Greim 2; Stefan Schael 1; Tobias Marcus Schateikis 1; Waclaw Karpinski 1
1 Rheinisch-Westfaelische Tech. Hoch. (DE) 2 RWTH Aachen
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
In high energy physics experiments tracking detectors consisting of scintillating fibers readout by linear arrays of silicon photomultipliers have become a competitive alternative to silicon strip detectors. The modules produced at the Ist Physics Institute of RWTH Aachen University are made out of ribbons of 0.25~mm diameter scintillating fibers. Ribbons with different amounts of layers and with lengths between 0.3~m and 3.0~m have been produced. A spatial resolution of 0.05 mm was achieved with prototypes and experiments (e.g. PERDaix) using these scintillating fiber modules as tracking detectors. The established process of the scintillating fiber module production and quality control measurements will be presented in detail.
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An EUDET/AIDA Pixel Beam Telescope for Detector Development
Authors: Hanno Perrey1; Igor Rubinskiy2
1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE) 2 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)-Unknown-Unknown
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
A high resolution (σ ∼ 2µm) beam telescope based on monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) was developed within the EUDET collaboration. The telescope consists of six monolithic active pixel sensor planes (Mimosa26) with a pixel pitch of 18.4 \mu m and thinned down to 50 \mu m. The excellent resolution, readout rate and DAQ integration capabilities made the telescope a primary test beam tool for many groups including several CERN based experiments. Within the European detector infrastructure project AIDA the test beam telescope is being further extended in terms of cooling and powering infrastructure, read-out speed, area of acceptance, and precision. In order to provide a system optimized for the different requirements by the user community a combination of various state-of-the-art pixel technologies is foreseen. Furthermore, new central dead-time-free trigger logic unit (TLU) has been developed to provide LHC-speed response with one-trigger-per-particle operating mode and a synchronous clock for all connected devices. In this report, the design and current development status of this even more flexible telescope with three different pixel technologies (TimePix, Mimosa, ATLAS FE-I4) willbe presented.
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CERN-GIF++: a new irradiation facility to test large-area particle detectors for the high-luminosity LHC program
Author: Martin Richard Jaekel1 Co-author: GIF++ collaboration 1
1 CERN
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade is setting a new challenge for particle detector tech- nologies. The increase in luminosity will produce a higher particle background with respect to present conditions. Performance and stability of detectors at LHC and future upgrade systems will remain the subject of extensive studies. The current CERN-Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) has been intensively used to simultaneously expose detectors to the photons from a 137Cesium source and to high energy particles from the X5 beam line in SPS West Area for many years. From 2004 onwards, only the 137Cesium source is available for irradiations and the shutdown of the present facility is scheduled for the end of 2014. The present contribution describes a joint project between CERN-EN and CERN-PH departments to design and build the new CERN GIF++ facility. GIF++ will be a unique place where high energy charged particle beams (mainly muon beam with momentum up to 100 GeV/c) are combined with a 14 TBq 137Cesium source. The higher source activity will produce a background gamma field which is a factor 30 more intense than that at GIF, allowing to cumulate doses equivalent to HL-LHC ex- perimental conditions in a reasonable time.
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The 100 m2 GIF++ irradiation bunker has two independent irradiation zones making it possibleto test real size detectors, of up to several m2, as well as a broad range of smaller prototype detectors and electronic components. The photon flux of each irradiation zone will be tuned using asetof Lead filters with attenuation factors from zero to 50000. Flexible services and infrastructure including electronic racks, gas systems, radiation and environ- mental monitoring systems, and ample preparation zone will allow time effective installation of detectors. A dedicated control system will provide the overview of the status of the facility and archive relevant information. The collaboration between CERN and the users’ detector community, the latter providing detector specific infrastructures within the framework of the FP7 AIDA project, will bring the new facilityto operation by the end of 2014.
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Aerogel RICH counter for the Belle II forward PID
Author: Luka Santelj1
1 Jozef Stefan Institute
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Belle II spectrometer, a follow up of the very successful Belle experiment, is under construction at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider at KEK in Japan. For the PID system in the forward region of the spectrometer, a proximity focusing RICH counter with aerogel radiator is being devel- oped. For this counter we have devised a focusing radiator consisting of two aerogel layers with increasing refractive index along the particle path, which results in a focusing of Cherenkov light at the photon detector plane. In this way, a thicker radiator can be used, and the number of photons can be increased without degrading the single photon Cherenkov angle resolution. The detector will provide a 4 σ separation of pions and kaons up to momenta of 4 GeV/c, at the kinematic limits of the experiment. The main challenge was, however, a reliable multichannel sensor for single photons that operates in the high magnetic field of the spectrometer (1.5 T) and withstands the radiation levels expected in the experiment. A 144-channel Hybrid Avalanche Photo-Detector (HAPD) was developed in a collaboration with Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. The design of the detector components is currently being finalized and part of the mass production has already started. The counterwill be ready for installation in 2015. We will report on the tests of the prototypes conducted with test beams at CERN and DESY, and the optimization and performance studies of the counter final design, based on the Geant4 simulation.
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Status of the CMS Phase 1 Pixel Upgrade
Author: Stefan Mattig1
1 Hamburg University (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The silicon pixel detector is the innermost component of the CMS tracking system, providing high precision space point measurements of charged particle trajectories. Before 2018 the instantaneous luminosity of the LHC is expected to reach 2x1034cm−2s−1, which will significantly increase the number of interactions per bunch crossing. The current pixel detector of CMS was not designed to work efficiently in such a highoccupancy environment and will be degraded by substantial data-loss introduced by buffering in the analogue readout chip (ROC) and effects of radiation damage in the sensors, built up over the operational
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period. To maintain a high tracking efficiency, CMS has planned to replace the current pixel system during „Phase 1” (2016/17) by a new lightweight detector, equipped with an additional 4th layer in the barrel, and one additional forward/backward disk. A new digital ROC has been designed, with increased buffers to minimize data-loss, and a digital readout protocol to increase the readout speed. Prototypes of digital single-chip modules have been characterized in an electron test beam at DESY, before and after irradiation. Even after the expected 4th layer lifetime dose of 130kGy, the prototypes were measured to be ~99% efficient and the spacial resolution remained ~7μm. Furthermore, energy calibrations using monochromatic X-rays were performed, and its dependence on irradiation and temperature were studied. This talk will give an overview of the upgraded detector with an emphasis on the status of the module production and testing of the 4th layer, which is being assembled and pretested by German institutes.
Summary: This talk will give an overview of the CMX pixel “Phase 1” upgrade with an emphasis onthestatusof the module production and testing of the 4th layer.
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The RICH detector of the LHCb experiment
Author: Antonis Papanestis1
1 STFC - Rutherford Appleton Lab. (GB)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The LHCb experiment was fully operational during the Run 1 of the Large Hadron Collider inthe period 2009-2013, collected more than 3 fb−1 of data and has produced many world first and world best measurements. The RICH system is an integral part of LHCb proving hadron identification in the momentum range of 2-100 GeV/c. The ability to separate pions and kaons in this wide momentum range is essential for the physics measurements of LHCb. The LHCb RICH system consists of two RICH detectors with three different radiators. Theoptical systems are made from a total of 116 mirrors (four constructed out of low mass carbon fibre) and single photon detection is achieved by 484 Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD). The RICH detectors have been aligned and calibrated using the LHCb data and their performance evaluated using pure particle samples collected without RICH information. The performance of the RICH detectors ina high multiplicity hadron environment is excellent. The LHCb experiment is preparing for a significant upgrade during the Long Shutdown 2oftheLHC. There are advanced plans to modify the existing layout in order to conserve the current particle identification performance despite the increase in luminosity by a factor five. The alignment, calibration and performance of the LHCb RICH system will be presented, together with a few example analyses showing the contribution of the RICH. The plans for the LHCb RICH upgrade will also be presented.
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Calorimeters for precision timing measurements in high energy physics
Author: Artur Apresyan1
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Co-authors: Adolf Bornheim 1; Anatoly Ronzhin 2; Cristian Ignacio Pena Herrera 1; Javier Mauricio Duarte 1; Maria Spiropulu 1
1 California Institute of Technology (US) 2 Fermilab
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Current and future high energy physics particle colliders are capable to provide instantaneous lumi- nosities of 1034 cm-2s-1 and above. The high center of mass energy, the large number of simultane- ous collision of beam particles in the experiments and the very high repetition rates of the collision events pose huge challenges. They result in extremely high particle fluxes, causing very highoc- cupancies in the particle physics detectors operating at these machines. To reconstruct the physics events, the detectors have to make as much information as possible available on the final state par- ticles. We discuss how timing information with a precision of around 10 ps and below can aid the reconstruction of the physics events under such challenging conditions. High-energy photons play a crucial role in this context. About one third of the particle flux originating from high-energy hadron collisions is detected as photons, stemming from the decays of neutral mesons. In addition, many key physics signatures under study are identified by high-energy photons in the final state. They pose a particular challenge in that they can only be detected once they convert in the detector ma- terial. The particular challenge in measuring the time of arrival of a high-energy photon liesinthe stochastic component of the distance to the initial conversion and the size of the electromagnetic shower. They extend spatially over distances with propagation times of the initial photon andthe subsequent electromagnetic shower larger compared to the desired precision. We present studies and measurements from test beams and a cosmic muon test stand for calorimeter based timing measurements to explore the ultimate timing precision achievable for high-energy photons of 10 GeV and above. We put particular focus on techniques to measure the timing with a precision of about 10 ps in association with the energy of the photon. For calorimeters utilizing scintillating materials and light guiding components, the propagation speed of the scintillation light in the calorimeter is important. We present studies and measurements of the propagation speed on a range of detector geometries. Finally, possible applications of precision timing in future high-energy physics experiments are discussed.
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Planar silicon sensors for the CMS Tracker phase II upgrade
Author: Kajari Mazumdar1
1 Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research (IN)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CMS tracker collaboration is aiming to identify the best suited silicon materials and sensorthick- nesses for future tracking detectors for the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL- LHC). Therefore, a large material investigation and irradiation campaign was initiated. \\% Avariety of silicon p − in − n and n − in − p test-sensors made from Float Zone (FZ), Magnetic Czochralski (MCz) and epitaxially grown (Epi) materials were manufactured in different sensor thicknesses by one single industrial producer (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.). \\% The samples have been irradiated with 1 MeV neutrons, protons and subsequently with both particle types corresponding to fluences as expected for the positions of detector layers in the future tracker (up to Φ = 1016 cm−2). \\% All materials have been characterized before and after irradiations, and throughout an annealing treatment. The measurements performed on the structures include electrical sensor characteriza- tion, measurement of the collected charge injected with beta sources and laser light and bulk defect characterization. In this talk, latest results from the campaign are presented.
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Future Upgrades for the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC: From sPHENIX to ePHENIX
Author: Craig Woody1
1 Brookhaven National Lab
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The PHENIX Experiment at RHIC is planning a series of major upgrades that will enableacom- prehensive measurement of jets in relativistic heavy ion collisions, provide enhanced physics capa- bilities for studying nucleon-nucleus and polarized proton collisions, and allow a detailed study of electron-nucleus collisions at a future Electron Ion Collider (eRHIC) at Brookhaven. These upgrades will include a number of major new detector systems. The first stage, sPHENIX, will utilize thefor- mer BaBar solenoid magnet and will include two new large calorimeters, one electromagnetic and another hadronic, for measuring jets in heavy ion collisions. These calorimeters will cover a region of ±1.1 in pseudorapidity and 2pi in phi, and will result in a factor of 6 increase in acceptance over the present PHENIX detector. Plans are also being developed to add a preshower detector in front of the electromagnetic calorimeter and additional tracking inside the magnet. The current RHIC schedule would allow the installation of sPHENIX to take place starting around 2017-2018 and begin taking data ~2020. Following this, RHIC would be transformed into an Electron Ion Collider and additional detectors would be added to sPHENIX to convert it to ePHENIX which would serve as a detector for eRHIC. This would involve adding additional tracking in the form of a central TPC and asystemof GEM trackers, a high resolution crystal endcap calorimeter, a forward electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter, and a set of particle id detectors, including a DIRC, a gas RICH and an aerogel detector. This talk will discuss the evolution of the current PHENIX detector to sPHENIX and ePHENIX,the R&D that is being pursued to develop the various detectors that will be needed, and the opportuni- ties and challenges for each of their technologies. A separate contribution to this conference will describe the central electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for sPHENIX, including results from a recent beam test of prototypes of both of these detectors at Fermilab.
Summary: The PHENIX Experiment has been running at RHIC since 2000 and has accumulated a wealthofdata on relativistic heavy ion collisions, nucleon-nucleus collisions and polarized proton collisions. It is one of the major RHIC experiments that contributed to the discovery of the Quark Gluon Plasma and is still in operation today. It has been focused on the systematic study of the QGP near its critical temperature using a variety of different probes, but questions such as how and why the quark-gluon plasma behaves as a perfect fluid in the vicinity of strongest coupling (near 1–2 Tc) can only be fully addressed with jet observables at RHIC energies which probe the medium over a variety of length scales. Comparing these measurements with ones probing higher temperatures at the LHC will provide valuable insight into the thermodynamics of QCD. PHENIX in its present form covers roughly half of the full azimuthal acceptance and 0.7 units of rapid- ity with a suite of different detectors, including an electromagnetic calorimeter. In order to increase this coverage for a complete systematic study of jets, the PHENIX Collaboration is proposing a new upgraded detector, sPHENIX, that will utilize the former BaBar solenoid magnet and instrument it with two new calorimeters, one electromagnetic and one hadronic, that will cover the full azimuth and 2.2 units of rapidity. The hadronic calorimeter will be a steel plate and scintillating tile design thatisread out with wavelength shifting fibers and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The EMCAL will be atungsten- scintillating fiber design that will also be read out using SiPMs. There are also plans toaddasilicon- tungsten preshower detector in front of the EMCAL. The initial tracking system for sPHENIX will utilize the existing PHENIX silicon vertex detector, and will add additional silicon tracking layers in the future. The current plan is to run with the existing PHENIX detector through 2016 followed by the installation of sPHENIX in 2017. Data taking with sPHENIX would begin ~ 2020 and last 2-3 years. This would then be followed by the transition of RHIC to an Electron Ion Collider (eRHIC), which would collide electrons, initially up to 10 GeV, with hadrons up to 250 GeV and heavy ions up to 100 GeV/A. eRHIC will allow a detailed study of the spin and momentum structure of the nucleon, an investigation of the onset of gluon saturation in heavy nuclei, and the study of hadronization in cold nuclear matter. sPHENIX will also be transformed into a new enhanced detector, ePHENIX, that will provide the necessary capabilities to study this new physics. This will include the addition of a high resolution crystal calorimeter inthe electron going direction and a forward spectrometer in the hadron going direction. The forward spec- trometer will consist of an EMCAL and HCAL, similar in design to the central sPHENIX calorimeters,
Page 57 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts along with a gas RICH that utilizes a photosensitive GEM detector and an aerogel Cherenkov detector. The central region will be augmented with a fast drift TPC with a GEM readout and full azimuthalcover- age a DIRC detector. Additional GEM trackers will also be added to the central, forward and backward going regions. The plan would be for eRHIC and ePHENIX to start taking data sometime inthemidto late 2020’s. This talk will describe the long range plans for RHIC and the PHENIX detector, but will focusmainlyon the new detectors and technologies that are planned for sPHENIX and ePHENIX. The two new calorime- ters for sPHENIX have already undergone considerable design and prototypes of each detector have been constructed. These prototypes will be tested at Fermilab in February 2014 and preliminary results from these tests should be available by the time of the conference. The calorimeters and the test results will be described in a separate contribution to the conference.
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The DIRC Detectors at the PANDA Experiment
Author: Albert Lehmann1
1 University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The PANDA experiment at the new FAIR facility at GSI will perform charmonium spectroscopy and search for gluonic excitations using high luminosity antiproton beams from 1.5 to 15 GeV/c. To accomplish the scientific goals a high performance kaon/pion separation up to 4 GeV/c is mandatory. Because of space limitations the main components of the particle identification system will consist of DIRC (Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light) detectors residing inside a magnetic field of up to 2 Tesla. A barrel DIRC with fused silica radiator bars will surround the target at a radial distance of 48 cm and will cover a polar angle range of 22 to 140 degrees; an endcap DIRC built of a segmented fused silica disc of 210 cm diameter will be installed in the forward region to cover the polar angles from 5 to 22 degrees. There are several challenging issues with the PANDA DIRCs to be discussed in this presentation: the photon rates can reach a few MHz/cm2 and photon detection inside the magnetic field is required. The limited space available for both DIRCs enforces the use of special optics to focus the Cherenkov photons onto the readout planes, its final choice being still under investigation. For the high rate signal readout several frontend options are being studied. The different design and readout options for both DIRCs were investigated with small scalepro- totypes using particle beams at CERN, DESY and GSI. Important results of these test runs will be presented and compared to simulations.
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Upgrade of the LHCb Vertex Locator
Authors: Eduardo Rodrigues1; Kazu Carvalho Akiba2
1 University of Manchester (GB) 2 Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The upgrade of the LHCb experiment, planned for 2018, will transform the entire readout to atrigger- less system operating at 40 MHz. All data reduction algorithms will be executed in a high-level soft- ware farm, with access to all event information. This will enable the detector to run at luminosities
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of 1-2 x1033 /cm2/s and probe physics beyond the Standard Model in the heavy sector with unprece- dented precision. The upgraded VELO must be low mass, radiation hard and vacuum compatible. It must becapable of fast pattern recognition and track reconstruction and will be required to drive data to the outside world at speeds of up to 3 Tbit/s. This challenge is being met with a new VELO design based on hybrid pixel detectors positioned to within 5 mm of the LHC colliding beams. The sensors have 55 x 55 m2 pixels and the VELOPix ASIC which is being developed for the readout is based on the Timepix/Medipix family of chips. The hottest ASIC will have to cope with pixel hit rates ofupto 900 MHz. The material budget will be optimised with the use of evaporative CO2 coolant circulating inmi- crochannels within a thin silicon substrate. Microchannel cooling brings many advantages: very efficient heat transfer with almost no temperature gradients across the module, no CTE mismatch with silicon components, and low material contribution. This is a breakthrough technology being developed for LHCb. LHCb is also focussing effort on the construction of a lightweight foil to separate the primary and secondary LHC vacua, the development of high speed cables, and the metallisation and radiation qualification of the module. The 40 MHz readout will also bring significant conceptual changes to the way in which theupgrade trigger is operated. Work is in progress to incorporate momentum and impact parameter informa- tion into the trigger at the earliest possible stage, using the fast pattern recognition capabilities of the upgraded detector. The current status of the VELO upgrade will be described together with a presentation ofrecenttest results.
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Upgrade of the GERDA experiment
Author: Karl Tasso Knoepfle1
1 MPI Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Germanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment, located underground in the Gran SassoNa- tional Laboratory of INFN, Italy, is searching for the neutrinoless double beta (0v2b) decay of Ge-76. It uses a new shielding concept by operating bare Ge diodes (enriched in Ge-76) in 64 m^3 of liquid argon supplemented by a 3m thick layer of water. The results of GERDA Phase I have been published recently [1]. Compared to previous Ge experiments, a background reduction of about one order of magnitude could be achieved yielding the so far best limit for 0v2b decay in Ge-76 and refuting a recent claim of discovery with high probability. The upgrade to GERDA Phase II is in progress; it strives for a further reduction of background by another order of magnitude towards a level of 10^-3 cts/(keV kg yr), and for a tenfold increase in half-life sensitivity (~10^26 yr) at an exposure of about 100 kg yr. This paper will discuss the numerous challenges to be met for reaching these goalsinclud- ing the increase of target mass by 20 kg of new low background BEGe detectors from enriched Ge-76 material which exhibit superior pulse shape discrimination and hence background rejection power, the development of new detector mounts, cold front end electronic circuitry, cabling and contacting schemes of ultra low mass and radiopurity, as well as the implementation of a retractable hybrid liq- uid argon veto system consisting of photomultipliers and silicon photomultipliers coupled to fibers which efficiently rejects all backgrounds that induce scintillation light in the liquid argon. [1] GERDA collaboration, Phys.Rev.Lett. 111 (2013) 122503
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Upgrade of the ALICE detector
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Author: Christian Lippmann1
1 GSI - Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung GmbH (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) is the detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) dedicated to the study of strongly interacting matter, in particular the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma. The ALICE collaboration plans a major upgrade of the detector during the Long Shutdown2 (LS2) of the LHC, which is at present foreseen to start in summer 2018. The upgrade strategy is based on collecting > 10 nb−1 of Pb-Pb collisions at luminosities up to L = 6 x 1027 cm−2s−1 corresponding to a collision rate of 50 kHz, where each collision is shipped to the online systems, either upon a minimum bias trigger or in a self-triggered or continuous fashion. Since the TPC drift time of 100 µs is 5 times longer than the average time between interactions, the presently employed gating of the TPC wire chambers must be abandoned. Instead, continuously sensitive readout detectors based on Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) will be implemented. Furthermore, the present silicon tracker will be replaced by a new design entirely based on monolithic pixel chips in order to achieve significantly increased secondary vertex resolution and high tracking efficiency. Other ALICE sub-detectors are upgraded to read out Pb-Pb data at 50 kHz with nominal performance. Highly efficient triggering will be ensured by a new interaction trigger detector. A new online system will be implemented that is capable of receiving and processing the full detector information. We will present the planned ALICE upgrade concept together with a description of the individual detector upgrade plans.
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Development of a Muon Polarimeter for the T-violation Search Experiment at J-PARC
Author: Aine Kobayashi1
Co-authors: Hirohito YAMAZAKI 2; Jun Imazato 3; Keisuke Yoshihara 1; Mike Hasinoff 4; Suguru SHIMIZU 5; Tatsuo Kawamoto 1; Youichi IGARASHI 3
1 University of Tokyo (JP) 2 Tohoku University(JP) 3 KEK 4 University of British Columbia (CA) 5 Osaka University(JP)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
TREK is a precision-frontier experiment, planned at J-PARC (Tokai, Japan), for a T-violation search in Kaon decays into the pi0 mu+ nu final state. The signature is a non-zero transverse polarization (P_T) of muons in the direction perpendicular to the decay plane. Using the same process the E246 experiment at KEK has set an upper limit on | P_T | < 0.0050 at the 90% confidence level. TREK is an upgrade of E246 with the goal of achieving more than a factor of 20 higher sensitivity using high intensity Kaon beam from J-PARC and the detector with major upgrades that include a new GEM tracker, new photon device for the CsI(Tl) calorimeter and a new magnet system providing uniform field. The most important element of TREK is the new muon polarimeter of novel design, incorporat- ing an active muon stopper instrumented by an array of drift tubes for tracking. This design allows the tracks of muons and positrons to be reconstructed, providing a large acceptance for positrons with higher analyzing power, background suppression, and handles for controlling systematic un- certainties such as those arising from uncertainty on the decay position and its distribution. We present an overview of the TREK experiment and detail of the muon polarimeter R&D with results of studies using Monte Carlo simulation and beam tests of the full size prototype.
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Electron Test Beams at SLAC
Author: Carsten Hast1
1 SLAC
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We present the current status and plans of the various electron test beams available at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. They span an energy range of a few MeV in our ASTA, mainly used forgun development and RF structure testing, NLCTA, a 120 to 200 MeV linac for free electron laser seeding, dielectric laser acceleration and medical studies, to ESTB, the End Station (A) Test Beam, which uses 5 Hz of the LCLS 2 to 16GeV beam for ILC MDI and detector R&D studies with primary beam and singel electrons, to FACET, which has a very compressed and small spot size 20GeV beam for plasma wakefield acceleration, material science and other advanced acceleration concepts studies. Forall these facilities an overview of past, present and future experiments and plans will be given.
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The upgrade of the ALICE Inner Tracking System - Status ofthe R&D on monolithic silicon pixel sensors
Author: Jacobus Willem Van Hoorne1
1 Vienna University of Technology (AT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
As a major part of its upgrade plans, the ALICE experiment schedules the installation of a novel Inner Tracking System (ITS) during the Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC in 2018/19. It will replace the present silicon tracker with 7 layers of Monolithic Silicon Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) and significantly improve the detector performance in terms of tracking and rate capabilities. Thechoice of technology has been guided by the tight requirements on the material budget of 0.3 X0 for the three innermost layers and backed by the significant progress in the field of MAPS in recent years. The new ITS will in total cover a surface of10.3m2 with approximately 25 × 109 pixels. The pixel chips are manufactured in the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS imaging sensor process on wafers with high resistivity epitaxial layer. Within the ongoing R&D phase, several sensor chip prototypes have been developed and produced on different epitaxial layer thicknesses and resistivities. These chips are being characterised for their performances before and after irradiation using source tests, test beam and measurements using an infrared laser. The present contribution will provide an overview of the ALICE ITS upgrade with a focusonthe R&D activities on the pixel chip.
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Towards the integration of the MicroVertex Detector in the PANDA experiment.
Author: Daniela Calvo1
1 INFN - Sezione di Torino
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Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Daniela Calvo on behalf of the PANDA MVD group. The fixed target experiment PANDA is one essential part of the FAIR facility in Darmstadt andis going to study the interactions of antiproton beams, featuring unprecedented quality and intensity, on protons and on nuclei. It includes the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) [1], as innermost detector of the tracking system, specially able to detect secondary vertices of short-live particles. Due to the forward boost the MVD layout is asymmetric with four barrels surrounding the interaction point and six disks in the forward direction. The innermost layers are composed of hybrid epitaxial silicon pixels and the outermost ones of double sided silicon strips, with about 10^7 pixels and 2x10^5 strips channels. PANDA features a triggerless architecture, therefore the MVD has to run with a continuous data transmission at a high interaction rate (about 10^7 int./s) where hits have precise timestamps (the experiment clock is 155.52 MHz). In addition the energy loss of the particles in the sensor should be measured. To cope with these requirements custom readout chips are under development for both pixel and strip devices. The powering and cooling of the readout are challenging since the MVD volumeis limited by the surrounding detectors and the routing is only foreseen in the backward direction. Sup- port structures are made of carbon fibers and high thermally conductive carbon foam with embedded cooling pipes beneath the readout chips is integrated. The presentation is focused on the technological aspects of the design and the integration ofthis detector in PANDA. [1] PANDA Collaboration, Technical Design report for the PANDA Micro Vertex Detector, arXiv:1207.6581 v2, 2011
Summary: The presentation is focused on the technological aspects of the design and the integration of theMicro Vertex Detector in the PANDA experiment.
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Diamond particle detectors systems in high energy physics
Author: William Trischuk1
Co-authors: Harris Kagan 2; Members of Other 3
1 University of Toronto (CA) 2 Ohio State University 3 The RD42 Collaboration
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
With the first three years of the LHC running complete, ATLAS and CMS are planning to upgrade their innermost tracking layers with more radiation hard technologies. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond is one such technology. CVD diamond has been used extensively in beam condition monitors as the innermost detectors in the highest radiation areas of BaBar, Belle, CDF and all LHC experiments. This talk will describe the lessons learned in constructing the ATLAS Beam Conditions Monitor (BCM), Diamond Beam Monitor (DBM) and the CMS Pixel Luminosity Telescope (PLT) all of which are based on CVD diamond with the goal of elucidating the issues that should be addressed for future diamond based detector systems. The talk will also present the first beam test results
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of prototype diamond devices with 3D detector geometry that should further enhance the radiation tolerance of this material.
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Measurement of nm Electron Beam Sizes using Laser Interfer- ence by Shintake Monitor
Author: Jacqueline Yan1
1 T
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Shintake Monitor is an essential beam tuning device installed at the interaction pointofATF2 to measure its nm order vertical e- beam sizes (σy). It is crucial for verifying ATF2’s Goal 1 of focusing σy down to 37 nm in order to verify a final focus system of linear colliders featuring the Local Chromaticity Correction scheme. The e- beam collides with a target of laser interference fringes, and σyis derived from the modulation depth of the resulting Compton signal photons measured by a downstream gamma detector. Shintake Monitor is the only existing device capable of measuring σy as small as 25 nm, and can accommodates a wide range of σyfrom 20 nm to a few μm with better than 10% accuracy by switching between several laser crossing angle modes. Major hardware upgrades contributed to suppressing errors and the demonstration of measurement stability of 5 - 10%. In 2013, continuous measurement of the smallest ever σy of below 65 nm has been achieved. Analysis of systematic errors indicates the possibility that smaller beam sizes have been achieved. This paper describes the monitor’s design concepts and performance, and an extensive study of errors with the aim of high precision in measuring the even smaller σy* anticipated to be achieved at ATF2 in near future.
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Ultra-transparent DEPFET pixel detectors for future electron-positron experiments
Author: Carlos Marinas1
1 University of Bonn
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The DEPFET Collaboration develops highly granular, ultra-thin pixel detectors for outstanding ver- tex reconstruction at future collider experiments. A DEPFET sensor, by the integration of a field effect transistor on a fully depleted silicon bulk, provides simultaneously position sensitive detector capabilities and in-pixel amplification. The characterization of the latest DEPFET prototypes has proven that a comfortable signal to noise ratio and excellent single point resolution can be achieved for a sensor thickness of 50 micrometers. The close to final auxiliary ASICs have been produced and found to operate a DEPFET pixel detector of the latest generation with the required read-out speed. A complete detector concept is being developed for the Belle II experiment at the new Japanese super flavor factory. DEPFET is not only the technology of choice for the Belle~II vertex detector, butalso a solid candidate for the ILC. Therefore, in this paper, the status of DEPFET R&D project is reviewed in the light of the requirements of the vertex detector at a future electron-positron collider.
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Neutron-insensitive gamma-ray detector with aerogel for rare neutral- kaon decay experiment
Author: Yosuke Maeda1
1 Kyoto University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
A novel gamma-ray detector which is highly sensitive to photons but insensitive to neutrons has been developed for the rare neutral-kaon decay experiment (KOTO experiment) at J-PARC. This experiment aims to study the KL->pi0nunubar decay with an electromagnetic calorimeter and hermetic veto detectors surrounding the the decay region. The veto counters located in the beam should be able to detect such photons as to be escaping tothe direction with high efficiencies under the huge neutron flux of 500MHz. This detector consists of a series of modules of lead and aerogel pairs. Incident photons are converted to electrons and positrons in lead sheets and the photons from their Cerenkov radiation in the aerogel sheets are viewed by photomultiplier tubes. Since protons or charged pions, which are mainly produced by neutrons, do not emit the Cerenkov light because of their small velocity, excellent blindness to neutrons can be achieved while keeping high photon detection efficiency around 99.9% for the energies larger than 1GeV. The half of the modules of the detector were installed and used as an in-beam photon vetodetector in the first physics data taking of the KOTO experiment. The detector operated stably during 1 week of data taking and the expected performance onphoton detection was confirmed as a result of evaluation using KL->3pi0 decay events. In this presentation, the design of this detector, stability and performance studies in the physics data taking, and the future prospects will be reported.
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Neutron Background Detection for a Hard X-ray Balloon-borne Polarimeter
Author: Merlin Kole1 Co-authors: Elena Moretti 1; Hiromitsu Takahashi 2; Kentaro fukuda 3; Mark Pearce 1; Maxime Chauvin 1; Mikhalev Victor 1; Miranda Jackson 1; Mozsi Kiss 1; Noriaki Kawaguchi 3; Stefan Rydstrom 1; Sumito Ishizu 3; Takafumi Kawano 2; Takayuki Yanagida 4; Yasushi Fukazawa 2
1 KTH - Royal Institute of Technology 2 Hiroshima University 3 Tokuyama Corporation 4 Kyushu Institute of Technology
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
PoGOLite is a balloon-borne hard X-ray polarimeter. It determines polarisation by measuring the azimuthal angular distribution of Compton scattered photons in a plastic scintillator array. Theuse of an all plastic target yields a relatively large but low mass detection area. The dominant source of background for the polarisation measurements has been shown through Geant4 simulations to orig- inate from high energy (MeV range) atmospheric neutrons. Neutrons can pass the instrument’s Bis- muth Germanium Oxide (BGO) anticoincidence shield undetected and subsequently scatter between plastic scintillator elements to produce a polarisation signature. A passive 15 cm thick polyethylene shield surrounding the polarimeter reduces the neutron induced background by an order of magni- tude. The background level remains however significant, prompting the need for active monitoring of the continuously changing neutron flux. For this purpose PoGOLite makes use of a neutron sensitive phoswich scintillator cell. The phoswich cell consists of a 5 mm thick Lithium Calcium
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Aluminium Fluoride (LiCAF) scintillator, used for neutron detection. The LiCAF is surrounded by a BGO anticoincidence system. This small light weight detector can therefore be used to measure the neutron flux even in high radiation environments. This type of neutron detector wastestedon a separate dedicated stratospheric balloon mission, called PoGOLino, prior to the PoGOLite flight which took place in July 2013. Results from both flights will be presented and implications on the polarisation measurements of PoGOLite from 2013 will be discussed.
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HARPO - TPC for High Energy Astrophysics and Polarimetry from the MeV to the TeV
Authors: David ATTIE1; Philippe Gros2
1 CEA/DSM/DAPNIA/SPP 2 Ecole Polytechnique (FR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Observation of high-energy sources requires gamma-ray telescopes aboard balloons or satellites to study thermal and non thermal phenomena (black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, super- novae, supernova remnants, and gamma-ray bursts). In recent years, R&D has been mainly active to improve the sensitivity required for polarimetry. In this context, a concept of a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) was proposed as an active target and pair production imager with a high angular resolution and background reduction capabilities. After introducing the HARPO TPC and its potential as gamma-ray telescope, we will presentthe characterization of the TPC readout plane which provides gas electron amplication within a mi- crostructure composed of the association of a Micromegas and Gas Electron Multiplier. Recent results using cosmic-ray events will be shown and nally the beam test, scheduled this year, with polarized photon at MeV energy will be discussed.
Summary: D. Bernard, P. Bruel, M. Frotin, Y. Geerebaert, B. Giebels, P. Gros, D. Horan, P. Poilleux, I. Semeniouk, S. Wang LLR, Ecole Polytechnique CNRS/IN2P3, 91128 Palaiseau France S. Anvar, D. Attie, P. Colas, A. Delbart, D. Gotz, P. Sizun CEA, Irfu, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
II.b Astro & Space / 342
CITIROC : a new front-end ASIC for SiPM read-out
Authors: Christophe De La Taille1; Gisele Martin Chassard1; Julien Fleury2; Ludovic Raux1; Nathalie Seguin- Moreau1; Salleh Ahmad3; Stéphane Callier1
Co-author: Osvaldo Catalano 4
1 OMEGA/IN2P3 2 Weeroc 3 Weeroc SAS
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4 INAF
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Citiroc is a 32-channel front-end ASIC designed to readout silicon photo-multipliers (SiPM). Citiroc allows triggering down to 1/3 pe and provides the charge measurement with a good noise rejection. Moreover, Citiroc outputs the 32-channel triggers with a high accuracy (100 ps). An adjustment of the SiPM high-voltage is possible using a channel-by-channel DAC connected to the ASIC inputs. That allows a fine SiPM gain and dark noise adjustment at the system level tocor- rect for the non-uniformity of SiPMs. Timing measurement down to 100 ps RMS jitter is possible along with 1% linearity energy mea- surement up to 2500 p.e. The power consumption is about 2mW/channel, excluding ASIC outing buffer
Summary: Citiroc is a new ASIC designed by Weeroc, a start-up company from the Omega microelectronics group of IN2P3/CNRS. Each channel of this new ASIC embeds a front-end read-out chain composed of two AC-coupled voltage low-noise preamplifier with variable-gain adjustment. The utility of the gain tuning on thepreampli- fiers is twofold. On the first hand it allows to compensate non-uniformity between channels byfinely adjusting gain channel by channel, on the second hand, it allows to adjust the general gain of the am- plification chain to adjust the read-out chain to the SiPM gain, allowing a large choice ofSiPMonthe system to be used. Citiroc has a new channel-by-channel trigger chain composed of a fast shaper followed by two discrim- inators with individual channel-by-channel threshold adjustment to be able to trig on the first photo- electron and validate the trigger on the first few photoelectrons. That double trigger allows a great dark noise rejection at the first stage of the read-out chain and avoids saturating the DAQ with noise events. Each trigger channel can be masked in case of noisy channel, latched, or output the discriminator output as is depending on user needs. A general ASIC trigger is also outputted through a 32-input trigger OR. Citiroc energy measurement is composed of two variable-gain shapers to get energy measurement from one to 2500 photoelectron with 1% linearity. Charge proportional to energy can be stored in an ana- logue memory using either an analogue memory or a peak-sensing detector to get rid of the hold signal versus trigger delay. A channel-by-channel input DAC allows adjusting the high voltage of the SiPM over 5V with 8-bit res- olution to correct for SiPM over-voltage non-uniformity. Citiroc outputs 32 trigger outputs as well as a multiplexed tri-state hit-register to allow several Citiroc to be serialized on a single hit-register serial bus. Citiroc outputs two multiplexed analogue outputs to read-out the charge on both low and high gain to ease the low-gain and low-gain channel inter- calibration. Citiroc also embed a general 10-bit DAC for coarse general threshold adjustment. Voltage references in the ASIC are done with a bandgap to improve power supply rejection ratio and temperature sensitivity of the ASIC. Citiroc is aimed to be mounted very close to the SiPM in the systems it will be used in. A temperature sensor has been embedded to allow users to finely sense the temperature within their multi-channel system to correct for SiPM gain over voltage adjustment with temperature. As a conclusion Citiroc has been designed to be as versatile as possible for SIPM read-out. It is aimed to be used in large system and has been optimized to ease the SiPM adjustment and reduce has much as possible the data flow through the DAQ by filtering the SiPM noise at the front-end level. Citiroc will be used in a first telescope prototype for the CTA experiment and is aimed to be used in medical systems such as PET or gamma cameras using SiPM. A test board with ergonomic GUI software is available for Citiroc evaluation.
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Athena, the next large ESA mission to study the Hot and Ener- getic Universe
Author: Jan-Willem den Herder1
1 SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
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Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The hot and energetic Universe has been selected by ESA as its next large class mission with a scheduled launch date in 2028. This mission will have a large collecting area (2 m2) with focussing optics and in the focal plane two interchangeable instruments: a Si-based DEPFET detector which is optimised for its field of view and its count rate capability. The second instrument is a cryogenic calorimeter array which is optimised for its high spectral resolution. In this presentation we will describe the science and instrumentation of this challenging mission.
II.b Astro & Space / 321
Development and Evaluation of Event-Driven SOI Pixel Detector for X-ray Astronomy
Author: Ayaki Takeda1
Co-authors: Atsushi Iwata 2; Hideaki Matsumura 3; Koji Mori 4; Ryota Takenaka 4; Shinya Nakashima 3; Takaaki Tanaka 3; Takafumi Ohmoto 2; Takayoshi Kohmura 5; Takeshi Tsuru 3; Toshifumi Imamura 2; Yasuo Arai 6; Yusuke Nishioka 4
1 SOKENDAI/KEK 2 A-R-Tec Corp. 3 Kyoto University 4 Miyazaki University 5 Kogakuin University 6 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We have been developing a monolithic active pixel sensor with the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technology for use in future X-ray astronomical satellite mission. Our objective is to replace the X- ray Charge Coupled Device, which is the standard detector in the field, by offering high coincidence time resolution (∼ 50 ns), superior hit-position readout time (∼ 10 μs), and wider bandpass (0.3 – 40 keV) in addition to having comparable performances in imaging spectroscopy. In order to realize this detector, we have developed prototype detectors, called “XRPIX” series. XRPIX contains comparator circuit in each pixel to detect an X-ray photon injection; it offers intra-pixel hit trigger (timing) and two-dimensional hit-pattern (position) outputs. Therefore, XRPIX is capable of direct access to selected pixels to read out the signal amplitude. X-ray readout by this function is called “Event- Driven readout”. In our previous study, we successfully demonstrated the acquisition of X-ray spectra in Event-Driven readout. Although some problems still remain in operation of the circuit, a detailed investigating operation of XRPIX revealed their cause recently. Moreover, we designed a new prototype which has charge sensitive amplifier in each pixel in order to increase the gain and improve energy resolution. Then, the readout noise is 33 e- rms and the energy resolution is about 300 eV FWHM at5.9keV. In this presentation, we report on the development and evaluation of XRPIX about Event-Driven readout.
II.b Astro & Space / 199
Axion helioscopes update: the status of CAST & IAXO
Author: Theopisti Dafni1
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1 Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
After almost 35 years since their suggestion as a good solution to the strong CP-problem, axions remain one of the viable candidates for the Dark Matter, although still eluding detection. Most of the methods for their detection are based on their coupling to photons, one of the most promising ones being the helioscope technique. We will report on the current status of the CERN Axion Solar Telescope and the future International Axion Observatory (IAXO). Recent results from the second part of CAST phase II, where the magnet bores were filled with 3He gas at variable pressure achieving sensibilities on the axion massupto 1.2 eV, will be presented. Currently CAST is expecting to improve sensitivity to solar axions with rest mass below 0.02 eV/c^2 after the upgrade of the X-ray detectors and with the implementation of a second X-ray optic. At the same time, it is exploring other possibilities at the low energy physics frontier. On the other hand IAXO, the fourth generation axion helioscope, aims to improve CAST’s performance in terms of axion-photon coupling by 1-1.5 orders of magnitude. The details of the project building a dedicated magnet, optics and x-ray detectors will be given.
II.b Astro & Space / 400
Silicon Photomultiplier Camera for Schwarzschild-Couder Cherenkov Telescopes
Author: Justin Vandenbroucke1
1 UW Madison
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is an atmospheric Cherenkov observatory that will image the cosmos in very-high-energy gamma rays. CTA will study the highest-energy particle accelera- tors in the Universe and potentially confirm the particle nature of dark matter. We have designed an innovative Schwarzschild-Couder telescope which uses two mirrors to achieve excellent optical performance across a wide field of view. The small plate scale of the dual-mirror optics enablesa compact camera which uses modern technology including silicon photomultipliers and the TARGET application-specific integrated circuit to read out a finely pixelated focal plane of 11,328 channels with modest weight, volume, cost, and power consumption. The camera design is hierarchical and modular at each level, enabling robust construction, operation, and maintenance. A prototype tele- scope is under construction and will be commissioned at the VERITAS site in Arizona. An array of such telescopes will provide excellent angular resolution and sensitivity in the core energy range of CTA, from 100 GeV to several TeV.
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Development of X-ray SOI Pixel Sensors: Investigation of Charge- Collection Efficiency
Author: Hideaki Matsumura1 Co-authors: Ayaki Takeda 2; Ryota Takenaka 3; Shinya Nakashima 1; Takaaki Tanaka 1; Takayoshi Kohmura 4; Takeshi Tsuru 1; Yasuo Arai 5; Yusuke Nishioka 3; koji mori 3
1 Kyoto University 2 SOKENDAI 3 University of Miyazaki 4 Kogakuin University
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5 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We have been developing X-ray SOIPIXs, monolithic active pixel sensors based on the Silicon-On- Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology for next-generation X-ray astronomy satellites. Their high time resolution (~micro sec) and event trigger output function enable us to reduce non-X-ray background by two orders of magnitude at 20 keV, compared with X-ray CCDs widely used in current X-ray astronomy sattelites. A fully depleted thick depletion layer with back-side illumination offers wide band coverage of ∼0.3–40 keV. We already achieved thick and full depletion layer with a thickness of 500 micron. We will report recent progress in our development in this presentation. We mea- sured sub-pixel charge-collection efficiency of our device by irradiating it with pencil beam X-rays at SPring-8. We found that a part of signal charges is lost at the pixel boundaries. We found that the amount of the charge loss depends on back-bias voltages. It leads us to a hypothesis that the strength of electric fields at the interface between the sensor and silicon dioxide layers determines the charge collection efficiency. We will test the hypothesis by comparing the experimental results with TCAD simulations.
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Radio Detection of Cosmic Rays at the Auger Engineering Radio Array
Author: Klaus Weidenhaupt1
Co-author: Pierre Auger Collaboration 2
1 RWTH Aachen University 2 Observatorio Pierre Auger
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Pierre Auger Observatory detects ultra-high energy cosmic rays by measuring extensive air showers induced in the earth’s atmosphere. Besides established detection techniques using a 3000 km2 array of particle detectors sampling shower particles at ground level, and detecting fluorescence light emitted during the shower development with telescopes, the Observatory explores the potential of radio detection of cosmic rays with the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA). Radio detection has the potential to provide information on e.g. cosmic ray shower properties with a duty-cycle not limited by day and moon light as in case of the fluorescence technique. AERA consists of 124 autonomous detector stations sensitive to MHz frequencies. The stations fea- ture dual-polarized radio antennas, custom low-noise analog and digital electronics and a broad-band wireless communication system. With AERA we face the challenge of self-triggering on the radio pulse in a background dominated environment by implementing various real-time signal processing strategies within the station electronics. Complementary, we explore the potential of the radio tech- nique as an integral part of future multi-component detectors by utilizing trigger information from the other Auger detectors and recently, by particle detectors integrated in the radio stations. We will discuss the current cosmic ray measurements and the status and prospects of AERA.
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The EUSO-Balloon Instrument
Authors: Giuseppe Osteria1; Valentina ScottiNone
1 INFN NA
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Corresponding Author: [email protected]
EUSO-Balloon is a pathfinder mission for JEM-EUSO (Extreme Universe Space Observatory on-board the Japanese Experiment Module), the near-UV telescope proposed to be installed on board the In- ternational Space Station (ISS) before the end of this decade. The main objective of this pathfinder mission is to perform a full scale end-to-end test of all the key technologies and instrumentation of JEM-EUSO detectors and to prove the entire detection chain. The JEM-EUSO instrument consists of an UV telescope designed to focus the signal of theUVtracks generated by Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays propagating in Earth’s atmosphere, onto a finely pix- elized UV camera. The EUSO-Balloon instrument, smaller respect to the one designed for theISS, is currently developed as a payload of a stratospheric balloon operated by the French Centre Na- tional d’Études Spatiales (CNES) and will be launched during the CNES flight campaign in August 2014. This telescope will point towards the nadir from a float altitude of about 40 km. WithitsFres- nel Optics and Photo-Detector Module, EUSO-Balloon will monitor a 12x12° wide field of view ina wavelength range between 290 and 430 nm, at a rate of 400’000 frames/sec. In this paper, we will review the main stages of the signal processing of the EUSO-Balloon instru- ment: the photodetection, the analog electronics, the trigger stages, which select events while re- jecting random background, the electronic acquisition system which performs the data management and the monitoring, allowing the instrument control during operation.
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High sensitivity observation for celestial MeV gamma rays by Elec- tron Tracking Compton camera with a balloon borne experiment
Author: Toru Tanimori1
Co-authors: Atsushi Takada 2; Dai Tomono Tomono 2; Hidetoshi Kubo 2; Joseph Parker 2; Kentaro Miuchi 3; Kiseki Nakamura 2; Makoto Oda 2; Shinya Sonoda 2; Shogo Nakamura 2; Shotaro Komura 2; Tatsuya Mizumoto 4; Tatsuya Sawano 2; Yoshihiro Matsuoka 2; Yoshitaka Mizumura 2
1 Kyoto University 2 Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 3 epartment of Physics, Kobe University, Japan 4 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto Univ.Japan
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
For next MeV gamma-ray astronomy, we developed Electron Tracking Compton Camera (ETCC) consisting of a Time projection Chamber and pixel scintillators. By measuring the track of an elec- tron, ETCC measures the direction of gamma-rays as a small arc, which provides a good background rejection using the kinematical test and energy loss rate of the track (particle identification), and clear imaging. Already we revealed its strong background rejection ability by the balloon experiment (a 10cm-cube ETCC: SMILE-I) in 2006, where 98% background events were removed. In 2013 we com- pleted a 30cm cube ETCC to catch gamma-rays from Crab in next SMILE-II balloon experiment with >5shigma for several hours. The tracking efficiency was improved with 10 times, which enablesto select the Compton event in TPC using only the energy loss rate of the track with distinguishing it from all backgrounds. Thus, we can extract the maximum detection efficiency expected by thesimu- lation. Also SPD angle provides a several times better contract in image than conventional Compton method. Then, SMILE-II would provide a 5times better sensitivity than COMPTEL with theuseof 3atm CF4 gas, and 40cm-cube ETCCs onboard satellite is expected to reach near 10-12 ergcm-2s-1. To verify this performance, SMILE-II was irradiated by secondary gammas and neutron from water target using 140MeV proton beam, and measured the clear image of a weak source under 10times stronger radiation than that in the balloon altitude. Here we will present the detail of the SMIEL-II performance including this beam test.
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The FlashCam Camera for the Medium-Sized Telescopes ofCTA
Author: Quirin Weitzel1
Co-authors: Aaron Manalaysay 2; Achim Vollhardt 2; Adam Marszalek 3; Arno Gadola 2; Christian Bauer 1; Chris- tian Foehr 1; Christoph Kalkuhl 4; Christoph Tenzer 4; Daniel Florin 2; Felix Eisenkolb 4; Frank Garrecht 1; Gerd Puehlhofer 4; German Hermann 1; Ira Jung 5; Jerzy Kasperek 6; Jerzy Koziol 3; Krzysztof Winiarski 6; Krzysztof Zietara 3; Marcin Rupinski 6; Olaf Reimer 7; Oleg Kalekin 5; Pawel Rajda 6; Robert Lahmann 5; Stefan Steiner 2; Thomas Kihm 1; Thomas Schanz 4; Thomas Schwab 1; Ueli Straumann 2; Wojciech Romaszkan 6
1 Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik Heidelberg 2 Physik-Institut, Universitaet Zuerich 3 Jagiellonian University Krakow 4 Institut fuer Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universitaet Tuebingen 5 Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Erlangen 6 AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow 7 Institut fuer Astro und Teilchenphysik, Universitaet Innsbruck
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next generation ground-based instrument forthede- tection of cosmic gamma-rays with energies from about 20 GeV up to several hundred TeV. It is en- visaged to be comprised of large-, medium- and small-sized telescopes (23m, 10-12m and 4m mirror aperture, respectively). Within the scope of the FlashCam project, a novel camera for the medium- sized telescopes of CTA has been developed. Its integration follows a horizontal architecture, where the photon detector plane (hosting photosensors and preamplifiers) is a self-contained unit inter- faced through analog signal transmission cables to crates containing the readout electronics. The FlashCam design features fully digital readout and trigger electronics based on commercial ADCs and FPGAs as key components. In this way different type of digitization schemes and trigger logics can be implemented, without exchanging any hardware. The data transfer from the camera toa server is Ethernet-based, and processing rates (including event building) up to about 2 GBytes/sec have been achieved. Together with the dead-time free signal digitization this allows to operate at trigger rates up to several tens of kHz. Extensive tests and measurements with a 144-pixel setup (equipped with photomultipliers and electronics) have been performed, the results of which will be reported. In addition, the status of the preparations for a 1764-pixel prototype with full-scale mechanics and cooling system will be presented.
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Design and Performance of the HAWC DAQ
Author: Ian G. Wisher1
Co-author: Collaboration HAWC 2
1 University of Wisconsin - Madison 2 The HAWC Observatory
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory, located on the Sierra Negra plateau (4100m a.s.l.) in central Mexico, is currently under construction and scheduled for completion at the end of summer 2014. The detector is comprised of tightly-packed optically-isolated water tanks, each 5 m tall and 7.3 m in diameter, which are instrumented with 4 Hamamatsu photomultiplier tubes. The tanks are used to detect the secondary charged particles produced when 100 GeV-100
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TeV gamma rays and cosmic rays interact with the atmosphere. Though the detector is under con- struction, the DAQ has been operating and expanding with the detector as tanks are added. The DAQ is designed to handle a final event trigger rate of >15 kHz with high uptime (>99%) andlow latency (<5 s), while also analyzing events with multiple triggers and reconstruction algorithms in real time. This is achieved using a modular system based on inexpensive hardware components and open source technology for transferring data (ZeroMQ). This flexible framework is agnostic to the type of data that is transferred and it could easily be applied to other experiments. We will ex- plain the motivation for this design, describe the DAQ in detail, and present the performance of the detector.
II.b Astro & Space / 420
CMB Detector Technology and the South Pole Telescope
Author: clarence chang1
1 Argonne National Lab
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Advances in CMB instrumentation have opened a new era for studying fundamental physics through precision measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). CMB measurements are critical for our understanding of cosmology and provides a unique probe of Dark Energy, the Cosmic Neutrino Background, and the physics of inflation. The South Pole Telescope (SPT) collaboration has been actively developing new CMB detectors and has implemented focal plane arrays using state-of-the-art Transition Edge Sensor (TES) technology to enable new CMB science. Results include the first discovery of unknown galaxy clusters using the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and the first detection of the CMB B-mode polarization signalfrom gravitational lensing. In this talk, I will give an overview of the technological developments for the SPT science program and will illustrate how innovation in instrumentation has enabled new science. I will discuss the technical challenges limiting CMB experiments and describe how the ongoing SPT detector R&D program aims to overcome these limitations.
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Development of Kinetic Inductance Detectors for a 3 mm cam- era
Author: Angelo Cruciani1 Co-authors: Alessandro Coppolecchia 1; Alessandro Paiella 1; Antonio D’Addabbo 2; Elia Battistelli 1; Maria Gabriella Castellano 3; Nichi D’Amico 4; Paolo De Bernardis 1; Silvia Masi 1
1 University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy 2 Institut Néel, Grenoble, France 3 IFN - CNR, Rome, Italy 4 University of Cagliari and INAF, Cagliari, Italy
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Millimetre-wave astronomical observations have an enormous discovery potential in the study of the earliest stages of the evolution of the universe, clusters of galaxies, high redshift objects, and star formation regions. One of the challenges today is to perform observations with the finest angu- lar resolution, in order to accurately investigate the nature of these astrophysical sources. While for
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spectroscopic investigations of point-like sources ALMA is the obvious solution, for continuum mea- surements of diffuse sources large single-dish telescopes (e.g. GBT, TML, IRAM, SRT, etc.) equipped with large-format bolometeric cameras provide a much higher mapping speed. Kinetic Inductance Detectors represent an interesting option for the detector array, due to their eas- iness to multiplex and their capability to efficiently tackle with atmospheric issues. We are developing Aluminum Lumped Element KIDs for the 3 mm atmospheric window (W-band). While interesting performance of KIDs has already been demonstrated for the1 and 2 mm windows, further technological development is needed for their use at longer wavelengths. In this contribu- tion we analyze the main issues of such a R&D (like minimum operation frequency, operation in high background conditions, size of the array etc.) and present the results of optical tests of the first devices. We also discuss their possible application in an imaging differential spectrometer for the Sardinia Radio Telescope, the largest Italian radio astronomy facility.
II.b Astro & Space / 226
POLARBEAR-2 receiver system on the Simons Array telescopes for CMB polarization measurements
Author: Yasuto Hori1
1 KEK
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
POLARBEAR-2 (PB-2) is a new receiver system which will be mounted on the Simons Array tele- scope in early 2015 for Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization measurements at the Atacama desert in Chile. The main science goal is to detect or set an upper limit of the inflationary gravitational waveB-mode. Another important topic is to probe the large scale structure in the universe and constrain the sum of the neutrino masses by measuring the weak gravitational lensing B-mode signal. PB-2 receiver is a cryostat cooled by two pulse-tube coolers and a sorption refrigerator. The receiver has 7588 dual-band antenna-coupled AlTi bilayer Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolome- ters for simultaneous measurements at 95 and 150 GHz with the expected array sensitivity (NET) = 5.7uKs^1/2. The TES array is on the 350 mm diameter large focal plane cooled to 0.25Kelvin and is read out by frequency domain multiplexing with superconducting quantum interface device (SQUID) amplifiers housed on the 4 Kelvin stage. Optical elements such as an alumina filter, metal mesh filters, alumina lenses and a half wave plate are carefully designed to meet the thermal and optical requirements of PB-2. We present an overview of PB-2 receiver system and the current status of its development.
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The Atmospheric Neutrino Neutron Experiment (ANNIE)
Author: Matthew Wetstein1
1 University of Chicago
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Neutron tagging in Gadolinium-doped water may play a significant role in reducing backgrounds from atmospheric neutrinos in next generation proton-decay searches using megaton-scale Water
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Cherenkov detectors. Similar techniques might also be useful in the detection of supernova neutri- nos. Accurate determination of neutron tagging efficiencies will require a detailed understanding of the number of neutrons produced by neutrino interactions in water as a function of momentum transferred. We are developing a proposal for an experiment to be built on the Fermilab Booster Neu- trino Beam, the Atmospheric Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE), which is designed to measure the neutron yield of atmospheric neutrino interactions in gadolinium-doped water. An innovative aspect of the ANNIE design is the use of precision timing to localize interaction vertices in the small fiducial volume of the detector. We propose to achieve this by using early production of LAPPDs (Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors). This experiment will be a first application of these devices demonstrating their feasibility for Water Cherenkov neutrino detectors. In this talk we will discuss the technological aspects of the ANNIE detector, with particular emphasis on work involved in adapting LAPPDs for the measurement.
Summary: http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.6411
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The Askaryan Radio Array: Detector Design & Operation
Author: Michael DuVernois1
1 University of Wisconsin
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), currently under construction at the South Pole, is a large-scale cos- mogenic neutrino detector designed to observe the coherent radio pulses associated with neutrino- induced cascades in the radio-transparent cold Antarctic ice. The detector incorporates novel bore- hole antenna designs, RF over fiber technology, custom ASIC digitizer, FPGA-based triggering, and ruggedized embedded computer systems all deployed in the South Pole ice sheet.
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Calibrating photon detection efficiency in IceCube
Authors: Christopher Wendt1; Delia Tosi1
1 UW Madison / WIPAC
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The IceCube neutrino observatory is composed of more than five thousand Digital Optical Modules (DOMs), installed on the surface and at depths between 1500 and 2500 m in clear ice at the South Pole. Each DOM incorporates a 10” diameter photomultiplier tube (PMT) intended to detect light emitted when high energy neutrinos interact with atoms in the ice. Depending on theenergyof the neutrino and the distance from debris particle tracks, PMTs can be hit by up to several thousand photons. The number of photons per PMT and their time distribution is used to reject background events and to determine the energy and direction of each neutrino. The detector energy scale was established with good precision independent of lab measurements on DOM optical sensitivity, based on light yield from stopping muons and calibration of ice properties. A laboratory setup has now been developed to more precisely measure the DOM optical sensitivity as a function of angle and wavelength. DOM sensitivities are measured in water using a broad beam of light whose intensity is measured with a NIST calibrated photodiode. This study will refine the current knowledge of IceCube response and lay a foundation for future precision upgrades to the detector.
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Development of Superconducting Tunnel Junction Detectors as a far-infrared single photon detector for neutrino decay search
Author: Yuji Takeuchi1
Co-authors: Atsuko Kibayashi 2; Dmitri Sergatskov 3; Erik ramberg 3; Hirokazu Ikeda 4; Hirokazu Ishino 2; Jonghee Yoo 3; Kazuki Nagata 1; Keishuke Orikasa 5; Kenji Kiuchi 1; Kota Kasahara 1; Kouya Moriuchi 1; Mark Kozlovsky 3; Masahiro Kanamaru 1; Masashi Hazumi 6; Paul Rubinov 3; Ren Senzaki 1; Ryuta Hirose 5; Satoru Mima 7; Shin Hong Kim 1; Shota Komura 5; Shuji Matsuura 4; Soo-Bong Kim 8; Takehiko Wada 4; Takuya Okudaira 1; Tatsuya Ichimura 1; Yasuo Arai 6; Yukihiro Kato 9
1 University of Tsukuba 2 Okayama University 3 Fermilab 4 JAXA/ISAS 5 University of Fukui 6 KEK 7 RIKEN 8 Seoul National University 9 Kinki University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We present the development of Superconducting Tunnel Junction (STJ) detectors as far-infrared sin- gle photon detector motivated by application to a search for radiative decay of cosmic background neutrino. The photon energy spectrum from the neutrino radiative decays is expected tohavea sharp edge at high energy end in a far-infrared region ranging from 14meV to 25meV (from 50um to 90um in wavelength). We explore the the cosmic infrared background photon energy spectrum in this region for feeble contribution from neutrino decays. Thus, the detector is required to measure photon-by-photon energies with high resolution enough to identify the edge structure, and designed for a rocket or satellite experiment. One of our choices for the detector is STJ using hafnium (Hf-STJ) which is expected to have 2% energy resolution for single photon of 25meV due to very small gap energy of hafnium. Another choice for the detector is a combination of the diffraction grating and array of niobium-aluminum STJ (Nb/Al-STJ) pixels, where each Nb/Al-STJ pixel is capable of single photon detection for a far- infrared photon delivered to each pixel according to its wavelength by the grating. For the Hf-STJ development, we have successfully produced a superconducting-insulator-superconducting struc- ture using hafnium, that is confirmed by Josephson current, and observed a response to visible light illumination, although much higher leak current than its requirement is a major issue to be resolved. For the Nb/Al-STJ, it is also challenging that an amplifier at extremely low noise level of 10 electron- equivalent-noise is required.
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LUCIFER: Neutrinoless Double Beta decay search with scintillat- ing bolometers
Authors: Claudia Tomei1; Gabriele PipernoNone
1 INFN Sezione di Roma
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
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The Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (0νDBD) is a powerful tool to test physics beyond the Standard Model and to get insights on the Majorana neutrino nature and mass. Bolometers are excellent detec- tors to search for this rare decay, thanks to their good energy resolution and to the low background conditions in which they can operate. The current challenge consists in the reduction of the back- ground, represented by environmental γs and αs, in view of a zero background experiment. This can be obtained with the approach of the LUCIFER project, funded by an European grant, which is based the double read–out of the heat and scintillation light produced by ZnSe scintillating bolome- ters, that allows to discriminate between β/γ and α particles. The LUCIFER experiment aims ata background lower than 103 counts/keV/kg/y in the energy region of the 0νDBD of 82Se, an order of magnitude lower with respect to the present generation experiments. Such a low background level will provide a sensitivity on the effective neutrino mass of the order of 100 meV. We describe the current status of the LUCIFER project, in- cluding results of the recent R&D activity.
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R&D of water-based liquid scintillator as a reactor anti-neutrino detector
Author: Atsumu Suzuki1
Co-author: Toshio Hara 1
1 Kobe University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Neutrino energy measurement is very important not only for a neutrino oscillation experiment but for a nuclear reactor monitor requested by IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) as one of their safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials. The requirements for the reactor monitor are to be nonflammable and nonvolatile. As such a detector, we are developping a water-based liquid scintillator. One of the problems of a water-based scintillator is that it is difficult to get enough light yield bucause most of the known luminescent agents aredifficult to dissolve in water. We tried to dissolve a liminescent agent in water with sevarel surfactants and measured the light yield varying concentrations of the liminescent agent and surfactants. The scin- tillators are contained in a vial (4cm diameter and 6cm height) and the light yield is measured using compton edge electrons by gamma-rays from a cobalt 60. We used a blue LED for light yield cali- bration. As one of the results, we got about 30 photo-electrons for a scintillator consisting of water, PPO (luminescent agent), Bis-MSB (wavelength shifter), and sodium dodecylsulfate (surfactant). Neutrino interactions are identified by a well-known coincidence of a prompt positron signal fol- lowed by a delayed neutron capture by gadlinium. In addition to the light yield measurement described previously, we will report about development of the gadlinium-loaded water-based liquid scintillator.
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Measuring directionality in double-beta decay and neutrino in- teractions with kiloton-scale scintillation detectors
Authors: Andrey Elagin1; Christoph Aberle2; Henry Frisch1; Lindley Winslow2; Matthew Wetstein1
1 University of Chicago 2 University of California, Los Angeles
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
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We present initial studies of a technique for separating scintillation and Cherenkov light in a large liquid scintillator detector in order to reconstruct directionality for electrons with energies typical of neutrino-electron scattering (5 MeV) and double-beta decay (2.1 MeV and 1.4 MeV). On average scintillation light is delayed with respect to the direct Cherenkov light due to chromatic dispersion and the finite time of the scintillation processes; early light thus contains directional information. Using a GEANT4 simulation of a 6.5m-radius spherical detector with 100% coverage of photodetectors having transit-time-spread (TTS) of 100 ps, we have shown that a time cut on the early light is effective at isolating the directional light, improving the ratio of Cherenkov to scintillation light from Rc/s=0.02 to Rc/s=0.63 for 5 MeV electrons originating at the detector center. This ratio is degraded by a factor of 2.5if typical photomultipliers with TTS=1.28 ns are used. The ratio for TTS=100 ps can be further improved by a factor of 1.6 by using red-enhanced photocathodes, or by 1.4 by using narrow-emission scintillators. We discuss a technique for extracting particle direction, and evaluate several detector developments in timing, photodetector spectral response, and scintillator emission spectra that could be used to realize direction reconstruction in a kiloton-scale detector.
Summary: See http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.5813
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3D Particle Track Reconstruction in a Single Layer CdTe-Pixel Detector
Author: Mykhaylo Filipenko1
Co-authors: Gisela Anton 2; Thilo Michel 2; Thomas Gleixner 2
1 Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics - ECAP 2 ECAP
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Many experiments, especially low-background experiments like the search for neutrinoless double beta decay, and applications, like Compton-imaging, would highly benefit from a room-temperature semiconductor voxel detector technology. A voxel detector is a 2D pixelated device which is able to determine the 3d coordinate (the depth of interaction) in every pixel. Thus, it can be used to reconstruct 3D-particle tracks that can be used for particle identification. We developed a method to reconstruct the depth of interaction from properties that in principle could be directly measured with an optimized semiconductor detector. We applied the method to simulation data and investigated the reconstruction results under different parameters. For an experimental proof-of-principle we used a Timepix detector with a 1 mm thick CdTe sensor and 110 µm pixel size. We evaluated data of electrons with a kinectic energy of 4.4 GeV wherefore they can be treated as minimal ionizing in our case. Despite the fact that the current Timepix cannot deliver all
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the necessary information for the algorithm, we successfully performed the reconstruction for elec- tron track by employing this property (minimal ionization). The reconstruction method and recent results on the z-position resolution will be presented.
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Barium-ion tagging for 136Xe double-beta decay studies with EXO
Author: Thomas Brunner1
1 S
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The nature of the neutrino, i.e. whether it is a Dirac or Majorana particle, remains a mystery. Decay experiments that search for the lepton-number violating neutrino-less double decay (0νββ) are an experimental approach to answer this question. EXO-200 is one such experiment, searching for a 0νββ signal in the ββ decay of 136Xe to its daughter isotope 136Ba. This detector, located at the WIPP site in New Mexico, USA, contains ~200 kg liquid Xe enriched to ~80%. In order to further push sensitivity, it is necessary to suppress the background (currently domi- nated by gamma rays) and increase the mass of the parent isotope. A unique advantage of a Xe time-projection chamber (TPC) is the possibility to extract into vacuum and identify (to tag) Ba- daughter ions. This tagging possibility, combined with enough energy resolution to separate 0νββ from 2νββ decays, allows one to dramatically reduce the background of the measurement to virtu- ally zero. EXO has started development of nEXO, a multi-ton scale TPC. In addition, Ba-tagging techniques, in both liquid and gas phase TPCs, are under development. In a liquid Xe TPC, the Ba ion will be extracted mechanically by a probe. In a high pressure (10 bar) gas Xe TPC, the Ba ion will be extracted into vacuum through a supersonic nozzle combined with an extraction RF-funnel. The current status of these Ba-tagging techniques will be presented and possible future developments will be discussed.
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The NEXT detector: an Electroluminescence Xenon TPC for neu- trinoless double beta decay detection
Author: Cristina M. B. Monteiro1
1 University of Coimbra) (on behalf of the NEXT Collaboration
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The NEXT Experiment aims to detect neutrinoless double beta decay using an HPXe TPCbasedon electroluminescence to be deployed in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory. New-generation experiments for double beta decay detection need to be sensitive to lifetimes longer than 1025 years. One remarkable challenge is the conception of a detector that enables an efficient and unambiguous identification of such a signal. Of the different detection techniques available, one has been chosen based on its suitability for complying with the key demands of this particular ex- periment: the capability to achieve an optimal energy resolution at the Xe Qββ energy (2.458 MeV), the event topology reconstruction competence to identify the distinct dE/dx of electron tracks, ca- pability of high background suppression and the aptitude to be expanded to a large-scale system.
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Electroluminescence as the amplification technique for the primary ionisation and SiPM as the read- out sensors for the topological recognition have been the elected means to integrate the experiment, combined in a high-pressure xenon Time Projection Chamber. Prototypes on which extensive stud- ies have been performed already offered very promising results. One of these large prototypes is NEXT-DEMO, a TPC based on electroluminescence that validates the feasibility of the NEXT detec- tor concept. This prototype is being upgraded to NEXT-NEW, which will fully operate in Canfranc Underground Laboratory. In this work, results will be presented and considerations will be made on both NEXT-DEMO and NEXT-NEW.
Summary:
The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT) aims to detect neutrinoless double beta decay using a high-pressure Xe-136 TPC based on electroluminescence to be deployed in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory, Spain. New-generation experiments for double beta decay detection need to be sensitive to lifetimes longer than 1025 years. One remarkable defy is the conception of a detector that enables an efficient and un- ambiguous identification of such a signal. For NEXT, the detection technique has been chosen based on its suitability for complying with the key demands of this particular experiment: the capability to achieve an optimal energy resolution at the Xe Qββ energy (2.458 MeV), the event topology reconstruction competence proving the possibility to iden- tify the distinct dE/dx of electron tracks, capability of high background suppression and the aptitude to be expanded to a large-scale system. To achieve optimal energy resolution, electroluminescence has been chosen as the amplification tech- nique for the primary ionisation of xenon, over the charge amplification technique. As for the readout planes, the chamber will have distinct detection planes for calorimetry and tracking, behind cathode and anode, respectively. SiPMs have been elected as the readout sensors for the topo- logical recognition and PMTs for the energy plane. The detection process is as follows: Particles interacting in the HPXe transfer their energy to themedium through ionisation and excitation. The excitation energy is patent in the prompt emission ofVUV (around 178 nm) scintillation light from the xenon gas. The ionisation tracks (positive ions and free electrons) left behind by the particle are prevented from recombine applying an electric field of0.3–0.5 kV per cm. The ionisation electrons drift toward the TPC anode, entering a region, delimited bytwo highly-transparent meshes, with an even more intense electric field, 3 kV per cm per bar. There, further VUV photons are formed isotropically by electroluminescence processes. Hence, both primary scintilla- tion and primary ionisation produce an optical signal, which is detected in the energy plane with PMTs, located behind the cathode. The detection of the primary scintillation light constitutes the start-of-event, whereas the detection of electroluminescence light provides an energy measurement. Electroluminescent light provides tracking as well, since it is detected also at the anode plane, by means of an array of 1-mm2 SiPMs, 1cm in pitch, placed a few millimetres away from the electroluminescence region, Fig.1. Prototypes using the above described features, on which extensive studies have been performed, already offered very promising results. One of these large prototypes is NEXT-DEMO, which validates thefea- sibility of the NEXT detector concept. NEXT-DEMO has been fully operational at IFIC, Valencia, since 2011. A near-intrinsic energy resolution has been reached in the NEXT-DEMO prototype with a value of about 1.8% FWHM for 511 keV electrons, extrapolating to about 0.8% FWHM at Qββ=2.458 MeV, Fig.2.
Fig.1: The Separate, Optimized Functions (SOFT) concept in the NEXT experiment: EL light gener- ated at the anode is recorded in the photosensor plane right behind it and used for tracking; it is also recorded in the photosensor plane behind the transparent cathode and used for a precise energy mea- surement.
Fig. 2: Energy spectrum for 511 keV gammas interacting in NEXT-DEMO. From the low- to the high energy-region, one can clearly identify the X-ray peak (~30 keV), the Compton continuum (100-340 keV), the X-ray escape peak (~480 keV) and the photo-electric peak (full energy).
The SiPM-based read-out planes in NEXT-DEMO have clearly demonstrated the good tracking capability of the chosen design. Straight cosmic-ray muon tracks, ~500 keV electron tracks dominated by multiple Coulomb scattering, and isolated X-ray energy deposition of about 30 keV have been reconstructed. On the other hand, the tracking plane information can be combined with the energy (PMT) plane informa- tion in order to identify the number of Bragg peaks signaling the number of electrons ranging out in the detector. This is useful for ββ0 searches, since the “blob”, i.e., a track segment with higher energy
Page 79 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts deposition, multiplicity per event is expected to provide an additional background suppression factor. Signal events tend to yield two “blobs” from two electrons emanating from a common vertex. In the case of background, dominated by gamma interactions, only one “blob” per event is typically expected. Energy blobs where electron tracks range out have been clearly identified in NEXT-DEMO using the energy plane information, by projecting the electron tracks’ dE/dx pattern along the drift direction, Fig.3. Fig. 3: The reconstructed track left by a photoelectric electron produced by the interaction ofa662-keV gamma (from a 137Cs calibration source) detected by NEXT-DEMO. NEXT-DEMO has been upgraded to NEXT-NEW, which will fully operate in Canfranc Underground Laboratory. The assembly and commissioning of the detector is planned for2014. In this presentation, results from NEXT-DEMO will be presented and considerations will be made on both NEXT-DEMO and NEXT-NEW.
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A Kind of Electrostatic Focusing MCP-PMT
Authors: Shulin Liu1; Yifang Wang1
Co-authors: Hulin Liu 2; Jianning Sun 3; Jianxun Zhou 3; Jinshou Tian 2; Ping Chen 2; Sen Qian 1; Shuguang Si 3; Tianchi Zhao 1
1 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Rd. Yuquan 19B, 100049, Beijing, China 2 Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, No.17, Information Avenue, 710119, Xi’an, China 3 Nanjing Branch, North Night Vision Technology CO., Ltd, No. 2, Kangping street, 211011, Nanjing, China
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
In order to meet the needs of JUNO, we design and manufacture a kind of electrostatic focusing MCP- PMT which has very low radioactive background by introducing pure raw materials and controlling melting and artificial fine blowing process. This MCP-PMT has high photon detection efficiency which results from using transmission photocathode and reflection photocathode simultaneously, and the total quantum efficiency reaches approximately 30%. Good design of focusing electrode and appropriate distribution of voltage can ensure 95% photoelectrons entering the surface of MCP. The electron multiplication system consists of 4 MCPs that each of the two pieces of MCP is a component, by optimizing the voltages of each MCP and the gaps between MCPs, the gain obtained is greater than 107 and the peak to valley ratio of single photoelectron is about 2. For anode optimization, we design two kinds of configuration to reduce signal ringing, the one is metal mesh and plate, the other is micro-strip line. Finally, by using signal cable which impedance matches the anode, we obtain very single photoelectron signal.
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Performance evaluation of new photodetectors for Hyper-Kamiokande
Author: Yusuke Suda1
Co-authors: Akimichi Taketa 2; Hidekazu Tanaka 3; Hiroaki Aihara 1; Masashi Yokoyama 1; Masato Shiozawa 3; Masatoshi Suzuki 4; Seiko Hirota 5; Shoei Nakayama 3; Takayuki Ohmura 4; Tsuyoshi Nakaya 5; Yasuhiro Nishimura 6; Yoshihiko Kawai 4; Yoshinari Hayato 3; Yuji Okajima 7
1 Department of Physics, University of Tokyo 2 Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo
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3 Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo 4 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. 5 Department of Physics, Kyoto University 6 Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo 7 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We have been developing new photodetectors for the Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) detector, which is proposed as a next generation Megaton class water Cherenkov detector. There are three candidate photodetectors; One is a 20-inch venetian blind dynode type PMT(R3600) which is used in Super-Kamiokande. Second is a newly developed box and line dynode type PMT which has a better collection efficiency and timing response than R3600. The other one, alarge- aperture Hybrid Photo-Detector (HPD), is also newly developed and uses an avalanche diode instead of dynodes to multiply photoelectrons. Compared to PMT, the HPD has a simpler structure, better collection efficiency, better timing response, and better single photoelectron charge resolution. A high quantum efficiency (QE) is a common option for the three candidates and it was applied for the R3600 at first. The high-QE R3600 has 30 % QE at maximum peak, 1.4 times higher thanthatof the R3600 used in Super-Kamiokande. In order to evaluate the performance and usability of the candidate photodetectors, we perform a long-term test with a 200-ton water Cherenkov detector located in Kamioka mine. The progress of the long-term test of 8-inch HPDs and high-QE R3600s will be reported. The status of R &D of the 20-inch box & line PMTs and 20-inch HPDs will be also presented. We plan to choose the photodetectors for Hyper-K in 2016.
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First results from a 10bar Xe-TPC with 1kg fiducial mass, read out with Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors
Author: Diego Gonzalez Diaz1
1 Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Microbulk-Micromegas constitutes a new generation of Micromegas (MICRO MEsh GAseous Struc- ture) used for the detection and tracking of particles. Its simplicity, inherited from its constituent ele- ment –a double copper-clad kapton foil–, enhances its radiopurity, making it particularly well suited for Rare Event searches. The energy resolution is amongst the best obtained with Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD), with potential for an extremely fine segmentation, at the 100um scale or better. Within the R&D framework of the NEXT-100 ββ0ν experiment, we have commissioned a medium-size 70-liter, 700cm2(readout) x 38cm(drift) Xenon TPC with an 8mm x 8mm pixelated- readout (dubbed NEXT-MM) and operated it up to 10bar pressure (1kg fiducial mass). We will present a full 3D characterization of the system at 1, 3 and 10bar pressure for point-like elec- tron tracks stemming from low-energy X-rays (30keV), as well as extended ones from gamma-ray interactions (511keV), of interest in the most appealing next generation Xenon-based experiments. Emphasis will be put on the achievable energy resolution, energy threshold and topological capabil- ities. Xenon has been doped with a mild 1-2% content of TMA. Ionization-wise Xe-TMA forms a conve- nient Penning mixture while TMA is known to exhibit fluorescence in the near-visible range thus eventually allowing for S1 (primary scintillation) sensitivity.
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Status of KamLAND-Zen and purification methods
Author: Kota Ueshima1
1 Tohoku University RCNS
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
KamLAND-Zen experiment was started data taking from October 2011 to search for neutrino less double beta decay. The Mini-balloon filled with 136Xe loaded liquid scintillator was installed in the KamLAND detector. From the first result of KamLAND-Zen, there was the BG peak at 2.6MeV region. As a result of data analysis, it was found that 110mAg was the BG candidate. The purification system of xenon and liquid scintillator were developed to remove the 110mAg BG. 136Xe gas was collected from the liquid scintillator in the Mini-balloon to purify 136Xe gas and liquid scintillator, respectively. In addition, 136Xe gas was purified using SASE getter just before dissolving 136Xe into liquid scintillator. The 2nd phase of KamLAND-Zen was started in 2013. I will report the statusof KamLAND-Zen and purification methods.
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CENNS: A new method for measuring Coherent Elastic Neutrino Nucleus Scattering
Authors: Jonghee Yoo1; Mykhaylo Filipenko2
1 Fermilab 2 F
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
A recent study showed background limits to future dark matter searches coming from Coherent Elastic Neutrino Nucleus Scattering (CENNS) interactions of astrophysical and atmospheric neutri- nos. There are a few possible ways to improve the limits by using directional measurements ofthe neutrino interactions and/or measuring time variation of the interactions. However, this CENNS background limit is a robust lower bound which can not be substantially reduced. Measuring the CENNS cross section and performing subsequent tests of higher energy neutrino interactions on various target materials will be extremely beneficial to future dark matter experiments. We present a experimental method for measuring the process of CENNS. This method uses a low- energy threshold detector situated transverse to a high energy neutrino beam production target. This detector would be sensitive to the low energy neutrinos arising from pion decays-at-rest in the target. In this talk we will present the results of the beam induced background measurement, detector R&D and systematic uncertainties.
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The LZ dark matter search
Author: Henrique Araujo1
1 Imperial College London
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a next-generation search for Weakly Interacting Massive Par- ticles, scaling the very successful double-phase xenon technology to multi-tonne target mass. LZ
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will be deployed at the 4850-ft level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (South Dakota, USA) after completion of LUX, which is presently operating there. At its core, LZ will featurea 7-tonne (active) liquid xenon TPC surrounded by two ‘veto’ detectors. Particle interactions in the WIMP target generate two signatures: prompt scintillation light and ionisation charge, the latter transduced to a pulse of electroluminescence light in a thin gaseous layer above the liquid. Our strategy is to mitigate radiogenic backgrounds from detector materials through a combination of self-shielding, precise vertex location, coincidence vetoing, and xenon purification – to expose a uni- form background from astrophysical neutrinos. Electron recoils from solar pp neutrino scattering can be mostly discriminated by the ratio of the two signatures, which differs from that for nuclear recoil interactions expected from WIMPs. We present the project status and the sensitivity reach of this exciting instrument due to start construction soon.
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Direct Dark Matter Detection with the XENON and DARWIN ex- periments
Author: Alex Kish1
1 Physik-Institut UZH
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The XENON1T detector, currently under construction at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory (LNGS) in Italy, is a dual-phase (liquid-gas) xenon time-projection chamber (TPC) for particle de- tection. It is the successor of XENON100, which reached its sensitivity goal with the last limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleus interaction (2e-45 cm^2 at 55GeV/c^2), the world-leading result at the time of publication. The construction of the water tank, to be employed as a shield for environ- mental radiation and as a Cerenkov muon veto, has ended at LNGS in 2013, most other subsystems are currently under construction. The total amount of xenon to be housed in the XENON1T cryo- stat is 3t, with a fiducial mass of about 1t. In order to detect the prompt and proportional VUV scintillation light from particle interactions with the xenon target, two arrays of 3-inch Hamamatsu R11410 photomultiplier tubes will be installed on the top and bottom of the TPC. The assembly of the inner detector components is planned for late 2014, and the science goal can be reached after two years of continuous operation by 2017. The next step in the XENON dark matter search program is the XENONnT project. It will double the amount of xenon in the sensitive volume (~6t), which would allow to fiducialize the target to ~4t. The XENONnT TPC with the inner cryostat vessel will be constructed while XENON1T is taking data, and will be installed in the same outer vessel and the water shield as XENON1T. The exploration of the entire experimentally accessible WIMP param- eter space, down to a region where solar neutrino interactions become an irreducible background (and eventually provide a possibility to precisely measure their low-energy spectrum in real-time), is foreseen with an ultimate experiment at the 20 ton scale. The design and R&D works for sucha project were initiated by the DARWIN (DArk Matter WImp search with Noble Liquids) consortium. In this talk, the current status and the plans of the XENON collaboration will be presented, with fo- cus on the design details of the XENON1T experiment, as well as on the future multi-ton DARWIN project.
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Developments in light readout for noble liquid experiments
Authors: Biagio Rossi1; Giuliana Fiorillo2
1 Universita e INFN (IT) 2 Università degli Studi di Napoli ”Federico II” e INFN (IT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
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SiGHT stays for Silicon Geiger Hybrid Tube for light detection. Our goal is to construct a modern, high performance, low radioactivity photo detector working at liquid argon and xenon temperature. The idea is to replace the classical dynodic chain of a PMT with a SiPM acting as an electron multi- plying detector embedded in a low-radioactive fused silica envelope. This invention would represent a major breakthrough for the experiments of direct dark matter search with noble liquids. The status of the art of the project as well as preliminary results will be illustrated in this talk.
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Development of solid xenon detectors for low-background exper- iments
Author: Michael Wagenpfeil1 Co-authors: Benton Pahlka 2; Gisela Anton 1; Jonghee Yoo 3; Mykhaylo Filipenko 1; Thilo Michel 1
1 ECAP 2 Fermi National Accelerator Labratory 3 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
In modern astroparticle physics, noble gases are often chosen as detector material for a wide range of different experiments. Noble gases can provide a very long electron drift distance which is required for large-scale low-background experiments such as the search for dark matter or for the neutrinoless double beta decay. Due to the higher density, xenon is often used in the liquid instead of gaseous state, which allowsa larger detection mass at constant volume. However, solid xenon detectors could provide additional advantages over liquid xenon setups. We present the results of recent experiments on large xenon crystals grown from the liquid phase. We successfully measured the scintillation light from ionizing radiation in the crystal and compared it to Monte Carlo simulations. Also, we studied the drift of electrons over several centimeters. The results suggest a higher drift velocity and a better collection efficiency of secondary electrons than in the case of liquid xenon. Our work is the basis of the future development of new kind of TPC using solid xenon in combi- nation with the Timepix detector. It would benefit from the excellent electron drift characteristics of xenon. A new detector design involving both solid xenon and the Timepix detector will be pre- sented.
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A small dual-phase xenon TPC with APD and PMT readout for the study of liquid xenon scintillation
Authors: Bastian Beskers1; Pierre Sissol1 Co-authors: Cyril Grignon 1; Melanie Scheibelhut 1; Rainer Othegraven 1; Uwe Oberlack 1
1 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Liquid xenon is used in many fields as detector medium. Dark Matter experiments based on liquid xenon have set the most stringent limits in the past decade and are still leading the field. Also in other
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areas of particle physics xenon is used as detector medium, for example in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay (EXO), in the search for lepton flavor violation (MEG) or in envisioned projects like gamma-ray telescopes on satellites. There is also ongoing research on xenon-based detectors for medical imaging. Although widely used, the scintillation process of liquid xenon, especially at low recoil energies (few keV), is not well understood. The MainzTPC, a small 3D position-sensitive dual-phase xenon TPC, has the goal to improveour understanding of the scintillation process and the field quenching in liquid xenon. The MainzTPC uses two PMTs (Hamamatsu R6041) to detect and measure the fast primary scintil- lation light including its shape. Additionally an array of eight large area avalanche photo diodes (LA-APDs) detects the large proportional scintillation providing x/y resolution. Here we report on the performance of the TPC and the response of the LA-APDs to the xenon scin- tillation light.
Summary: The design of the MainzTPC and the according cryo-system is finished and its assembly is ongoingatthe moment. Till the TIPP2014 we expect to have the TPC running and first tests performed. Meanwhile the photo sensors that will be used are tested and characterized. The large area APDs are tested in liquid xenon on quantum efficiency for the xenon scintillation light as well as voltage and temperature dependence of their internal gain (g>1000). Also, the DAQ using a high sample rate (5GS/s) FADC is set up in parallel to the measurements of the light detectors and construction and assembly of the TPC. In the talk, we will report on the response of the photo sensors (especially the APDs) and the comission- ing and first results from the comissioning of the TPC.
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R&D for Solid Xenon Particle Detector
Authors: Jonghee Yoo1; Mykhaylo Filipenko2; erik ramberg1
1 Fermilab 2 F
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The solid (crystallin) phase of xenon possesses many of the same advantages of liquid xenonasa particle detector material including good transparency, self-shielding, low intrinsic background, and high scintillation light yield. Many of the properties of solid xenon have been measured previously employing small volumes and thin films. Two major R\&D issues must be addressed to makea solid xenon particle detector; the demonstration of the scalability of solid xenon and the capability to readout scintillation lights and ionization signals from the solid xenon. Both issues are being addressed with a dedicated cryogenic system at Fermilab. In this talk, we will report the recent results of the solid xenon detector R&D.
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Detection of Proportional Scintillation in Liquid Xenon
Author: Junji Naganoma1
Co-authors: Alfio Rizzo 2; Antonio Melgarejo Fernandez 2; Elena Aprile 2; Guillaume Plante 2; Hood Rosie 2; Hugo Contreras 2; Luke Goetzke 2; Marcello Messina 2; Petr Shagin 1; Ranny Budnik 2; Richard Wall 1
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1 Rice University 2 Columbia University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We present results from measurements to detect proportional scintillation light near thin wires in liq- uid xenon (LXe). А LXe time projection chamber (TPC) has superior features for the direct detection of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) as demonstrated by the Xenon10 and Xenon100 experiments and more recently also by LUX. Future upgrades of these experiments with a TPC containing several tonnes of LXe presents some technical challenges which could be removed with the detection of the proportional scintillation in liquid phase. First measurements of the proportional scintillation in LXe were reported more than 30 years ago. In light of the advantages of the approach for the future large scale LXe detectors for the Dark Matter search we have carried out new measurements inLXe using thin wires and a gas electron multiplier. The experiment set-up and results from this R&D carried out at Columbia University Nevis Lab will be presented.
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A dark matter search using CCDs
Author: Federico Izraelevitch1
Co-author: (DArk Matter In Ccds) DAMIC Collaboration 1
1 Fermilab
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
DAMIC is a novel dark matter search experiment that has a unique sensitivity to hypothetic dark matter particles with masses below 10 GeV. Due to the CCD’s low electronic readout noise (R.M.S.~3 electrons), this instrument is able to reach a detection threshold of 60 eV, suitable for the search in the low mass range. The excellent energy response and high spatial resolution of a CCD image allowa powerful background characterization. Early DAMIC runs determined the world’s best cross-section limits for WIMPs with masses below 4 GeV. Here we report on DAMIC100, a fully funded dark matter search detector with a target mass of 100 grams of silicon that will be installed at Snolab during the Summer of 2014. We also discuss the challenges associated with the scale-up of the experiment, the calibration efforts for low energy nuclear recoils in silicon, and the prospects for the firstphysics results after a one year run.
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Columbia Univeristy R&D program for large mass DarkMatter detector with LXe TPC
Author: Marcello Messina1
1 Columbia University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The next generation of Dark Matter detectors based on dual-phase (liquid/gas) Xenon TimeProjec- tion Chambers (TPCs) will require an active volume of liquid with a mass on the tonne-scale in order to reach the desired sensitivity to WIMP-nucleon interactions. One natural and effective way to in- crease the target mass is to build a TPC with larger cross-sectional area and longer drift distance. Construction and operation of such a detector leads to many new issues and technological challenges which need to be addressed. One example is that electronegative impurities in the liquid must be at
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or below the ppb level, to prevent loss of the charge signal. This challenge can be overcome with an efficient filtering system for the evaporated liquid, capable of a circulation rate on theorderof 100 SLPM. This high flow rate, however, requires an increased heat input to take advantage ofthe high cross-section for purification of the hot Xenon gas. Another well-known, major challenge to a tonne-scale detector is the requirement of very high voltage (~ 50-100 kV) to generate a suitable drift field inside the TPC. Work is under way at Columbia University to study these and otherissues associated with the construction of XENON1T with the so-called DEMONSTRATOR R&D program. In this talk, we will highlight the major results of this effort.
Summary: An extensive R&D program is on ongoing at the Columbia University to address the main technical is- sues of a possible multi-ton DarkMatter LXe TPC. In this talk we review in detail the studies done sofar.
II.d Dark Matter / 63
The dual light-emitting crystals detector for WIMPs direct searches
Author: Xilei Sun1
1 IHEP
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The dual light-emitting crystals can reflect the different ranges of nuclear recoils and electronre- coils by the ratio of the two different scintillation components. CsI(Na) crystals at temperatures of ~-100 ℃ have the best performance in several candidate crystals. An experiment called CINDMS is proposed for WIMPs direct searches based on the CsI(Na) crystals detector by IHEP. The 1T-scale experimental threshold is expected to be in the world advanced level through the background esti- mates. The initial stage of a 50kg scale experiment called CINDMS50 is under construction atDaya Bay neutrino experiment underground laboratory for the accumulation of technology. CINDMS1T or more large-scale experiment may be located deep underground laboratory of Jinping Mountain in Sichuan, China. This location provides vastly improved shielding from cosmogenic events which will reduce interference of known backgrounds particles.
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First Measurements of SuperCDMS SNOLAB 100 mm Diameter Germanium Dark Matter Detectors with Interleaved Charge and Phonon Channels
Author: H. Chagani1 Co-authors: A. Kennedy 1; A. N. Villano 1; A. Tomada 2; B. A. Young 3; B. Cabrera 4; B. Sadoulet 5; B. Serfass 5; B. Shank 4; C. J. Kenney 2; C. Phenicie 1; D. A. Bauer 6; D. Brandt 2; D. N. Seitz 5; D. Nagasawa 4; D. Strandberg 1; E. Do Couto e Silva 2; G. A. Codoreanu 1; G. L. Godfrey 2; J. Hall 6; J. Hasi 2; J. Yen 4; J. Zhang 1; K. Page 7; L. Novak 4; M. Cherry 4; M. Kelsey 2; M. Pyle 5; N. Mirabolfathi 5; P. Cushman 1; P. L. Brink 2; R. Partridge 2; R. Radpour 1; R. Resch 2; S. Hansen 6; S. Monin 1; S. W. Leman 8; V. Mandic 1; W. Rau 7
1 University of Minnesota 2 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 3 Santa Clara University 4 Stanford University 5 University of California, Berkeley
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6 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 7 Queen’s University Kingston 8 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The first phase of the Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SuperCDMS) SNOLAB experiment shall consist of a 110 kg array of germanium and silicon athermal phonon detectors. It is expected to reach an order of magnitude better sensitivity than has been achieved so far by the best experiments inthe field. The technical challenges of commissioning a payload of this size have led to thedevelopment of 1.4 kg germanium detectors (100 mm diameter, 33 mm thick), which are 2.3 times larger than those presently in use in the SuperCDMS experiment at Soudan. The first results from testing ofa prototype detector with interleaved phonon and charge channels are presented. The test results are promising for the use of these detectors in the next phase of SuperCDMS.
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Characterization of a Spherical Proportional Counter in argon- based mixtures
Authors: Asunción Rodríguez Arruga1; Francisco Jose Iguaz Gutierrez1 Co-author: Igor Garcia Irastorza 1
1 Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Spherical Proportional Counter is a novel type of radiation detector, with a low energy threshold (typically below 100 eV) and good energy resolution. This detector is being developed by the net- work NEWs, which includes several applications. We can name between many others Dark Matter searches, low level radon and neutron counting or low energy neutrino detection from supernovas or nuclear reactors via neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering. In this context, this works will present the characterization of a spherical detector of 1 meter diameter using two argon-based mixtures (with methane and isobutane) and for gas pressures between 50 and 1500 mbar. In each case, the energy resolution shows its best value in a wide range of gains, limited by the ballistic effect at low gains and by feedback at high gains. Moreover, the best energy resolution shows a degradation with pressure. These two effects will be discussed in terms of gas avalanche properties. Finally, theeffect of an electrical field corrector in the homogeneity of the gain and the energy threshold measured in our setup will be also discussed.
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A fast, low-power, multichannel 6-bit ADC ASIC with data serial- ization
Authors: Jakub Moron1; Krzysztof Piotr Swientek1; Marek Idzik1; Miroslaw Firlej1; Tomasz Fiutowski2
1 AGH University of Science and Technology (PL) 2 AGH University of Science and Technology (PL)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The multichannel 6-bit ADC ASIC with data serialization was designed in view of LHCb Tracker System Upgrade. The first prototype was designed and fabricated in CMOS 130 nm technology. The main chip components are 8 channels of fast, very low power (<0.5 mW per channel) 6-bit
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SAR ADCs, data serialization circuitry based on ultra-low power internal PLL and fast SLVS I/O differential interface. The nominal ADC sampling frequency is 40 MHz but the operation beyond80 MHz is possible. Various modes of data serialization were implemented, the main three are: A) test mode - with 6 bits from the selected ADC sent to 6 SLVS differential outputs; B) partial serialization - when output bits of each ADC are serialized, with frequency multiplied six times by PLL, into separate SLVS output; C) full serialization - when output of all (6) bits of all (8) ADCs are serialized into one SLVS output. In addition to standard operation the serialization circuitry contains also a block generating the test data (instead of using ADC output bits) which are serialized and sent out. This block is added for better ASIC testability and it allows to generate test patterns based on binary or pseudo-random counters. The ultra-low power (<1 mW) PLL was designed to generate clock in a wide frequency range, from tens of MHz to few GHz. The SLVS interface was designed for data rates beyond 1 GHz. The description of the ASIC architecture and the results of measurements, in particular allmain functionalities/blocks i.e. ADC, PLL, SLVS and serializer will be presented.
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The Timepix3 readout chip: design, tests and first measurements with silicon sensors
Author: Massimiliano De Gaspari1
Co-authors: Andre Konrad Kruth 2; Christoph Brezina 3; Francesco Zappon 4; Klaus Desch 2; Martin Van Beuzekom 5; Michael Campbell 1; Ruud Kluit 6; Tuomas Sakari Poikela 7; Vladimir Gromov 5; Vladimir Zivkovic 8; Xavi Llopart Cudie 1; Yunan Fu
1 CERN 2 University of Bonn 3 University Bonn 4 Nikhef 5 NIKHEF (NL) 6 Nikhef (NL) 7 University of Turku (FI) 8 NIKHEF Institute
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Timepix3 is a unique ASIC developed to provide fast readout in a low to medium hit rate environment. The pixel matrix consists of 256x256 pixels with a pitch of 55μm. The chip can be configured ineither data driven or frame-based modes. In data driven mode the chip sends out a 48-bit package every time a pixel is hit while the shutter is open. This packet contains 18bits of Time-Of-Arrival and 10bits of Time-Over-Threshold (TOT). In data driven mode the chip can cope with a hit rateupto 40MHits/s/cm2. The finest arrival time resolution is 1.56ns. The chip can also be usedinaframe- based mode providing either the same hit information as in the data driven mode or simultaneous event counting and integral TOT information per pixel. Recently, the first Timepix3 chips bump bonded to a 300 m thick Silicon sensor became available. In this talk the chip and its most important design features will be introduced. Test results of the stand-alone chip will be shown, together with the first measurements obtained using assemblies with sensor.
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Recent Status of Front-end Electronics for DEPFET pixel detec- tors for Belle-II
Author: Tetsuichi Kishishita1 Co-authors: Carlos Marinas 1; Florian Lütticke 1; Hans Krüger 1; Leonard Germic 1; Mikhail Lemarenko 2; Norbert Wermes 2; Tomasz Hemperek 2
1 University of Bonn 2 Universitaet Bonn (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The Belle II experiment, which will start after 2015 at the Super-KEKB accelerator in Japan, willfocus on the precision measurement of the CP-violation mechanism and on the search for physics beyond the Standard Model. To cope with considerably increased background, a pixel vertex detector (PXD) based on DEPFET technology has been developed. The PXD consists of two layers of DEPFET sensor modules located at 1.8 and 2.2 cmradii.Each module has a sensitive area, which is thinned down to 75 μm and steered with three types of ASICs: Switcher, Drain Current Digitizer (DCD) and Data Handling Processor (DHP). Switcher chips are designed to steer the pixel matrix of the sensitive area. The DCD chips digitize the drain current coming from the pixels. All ASICs will be directly bump-bonded to the balcony of the all-silicon DEPFET module. Its excellent spatial resolution (in the order of several microns) and low material budget was one of the decisive factors determining the choice of this technology for the first time. We report on the current status of the front-end electronics development, including the recent results from the first full-scale module prototype and chip testing.
Summary: The Belle-II pixel detector (PXD) has been developed based on DEPFET technology. The PXD requires three types of steering front-end electronics, and the development of the Data Handling Processor (DHP) is currently imperative. The DHP is designed to steer the readout from the DEPFET matrix bysending the control signals to the other two chips and sending the data off the module to the back-end data handling hybrid over a 15 m long electrical output link with a rate of 1.6 Gbps. Such high performance constraints for the digital data processing make the DHP implementation extremely challenging. Sev- eral conceptual solutions for the digital data processing blocks were proposed and implemented. Cur- rently, three prototype DHPs have been produced with different technology and the first production version designed with a 65-nm standard CMOS technology has been delivered. The chip is currently under testing and is expected to be the production chip version, suitable for assembly on PXD modules.
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SPACIROC3: A Front-End Readout ASIC for JEM-EUSO cosmic ray observatory
Author: Sylvie BLIN1 Co-authors: Camille moretto 2; Christophe de LA TAILLE 1; Damien thienpont 1; Frederic DULUCQ 1; Hiroko miyamoto 2; Jeanne tongbong 1; Julio Rabanal 2; Pierre BARRILLON 2; Sylvie DAGORET-CAMPAGNE 2
1 OMEGA Ecole Polytechnique&CNRS/IN2P3 2 CNRS/IN2P3/LAL
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The SPACIROC ASIC is designed for the JEM-EUSO fluorescence-imaging telescope on boardofthe International Space Station. Its goal is the detection of Extreme Air Showers (EAS) above a few 10^19 eV, developing underneath at a distance of about 400 km, in the troposphere. The SPACIROC family is dedicated to readout 64-channel Multi Anode PMT (MAPMT) or similar detectors. The two main features of this ASIC are the photon counting for each input and the charge-to-time (Q-to-T)
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conversions for each 8-channel sum. In the photon counting mode, the 100% trigger efficiency is achieved for 1/3 photo-electron (pe) input charges and in order to avoid pile-up in case of a large flux of photons, the double pulse resolution is required to be shorter than 10ns. For the Q-to-Tcon- verter, the ASIC should operate in a large dynamic range (1pe to 100pe per pixel). The operating conditions of JEM-EUSO require having low power dissipation (1mW/channel). High-speed perfor- mances with low power are obtained thanks to the SiGe technology used for the ASIC. This ASIC has been submitted in three successive versions: SPACIROC1, which showed globalgood behavior, has been used to equip the EUSO-BALLON instrument. The second version was a con- servative design to improve performances and decrease power consumption. The third version has been designed to improve the double pulse separation and to increase the charge dynamic range thanks to new front end architecture. The design and performances (with and without MAPMT) of the third version of SPACIROCare presented in TIPP2014 paper.
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128 channel waveform sampling digitizer/readout in the TOP counter for the Belle II upgrade
Author: Matthew Andrew1 Co-authors: Brian Kirby 2; Gary Varner 1; James Bynes 1; Kurtis Nishimura 3
1 University of Hawaii 2 University of Hawaii at Manoa 3 SLAC
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Extremely fast timing from Micro-Channel Plate PhotoMultiplier Tubes (MCP-PMTs) and multi-gigasample per second (GSa/s) waveform sampling ASICs will allow precision timing to play a pivotal role in the next-generation of Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors. We have developed a second prototype of the electronics to instrument the Time of Propagation (TOP) counter for the Belle II detector at KEK in Tsukuba, Japan. The front-end electronics modules consist of an array of waveform sampling / digitizing ASICs controlled by FPGAs with embedded microprocessor cores. The ASICs digitize amplified signals from an array of multi-anode MCP-PMTs coupled to a quartz radiator bar. Unwanted artifacts in the data are corrected with digital signal processing and feature-extraction on the front-end. Readout and control are done via multi-gigabit per second fiber optic links to a custom back-end. A previous generation of these modules has been running in a prototype Focusing Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov (fDIRC) counter mounted in a Cosmic-Ray Stand (CRT) at SLAC continuously for over 12 months. The most recent version was taken to a beam testat SPring-8/LEPS in Japan in mid-2013. These experiences have influenced the design of the next set of ASICs and PCBs for the front-end, and we will present details on the latest generation.
Summary: We will present details on the latest generation of the front-end electronics (amplifiers, ASIC, FPGA/SoC, PCBs) in the TOP counter for the Belle II upgrade at KEK in Tsukuba, Japan.
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Vertex-Detector R&D for CLIC
Author: Dominik Dannheim1
1 CERN
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CLIC vertex detector must have excellent spatial resolution, full geometrical coverage extending to low polar angles, extremely low mass, low occupancy facilitated by time-tagging, and sufficient heat removal from sensors and readout. These considerations, together with the physics needs and beam structure of CLIC, push the technological requirements to the limits and imply a very different vertex detector than the ones currently in use elsewhere. A detector concept based on hybrid planar pixel-detector technology is under development for the CLIC vertex detector. It comprises fast, low- power and small-pitch readout ASICs implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology (CLICpix) coupled to ultra-thin sensors via low-mass interconnects. The power dissipation of the readout chips is reduced by means of power pulsing, allowing for a cooling system based on forced gas flow. In this talk, the CLIC vertex-detector requirements are reviewed and the current status of R&D on sensors, readout and detector integration is presented.
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A New Generation of Charge Integrating ADC (QIE) for the CMS HCAL Upgrade
Author: Elliot Hughes1
1 Rutgers, State Univ. of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CMS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will upgrade the photodetection and readout systems of its hadron calorimeter (HCAL) through the second long shutdown of the LHC in 2018. A central feature of this upgrade is the development of two new versions of the QIE (Charge Integrating Encoder), a Fermilab-designed custom ASIC for measurement of charge from detectors in high-rate environments. These most recent additions to the QIE family feature 3fC sensitivity, 17-bits of dynamic range with logarithmic response, a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) with sub-nanosecond resolution all with 16 bits of readout per bunch crossing. The device is capable of dead-timeless operation at 40 MHz, making it ideal for calorimetry at the LHC. We present bench measurements and integration studies that characterize the performance, radiation tolerance measurements, and plans for deployment in the upgraded CMS detector.
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The TDCPix ASIC: Tracking for the NA62 GigaTracker
Author: Matthew Noy1 Co-authors: Alex Kluge 1; Gianluca Aglieri Rinella 1; Jan Kaplon 1; Karolina Poltorak 2; Lukas Perktold 3; Michel Morel 1; Sandro Bonacini 1
1 CERN 2 AGH University of Science and Technology (PL)
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3 Graz University of Technology (AT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The TDCPix is a hybrid pixel detector readout ASIC designed forthe NA62 GigaTracker detector. The requirements are a single-hit timing resolution better than 200ps RMS, a hit loss of less than 1%inthe presence of a (highly non-uniform) beam rate up to 1MHz/cm^2. This hit rate leads to an expected data rate at the output of the chip which can reach 6Gb/s. The TDCPix comprises an asynchronously operating pixel array of40 columns of 45 pixels, each 300 microns x 300 microns. This is instrumented with 40 Delay Locked Loop based time-to-digital converters connected to data buffering and concentrating logic. The read-out uses four 3.2Gb/s serialisers with the high speed clock being provided by a low-noise on-chip PLL. The high data rates negate the possibility of buffering whilst awaiting a trigger, thus aself triggering architecture has been adopted. All configuration and state logic in the design deemed critical for the correct operation of the chip has been triplicated to provide increased single event effect tolerance. A number of on-chip digital-to-analogue converters provide threshold generation and trimming and are configurable through a single-signal configuration interface. The configuration and DAQ interfaces include a DC-balanced protocol layer permitting direct optical connections when the ASIC is installed in the experiment. Dedicated calibration circuitry is included to enable the required timing resolution to be reached. The chip has been manufactured in a commercial 130nm process and testing is underway. A detailed description of the architecture and performance results will be presented.
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PETIROC2 : 32 ch SiGe SiPM readout ASIC for GHz time and charge measurement
Author: Christophe De La Taille1
Co-authors: Damien Thienpont 2; FREDERIC DULUCQ 3; Gisele Martin Chassard 4; Jeanne TONGBONG 5; Julien Fleury 6; Ludovic Raux 7; Nathalie Seguin-Moreau 8; Salleh Ahmad 9; Stéphane Callier 10; Sylvie Blin 5
1 OMEGA CNRS/IN2P3 et Ecole Polytechnique (FR) 2 IN2P3/OMEGA 3 CNRS/IN2P3 4 OMEGA (FR) 5 CNRS 6 WEEROC 7 OMEGA IN2P3 8 IN2P3 & Ecole Polutechnique (FR) 9 WEEROC FRANCE 10 OMEGA / IN2P3 - CNRS
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
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PETIROC2 is a 32 channel readout ASIC for high speed readout of SiPM matrixes. It features a 1 GHz 20 dB preamp followed by 1 GHz high speed discriminator and time-to-amplitude converter to measure the time down to 50 ps. A variable shaper channel measures the charge over 10 bits and also feeds a discriminator for high level signal trigger. The time and charge signals are digitized internally so that the chips can output only digital signals. The ASIC is realize in SiGe 0.35um technology and takes largely advantage of the SiGe bipolar transis- tors to achieve GHz bandwidhts at a few mW power/channel. The chip was submitted in november 13 and is presently at dicing, experimental results will be available at the conference.
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Design of a Low-Noise, Charge Sensitive Amplifier for MCP-PMT Detector Readout
Author: Michael Cooney1 Co-authors: Gary Varner 1; Harley Cumming 1; John Vallerga 2; Rick Raffanti 3; Seljak Andrej 1
1 University of Hawai’i at Manoa 2 University of California, Berkeley 3 Techne Instruments
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Readout of micro-channel plate detectors using cross strip anodes require low noise, fast charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) front-end electronics. The goal of this CSA project is to improve noiseand shaping time from the “PreShape32” amplifier ASIC of the RD-20 collaboration at CERN, presently used in the readout system. A target noise of 100e- + 50e-/pF (<1000e- noise overall) with <100ns shaping time is desired. Overall gain should be better than 5mV/fC. Two amplifiers have been man- ufactured and tested (CSAv1 and CSAv2) with a third presently being designed. All have been de- signed using a 130nm IBM CMOS process.
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10 Gb/s Radiation-Hard VCSEL Array Driver
Author: Kock Kiam Gan1
1 Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Planned upgrades to the LHC at CERN will increase its energy and luminosity. These advancements will require increasing the optical data communication bandwidth to fully exploit the accelerator and detector upgrades. This require much increased per-fiber output data rates of up to 10 Gb/s. While10 Gb/s optical links are mature in industry, as yet there are none that have sufficient radiation hardness for the most challenging HEP deployments. We will present results from an R&D project to produce a radiation-hard VCSEL driver ASIC capable of 10 Gb/s operation per-channel. Commercial VCSEL arrays operating at 10 Gb/s are now readily available and have been proven to be radiation-hard in previous studies. Thus, the ultimate goal of the R&D is to develop an ASIC that contains a12-channel array of 10 Gb/s VCSEL drivers. However, at this stage in our R&D we are targeting fabrication of a preliminary four-channel test chip in a 65 nm CMOS process. The four channels in the ASIC willbe used to qualify the performance and radiation hardness of different driver topologies before settling on a preferred topology for the 12-channel ASIC. The ASIC will include an 8-bit DAC and bandgap reference to be used for remotely controlling the VCSEL bias and modulation currents. We will present the circuit designs of the four-driver topologies included within the ASIC along with results from extracted layout simulations.
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A High-Speed Electron Beam Profile Monitor for the Synchrotron Radiation Source
Author: Aleksandr Kotelnikov1
Co-authors: Aleksandr Khilchenko 1; Alina Ivanova 1; Andrey Kvashnin 1; Ekaterina Puryga 1; Oleg Meshkov 1; Peter Zubarev 1; Svetlana Ivanenko 1
1 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The real-time processing of the electron beam parameters is a necessary procedure to optimize the key characteristics of the synchrotron radiation source using feedback loops. The actual problem is to study multi-bunch beam instabilities. To solve this problem a high-speed electron beam profile monitor is developed. This device includes a photodetector unit and signal recorder. The photode- tector unit is bult on a photodiode strip consisting of 16 integrated avalanche photodiodes. Electric pulses from the photodiodes are fed to inputs of analog integrators. The integrator is designed for input pulse repetition rate of 200 MHz. The 16-channel signal recorder fixes the integrals values, performs their 12-bit analog-to-digital conversion and buffering in the internal 3 Gb memory. The accumulated data is transferred via Ethernet 100BASE-T. The device described must continuously implement 15625000 measurements of the vertical or horizontal electron beam profile at 16 points with a time resolution of 5 ns.
Summary: The electron beam quality determines the main synchrotron radiation characteristics therefore beam diagnostics is of great importance for synchrotron radiation source performance. The real-time process- ing of the electron beam parameters is a necessary procedure to optimize the key characteristics of the source using feedback loops. The frequency of electron beam turning in the synchrotron storage ring is about 1 MHz. In multi-bunch mode electrons are grouped into a series of bunches. The bunch repetition frequency depends on the total number of bunches and usually reaches hundreds of MHz. The actual problem is to study multi- bunch beam instabilities. To solve this problem a high-speed electron beam profile monitor is developed. This device includes a photodetector unit and signal recorder. The photodetector unit is bult on a photodiode strip consisting of 16 integrated avalanche photodiodes. It takes the radiation intensity distribution on the electron beam profile. Electric pulses from the photodiodes are fed to inputs of analog integrators. The integrator operates continuously without reset between two adjacent pulses. Varying continuously the integrator output level consistently takes the value of the every input pulse integral. This technique improves the integrator performance. The integrator is designed for input pulse repetition rate of 200 MHz.The 16-channel signal recorder fixes the integrals values, performs their 12-bit analog-to-digital conversion and buffering in the internal 3 Gb memory. The accumulated data is transferred via Ethernet 100BASE- T. The device design has been completed. The program shell developing is in progress. The prototypeof the analog integrator has been tested. The next stage is the whole device prototyping and testing at Siberia-2 which has a close bunch repetition frequency of 181.6 MHz. The device described must con- tinuously implement 15625000 measurements of the vertical or horizontal electron beam profile at 16 points with a time resolution of 5 ns.
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Frontend Electronics for high-precision single photo-electron tim- ing
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Authors: Matteo Cardinali1; Matthias Hoek1
1 Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz
Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected]
High-precision single photon timing with resolutions well below 100 ps is becoming increasingly important. It enables new detector designs, like the Time-of-Propagation DIRC of Belle II, or the TORCH upgrade for LHCb, and to improve existing designs, e.g. allow chromatic corrections in DIRCs. These applications have in common a high channel density, limited available space andlow power consumption. We report on Frontend Electronics developed for the PANDA Barrel DIRC. The customised design utilises high-bandwidth pre-amplifiers and fast discriminators providing LVDS output signals which can be directly fed into the TRBv3 readout using FPGA-TDCs with a precision better than 20ps RMS. The discriminators also provide Time-over-Threshold (ToT) information which can be used forwalk corrections thus improving the obtainable timing resolution. Two types of cards, optimised for reading out 64-channel Photonis Planacon MCP-PMTs, were tested: one based on the NINO ASIC and the other, called PADIWA, on FPGA-based discriminators. Both types feature 16 channels per card, thus requiring four cards to read out one 64-channel MCP-PMT. Power consumption for the complete readout of one Planacon MCP-PMT is approx. 10W for the NINO FEE and approx. 5W for the PADIWA FEE. The timing performance of the cards was tested with a fast laser system and also in a testexperiment at the MAMI accelerator in Mainz using a small DIRC prototype to image Cherenkov patterns. In both cases, using the ToT information, a timing resolution of better than 100ps was found for the complete readout chain.
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A serializer ASIC of 16 Gb/s for data transmission over fiber for detector front-end readout in a particle experiment
Author: Jingbo Ye1 Co-authors: Datao Gong 2; Tiankuan Liu 3; Xiaoting Li 2
1 Southern Methodist University, Department of Physics 2 Department of Physics, SMU 3 Southern Methodist University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We report an ASIC development based on a commercial 0.25-micron silicon-on-sapphire CMOS tech- nology. This ASIC is a dual channel serializer sharing one LC-PLL with 8 Gb/s each channelanda total data throughput of 16 Gb/s for each chip. The prototype packaged in QFN is measured from 7.2 to 8.5 Gb/s each channel, limited by the tuning range of the PLL. This design is for an optical link that is under development to read out the front-end board in the trigger upgrade of the Liquid Argon Calorimeter (LAr) in ATLAS. We will present design details and prototype measurement results. We will also discuss the experience on the QFN package for high-speed signals.
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CLARO-CMOS: a fast, low power and radiation-hard front-end ASIC for single-photon counting in 0.35 micron CMOS technol- ogy
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Author: Massimiliano Fiorini1 Co-authors: Andrea Giachero 2; Angelo Cotta Ramusino 1; Claudio Gotti 2; Eleonora Luppi 1; Gianluigi Pessina 2; Lorenzo Cassina 2; Luca Tomassetti 3; Matteo Maino 2; Mirco Andreotti 4; Paolo Carniti 2; Roberto Calabrese 1; Roberto Malaguti 5; Wander Baldini 1
1 Universita di Ferrara (IT) 2 Universita & INFN, Milano-Bicocca (IT) 3 University of Ferrara and INFN 4 INFN Ferrara 5 INFN Sezione di Ferrara
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The CLARO-CMOS is a prototype ASIC that allows fast photon counting with 5 ns peaking time,a recovery time to baseline smaller than 25 ns, and a power consumption of about 1 mW per channel. This chip is capable of single-photon counting with multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (Ma-PMTs), and finds applications also in the read-out of silicon photomultipliers and microchannel plates.The prototype is realized in AMS 0.35 micron CMOS technology. In the LHCb RICH environment, over ten years of operation at the nominal luminosity expected after the upgrade in Long Shutdown 2, the ASIC must withstand a total fluence of about 6x10^12 1 MeV neq/cm2 and a total ionizing dose of 400 krad. A systematic evaluation of the radiation effects on the CLARO-CMOS performance is therefore crucial to ensure long-term stability of the electronics front-end. The results of multi-step irradiation tests with neutrons up to the fluence of 10^14 1 MeVneq/cm^2, with protons up to the dose of 8 Mrad and with X-rays up to the dose of 8 Mrad are presented, includ- ing measurement of single event effects during irradiation and chip performance evaluation before and after each irradiation step. In addition, systematic tests have been done on the single-photon counting performance of the CLARO-CMOS coupled to a Hamamatsu R11265 Ma-PMT, that is the baseline solution for the up- graded LHCb RICH photo-detectors. Such results are presented as well.
Summary: The CLARO-CMOS is a prototype ASIC primarily designed for single-photon counting with multi-anode photomultipliers (Ma-PMTs). The chip allows fast photon counting up to 40 MHz with power consump- tion in the order of 1 mW per channel. It was developed in the framework of the LHCb RICH detectors upgrade at CERN, but also found application in the readout of Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and microchannel plates (MCP-PMTs) [1,2]. The prototype has four channels, each made of a charge amplifier with settable gain (3bits)anda comparator with settable threshold (5 bits) that allow tuning the response of the chip to the gainspread of the PMT pixels. The threshold can be set just above noise to allow an efficient single-photon counting with Ma-PMTs. In the readout of SiPMs, the threshold can be set above the single photon signals, allowing to count events with two or more photoelectrons with high efficiency and good separation of the photoelectron peaks. The prototype is realized in a 0.35 micron CMOS technology. In the LHCb RICH environment, overten years of operation at the nominal luminosity for the upgrade, the ASIC must withstand a total fluence of about 6x10^12 1 MeV neq/cm^2 and a total ionizing dose of 400 krad. We present results of multi-step irradiation tests with neutrons up to the fluence of 10^14 1 MeV neq/cm^2, with protons up to the dose of 8 Mrad and with X-rays up to the dose of 8 Mrad. Dur- ing irradiation, cumulative effects on the performance of the analog parts of the chip and single event effects (SEE) were evaluated. The chips were biased continuously and the chip threshold voltageswere measured regularly, in order to detect possible single event upsets (SEUs) affecting the threshold DAC settings. Power consumption was also monitored online, and an additional circuit provided protection against Single Event Latchup (SEL). A picture of one of the irradiation setups can be seen in Figure 1. S-curves were measured before and after each irradiation step, to follow the evolution of counting efficiency, threshold shifts and noise during the irradiation.
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Figure 1. Picture of the setup used to irradiate three CLARO-CMOS chips at the neutron irradiation line of the Université Catholique de Louvain Cyclotron Facility (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium). The visible cables are used for powering and configuring the chips, monitoring single event effects on-line and measuring chips performance.
The electrical performances of the CLARO-CMOS chip coupled to the Hamamatsu R11265 Ma-PMTare presented as well. For these tests a dedicated PCB was designed to connect the chips to the Ma-PMT with minimal contribution of parasitic capacitances at the input, and allowed to obtain very low noise and crosstalk. This readout scheme simulates the baseline read-out solution for the upgraded RICH detectors of the LHCb experiment. To mimic the conditions expected in the upgraded LHCb RICH environment, single photons in the blue range were generated using LED and diode laser. The speed of the CLARO signals and the low power consumption were demonstrated. Single-photon spectra from the Ma-PMT pixels were nicely reconstructed with a threshold scan, showing that the binary outputs allow precise characterization of the Ma-PMT. Also, crosstalk between neighboring pixels was shown to be negligible.
References:
1 P. Carniti et al., “CLARO-CMOS, a very low power ASIC for fast photon counting with pixellated photodetectors”, Journal of Instrumentation 7 (2012) P11026
[2] P. Carniti et al., “CLARO-CMOS, an ASIC for single photon counting with Ma-PMTs, MCPs and SiPMs”, Journal of Instrumentation 8 (2013) C01029
III.b Trigger & DAQ / 73
The Phase-1 Upgrade of the ATLAS First Level Calorimeter Trig- ger
Author: Ivana Radoslavova Hristova1
1 Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The level1 calorimeter trigger (L1Calo) of the ATLAS experiment has been operating effectively since the start of LHC data taking, and has played a major role in the discovery of the Higgs boson. To face the new challenges posed by the upcoming increases of the LHC proton beam energy and lumi- nosity, a series of upgrades is planned for L1Calo. An initial upgrade (Phase0) is scheduled to be ready for the start of the second LHC run in 2015, and a further more substantial upgrade (Phase1) is planned to be installed during the LHC shutdown expected in 2018. The calorimeter trigger aims to identify electrons, photons, taus and hadronic jets. It also determines total and missing transverse energy and can further analyse the event topology using a dedicated system incorporating information from both calorimeter and muon triggers. This paper presents the Phase1 hardware trigger developments which exploit a tenfold increase inthe available calorimeter data granularity when compared to that of the current system. The calorimeter signals will be received via optical fibers and distributed to two distinct processing systems. Those systems implement sliding window algorithms and quasi offline algorithms to achieve object recon- struction and identification. The algorithms are implemented on high density electronics boards which make use of recent developments in high speed data transmission and FPGA technology. The presentation reviews the physics impact along with the current status of the hardware design and early prototypes and demonstrator boards.
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Sharing high speed optical data transmission links with Slow Con- trol stream
Author: Zhen-An Liu1
1 IHEP
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
An unified overall readout and optical high speed data transmission, called Belle2link, has been designed for use between Front-End electronics of all sub-detectors and the backend data acquisition in the Belle II experiment at KEK, Japan. These links provide not only a good electrical isolation, but also a bidirectional centralized data collection and command distribution. Further more the capacity of the gigabit fiber is far more than be needed, which stimulated us a idea to share the high speeddata link with the slow control function(detector parameters setting). In addition to the description of belle2link in TIPP2011, this talk describes in detail about the relization of this slow control, including parameter setting in frontend electronics, combining slow control data in FE part with and separating slow control data in BE part from detector physics data, data priority management, single command mode and batch commands mode implementation. Tests made with drift chamber and silicon vertex detector systems are provided together with results and discussions.
Summary: The Belle2link, an unified overall readout with optical high speed data transmission shared withslow control functionality of detector parameter control has been designed for the Belle II experiment at KEK, Japan. A model system based on drift chamber system was successful and tt has been accepted bythe collaboration. System for Drift Chamber had passed with cosmic ray test and beam test, systemfor Silicon Virtex Detector is now under beam test at DESY, Germany which showed also a success. Imple- mentation and tests to other systems are under going.
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Tracking at High Level Trigger in CMS
Author: Mia Tosi1
1 Universita’ degli Studi di Padova e INFN (IT)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The trigger systems of the LHC detectors play a crucial role in determining the physics capabili- ties of the experiments. A reduction of several orders of magnitude of the event rate is needed to reach values compatible with detector readout, offline storage and analysis capability. TheCMS experiment has been designed with a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 Trigger (L1T), imple- mented on custom-designed electronics, and the High Level Trigger (HLT), a streamlined version of the CMS offline reconstruction software running on a computer farm. A software trigger system requires a trade-off between the complexity of the algorithms, the sustainable output rate, andthe selection efficiency. With the computing power available during the 2012 data taking the maximum reconstruction time at HLT was about 200 ms per event, at the nominal L1T rate of 100 kHz. Track reconstruction algorithms are widely used in the HLT, for the reconstruction of the physics objects as well as in the identification of b-jets and lepton isolation. Reconstructed tracks are also usedto distinguish the primary vertex, which identifies the hard interaction process, from the pileup ones. This task is particularly important in the LHC environment given the large number of interactions per bunch crossing: on average 25 in 2012, and expected to be around 40 in Run II. We will present the performance of HLT tracking algorithms, discussing its impact on CMS physics programme, as well as new developments done towards the next data taking in 2015.
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Design and development of the Power Supply Board within the Digital Optical Module in KM3NeT
Author: Anastasios Belias1
Co-author: Konstantinos Manolopoulos 1
1 NCSR Demokritos
Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected]
KM3NeT is a deep-sea neutrino telescope of very large scale (several km3) to be deployed and oper- ated in the Mediterranean Sea. Neutrino-induced charged particles are detected by measuring their Cherenkov light in sea-water, using photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) inside transparent and pressure resistant spherical enclosures. The aim is to instrument several km3 of sea volume with tens of thousands of optical sensors, con- nected to the shore through electro-optical cables up to 100km. The KM3NeT collaboration has successfully developed an optical sensor, the Digital Optical Module (DOM), by placing 31, 3-inch PMTs in a 17-inch glass sphere along with the readout electronics. Each DOM is supplied power through a high voltage (400 VDC) line from the shore, converted to low voltage (12 VDC) before entering the DOM. The Power Supply Board (PB), situated inside the DOM, is used to produce seven voltage rails as required by the DOM electronic modules. This paper summarizes the design considerations of the PB and the results of the trial runs so far. Efficiency, testing, manufacturing and reliability issues are also addressed in connection to the project overall objectives.
III.b Trigger & DAQ / 9
The LHCb trigger system: performance and outlook
Authors: Gerhard Raven1; Johannes Albrecht2; Vladimir Gligorov3
1 NIKHEF (NL) 2 Technische Universitaet Dortmund (DE) 3 CERN
Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
The LHCb experiment is a spectrometer dedicated to the study of heavy flavor at the LHC.Therate of proton-proton collisions at the LHC is 15 MHz, of which only 5 kHz can be written to storage for offline analysis. For this reason the trigger system plays a key role in selecting signal eventsand rejecting background. In contrast to previous experiments at hadron colliders, the bulk of the LHCb trigger is implemented in software and deployed on a farm of 20k parallel processing nodes. This system, called the High Level Trigger (HLT) is responsible for reducing the rate from the maximum at which the detector can be read out, 1.1 MHz, to the 5 kHz which can be processed offline. The inherent flexibility of this software trigger allowed LHCb to run at twice its design luminosity in2012. Simultaneously, the HLT performed far beyond the nominal design in terms of signal efficiencies, in particular for charm physics. It also showcased a number of pioneering concepts, for example: the deployment of an inclusive multivariate B-hadron tagger as the main physics trigger of the experiment, buffering of events to local disks, and simulation-free event-by-event trigger efficiency corrections. This talk will cover the design and performance of the LHCb trigger system, and discuss planned improvements beyond LS1 as well as plans for the LHCb upgrade trigger.
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A specialized processor for track reconstruction at the LHC cross- ing rate
Author: Diego Tonelli1
Co-authors: Alessio Piucci 2; Andrea Abba 3; Angelo Geraci 4; Daniele Ninci 5; Francesco Caponio 3; Franco Bedeschi 2; Franco Spinella 2; Giovanni Punzi 2; Luciano Ristori 6; Marco Petruzzo 7; Mauro Citterio 3; Michael Joseph Morello 8; Nicola Neri 3; Pietro Marino 2; Simone Stracka 2; alberto 4
1 CERN 2 Sezione di Pisa (IT) 3 Università degli Studi e INFN Milano (IT) 4 Politecnico di Milano & INFN Milano 5 INFN Pisa 6 INFN and Fermilab 7 INFN Milano 8 SNS and INFN-Pisa
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
We present the results of an R\&D study for a specialized processor capable of precisely reconstruct- ing events with hundreds of charged-particle tracks in pixel detectors at 40 MHz, thus suitable for processing LHC events at the full crossing frequency. For this purpose we design and test a massively parallel pattern-recognition algorithm, inspired by studies ofthe processing of visual images by the brain as it happens in nature. We find that high-quality track- ing in large detectors is possible with sub-microsecond latencies if the algorithm is implemented in modern, high-speed, high-bandwidth FPGA devices.
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Development of MTCA/xTCA/ATCA based instrumentation for partical physics at IHEP
Author: Zhen-An LIU1
1 I
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
This talk briefs the development of instrumentation for particle physics experiment based onthe ATCA/MTCA/xTCA specifications. Examples includes hardware for LLRF, Compute Node(ATCA compatible) for PANDA experiment, Lumird for BESIII Luminosity readout, Compute Node(xTCA compatible) for DEPFET/PXD detector, digitizer and trigger for TREND experiment. discussion on the back-end readout electronics trend is discussed.
Summary: As one of the 4 sponsor labs(DESY,FNAL,IHEP,SLAC) of the new standard–”xTCA for Physics”, short- aed as xTCA, IHEP/Triglab deeply envolved in the development of the backend instrument for pariticle physics. Experience has been gained with acceptance by experiments and/or usage. More detailed in- formation will be given
III.b Trigger & DAQ / 377
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The CERN NA62 experiment: Trigger and Data Acquisition
Author: Jacopo Pinzino1
Co-authors: Bruno Angelucci 1; Elena Pedreschi 1; Franco Spinella 1; Gianluca Lamanna 1; Marco Sozzi 1; Riccardo Fantechi 1; Roberto Piandani 1; Stefano Venditti 2
1 Sezione di Pisa (IT) 2 CERN
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The main goal of the NA62 experiment at CERN is to measure the Branching Ratio (BR) oftheultra- rare decay of a charged kaon into a charged pion and two neutrinos (K+→π+νν). It aims to collect about 100 events in two years of data taking and to test the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SM), using the positive charged proton beam provided by SPS accelerator. The key issues are readout uniformity of sub-detectors, scalability, efficient online selection andloss- less high-rate readout. The TDCB and the TEL62 boards are the common blocks of the fully digital Trigger and Data Acquisition system (TDAQ) and they will be used for most sub-detectors in the high-flux rare decay experiment. TDCBs measure hit times for sub-detectors, TEL62s process and store them in a buffer, extract- ing only those requested by the trigger system, which merges trigger primitives also produced by TEL62s. The complete dataflow and firmware organization are described.
Summary: The NA62 experiment at the CERN SPS aims at measuring the ultra-rare kaon decay K+→π+ννasa highly sensitive test of the Standard Model (SM) and a search for New Physics. The detection of this process is very challenging due to the smallness of the signal and the presenceofa very large background, therefore a very low undetected DAQ inefficiency, below 10–8, is an important issue. NA62 aims to collect about 100 signal events in 2 years of running. There are several detectors distributed before, along and after the 65 m long fiducial decay region:among the main ones GTK and STRAW are used for K+ and π+ tracking, CEDAR and RICH for particle identi- fication while LAV, LKR and MUV to veto photons, positrons and muons. A scintillator hodoscope (CHOD) acts as a fast timing and trigger device. The devices used for this purpose are a general-purpose trigger and data acquisition board (TEL62)and its mezzanine cards (TDCB) hosting high-performance TDC chips. The TDCB houses 4 HPTDC chips developed at CERN, each HPTDC provides 32 TDC channels operat- ing in fully digital mode at 98 ps LSB resolution, with some internal buffering for multi-hit capability and a trigger-matching logic allowing the extraction of hits in selected time windows. The TDCs produce two 32 bit-long words for each LVDS signal in each channel, one word forthetime of the leading edge of the pulse and one for its trailing edge. The data are then buffered before being read periodically by the on-board FPGA, which adds atime- stamp and a counter to the data stream and addresses it to the TEL62. Several other features are implemented in the TDCB firmware, including a TDC data simulator for test- ing purposes, the possibility of triggering front-end board calibration signals through an output line and the controller for two on-board 2 MB SRAM memories usable for monitoring or online processing. The TEL62, a highly-improved version of the TELL1 board developed by EPFL Lausanne fortheLHCb experiment, is the main device of the NA62 TDAQ: about 100 cards will be installed on the experiment. The board architecture is based on a star topology: 4 “Pre-Processing” (PP) Altera FPGAs are connected to a single “Sync-Link” (SL) Altera FPGA. The 4 PPs are directly connected to the 4 mezzanines, fora total of 512 input channels. The amount of data arriving from the TDCs can be up to a few tens ofMB/s per channel, depending on the sub-detector. Data are organized in packets, each one related to time frames of 6.4 us duration. The PP has the role of collecting and merging the data and later organizing them on the fly in a 2GB DDR2 memory, where each page is related to a single 6.4 us window. Inside the page data are packed using an optimized custom algorithm. Whenever a trigger arrives the data within a programmable number of 25 ns long time windows around the trigger timestamp are collected and sent to the SL. The data from the 4 PPs are merged and synchronized inside the SL, pre-processed and stored in a 1MB QDR SDRAM temporary buffer from which they are later extracted for formatting into data packets, which are sent through 4 Gigabit Ethernet links hosted on a custom daughter card to a computer farm that performs additional cuts and eventually writes events to permanent storage. Some detectors don’t use this common TDAQ system, like the Liquid Krypton (LKr) calorimeter and the silicon Gigatracker. The Liquid Krypton calorimeter will be readout by Calorimeter REAdout Modules (CREAMs) which
Page 102 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts providing 40 MHz 14 bit sampling for all 13248 calorimeter channels, data buffering, optional zero sup- pression and programmable trigger sums for the L0 Lkr calorimeter trigger processor, also based on TEL62 boards. The Gigatracker readout is based on the TDCpix ASIC designed to meet the requirements of thedetec- tor: the chip readout efficiency is expected to be larger than 99% and each of the readout hitsneedsto be time stamped with a resolution better than 200 ps rms. The design rate for the Level 0 (L0) trigger output is below 1 MHz (with 1 ms latency). After L0,data are moved to PCs, and further trigger levels are implemented in software. All electronic boards run on a common, centrally generated, free-running synchronous 40 MHz clock. The L0 trigger is fully digitally implemented, using the very same data which is subsequently readout,to avoid duplicating trigger and data acquisition branches and to allow accurate offline monitoring; a cen- tral trigger processor will asynchronously match the L0 trigger primitives generated with a good time resolution by a few fast sub-detectors, and dispatch a (synchronous) L0 signal to every board through the above mentioned clock distribution system. The system has been extensively tested at the end of 2012 during a technical runatCERN. The TALK board, a TEL62 multifunction daughter board, was used as L0 Trigger Processor (L0TP):it merges trigger primitives arriving from several subdetectors and sends trigger decisions back. The TALK board design was started by the need to provide a trigger interface between the TTC and the old NA48 trigger distribution system, in order to read the LKr calorimeter with the NA48 readout hardware dur- ing the technical run. Additional functions in the firmware have been added: driver for the calibration of the calorimeter, test bench controller for the characterization of the new CREAM boards for the LKr readout, and prototype of L0TP. The prototype L0TP implements the logic to receive both triggers based on synchronous logicpulses and primitive packets generated by TEL62s, which are received through some of its five Ethernet chan- nels. Communication with the PC is also done through an Ethernet interface. Besides the operation as a daughter board for the TEL62, a 6U VME frame to use the TALK board inside a VME crate was developed. In normal running system operation is driven centrally by the TDAQ management system; L0 triggers are dispatched to sub-detectors by the L0TP, with its Local Trigger Unit (LTU), a slightly mod- ified version of the ALICE LTU, that acts as transparent dispatcher of these triggers to the subdetector TTCex; the TTCex modules, built by CERN PH/ESE, do encode the clock and trigger signals onto optical fibres and send them to the readout modules. Sub-detector data frames are sent to a farm of PCs for further data reduction.
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First prototype of a silicon tracker using an ’artificial retina’ for fast track finding
Author: Nicola Neri1
Co-authors: Alessio Piuccio 2; Andrea Abba 1; Angelo Geraci 3; Diego Tonelli 4; Francesco Caponio 5; Franco Spinella 6; Giovanni Punzi 6; John Walsh 6; Luciano Ristori 7; Marco Petruzzo 8; Mauro Citterio 1; Mauro Monti 5; Michael Joseph Morello 9; Pietro Marino 6; Simone Coelli 5; Simone Stracka 6
1 Università degli Studi e INFN Milano (IT) 2 Unversita’ di Pisa & INFN Pisa 3 Politecnico di Milano & INFN Milano 4 CERN 5 INFN Milano 6 Sezione di Pisa (IT) 7 INFN and Fermilab 8 Universita’ di Milano & INFN Milano 9 SNS and INFN-Pisa
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
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We report on the R&D for a first prototype of a silicon tracker with trigger capabilities basedon a novel approach for fast track finding. The working principle is inspired from neurobiology, in particular by the processing of visual images by the brain as it happens in nature. It is based on extensive parallelization of data distribution and pattern recognition. In this work we report onthe design of a practical device that consist of a telescope based on single-sided silicon detectors; we describe the data acquisition system and the implementation of the track finding algorithms using available digital logic of commercial FPGA devices. Tracking performance and trigger capabilities of the device are discussed along with perspectives for future applications.
III.b Trigger & DAQ / 196
CMS Trigger Improvements towards Run II
Author: Muriel Vander Donckt1
1 Universite Claude Bernard-Lyon I (FR)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The trigger systems of the LHC detectors play a crucial role in determining the physics capabilities of the experiments. A reduction of several orders of magnitude of the event rate is needed to reach values compatible with detector readout, offline storage and analysis capability. The CMS experi- ment has been designed with a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 Trigger (L1T), implemented on custom-designed electronics, and the High Level Trigger (HLT), a streamlined version of the CMS offline reconstruction software running on a computer farm. Both systems need to provide aneffi- cient and fast selection of events, to keep the average write-out rate below 450Hz. For Run II, the doubling of both the center of mass energy to 13 TeV and the collision rate to 40 MHz, will imply increased cross sections and out-of-time pile-up. We will present the improvements brought to both L1T and HLT strategies to meet those new challenges.
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Boosting Event Building Performance using Infiniband FDR for the CMS Upgrade
Authors: Andrea Petrucci1; Andrew Kevin Forrest1; Luciano Orsini1 Co-authors: Andre Georg Holzner 2; Attila Racz 1; Aymeric Arnaud Dupont 1; Benjamin Stieger 1; Carlos Nunez Barranco Fernandez 1; Christian Deldicque 1; Christoph Paus 3; Christoph Schwick 1; Dominique Gigi 1; Emilio Meschi 1; Frank Glege 1; Frans Meijers 1; Georgiana Lavinia Darlea 3; Guillelmo Gomez Ceballos Retuerto 3; Hannes Sakulin 1; James Gordon Branson 2; Jan Veverka 3; Jeroen Hegeman 1; Konstanty Sumorok 3; Lorenzo Masetti 1; Marc Dobson 1; Marco Pieri 2; Olivier Chaze 1; Petr Zejdl 1; Remi Mommsen 4; Robert Gomez-Reino Garrido 1; Samim Erhan 5; Sergio Cittolin 2; Srecko Morovic 1; Tomasz Adrian Bawej 1; Ulf Behrens 6; Vivian O’Dell 4
1 CERN 2 Univ. of California San Diego (US) 3 Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (US) 4 Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (US) 5 Univ. of California Los Angeles (US) 6 DESY
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
As part of the CMS upgrade during CERN’s shutdown period (LS1), the CMS data acquisition sys- tem is incorporating Infiniband FDR technology to boost event building performance for operation from 2015 onwards. Infiniband promises to provide substantial increase in data transmission speeds
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compared to the older 1GE network used during the 2009-2013 LHC run. Several options exist to end user developers when choosing a foundation for software upgrades, including the uDAPL (DAT Collaborative) and Infiniband verbs libraries (OFED). Due to advances in technology, the CMSdata acquisition system will be able to achieve the required throughput of 100 kHz with increased event sizes while downsizing the number of nodes by using a combination of 10GE, 40GE and 56 GB Infini- band FDR. This paper presents the analysis and results of a comparison between GE and Infiniband solutions as well as a look at how they integrate into an event building architecture, while preserv- ing the portability, scalability, efficiency and the deterministic latency expected in a high enddata acquisition network.
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The new CMS DAQ system for run 2 of theLHC
Author: Frans Meijers1
Co-authors: Andre Georg Holzner 2; Andrea Petrucci 1; Andrew Kevin Forrest 3; Attila Racz 1; Aymeric Ar- naud Dupont 1; Benjamin Stieger 1; Carlos Nunez Barranco Fernandez 1; Christian Deldicque 1; Christoph Paus 4; Christoph Schwick 1; Dominique Gigi 1; Emilio Meschi 1; Frank Glege 1; Georgiana Lavinia Darlea 4; Guillelmo Gomez Ceballos Retuerto 4; Hannes Sakulin 1; James Gordon Branson 2; Jan Veverka 4; Jeroen Hegeman 1; Kon- stanty Sumorok 4; Lorenzo Masetti 1; Luciano Orsini 1; Marc Dobson 1; Marco Pieri 2; Olivier Chaze 1; Petr Zejdl 1; Remi Mommsen 5; Robert Gomez-Reino Garrido 1; Samim Erhan 6; Sergio Cittolin 2; Srecko Morovic 1; Tomasz Adrian Bawej 7; Ulf Behrens 8; Vivian O’Dell 5
1 CERN 2 Univ. of California San Diego (US) 3 University of Kent (GB) 4 Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (US) 5 Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (US) 6 Univ. of California Los Angeles (US) 7 Warsaw University of Technology (PL) 8 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The data acquisition system (DAQ) of the CMS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider assem- bles events at a rate of 100 kHz, transporting event data at an aggregate throughput of 100 GByte/s to the high level trigger (HLT) farm. The HLT farm selects interesting events for storage and offline analysis at a rate of around 1 kHz. The DAQ system has been redesigned during the accelerator shutdown in 2013/14. The motivation is twofold: Firstly, the current compute nodes, networking, and storage infrastructure will have reached the end of their lifetime by the time the LHC restarts. Secondly, in order to handle higher LHC luminosities and event pileup, a number of sub-detectors will be upgraded, increasing the number of readout channels and replacing the off-detector readout electronics with a μTCA implementation. The new architecture will take advantage of the latest developments in the computing industry. For data concentration, 10/40 Gbit Ethernet technologies will be used, as well as an implementation of a reduced TCP/IP in FPGA for a reliable transport between custom electronics and commercial computing hardware. A 56 Gbps Infiniband FDR CLOS network has been chosen for the event builder with a throughput of ~4 Tbps. The HLT processing is entirely file based. This allows the DAQ and HLT systems to be independent, and to usethesame framework for the HLT as for the offline processing. The fully built events are sent to the HLTwith 1/10/40 Gbit Ethernet via network file systems. Hierarchical collection of HLT accepted events and monitoring meta-data are stored into a global file system. This paper presents the requirements, technical choices, and performance of the new system.
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Development and test of a versatile DAQ system based on the ATCA standard
Authors: Andre Zibell1; Michele Bianco2; Ourania Sidiropoulou3; Philipp Jonathan Loesel4
1 Bayerische Julius Max. Universitaet Wuerzburg (DE) 2 CERN 3 Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki (GR) 4 Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ. Muenchen (DE)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
A DAQ system based on custom electronics (Scalable Readout System - SRS) has been developed inside the Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector community (RD51 Collabora- tion) in the recent years and is now being upgraded for large scale applications using the Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA) platform. We present the development and test of a readout system which consists of an ATCA crate, with high-speed backplane, front-end cards based on custom ATCA blades and custom readout units. The flexibility and modularity of the system makes it a powerful tool to be used insimplesetups like cosmic stands or test beams, as well as allowing for the integration into a more complex DAQ framework. It will be used for Micromegas detector certification but also for the readout of a Micromegas proto- type detector in the ATLAS experiment. The certification applications include small to medium size lab and test beam setups aswella 32-64k channel test facility for the certification of the Micromegas detectors for the ATLAS muon system upgrade. The integration of this system into the complex ATLAS online TDAQ will allow us to read out a Micromegas prototype detector with 4096 channels during the upcoming LHC run period.
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The Data Acquisition System for the KOTO detector
Authors: Arjun Sharma1; Jia Xu2 Co-authors: Arjun Sharma 1; Celeste Carruth 2; Jessica Micallef 2; Jon Ameel 3; Melissa Hutcheson 2; Monica Tecchio 2; Myron Campbell 4; Nikola Whallon 2; Stephanie Su 2; Tejin Cai 1; Yasuyuki Sujiyama 5
1 University of Chicago 2 University of Michigan 3 U 4 High Energy Physics 5 Osaka University
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The goal of KOTO experiment at J-PARC is to discover and measure the rate of the raredecayKL-> pi0-nu-nubar, for which the Standard Model predicts a branching ratio of (2.4 +/- 0.4)x10E-11 . The experiment is a follow-up to E391 at KEK with a completely new readout electronics, trigger and data acquisition system. The KOTO DAQ comprises a front-end 14-Bit, 125MHz ADC board and a two-level hardware trigger electronics. The ADC board injects the frontend detector signals into a low pass filter beforedigi- tization. The digitized pulses are stored inside a 4 μs deep pipeline while waiting for thefirstlevel trigger decision, based on a minimum energy deposition in the CsI calorimeter in anti-coincidence with signals in veto detectors. Data is then buffered inside a L2 trigger board, which calculates the center-of-energy of the event. Data accepted by the second level trigger board is read out via a front panel 1Gb Ethernet port into a computer cluster through a network switch using UDP protocol. After several commissioning runs in 2011 and 2012, KOTO has taken the first physics runinMay
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2013. We will review the performance of the DAQ during this run as well as plans to upgrade the clock distribution system and the overall trigger hardware connectivity. Finally we present a re- design of the Level 2 trigger and readout electronics able to accommodate the increase in data rate expected in the next few years.
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Many-core studies on pattern-recognition in the LHCb experi- ment
Author: Stefano Gallorini1 Co-authors: Alessio Gianelle 1; Anna Lupato 2; Daniel Hugo Campora Perez 3; Donatella Lucchesi 1; Gianmaria Collazuol 4; Lorenzo Sestini 1; Marco Corvo 5; Niko Neufeld 3; Xavier Vilasis Cardona 6
1 Universita e INFN (IT) 2 Universita di Ferrara (IT) 3 CERN 4 U 5 INFN 6 University of Barcelona (ES)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The LHCb experiment is entering in its upgrading phase, with its detector and read-out systemre- designed to cope with the increased LHC energy after the long shutdown of 2018. In this upgrade, a trigger-less data acquisition is being developed to read-out the full detector at the bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz. In particular, the High Level Trigger (HLT) system, where the bulk of the trigger decision is implemented via software on a CPU farm, has to be heavily revised. Since the small LHCb event size (about 100 kB after the upgrade), many-core architectures such as General Purpose GPU (GPGPU) and multi-core CPUs can be used to process many events in parallel for real-time selection, and may offer a solution for reducing the cost of the HLT farm. Track recon- struction and vertexing are the more time-consuming applications running in HLT and therefore are the first to be ported on many-core. In this talk we discussed the studies ongoing in LHCb for implementing pattern-recogniton algo- rithms for the Velo detector on many-core systems. We present our solution for porting the existing Velo tracking algorithm (FastVelo) on GPGPU, and we show the achieved performance. We plan to test the parallelized version of FastVelo during the data-taking in 2015 and assess the impact of the many-core solution on the HLT infrastructure. We discuss also other tracking algorithms in view of the upgrade and their preliminary performaces.
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Evolution of the ReadOut System of the ATLAS experiment
Author: Wainer Vandelli1
1 CERN
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The ReadOut System (ROS) is a central and essential part of the ATLASDAQ system. It receives and buffers data of events accepted by the first-level trigger from all subdetectors and first-level trigger subsystems. Event data are subsequently forwarded to the High-Level Trigger system and Event Builder via a 1 GbE-based network. The ATLAS ROS is completely renewed in view of the demanding conditions ex
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pected during LHC Run 2 and Run 3, to replace obsolete technologies and space constraints require it to be compact. The new ROS will consist of roughly 100 Linux-based 2U high rack mounted server PCs, each equipped with 2 PCIe I/O cards and two four 10 GbE interfaces. The FPGA-based PCIe I/O cards, developed by the ALICE collaboration, will be configured with ATLAS-specific firmware, the so-called RobinNP firmware. They will providethe connectivity to about 2000 optical point-to-point links conveying the ATLAS event data. This dense configuration provides an excellent test bench for studying I/O efficiency and challenges incurrent COTS PC architectures with non-uniform memory and I/O access paths. In this paper we will report on the requirements for Run 2 and on design choices for a system complying with and possibly exceeding them, as well as discuss the results of performance measurements for different computer architectures, highlighting the ef- fects of non-uniform resource distributions. Finally we will present the status of the project and outlook for operation in 2015.
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Towards a Level-1 tracking trigger for the ATLAS experiment
Author: Alex Cerri1
1 University of Sussex (GB)
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
The future plans for the LHC accelerator allow, through a schedule of phased upgrades, an increase in the average instantaneous luminosity by a factor 5 with respect to the original design luminosity. The ATLAS experiment at the LHC will be able to maximise the physics potential from thishigher luminosity only if the detector, trigger and DAQ infrastructure are adapted to handle the sustained increase in particle production rates. In this paper the changes expected to be required to the ATLAS detectors and trigger system to fulfill the requirement for working in such high luminosity scenario are described. The increased number of interactions per bunch crossing will result in higher occupancy in the detectors and increased rates at each level of the trigger system. The trigger selection will improve the selectivity partly from increased granularity for the sub detectors and the consequent higher resolution. One of the largest challenges will be the provision of tracking information at the first trigger level, which should allow a large increase in the rejection power at this stage of the selection and yet still allow the full physics potential of the experiment to be fulfilled. In particular, the electroweak scale still requires tokeep the thresholds on the transverse momenta of particles as low as possible and tracking will provide essential information that could be used to this aim as early as possible in the trigger chain. Studies to understand the feasibility of such a system have begun, and proceed in two directions: a fast readout for high granularity silicon detectors, and a fast pattern recognition algorithm to be applied just after the Front-End readout for specific sub detectors. Both existing, and novel technologies can offer solutions. The aim of these studies is to determine the parameter space to which this system must be adapted. The status of ongoing tests on specific hardware components crucial for this system to fully satisfy the ATLAS trigger requirements at very high luminosities and increase its potential are discussed.
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CMD-3 TOMA DAQ goes to KEDR detector.
Author: Alexander Ruban1
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Co-author: Alexey Kozyrev 2
1 A. 2 BINP
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
CMD-3 detector of VEPP2000 e+e- collider, BINP, Russia, is under data taking for a few runs. It’s Time Oriented Measurement and Acquire (TOMA) DAQ demonstrates stable operation and tar- geted performance. During DAQ life cycle it was few times expanded in number and nomenclature of digitizer boards so as new functionality features was switched on. There are no interference or backward compatibility problems observed. This is due to special design based on idea to exchange some hardware logical complexity toprecise time control complexity known as synchronization. Using this idea to distinguish synchronization modes the CMD-3 modular approach specification was built. This specification connects DAQ func- tion’s with synchronization modes and makes all hardware modules the same hierarchy level e.g. independent. Hardware modules are realized as HDL descriptions suitable to implement in any modern FPGA. KEDR detector of VEPP-4 e+e- collider is now constrained with it’s DAQ performance. To solve this problem we make step by step change of KEDR DAQ hardware with CMD-3 DAQ hardware. Dramatically difference in timing is addressed with modification of HDL parameters. Atprocess completion DAQ performance will increase in 20..40 times.
Summary: CMD-3 and KEDR is mid scale universal detectors for HEP. But it’s energy range, DAQ technique and colliding machines is totally different. This talk describes how to really isolate modules in “modular approach” and how it can help to address system requirements. Also, some details are discussed.
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A Muon Trigger with high pT-resolution for Phase-II of the LHC Upgrade, based on the ATLAS Muon Drift Tube Chambers (MDT)
Author: Robert Richter1 Co-authors: David Fink 2; Hubert Kroha 3; Markus Fras 3; Oliver Kortner 1; Philipp Schwegler 3; Sebastian Nowak 3; Sebastian Ott 3; Sergey Abovyan 3; Varuzhan Danielyan 3; Vazgen Gabrielyan 3
1 Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) (D 2 MPI for Physics 3 MPI for Physics, Munich
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Speaker: V. Gabrielyan on behalf of the ATLAS Muon Collaboration The Level-1 (L1) trigger for muons with high transverse momentum (pT) in ATLAS is based oncham- bers with excellent time resolution, able to identify muons coming from a particular beam crossing. These trigger chambers also provide a fast pT-measurement of the muons, the accuracy ofthemea- surement being limited by the moderate spatial resolution of the chambers along the deflecting direction of the magnetic field (eta-coordinate). The higher luminosity foreseen for Phase-II puts stringent limits on the L1 trigger rates, andaway to control these rates would be to improve the spatial resolution of the triggering system, drastically sharpening the turn-on curve of the L1 trigger. To do this, the precision tracking chambers (MDT) can be used in the L1 trigger, provided the corresponding trigger latency is increased as foreseen. The trigger rate reduction is accomplished by strongly decreasing the rate of triggers frommuons with pT lower than a predefined threshold (typically 20 GeV), which would otherwise trigger the DAQ.
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We describe the architecture for reading out the MDT synchronously w.r.t. the relevant beam cross- ing and in a sufficiently fast way to fit into the available L1 latency. The adaption tochamberge- ometries in barrel and end-cap will also be discussed. We present results of a prototype test at the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) at CERN as well as the performance of a demonstrator module, containing most of the required functionality. In addition, simulation results are shown which demonstrate the rejection efficiency for muons be- low a given pT-threshold, taking into account deteriorating effects like delta-rays, conversion back- ground and tube inefficiencies.
Summary: The Level-1 (L1) trigger for muons with high transverse momentum (pT) in ATLAS is based oncham- bers with excellent time resolution (better than 20 ns), able to identify muons coming from a particular beam crossing. About 600 of these trigger chambers are located in the central region (eta<1) of ATLAS, while about 3600 are covering the forward region (1 III.b Trigger & DAQ / 169 Development of a Data Acquisition System for the Belle II Silicon Vertex Detector Author: Katsuro Nakamura1 Co-authors: Christian Irmler 2; Eugenio Paoloni 3; Giulia Casarosa 4; Hao Yin 2; Koji Hara 1; Markus Friedl 2; Michael Schnell 5; Mikihiko Nakao 1; Richard Thalmeier 2; Ryosuke Itoh 1; Satoru Yamada 1; Soh Suzuki Y. 1; Takeo Higuchi 6; Thomas Bergauer 2; Tomoyuki Konno 7; Toru Tsuboyama 1; Waclaw Ostrowicz 8; Zbigniew Natkaniec 8; Zhen-An Liu 9 1 KEK 2 HEPHY Page 110 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 3 INFN Pisa and Univ. of Pisa 4 INFN Pisa 5 Univ. of Bonn 6 Kavli IPMU (WPI) 7 Tokyo Metropolitan Univ. 8 IFJ 9 IHEP Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Silicon Vertex Detector (SVD) is one of the main detectors in the Belle II experiment (KEK,Japan) which takes essential roles in the decay-vertex determination, low-energy-track reconstruction, and background rejection. The SVD consists of four layers of Double-sided Silicon Strip Detectors (DSSD) and is being developed toward the start of the Belle II experiment in 2016. Due to more than 220,000 strips in the whole SVD and the Belle II maximum trigger rate of 30 kHz, the integration of a large number of readout channels and the reduction of data size are challenging issues on the development of the SVD readout electronics. APV25 chips are employed to read the DSSD signals, and Flash-ADC (FADC) boards digitize and decode the outputs of the APV25s. To in- crease the integration density of the readout channels, one FADC board processes 48 APV25 outputs with one FPGA. The FPGA performs pedestal-subtraction, two-step common-mode correction, and zero-suppression for the sake of the data reduction. The development of the first prototype of the SVD readout system was completed in Dec. 2013,and the performance study of this system was done in an electron beam at DESY in Jan. 2014. In the beam test, the prototype system was implemented into the Belle II DAQ for the first time and the whole data-streaming was successfully operated. In this presentation, we will introduce features of the SVD readout system, and report on proto- type performance results from the beam test, as well as future prospects for the Belle II experi- ment. III.b Trigger & DAQ / 153 A scalable gigabit data acquisition system for calorimeters for lin- ear collider Author: Franck Gastaldi1 Co-authors: Frederic Bruno Magniette 1; Remi Jean Noel Cornat 1 1 Ecole Polytechnique (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] This article presents the scalable Data Acquisition (DAQ) system that has been designed for proto- types of ultra-granular calorimeters for the International Linear Collider (ILC). Our design is generic enough to cope with other applications with some minor adaptations. The DAQ is made up of four different modules, including an optional one. One Detector InterFace (DIF) is placed ateachend of the detector elements (SLAB) to communicate with up to 160 ASICs. A single HDMI cable is used to transmit both slow-control and readout data over a serial 8b/10b encoded characters at 50 Mb/s to the Gigabit Concentrator Card (GDCC). The GDCC controls up to 7 DIFs, it is distributing the system clock and ASICs configuration, and collecting data from them. Each DIFs data packetis encapsulated in Ethernet format and sent out via an optical or copper link. The Data Concentrator Card (DCC) is a multiplexer (1 to 8) that can be optionally inserted between the GDCC and the DIFs, increasing the number of managed ASICs by the GDCC. Using a single GDCC and 7 DCCs would allow a single PC to control and readout up to 8960 ASICs (~ 500000 channels). The fourth card is the Clock and Control Card (CCC) that provides a clock and control fanout to up to 8 GDCCs and there- fore to the entire system. A software suite (named Calicoes) written in C and Python manages the overall system. This system have been used for several tests on the SiW-ECAL prototype detector (1800 channels). The full design and test results will here detailed. Page 111 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts III.c Embedded Software / 233 A High Performance Multi-Core FPGA Implementation for 2D Pixel Clustering for the ATLAS Fast TracKer (FTK) Processor Author: Calliope-louisa Sotiropoulou1 1 Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki (GR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The high performance multi-core 2D pixel clustering FPGA implementation used for the inputsys- tem of the ATLAS Fast TracKer (FTK) processor is presented. The input system for the FTK processor will receive data from the Pixel and micro-strip detectors read out drivers (RODs) at 760Gbps, the full rate of level 1 triggers. Clustering is required as a method to reduce the high rate of the received data before further processing, as well as to determine the cluster centroid for obtaining obtain the best spatial measurement. Our implementation targets the pixel detectors and uses a 2D-clustering algo- rithm that takes advantage of a moving window technique to minimize the logic required for cluster identification. The design is fully generic and the cluster detection window size can be adjusted for optimizing the cluster identification process. Τhe implementation can be parallelized by instantiat- ing multiple cores to identify different clusters independently thus exploiting more FPGA resources. This flexibility makes the implementation suitable for a variety of demanding image processing ap- plications. The implementation is robust against bit errors in the input data stream anddropsall data that cannot be identified. In the unlikely event of missing control words, the implementation will ensure stable data processing by inserting the missing control words in the data stream. The 2D pixel clustering implementation is developed and tested in both single flow and parallelver- sions. The first parallel version with 16 parallel cluster identification engines is presented. Theinput data from the RODs are received through S-Links and a single data stream is also required by the processing units that follow the clustering implementation. Data parallelizing (demultiplexing) and serializing (multiplexing) modules are introduced in order to accommodate the parallelized version and restore the data stream to a single flow afterwards. The results of the first hardware testsof the single flow implementation on the custom FTK input mezzanine (IM) board are presented. We report on the integration of 16 parallel engines in the same FPGA, the resulting performances and the first parallel version hardware tests. The parallel 2D-clustering implementation has sufficient processing power to meet the specification for the Pixel layers of ATLAS, for up to 80 overlapping pp collisions that correspond to the maximum LHC luminosity planned until 2022. III.c Embedded Software / 100 Correction for pile-up effect based on pixel-by-pixel calibration for tomography with Medipix3RX detector Author: Jean Rinkel1 Co-author: Debora de Paiva Magalhães 2 1 L 2 LNLS Corresponding Author: [email protected] The dispersion of individual pixels parameters are widely studied in the field of hybrid pixelde- tectors for X-ray detection. CERN is developing methods of thresholds equalization to correct for threshold dispersion between pixels of the Medipix3RX readout chip. In this paper, we focus on the complex problem of pixel-to-pixel dead time dispersion, which cannot be corrected by simple flat field normalization, contrary to the residual threshold dispersion after equalization. In tomography, dead time inhomogeneity is responsible for ring artefacts, in addition to global underestimation of the attenuation coefficients due to pile-up. While the main methods of ring artefact correction are Page 112 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts purely mathematical, our strategy was to develop a method based on dead time calibration to be able to remove ring artefacts and at the same time to restore the correct quantitative attenuation coefficients. Our original correction method is based on a calibrated dead time map associatedto an iterative correction on the sinograms. We performed a fine analysis of dead time dispersion and compared it to our model of photonic noise propagation to validate the calibration step. The results of the pile-up correction with a single Medipix3RX ASIC bump bonded to 200 microns Silicon sensor using a standard X Ray generator showed quantitative improvements of transmission images of Al filters, increasing by a factor 3 the signal-to-noise ratio after pile up correction within thefluxrange [5E3 – 2E5] photons/pixel/s. We are currently validating the method on the tomographic beam line of the Brazilian Synchrotron (LNLS). III.c Embedded Software / 283 Firmware development and testing of the ATLAS Pixel Detector / IBL ROD card Authors: Clara Troncon1; Shaw-Pin Chen2 1 Milano Universita e INFN (IT) 2 University of Washington (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The ATLAS Experiment is reworking and upgrading systems during the current LHC shut down.In particular, the Pixel detector is inserting an additional inner layer called Insertable B-Layer (IBL). The Readout-Driver card (ROD), the Back-of-Crate card (BOC), and the S-Link together formthees- sential frontend data path of the IBL’s off-detector DAQ system. The strategy for IBLROD firmware development focused on migrating and tailoring HDL code blocks from PixelROD to ensure modular compatibility in future ROD upgrades, in which a unified code version will interface with IBLand Pixel layers. Essential features such as data formatting, frontend-specific error handling, and cali- bration are added to the ROD data path. An IBLDAQ testbench using realistic frontend chip model was created to serve as an initial framework for full offline electronic system simulation. In this document, major firmware achievements concerning the IBLROD data path implementation, tested in testbench and on ROD prototypes, will be reported. Recent Pixel collaboration efforts focus on finalizing hardware and firmware tests for IBL. Time plan is to approach a final IBL DAQphaseby the end of 2014. III.c Embedded Software / 281 Firmware development and testing of the ATLAS IBL Back-Of- Crate card Author: Marius Wensing1 Co-authors: Alessandro Gabrielli 2; Andreas Kugel 3; Davide Falchieri 2; Joern Grosse-Knetter 4; Karolos Potami- anos 5; Marcello Bindi 4; Peter Mattig 1; Riccardo Travaglini 2; Timon Heim 1; Tobias Flick 1 1 Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal (DE) 2 Universita e INFN (IT) 3 Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg (DE) 4 Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen (DE) 5 Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Page 113 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The ATLAS experiment is the the largest of the four LHC experiments. Currently its Pixel-Detector is being upgraded with a new innermost 4th layer, the Insertable b-Layer (IBL). The upgrade will result in better tracking efficiency and compensate radiation damages of the Pixel-Detector. Newly developed front-end electronics (FE-I4) will require a complete re-design of the Off-Detector- Electronics consisting of the Back-Of-Crate card (BOC) and the Read-Out-Driver (ROD). The main purpose of the BOC card is the distribution of the LHC clock to all Pixel-Detector components as well as interfacing the detector and the higher-level-readout optically. It is equipped with three Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGAs, one BOC Control FPGA (BCF) and two BOC Main FPGAs (BMF). The BMF are responsible for the signal processing of all incoming and outgoing data. The data-path to the detector is running a 40 MHz bi-phase-mark encoded stream. This streamis delayed by a fine delay block using Spartan-6 IODELAY primitives. The primitives are reconfigured using partial reconfiguration inside the FPGA. The 160 MHz 8b10b-encoded data-path from the detector is phase and word-aligned in the firmware and then forwarded to the ROD after decoding. The ROD it will send out the processed data which is then forwarded to the higher-level readout by the BOC card. An overview of the firmware, which has been developed, will be presented together with the results from production tests and the system test at CERN. One focus will be the partial reconfiguration and the results of the fine delay measurements. Summary: For the new innermost layer of the ATLAS Pixel-Detector at CERN new off-detector hardware needs to be developed. The Back-Of-Crate card (BOC) is driving the optical interface tothe detector and distributing the LHC clock to all detector components. A brief overview of the firmware and test results from production and system test will be presented. Abstract III.c Embedded Software / 76 Associative Memory computing power and its simulation. Author: Guido Volpi1 1 Sezione di Pisa (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The associative memory (AM) system is a computing device made of hundreds of AM ASICschips designed to perform “pattern matching” at very high speed. Since each AM chip stores a database of 130000 pre-calculated patterns and large numbers of chips can be easily assembled together, it is possible to produce huge AM banks. Speed and size of the system are crucial for real-time High Energy Physics applications, such as the ATLAS Fast TracKer (FTK) Processor. Using 80 million channels of the ATLAS tracker, FTK finds tracks within 100 micro seconds. The simulation of such a parallelized system is an extremely complex task if executed incommercial computers based on normal CPUs. The algorithm performance is limited, due to the lack of paral- lelism, and in addition the memory requirement is very large. In fact the AM chip uses a content addressable memory (CAM) architecture. Any data inquiry is broadcast to all memory elements simultaneously, thus data retrieval time is independent of the database size. The great computing power is also supported by a very powerful I/O. Each incoming hit reaches all the patterns in the AM system within the same clock cycle (10 ns). We report on the organization of the simulation into multiple jobs to satisfy the memory constraints and on the optimization performed to reduce the processing time. Finally, we introduce the idea of a new computing unit based on a small number of AM chips that could be plugged inside commercial PCs as coprocessors. This unit would both satisfy the need for very large memory and significantly reduce the simulation time due to the use of the highly parallelized AM chips. III.c Embedded Software / 330 Page 114 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts GPU for online processing in low-level trigger Author: Gianluca Lamanna1 Co-authors: Alberto Gianoli 2; Alessandro Lonardo 3; Andrea Biagioni 4; Andrea Messina 5; Angelo Cotta Ra- musino 2; Cristiano Santoni 6; Francesco Simula 7; Ilaria Neri 8; Marco Sozzi 1; Massimiliano Fiorini 2; Matteo Bauce 3; Mauro Piccini 9; Pier Stanislao Paolucci 7; Piero Vicini 10; Riccardo Fantechi 11; Roberto Piandani 1; Stefano Chiozzi 2 1 Sezione di Pisa (IT) 2 Universita di Ferrara (IT) 3 Universita e INFN, Roma I (IT) 4 INFN 5 CERN 6 Universita e INFN (IT) 7 INFN Roma 8 University of Ferrara 9 INFN - Sezione di Perugia (IT) 10 INFN Rome Section 11 INFN - Sezione di Pisa Corresponding Author: [email protected] We describe a pilot project for the use of GPUs (Graphics processing units) in online triggering applications for high energy physics experiments. General-purpose computing on GPUs is emerging as a new paradigm in several fields of science, although so far applications have been tailored to the specific strengths of such devices as accelerator in offline computation. With the steady reduction of GPU latencies, and the increase inlinkand memory throughput, the use of such devices for real-time applications in high-energy physics data acquisition and trigger systems is becoming ripe. We will discuss in details the use of online parallel computing on GPU for synchronous low level trig- ger. We will show the results of two solution to reduce the data transmission latency: the first based on fast capture special driver and the second based on direct GPU communication using NaNet, a multi-standard, FPGA-based, low-latency, PCIe network interface card with GPUDirect capabilities. We will present preliminary results on a first field test in the CERN NA62 experiment. This study is done in the framework of GAP (GPU application project), a wider project intendedto study the use of GPUs in real-time applications. III.c Embedded Software / 95 The Fast TracKer Processing Unit future evolution Author: Christos Gentsos1 1 Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki (GR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Fast Tracker (FTK) processor 1 for the ATLAS experiment has a computing core made of 128 Processing Units that reconstruct tracks in the silicon detector in a ~100 μsec deep pipeline. The track parameter resolution provided by FTK enables the HLT trigger to identify efficiently and reconstruct significant samples of fermionic Higgs decays. Data processing speed is achieved with custom VLSI pattern recognition, linearized track fitting executed inside modern FPGAs, pipelining, and parallel processing. One large FPGA executes full Page 115 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts resolution track fitting inside low resolution candidate tracks found by a set of 16 custom Asicde- vices, called Associative Memories (AM chips) [2]. The FTK dual structure, based on the cooperation of VLSI dedicated AM and programmable FPGAs, is maintained to achieve further technology performance, miniaturization and integration of the current state of the art prototypes. This allows to fully exploit new applications within and outside the High Energy Physics field. We plan to increase the FPGA parallelism by associating one FPGA to each AM chip. The FPGA con- figures and handles the AM and provides a flexible computing power to process the shapes selected by the AM. The goals of this new elementary unit made of 2 chips are: maximum parallelism exploita- tion, low power consumption, execution time at least 1000 times shorter than the best commercial CPUs, distributed debugging and monitoring tools suited for a pipelined, highly parallelized struc- ture, high degree of configurability to face different applications with maximum efficiency. We report on the design of the FPGA logic performing all the complementary functions of the pattern matching inside the AM. We also show the results of the simulation of the AM and FPGA logics attached together. 1 Andreani et al., The FastTracker Real Time Processor and Its Impact on Muon Isolation, Tauand b-Jet Online Selections at ATLAS, 2012 TNS Vol.: 59 , Issue:2, pp, 348 – 357 [2] A. Andreani et al., “The AMchip04 and the processing unit prototype for the FastTracker”, IOPJ. Instr. 7, C08007 (2012). III.c Embedded Software / 241 TRB3 Platform for Time, Amplitude and Charge Digitisation Author: Cahit Ugur1 Co-authors: Grzegorz Korcyl 2; Jan Michel 3; Marek Palka 2; Michael Traxler 4; Wolfgang Koenig 4 1 GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GbmH 2 Jagiellonian University (PL) 3 Goethe University Frankfurt 4 GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH Corresponding Author: [email protected] One of the most crucial parts of the particle physics experiments, data digitisation, is being driven by the higher specifications for better particle identification. This increasing push by the experiments motivates the developers for different and better solutions for time, amplitude and charge digitisation methods. In our work we explain our solution for the tasks: TRB3 Platform. The TRB3 board consists of 5 large (150K LUTs) and economical Lattice ECP3-FPGAs, whichcan be used for different tasks (e.g. data digitisation and data concentration) and adapted to different requirements. Time measurements done by the TRB3 are based on FPGA-TDC technology with 265 channels on board and have time precision as low as 7.4ps on a single channel. The TDC channels can be altered to measure different edges of the input signals allowing ToF and ToT measurements as required. Having TDC-FPGA implemented allows also to build an analogue digital converter di- rectly in the FPGA by using the internal FPGA-LVDS buffers as comparators for measured signals and predefined reference signals. First implementations suggest that an 8 bit ADC with adynamic range of 0-2v is possible. Charge-to-Digital-Converters (QDCs) can also be realised by very simple analogue FEE together with the TDCs for detectors (e.g. Electromagnetic Calorimeters), which re- quire precise charge information. The concept for the QDC is a modified Wilkinson-ADC, where the charge information is encoded in the pulse width and measured by the TDC. The specification we would like to reach is <0.5% charge precision. Page 116 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts III.c Embedded Software / 74 The Serial Link Processor for the Fast TracKer (FTK) processor at ATLAS Author: Pierluigi Luciano1 1 Sezione di Pisa (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Associative Memory (AM) system of the FTK processor has been designed to perform pattern matching using the hit information of the ATLAS silicon tracker. The AM is the heart of the FTK and it finds track candidates at low resolution that are seeds for a full resolution track fitting.To solve the very challenging data traffic problem inside the FTK, multiple designs and tests havebeen performed. The currently proposed solution is named the “Serial Link Processor” and is basedonan extremely powerful network of 2 Gb/s serial links. This paper reports on the design of the Serial Link Processor consisting of the AM chip,anASIC designed and optimized to perform pattern matching, and two types of boards, the Local Associative Memory Board (LAMB), a mezzanine where the AM chips are mounted, and the Associative Memory Board (AMB), a 9U VME board which holds and exercises four LAMBs. We report also on the performance of a first prototype based on the use of a min@sic AM chip,a small but complete version of the final AM chip, built to test the new and fully serialized I/O.Alsoa dedicated LAMB prototype, named miniLAMB, with reduced functionalities, has been produced to test the mini@sic. The serialization of the AM chip I/O significantly simplified the LAMB design.We report on the tests and performance of the integrated system mini@sic, miniLAMB and AMB. III.c Embedded Software / 360 Applications of embedded full gamma spectrum decomposition Author: Aran Mol1 1 I Corresponding Author: [email protected] A self-contained gamma radiation spectrometer with embedded and automated temperature stabi- lization and full spectral analysis is presented. It consists of a crystal and PMT setup that is read-out using fast ADC and FPGA technology. The maximum dead-time has been established at 1.14 usand the energy resolution at 662 keV is 7%. Full spectral analysis has been implemented for naturally occurring radioisotopes of Potassium, Thorium, Uranium, Radon and their progeny. Further devel- opments, including pile-up correction, neutron detection and miniaturization will be discussed. This technology allows the production of sensor nodes that can be used in many applications. Special attention will be given in to sensor nodes for measurements in hard to reach environments. Environ- mental monitoring in remote regions of Canada will be discussed as an example as well as precision farming, nuclear reactor monitoring and mining. IV.a Cooling / 374 The Thermo-Mechanical Integration of the NA62 GigaTracKer Authors: Alessandro Mapelli1; Giulia Romagnoli2; Jordan Degrange1; Michel Morel1; Paolo Petagna1 1 CERN Page 117 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 2 Universita e INFN (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The NA62 collaboration will pioneer the use of on-detector microfluidic cooling systems withthe implementation of silicon microchannel plates in the GigaTracKer (GTK) pixel detectors in the fall of 2014. The cooling plates consist of 130 µm silicon substrates in which 150 microchannels areembedded. They have a rectangular cross-section of 70 x 200 µm and they cover an area of 45 x 60 mm toactively remove, with liquid C6F14, the power dissipated by the TDCPix readout ASICs bump-bonded to the backside of the GTK sensors. The microfluidic cooling plates are also at the core of the mechanical integration of the GTK system. They provide structural support to the sensor and TDCPix chips interfacing them to the read-out board. After reviewing the design, prototyping, experimental characterization and validation of this cooling system, the paper will focus on the integration of the 3 GTK detector assemblies in the beam line of the NA62 experiment. IV.a Cooling / 113 Microchannel evaporative CO2 cooling for the LHCb VELO Up- grade Author: Pablo Rodriguez Perez1 1 University of Manchester Corresponding Author: [email protected] The LHCb Vertex Detector (VELO) will be upgraded in 2018 to a lightweight, pixel detector capableof 40 MHz readout and operation in very close proximity to the LHC beams. The thermal management of the system will be provided by evaporative CO2 circulating in microchannels embedded within thin silicon plates. This solution has been selected due to the excellent thermal efficiency, theabsence of thermal expansion mismatch with silicon ASIC’s and sensors, the radiation hardness of CO2, and very low contribution to the material budget. Although microchannel cooling is gaining considerable attention for applications related to micro- electronics, it is still a novel technology for particle physics experiments, in particular when com- bined with evaporative CO2 cooling. The R&D effort for LHCb is focusing on the design andlayout of the channels together with a fluidic connector and its attachment to withstand pressures inex- cess of 200 bars. This talk will describe the design and optimization of the cooling system forLHCb together with latest prototyping results. Even distribution of the coolant is ensured by means of the use of restrictions implemented before the entrance to a race-track layout of the main cooling channels. The coolant flow and pressure drop has been simulated together with the thermal performance of the device. The results can be compared to the cooling performance of prototype plates operating in vacuum. The design of a suitable low mass connector, together with the bonding technique to the cooling plate will be described. Long term reliability as well as resistance to extremes of pressure and temperature is of prime im- portance. The setup and operation of a cyclic stress test of the prototype cooling channel designs will be described. Summary: The status and R&D for microchannel cooling for the LHCb VELO upgrade will be described, asoutlined in the abstract above. Page 118 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts IV.a Cooling / 375 Commissioning of the CUORE cryostat: the first experimental setup for bolometric detectors at the 1 tonne scale Author: Nicholas Chott1 1 University of South Carolina Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a 1-ton scale bolometric ex- periment. The CUORE detector is an array of 988 TeO2 crystals arranged in a cylindrical compact and granular structure of 19 towers. This will be by far the largest bolometric mass ever operated. These detectors will need a base temperature around 10 mK in order to meet the performance speci- fications. To cool the CUORE detector a large cryogenic-free cryostat with five pulse tubes andone specifically designed high-power dilution refrigerator has been designed. The cryostat (4K refriger- ator with Pulse Tubes) and Dilution Unit were first tested independently and than merged together. We report here the detailed description of the cryostat for the CUORE experiment together with the results of the validation tests done in 2014. IV.a Cooling / 352 Cooling for the LHCb Upgrade Scintillating Fibre Tracker Author: Petr Gorbounov1 Co-author: Fred Blanc 2 1 CERN and ITEP(Moscow) 2 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH) Corresponding Author: [email protected] As part of the LHCb Phase-II upgrade programme, the existing downstream tracking systems will be replaced by a new scintillating fibre tracker read out by multi-channel silicon photomultipliers (SiPM). To ensure high tracking performance over the entire experiment’s lifetime, the SiPMs will be operated at sub-zero temperatures, down to -40ºC. This presentation outlines the proposed SiPM cooling system and describes the design considerations which led to the choice of the mono-phase liquid cooling solution. The requirements on the temperature uniformity and stability are discussed, along with the constraints which thermal considerations impose on the mechanical design of the tracker modules. The prospective refrigerants (C6F14 and 3M Novec thermal fluids) are compared with each other, including their effect on the environment. The SiPM cooling system consists of the remote cooling plant, insulated transfer lines, thelocal distribution pipework and the cooling structures inside 288 read-out boxes spread over twelve 5x6 m2 tracker planes. The main design challenges of this system are associated with itslarge extent (about 150 m of linear SiPM arrays to be cooled) and severe constraints on the geometrical envelope and, hense, insulation. Since the SiPM themselves produce very little heat, the estimated heat load of the cooling plant, 13 kW, is dominated by the heat influx through the insulation of read-out boxes, interconnection and transfer lines. Main system design parameters, as well as the latest results of the thermal mock-up tests, are summarised. IV.a Cooling / 287 Page 119 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts CO2 cooling system for Insertable B Layer detector into the AT- LAS experiment Author: Lukasz Zwalinski1 Co-authors: Bart Verlaat 2; Claudio Bortolin 3; Erno Roeland 4; Florian Corbaz 1; George Glonti 5; Jan Godlewski 1; Maciej Stanislaw Ostrega 6; Markus Lippert 7; Martijn Gerardus Van Overbeek 2; Michal Zbigniew Zimny 6; Olivier Crespo-Lopez 1; Paolo Petagna 1; Stephane Berry 1; Sven Vogt 7; Sylvain Nichilo 1; Tomasz Piotr Blaszczyk 6 1 CERN 2 NIKHEF (NL) 3 University of Innsbruck (AT) 4 Nikhef 5 National Technical Univ. of Athens (GR) 6 AGH University of Science and Technology (PL) 7 Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) (D Corresponding Author: [email protected] CO2 cooling has become a very interesting technology for current and future tracking particle de- tectors. A key advantage of using CO2 as refrigerant is the high heat transfer capability allowing a significant material budget saving, which is a critical element in state of the art detector technolo- gies. At CERN new CO2 cooling system has been constructed to serve for new ATLAS Insertable B-Layer (IBL) detector. Two independent cooling units, sharing one common accumulator, placed about 100m from the heat source, are designed to cool 14 individual staves with evaporative CO2 at the given pressure. This paper describes the general system design, innovative redundancy approach, maintenance phi- losophy, control system implementation and the commissioning results including the performance tests in the proximity of the detector. Additionally the different failure scenarios and recovery tech- niques including cooling units swap procedure will be discussed. The system tests and challenging commissioning proved precise temperature control over thelong distance and expected performance. Looking forward for the IBL detector installation, cooling sys- tem will be prepared to serve for the next Large Hadron Collider physics run. IV.a Cooling / 303 Design, construction and commissioning of a 15 kW CO2 evapora- tive cooling system for particle physics detectors: lessons learnt and perspectives for further development Author: Paola Tropea1 Co-authors: Andrea D’Auria 1; Bart Verlaat 2; Hans Postema 1; Jan Godlewski 1; Jerome Daguin 1; Joao Marques Pinho Noite 1; Lukasz Zwalinski 1; Maciej Stanislaw Ostrega 3; Paolo Petagna 1; Steven Pavis 1 1 CERN 2 NIKHEF-CERN 3 AGH University of Science and Technology (PL) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Since 2000, a few particle physics detectors have been using evaporative Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for their low temperature cooling systems, showing exceptional performances and stability in their full range of operation. The excellent physical, thermal and fluid dynamic properties of CO2, coupledto its radiation hardness, make it a very interesting option for the cooling systems of the next genera- tion vertex and tracking detectors. Page 120 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts In order to match the requirements of the CMS Pixel Phase I upgrade, a 15 kW cooling system fea- turing evaporative CO2 has been designed, constructed and commissioned in 2013, as a full-scale prototype of the final system. This paper describes the challenges during the design and construction phases, highlights theper- formance achieved during commissioning, and describes the optimisation of the design for the final system. Results of the performance tests, including stability of the temperature regulation while power cycling are illustrated as well. An outlook on further scaling up is given in view of designs for higher cooling power, as needed for the next generation of tracking detectors for the LHC experiments. IV.abc Cooling & MEMS & 3D / 401 The Silicon Tracking System of the CBM experiment at FAIR: de- tector development and system integration Author: Anton Lymanets1 Co-authors: Evgeny Lavrik 1; Hans Rudolf Schmidt 1 1 University of Tuebingen Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CBM experiment at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will explore the properties of nuclear matter at high net baryon densities and at moderate temperature. The key detector – a Silicon Tracking System (STS) – will reconstruct charged particle tracks created in interactions of heavy-ion beam with nuclear target at projectile energies ranging from 10 to 40 GeV/nucleon. Operation at 10 MHz interaction rate with charged particle multiplicities up to 1000 requires fast and radiation hard silicon sensors. The necessary momentum resolution of 1% imposes stringent requirements to the sensor material budget (0.3% X0) and detector module structure. The STS will occupy volume of about 1m3 defined by the aperture of a dipole magnet. It will consist of 8 tracking stations based on double-sided silicon microstrip detectors. The sensors with 58 µm pitch, size up to 62 × 62 mm2 and 1024 strips per side have AC-coupled strips oriented at ±7.5° stereo angle. Short corner strips on the opposite edges of the sensors are interconnected via second metallization layer thus avoiding insensitive areas. Complicated design and the large number of silicon sensors needed for the construction of the STS (about 1300) require a set of quality assurance procedures that involve optical inspection, electric characterization and readout tests. We report about the development of an optical inspection system using NI LabVIEW software and Vision package for pattern recognition. The STS readout electronics with 2.1 million channels will dissipate about 40 kW of power.To cope with it, bi-phase CO2 evaporative cooling will be used. Performance of a test system will be presented, in particular the cooling efficiency of a custom-made heat exchanger for the front-end electronics. IV.abc Cooling & MEMS & 3D / 227 InGrid: Pixelated Micromegas detectors for a pixel TPC Author: Michael Lupberger1 1 University of Bonn Corresponding Author: [email protected] Page 121 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Within the LCTPC collaboration several possibilities to build a time projection chamber for a linear collider are studied. In all concepts, micro-pattern gaseous detectors (MPGD) are used as amplifica- tion structure. Compared to the traditional pad-based readouts used in most cases, a pixelated TPC is a new approach. Only pixel ASICs can reflect the high granularity of MPGDs from the readout side. The idea tocom- bine these two technologies was already conceived ten years ago. Such devices, called InGrids, are produced in a photolithographic process, when a grid is post-processed on a Timepix ASIC. While the first InGrids were built on a single chip basis at the University of Twente, todaywhole wafers with 107 chips can be processed at the Fraunhofer IZM Berlin. Such a mass production is one cornerstone on the way to a pixel TPC. As a first step, a demonstrator module with about 100 InGrids is under development in our group. Another key element for this project is the system to read out such a module. The Scalable Readout System (SRS), developed by the RD51 collaboration, is suitable for this task as it is based on a modular structure, that can be extended from a single chip readout to larger systems. In test beam campaign with a sub-component of the demonstrator module the readout system, the InGrid detectors and other components were successfully tested. Besides these results, the roadmap to a pixel TPC demonstrator will be presented. IV.abc Cooling & MEMS & 3D / 48 Engineering studies for the inner region of the CLIC detector con- cepts Author: Fernando Duarte Ramos1 Co-authors: Francois-Xavier Nuiry 1; Miguel-Angel Villarejo Bermudez 2; Wolfgang Klempt 1 1 CERN 2 Universidad de Valencia (ES) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The strict requirements in terms of material budget for the inner region of the CLIC detector concepts require the use of a dry gas for the cooling of the respective sensors. This, in conjunction with the compactness of the inner volumes, poses several challenges for the design of a cooling system that is able to fulfil the required detector specifications. This presentation introduces a detector cooling strategy using dry air as a coolant and shows the results of computational fluid dynamics simulations and experimental measurements used to validate the proposed strategy. Furthermore, the progress on the development of lightweight detector support structures that fulfil both mass and stiffness requirements is also reported. IV.abc Cooling & MEMS & 3D / 14 Performance of Three Dimensional Integrated Circuits Bonded to Sensors Author: Ronald Lipton1 Co-authors: Grzegorz Deptuch 1; Jim Hoff 2; Julia Thom 3; Mani Tripathi 4; Marcel Trimpl 2; Meenakshi Narain 5; Pawel Grybos 6; Peter Siddons 7; Peter Wittich 3; Ray Yarema 8; Robert Szczygiel 9; Ulrich Heintz 5; Zhenyu Ye 1 1 Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (US) 2 Fermilab Page 122 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 3 Cornell University (US) 4 University of California Davis (US) 5 Brown University (US) 6 High Energy Department 7 Brookhaven National Laboratory 8 FNAL 9 AGH UST Corresponding Author: [email protected] We report on the processing and performance of 3D integrated circuits (3DIC) bonded to silicon sensors. The circuits were part of the Fermilab-sponsored two-tier 0.13 micron run at Tezzaron/ Global Foundries. They include designs for the CMS track trigger, ILC vertex detectors, and x-ray correlation spectroscopy. Sensors were bonded to the 3DICs using die-to-die solder ball bonding as well as with a chip-to-wafer oxide bonding process (Ziptronix DBI) similar to the wafer-to-wafer bonding process used for the 3DICs. IV.abc Cooling & MEMS & 3D / 388 Microfabrication Activities in the Engineering Office of the PH- DT Group at CERN Author: Alessandro Mapelli1 Co-authors: Andrea Catinaccio 1; Diego Alvarez Feito 1; Giulia Romagnoli 2; Jordan Degrange 1; Pietro Maoddi 3 1 CERN 2 Universita e INFN (IT) 3 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Micro-technologies are being investigated within the Engineering Office of the Detector Technolo- gies Group (PH-DT) in the CERN Physics Department. This effort aims at developing novel types of detectors and implementing alternative approaches to on-detector services benefitting from stan- dard microfabrication techniques. Recently, a new type of scintillation detector based on microflu- idics has been demonstrated. It is being considered as potential candidate for particle tracking and beam monitoring devices in High Energy Physics and medical applications. A similar microfluidic approach has been adopted to develop ultra-thin silicon on-detector active cooling systems. Such systems have been selected for the thermal management of the NA62 GigaTracKer pixel detectors and for the 2018 major upgrade of the LHCb VeLo vertex detector. They are also studied for the most inner layers of the ALICE ITS upgrade. A third application aims at studying the heat transfer of superfluid Helium II in a network of microchannels embedded in a glass substrate in viewofan improved insulation for the LHC supraconducting magnets. To meet the requirements of Particle Physics experiments, these devices need to be as thin and light as possible resulting in membranes of the order of 50 µm or less. The fracture mechanics of thin silicon layers is not well understood and it is currently being studied within the Engineering Office through experimental testing and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In order to better understand the mechanics of such small silicon membranes, test devices are fabricated in the class 100 MEMS cleanroom at the EPFL Center of MicroNanoTechnology and they are characterized at CERN. The experimental results are then compared with the FEA analysis performed in ANSYS. This paper will review the microsystems engineering efforts of the PH-DT group through thede- scription of the projects and studies ongoing at CERN. Page 123 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts IV.abc Cooling & MEMS & 3D / 260 Development of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors for phonon and photon detections Author: Hirokazu Ishino1 Co-authors: Akinori Okamoto 1; Atsuko Kibayashi 1; Hiroki Watanabe 2; Masashi Hazumi 3; Mitsuhiro Yoshida 3; Nobuaki Sato 3; Yoshiaki Kibe 1; Yousuke Yamada 1 1 Okayama University 2 Sokendai 3 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Corresponding Author: [email protected] We present our recent developments of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) for phonon and photon detections. An MKID is a type of superconducting detectors. Cooper-pair breaking caused by deposited energy changes the kinetic inductance of the superconductor. Consisting of LC resonators formed by a thin superconducting metal layer, it detects the energy by sensing the change of the inductance. By using the MKIDs we can readout the detectors with frequency-domain multiplexing. Since the bound energy of Cooper-pairs is order of milli-electron volt and the detectors are operated at low temperature of less than 1K, MKIDs have high energy resolutions and low noise levels. The highly sensitive detectors can be applied to measurements that require the detection of very week signals, for instance dark matter search. We are developing MKIDs that are formed with the combi- nation of two metal layers of Al and Nb. By using two superconducting metal layers, we can confine the quasi-particles in a certain region due to the difference of the energy gaps and expect an increase of the sensitivity. We have developed Nb/Al MKIDs for the detections of photons and phonons. For the former, we aim to apply the MKIDs to a He scintillation detector for a search of light dark matter with liquid He TPC. The latter would be applied not only to the dark matter search but also to X-raydetections with the high energy resolution and a high acceptance for future material science. IV.d Photonics / 258 Phase camera development for gravitational wave detectors Author: Kazuhiro Agatsuma1 Co-authors: Jo Van den Brand 1; Martin Van Beuzekom 1 1 Nikhef Corresponding Author: [email protected] We will report a study of the phase camera, which is a wave-front sensor of laser. This sensor is utilized for observing phase-modulated laser in an interferometer of gravitational wave (GW) detectors. The GW detectors are well sophisticated apparatus that need accurate position controls for mirrors. The laser modulation/demodulation is used for readout of the mirror displacement in such accurate control. Laser sideband signals created by phase modulation become very important not only for the control but also sensitivity of detector because the quality of controls affect a noise level. We are preparing this phase camera for VIRGO, which is a GW detector placed in Pisa. The sideband signals in power recycling cavity are easily degraded by mirror aberrations in VIRGO. In order to correct such mirror aberrations, CO2 laser and compensation plates will be prepared, and then, our phase camera will be used to see mirror aberrations through the state of sidebands. Hence, this phase camera can contribute to VIRGO for making high performance controls. Page 124 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts IV.d Photonics / 133 Calibration System with Notched Fibres Authors: Ivo Polak1; Jan Smolik1 1 Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Rep. (CZ) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Modern detectors with significantly increasing number of active channels require new approach for calibration. The calibration system on the first prototype of the AHCAL in CALICE usedoneopti- cal fibre for each of 7608 channels to distribute calibration light to tiles with SiPM. As theproposed analogue hadronic calorimeter for ILC should have around 10^6 channels, the former system is inap- plicable due to spatial requirements and manufacture difficulties. Now two ways of light distribution are considered. The first one is focused on the implementation of one LED placed directly onPCB for each SiPM channel. The second one is focused on a simplified fibre distribution systemusing one fibre with taps for more channels. It uses so called notched fibre and will be presented here.The system allows to calibrate one row of 72 scintillation tiles read by SiPMs using one driver with one LED and three subsequent notched fibres. We will present principals, parameters of current system and requirements for future development to allow reliable manufacturing. Benefits and drawbacks of notched fibre system with a comparison to the system with embedded LED for each SiPM channel is also discussed. Further we report on latest version of the electronics for calibration and monitoring system devel- oped for single UV-LED. The system is based on original fast (3 ns pulsewidth) and precise LED driver called QMB. Due to its high dynamic range of precise a few nanosecond pulses it is flexible to all necessary monitoring and calibration task for SiPM like detectors. IV.d Photonics / 15 Laboratory tests for Diode-Laser based Calibration Systems for Fast Time-of-Flight Systems Author: Maurizio Bonesini1 Co-authors: Antonio de Bari 2; Massimo Rossella 3; Roberto Bertoni 1 1 Sezione INFN Milano Bicocca 2 Sezione INFN e Universita’ di Pavia 3 Sezione INFN Pavia Corresponding Author: [email protected] Time-of-flight systems, based on scintillators, may reach good intrinsic time resolution, byusingfast scintillators and photomultipliers. Examples are the large time-of-flight system constructed for the HARP experiment at CERN PS (~150 ps detector resolution) or the most demanding time-of-flight system of the MICE experiment at RAL (~50-60 ps detector resolution). This level of intrinsic timing resolutions puts demanding requirements on the laser based calibration system for day by day time monitoring. Such as system may be realized by splitting a fast laser beam (FWHM~ 30 ps) to a fast photodiode, giving the START for the TDC system, and injecting the laser light into a system of fibers that trans- mit the pulse to the individual counters to be calibrated, giving the STOP signal. Due to the limited power of diode-laser systems (up to 1 W) extreme care must be put to minimize power losses. The choice of the type of optical fiber to be used (multimode vs single-mode)is an- other critical issue. Step-index multimode fibers has been chosen giving the best trade-off between input power loss minimization and timing properties of the system. Timing characterization were done with a sampling HP54750A scope with a 20 GHz bandwidth. Additional tests to study the tem- perature dependence of the system components were done with a precision LAUDA PR845 cooling Page 125 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts thermostat. A system based on optical switches, fused fiber splitters and an ultrafast diode-laser will be described, together with the laboratory tests needed to optimize the choice of components and characterize completely the timing performances. IV.d Photonics / 419 Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuits for High En- ergy Physics Applications Author: Deepak Gajanana1 Co-authors: Martin Van Beuzekom 1; Meint Smit 2; Xaveer Leijtens 2 1 NIKHEF (NL) 2 Eindhoven University of Technology Corresponding Author: [email protected] Physics experiments generally deal with enormous data throughput. The density of the data is in- creasing with upgrades on the detectors and experiments. Fiber optic communication with its high bandwidth and high capacity provides an effective solution. In experiments like the KM3NeT, cost- effective long haul optical communication is desired. A Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) based multi-channel readout with minimum number of fibres over a large distance is a sig- nificant challenge. However, in the detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) or similar facilities, distances are short, but the optical readout systems are exposed to radiation. So, radiation hardness of optical links and/or circuits is an important requirement. Photonic integrated circuit design is going through an exciting phase with generic integration philosophy. Thanks to the availability of MPWs, it is getting easier to design and test an Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuit (AS- PIC). With such broad range of physics applications, we demonstrate examples of ASPICs designed for high energy physics using generic integration platforms. IV.d Photonics / 152 High-precision fiber-optical timing distribution systems over large distances and their application to astroparticle physics facilities Author: David Berge1 Co-authors: Jeroen Koelemeij 2; Maarten De Jong 1; Peter Paul Maarten Jansweijer 1; Ruud Kluit 3 1 NIKHEF (NL) 2 LaserLaB and Dept. Physics & Astronomy, VU University 3 Nikhef (NL) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Future astroparticle physics facilities like CTA 1 and KM3NeT [2] require a relative timing precision better than 1 ns between detector elements separated by up to 100 km. At the same time,fiber- optical links for high-capacity data transfer from detector elements to central processing facilities are needed. The Open Hardware project White Rabbit [3] provides both data and time transfer functionality over the same optical fiber, and its implementation is currently being investigated for both facilities. Here, we present the current implementation status and performance measurements. In addition, propagation delays of optical 10 Gb/s data over a 75 km long amplified fiber link have recently been determined with an uncertainty of 4 ps [4]. This opens up the possibility of even more Page 126 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts precise, picosecond-level precision time transfer over long-distance optical communication links for wide-area astroparticle detector arrays. 1 http://www.cta-observatory.org/ [2] http://www.km3net.org/ [3] http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit [4] http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-21-26-32643&id=276383 Network Session / 452 ASML Corresponding Author: [email protected] Network Session / 453 Shell Corresponding Author: [email protected] Network Session / 454 The Digital Photon Counter (DPC, dSiPM) – a disruptive technol- ogy for application in medical imaging, high energy physics and beyond Corresponding Author: [email protected] The lecture will introduce the concept of disruptive technologies using the example of theDigital Photon Counter (DPC, dSiPM) developed at Philips since 2004. The major characteristics of disrup- tive technologies will be worked out and examples given. As the development of the technology at Philips was triggered by its potential application in medical imaging, in particular in Positron- Emission-Tomography (PET), the benefits of using DPC in PET will be explained. The concepts of analog and digital SiPM will be compared and the advantages of the early digitization concept will be highlighted in particular in view of industrial applications. One of the most impor- tant prerequisites for this is scalability, so special focus and attention will be given to this aspect by introducing the Philips digital systems concept. The question of how to bring such a technology to market and how to define the product will also be discussed. First application examples willbe shown and a brief outlook on future developments will be provided. Plenary / 448 The SRF Technology and the ILC Accelerator Complex Author: Maksym Titov1 1 CEA/IRFU,Centre d’etude de Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette (FR) Page 127 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] Plenary / 450 ALMKID/ALMA Author: Andrey Baryshev1 1 SRON Corresponding Author: [email protected] Plenary / 455 Opening Corresponding Author: [email protected] Plenary / 446 White Rabbit for Time Transfer Co-author: Erik Van Der Bij 1 1 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] White Rabbit provides sub-nanosecond accuracy and picoseconds precision of synchronization for large distributed systems. It also allows for deterministic and reliable data delivery at a gigabit rate. The Ethernet-based network can connect thousands of nodes with typical distances of 10 kmbetween nodes while even a 1000 km link is in operation with a lower accuracy. The hardware, firmware and software designs are fully open and at the same time commercialised and supported bymultiple vendors. Plenary / 434 Triggering Trends Author: Gerhard Raven1 1 NIKHEF (NL) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Since its inception in 1965, Moore’s law has had a large impact on many technologies. This presentation will review how these changes have influenced the design of trigger and DAQ systems, and attempt to extrapolate the trends identified towards the future. Page 128 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Plenary / 449 Particle detection technology for space-borne astroparticle exper- iments Author: Martin Pohl1 1 Universite de Geneve (CH) Corresponding Author: [email protected] I will review the transfer of technology from accelerator-based particle detection to space-borne as- troparticle physics. Requirements for detection, identification and measurement of ions, electrons and photons in space will be recalled. The additional requirements and restrictions imposed by the launch process in manned and unmanned space flight, as well as by the hostile environment inorbit are analyzed in detail. Technology readiness criteria and risk mitigation strategies are reviewed. Re- cent examples are given of missions and instruments in orbit, under construction and in the planning phase. Plenary / 439 Monolithic pixel detectors in HEP experiments Corresponding Author: [email protected] Monolithic pixel detectors have been studied for many years for their potential to combine the possi- bility to build a very low mass detector with very high granularity pixel resolution in high volume 8” CMOS productions. Different technical solutions have been studied and were implemented intrack- ing detectors. The application has been limited however to low radiation environments. Prominent examples of the use of monolithic pixel detectors in HEP experiments are the STAR Heavy Flavour Tracker and the BELLE II pixel detector. The use of smaller technology nodes with higher numbers of metal layers, special high resistivity starting wafers and new design approaches are presently under intense study with the aim to use monolithic pixel detectors in more stringent environments. The decision to use monolithic pixel detectors for the upgrade of the ALICE Inner Tracking System is a first example of these new developments. This presentation will provide an overview of different technologies used in past and present experiments and will give an outlook on current developments in the field of monolithic pixel detectors. Plenary / 447 Laser acceleration of electrons at a dielectric structure – from novel accelerator technology to ultrafast measurement devices Author: Peter Hommelhoff1 1 Univ. of Erlangen and Max Planck for Quantum Optics Corresponding Author: [email protected] In free space, efficient momentum transfer over an extended distance between an oscillating field and a massive charged particle is impossible. With a proper boundary, this notion does not hold any longer. We have recently shown that electrons can be continuously accelerated with laser light at a dielectric grating structure. With low-power femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm we could accelerate Page 129 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts non-relativistic 30-keV electrons with a gradient of 25 MeV/m. With relativistic electrons and similar parameters, the acceleration gradients will exceed 1 GeV/m. We will present the underlying physics, will show the details and results of this proof-of-concept experiment, and will sketch potential appli- cations and devices resulting from dielectric laser-based acceleration and control schemes. Plenary / 442 Medipix and Technology Transfer to PANalytical Author: Roelof de Vries1 1 PANalytical Corresponding Author: [email protected] PANalytical is a company in the Netherlands that designs and builds X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluo- rescence systems. Systems are sold (and serviced) worldwide and many are operational 24/7. Since the year 2000 PANalytical has been an industrial partner of the Medipix collaboration. The aim for PANalytical was to integrate Medipix detectors in their X-ray diffraction equipment to increase performance and open up new markets. A first milestone was reached in 2007 when a product based on the Medipix 2 chip, named PIXcel, was released. A detector with a larger area, 4 Medipix 2 chips in a 2x2 configuration, was introduced in 2011. In this presentation we will we give an overview of the technology transfer process of the medipix technology viewed from the PANalytical perspective. We will zoom in on the role of the medipix collaboration and the Technology Transfer department in turning the technology into a commercial success. Plenary / 435 CMOS based terahertz instrumentation for imaging and spectroscopy Terahertz imaging and spectroscopy based on optical and electronic generation and detection of ra- diation has resulted in a wealth of new application opportunities in the area of medical surgery (e.g. tumor margin detection), biomedical analysis (e.g. protein interaction), non-destructive testing (e.g. production control), security (e.g. airport scanners, detection of concealed weapons) as well as in fundamental research (e.g. astronomy, solid state physics). Many applications require the miniaturization of the spectroscopic imaging system in order to en- able their co-integration with other devices, ultimately leading to terahertz integration in mobile applications. The scientific community has engaged in this integration strategy by an increased amount ofre- search on room temperature CMOS based circuits in the frequency range up to about 1 Terahertz. This keynote will give an overview about the state of the art of terahertz circuits in CMOSandshow the link to key applications accessible for electronic room temperature systems. The terahertz frequency range is extremely challenging for CMOS technology, as it is beyond the traditional transistor operating frequencies fT and fMax. The keynote will describe which new com- ponents and circuit design techniques have been developed for terahertz sources and receivers. An overview about state-of the art instrumentation of terahertz imaging and spectroscopy will be pre- sented. In more detail an extremely broadband transmitter-receiver system will be described, that was developed in the FP 7 project ULTRA. It is composed of a transmitter and receiver, both based on nonlinear transmission line generators operating in the frequency range up to 500 GHz. The system overview, high speed Schottky diode design, transmitter and receiver circuitry, broadband antenna development and modular integration will be presented. A comparison between this CMOS based Page 130 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts system and optical terahertz time domain spectroscopy will be given. The keynote will conclude with a vision about the requirements of future terahertz systems inorder to open the discussion for new collaborations. Plenary / 433 Trends in front-end ASICs for particle physics Author: Gianluigi De Geronimo1 1 Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The complexity and resolving capability of detectors for high energy physics experiments havebeen steadily increasing. The front-end electronics, which provides the readout of signals from thesens- ing elements of these detectors, has observed a corresponding increase in complexity, functionality, and transistor count. A major breakthrough came with the advent of front-end Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) which have enabled new classes of detectors to be built. By their nature, front-end ASICs tend to integrate more and more of the required signal processing and communi- cation circuits, frequently with extensive programming capabilities and with requirement to meet some standards. The progress in front-end ASICs greatly alleviates the detector design. But italso opens a number of questions and challenges, discussed in this presentation. Plenary / 451 The World’s Biggest Eye on the Sky Corresponding Author: [email protected] The European Southern Observatory (ESO) is now entering the construction phase of whatwillbe the world’s largest optical/near-IR telescope, the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). With a 39-m primary aperture, the E-ELT is the most ambitious ground-based optical/near-IR facility cur- rently forseen, and will provide astronomers with unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution. The foremost scientific objectives of the E-ELT are the detection and study of the very first structures in the early Universe (reaching back as far as 10-13 billion years ago), the detailed analysis of stellar populations in a representative sample of galaxies, and systematic characterization of the properties and formation processes of extrasolar planets. The E-ELT is particularly innovative as it integrates the technique of adaptive optics directly into such a large telescope. So-called Ground-Layer Adaptive Optics (GLAO) will provide correct for at- mospheric turbulence using a large deformable mirror in the telescope, enhancing the image quality across the full field-of-view, and mitigating the impact of atmospheric conditions on observations. When combined with the vast collecting power of the E-ELT mirrors, the telescope will provide European astronomers with a truly world-leading facility. Plenary / 443 Technology Transfer from the Medipix Collaborations Author: Bernard Denis1 Page 131 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] A the end of the 90’s the Medipix2 Collaboration was formed with aim of developing a photon counting chip taking advantage of the deep sub-micron CMOS technology to develop a detector with a very small pixel size and a large number of pixels per chip. In 2007, a new collaboration was established to develop a new generation of Medipix chip able to mitigate the effects of charge sharing and significantly improve the performance of the chip. PANalytical has been the first industrial partner convinced by the commercial potential of Medipix technology. Later, other industrial players also requested the access to the technology for applica- tions in a wide variety of commercial domains. In this presentation, we will focus on the case of transfer to PANalytical. We will explain the mecha- nisms used to make technology transfer in the framework of a collaboration and the key role of the collaboration agreement. We will also identify the advantages of a collaboration in terms of technol- ogy transfer and the constraints imposed by such a setting for decision making. The particular role of the technology transfer unit will also be highlighted. Plenary / 445 The Challenges and Applications of Sub-Psec Large Area Detec- tors Author: henry frisch1 1 university of chicago Corresponding Author: [email protected] The precision of large-area spatial measurements has improved dramatically over the last 50 years due to the invention of silicon strip and pixel detectors. The precision of large-area time measurements, however, has only recently started to attract a similar level of attention and investment. The ultimate time resolution of large-area devices is not yet known, but the intrinsic resolution of sensors can be much better than the 1-inch resolution typical of large time-of-flight systems. I will discuss the status ofthe development of large-area micro-channel-plate-based detectors, for which the intrinsic scale that determines the time resolution is 10’s of microns. There are challenges, but (so far) it seems no show-stoppers. I will touch on some of the many proposed applications. Plenary / 436 3D integration of imagers Author: Piet De Moor1 1 imec Corresponding Author: [email protected] A classical imager contains a 2D array of pixels responsible for the capture of the optical signal, surrounded by peripheral electronics which is reading out all pixels and sending the obtained image off-chip. For almost all application a trend towards high image resolution (and therefore smaller pixels) is observed. However, this leads to several performance issues. First, the area per pixel is reduced, while the required functionality per pixel is often increasing. Moreover, many more pixels Page 132 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts need to be read out over a fairly long distance (i.e. the physical imager size), typically at a high speed. Some applications (such as X-ray imaging for medical applications) require very large area detection with minimal information loss. Many of the above challenges can be solved by using vertically stacking dies using 3D integration technologies such as high density bumps or wafer-to-wafer interconnects, flip-chip or wafer-to- wafer bonding, through Si vias, wafer thinning etc. At the same time the concept of vertically stacking and interconnecting dies offers both optical performance benefits (i.e. when using back- side illumination) as well as readout design opportunities, both in terms of available area per pixel, as in terms of architectural freedom (i.e. to distribute different functional blocks on different lev- els). The advantages and challenges of the required processing technologies as well as different 3Dstacked imager concepts will be discussed. Plenary / 438 State of the art in Microfabrication Corresponding Author: [email protected] This keynote lecture describes the art to precisely manufacture solid-state devices at the scaleof micrometers down to tens of nanometers. The latest developments in microchip fabrication are presented, with their possible consequences in circuit design and computing. Further, the use of microfabrication for particle detectors is reviewed. Plenary / 440 Lessons and trends in calorimetry Author: Marcella Diemoz1 1 Universita e INFN, Roma I (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Huge calorimetric systems built to ensure the Higgs discovery and new physics searches have borne scrutiny of collisions and harsh environment during the first LHC run. Few key aspects of the performance of these systems and lessons learnt in this context will be discussed. In the future, several crucial physics problems have to be addressed in different scientific fields and this research program will span over decades. Calorimeters have to be conceived to face future challenges, diverse techniques are already proposed and some of them investigated in depth. A commented overview will be provided. Finally the potential of this field for applications outside particle physics willbe considered. Plenary / 444 Detector challenges for the LHC upgrade program Author: Werner Riegler1 1 CERN Page 133 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] The LHC experiment collaborations are presently preparing major upgrades of their detectors during the long LHC shutdowns planned in 2018/2019 and 2023/2024. This presentation will discuss the key challenges for these upgrades and will review the maindetector technologies under consideration. Plenary / 437 Micro Pattern Gas Detector Technologies and Applications - the work of the RD51 Collaboration Author: Silvia Dalla Torre1 1 Universita e INFN (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Driven by the availability of modern photolithographic techniques, the Micro Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGD) have been introduced in the last years of the 20th century by pioneer activities: Gas Elec- tron Multipliers (GEM) and Micromegas, later followed by thick-GEM, resistive GEM (RETGEM) and novel micro-pattern devices. Nowadays, a flourishing of R&D activities dedicated toMPGDs and of diversified applications is ongoing, largely favored by the technological collaboration RD51, whose aims are to facilitate the development of these advanced gas-avalanche detector technologies and associated electronic-readout systems, for applications in basic and applied research. The areas of activities within RD51 include MPGD technology and new structures, device characterization, software and simulations, electronics, MPGD production, common test facilities, and applications of MPGD. By this coverage of all aspects of MPGD, RD51 aims to bring together leading experts in the field for the development of new technology and colleagues using this technology for awidearray of applications. This talk will review the activities of the RD51 by summarising the first fiveyears of the Collaboration activity and by anticipating the future programmes, planned over the next five years. Plenary / 441 Liquid noble gases for direct dark matter searches Author: Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia1 1 Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Corresponding Author: [email protected] Detectors using liquid noble gas media like xenon or argon have shown a great potential for direct dark matter searches. Particles interacting with these targets cause the emission of light andfree electrons, via excitation and ionization processes, respectively. The pulse shape of the prompt light signal and/or the ratio between light and extracted chargecan be used to discriminate between different types of particles. For instance, nuclear recoils from dark matter interactions can be separated from electronic recoils from natural radioactivity, themain background contribution for this kind of experiments. In this talk talk the different working principles of liquid noble-gas detectors are summarized. Fur- thermore, an overview of current and future experiments using the liquid noble gas technology is given, including the most important physics results and prospectives. Page 134 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts V.a Industrial Liaisons / 316 Development of a Drift Chamber Detector for Large Area Appli- cations of Muon Tomography Author: Chris Steer1 Co-authors: Jonathan Burns 2; Matthew Stapleton 1; Stephen Snow 3; steve quillin 1 1 AWE 2 A 3 Dept.of Phys.&Astronomy,SchusterLab Corresponding Author: [email protected] Cosmic ray muon tomography is a novel three-dimensional imaging technique able to image objects in dense or cluttered containers. The technique’s ability to discriminate differing materials relieson the multiple Coulomb scattering of cosmic ray muons and as such depends strongly on thetrack- ing resolution of the detector module. Similarly other detector properties have a strong effect of the technique’s attractiveness for various applications: Due to the rate of background cosmic raymuons, timely imaging is only made possible by high detector efficiencies, large tracking solid angles and minimising dead areas; a low-cost, scalable, and easy-to-construct detector are also desirable proper- ties, particularly for applications requiring large detector areas. We report on the development of a simplified single wire drift chamber for large area applications aiming to realise these benefits. Par- ticularly we describe developments aimed at facilitating an easy-to-construct detector and reducing the overall cost of a future system. Performance studies of single and few-detector stack systems are reported including gas, resolution and efficiency studies. Then our considerations of a proposed design for a prototype detector module are also discussed. V.a Industrial Liaisons / 102 Genetic multiplexing for particle detectors Author: Sebastien Procureur1 1 CEA/IRFU,Centre d’etude de Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Modern physics experiments require particle detectors with excellent performance, in particular the spatial resolution of trackers. This usually leads to systems with very high numbers of electronic channels, from 10,000 to several millions. All these channels represent a significant cost of an ap- paratus, even if in many cases the useful signal is concentrated on a small fraction of them, for a given event. Using the redundancy of the signal, in particular in Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs), we have developed a multiplexing technique that can considerably reduce the size of the electronics. A first Micromegas prototype has been tested with 1024 strips readout by 61 channels, showing à 90% efficiency to MIPs. Another prototype built from the resistive technology willbe tested in April, to reach efficiency close to 100%. This multiplexing can be easily used in physicsex- periments to optimize the size of the electronics to the incident flux, and extended to other types of detectors. Furthermore, it offers many new applications beyond particle physics, like in volcanology or archeology. Several industrials also express interest for this technology, in particular for mining exploration. V.a Industrial Liaisons / 399 Development of a Small Form Factor (6cm x 6cm) Picosecond Pho- todetector as a Path Towards the Commercialization of 20cm x Page 135 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 20cm Large Area Pico-second Photodetector Devices with Incom Inc. Author: Karen Byrum1 Co-authors: Aileen O’Mahony 2; Anil Mane 3; Christopher Craven 2; Daniel Bennis 2; Dean Walters 3; Jeffrey Elam 3; Joseph Gregar 3; Joseph Renaud 2; Junqi Xie 3; Lei Xia 3; Marcel Demarteau 3; Mathew Virgo 3; Michael Minot 2; Robert Wagner 3; Xing Wang 3 1 Argonne National Lab 2 Incom, Inc. 3 Argonne National Laboratory Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Large Area Picosecond Photo-Detector Collaboration (LAPPD) is currently developing alarge- area, modular photo-detector system composed of thin, planar, glass-body modules, each with two 20cm x 20cm ALD-functionalized MCPs in a chevron geometry. The collaboration is working closely with industry partner Incom, Inc. towards the commercialization of this technology. One of the major challenges has been to successfully seal a top window to the hermetic glass package module. The collaboration is pursuing multiple sealing techniques; one a hot solder sealing technique and a second thermo-compression sealing technique. In this talk, I will present results from a thermo- compression seal of a top window to a 20cm x 20cm glass package module with a pump out port for leak checking the seal and describe the path towards commercialization of the 20cm x 20cm devices with Incom, Inc. As an intermediate step towards building a full system for making 20cm x 20cm devices, but independent from the LAPPD collaboration, Argonne has also developed a small form-factor (6cm x 6cm) photodetector development facility consisting of a four vacuum chamber system: loadlock, bake and scrub chamber, photocathode deposition chamber, and sealing chamber. Successful thermo-compression sealing of the 6cm x 6cm photodetector prototypes at the Argonne development facility has been accomplished in the sealing chamber. The entire system has recently undergone a bakeout and is currently achieving an ultra-high vacuum base pressure throughout the system with photocathode fabrication underway. An overview of results from the first working 6cm x 6cm active area detectors based on the ALD micro-channel plate, all glass body technology will be presented as available. V.a Industrial Liaisons / 431 High-gradient accelerator technology Author: Xander Janssen1 1 VDL ETG Research Corresponding Author: [email protected] In contrast to existing linear accelerators (LINAC) based on superconductivity, several institutes are currently developing high gradient LINACs based on normal-conducting cavities. A LINAC based on this technique has some intrinsic advantages over their superconducting cousins e.g. lack the necessity for cryogenic cooling, can obtain larger accelerating gradients and hence allow for a reduced length of the accelerator. These advantages are key in the realization of multi GeV/TeV research accelerators such as the Compact Linear Collider at CERN. The mechanical properties of these high-gradient accelerator parts touch the limits of what is achiev- able with currently available manufacturing techniques. The increasing technical specifications and demands for volume-production not only drive industry to improve their currently available tech- niques but also to industrialize techniques newly developed by the research institutes. In this process of maturation from a proof-of-principle setup to building a fully operational accelerator, science will benefit from the knowledge in industry on redesign for manufacturability and series production. On the other hand, the newly achieved and industrialized competences are typically not limited to the Page 136 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts fabrication of accelerator parts but applicable over a broader range of products. Hence, the main- stream customers of the industrial partners will finally benefit to from the “technology transfer” too. Furthermore, normal-conducting techniques are not limited to research accelerators but also find their ways in commercial and medical applications. Applications in which other advantages of the normal conducting accelerator e.g. cost of owner-ship, real-estate size, reliability and maintainability play a far more important role than the shear accelerating gradient. V.a Industrial Liaisons / 416 Bridging the gap between science and society Authors: Arnold Johan Van Rijn1; Hans Roeland Poolman2 Co-author: Marten Bosma 2 1 NIKHEF 2 Amsterdam Scientific Instruments Corresponding Author: [email protected] In The Netherlands policy makers have frequently addressed the ‘gap’ between the excellent standing of Dutch fundamental research and the perceived inability to translate that into profitable commer- cial activities. Although Nikhef’s primary focus is and will be curiosity driven research, pushing the boundaries of the fundamental knowledge, a key intangible societal gain. Nikhef also acknowledges the increased importance of more tangible societal impact, hence resulting in concrete (industrial) applicability (‘valorization’). There are several ways to transfer research results, usually a technology in which Nikhef hasvested intellectual property rights (IPR): selling, licensing or become an ‘entrepreneur’. Since several years Nikhef has worked towards enabling this last route. Building further on FOM’s valorization policy and together with our partner, 1&12 Investment Partners, a holding company, called Particle Physics Inside Products (P2IP bv) has been established. P2IP is the legal entity from which Nikhef-FOM can participate in a subsidiary start-up. It has established a supervisory board that monitors its participations (currently three), assesses new opportunities and explores new activities. Recently our sister FOM-institute AMOLF joined P2IP. We will highlight the experiences so far with startup companies emanating from the Nikhef scientific programme. Some of them are not participations of P2IP. We will also sketch the environment of the Amsterdam Venture Lab in which these startup activities are embedded. V.b Health & Bio / 407 Stability and homogeneity: key detector characteristics for good quality high-yield experimental data. Author: Gabriella Carini1 Co-authors: Aymeric Robert 2; Diling Zhu 2; Henrik Lemke 2; Marcin Sikorski 2; Song Sanghoon 2; Sven Herrmann 1 1 SLAC 2 LCLS/SLAC Corresponding Author: [email protected] Page 137 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The high coherence, high peak power and short pulses duration of modern light sources (e.g. X-ray Free-Electron Lasers - XFELs) are particularly well suited for time-resolved pump-probe and coher- ent diffraction studies. In many pump-probe experiments small differences in signal produced by ground and excited states have to be detected and resolved. Poisson statistics dictates that ~ 1 million of photons are needed to resolve an effect with 1/1000 precision. This requires detector systems with tremendous dynamic resolution and sources capable to provide either pulses with high intensity and moderate repetition rate or very high repetition rate with moderate intensity. The typical approach is to average many frames. However source, pump-laser and sample instability make blind averages not really useful. It is therefore critical to preserve the information of each sin- gle pulse: comprising beamline and accelerator diagnostics, laser to FEL timing, and detector. Data can then be sorted out, binned and correlated, before the averaging procedure. Further even when the detector is capable of better-than-Poisson performance for a single image, it’s not guaranteed that the detector error will be smaller than the summed Poisson statistics when many frames will be averaged. Non-gaussian non-ergodic processes can dominate the error limiting the achievable resolution. Detector stability and homogeneity are equally important for X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS), where in addition small pixel and single photon resolution are needed. Deep understanding of the detection system and careful calibration are necessary for good quality high yield data. While these techniques have been used since long time in the High-Energy and Particle Physics communities, they are relatively new in the field of Photon Science. Examples of applications and optimization will be presented. V.b Health & Bio / 289 Development of a High Rate proton Computed Tomography De- tector system Author: Md Naimuddin1 1 Delhi University Corresponding Author: [email protected] Proton computed tomography (pCT) offers an alternative to x-ray imaging with potential forthree dimensional imaging, reduced radiation exposure, and in-situ imaging. The second generation pCT system being developed at Northern Illinois University in collaboration with Fermilab and Delhi University is comprised of a tracking system, a calorimeter or the range detector, data acquisition system, a computing farm, and software algorithms for image reconstruction. The proton beam encounters the upstream tracking detectors, the patient or phantom, the downstream tracking de- tectors, and a calorimeter. The tracking detectors are scintillating fibers and the calorimeter ismade up of stacked scintillator plates. The data acquisition sends the proton scattering information toan offline computing farm. The pCT detector design allows for an increased data acquisition rate(upto 5 million proton tracks per second) and an improved imaging algorithm, which significantly reduced reconstruction times of three dimensional images. In this presentation, we will present the current status of the pCT detector system, development of the complete detector simulation and reconstruction tools and their validation, and preliminary test beam data analysis with the full pCT detector system. V.b Health & Bio / 101 A compact scintillation detector for mobile neutron spectroscopy Author: Angus Comrie1 Co-authors: Andy Buffler 1; Heinrich Woertche 2; Ricky Smit 3 Page 138 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 University of Cape Town 2 INCAS3 3 iThemba LABS Corresponding Author: [email protected] A compact scintillation detector, comprising of plastic scintillators capable of pulse shape discrimi- nation, coupled to silicon photomultipliers and digital readout electronics, has been constructed and characterised using a range of neutron and gamma radiation fields with energies between 0.5 and 14 MeV. Experimental measurements will be presented and compared with simulations built using GEANT4. In addition, measurements with neutron beams ranging in energy between 14 MeV and 66 MeV, produced at the iThemba LABS cyclotron facility will be used to illustrate the pulse shape discrimination capabilities of the digital data acquisition system. The potential of the device for both dosimetry and security applications will be discussed, together with the challenges of implementing a compact neutron/gamma-ray detector for use in industry. V.b Health & Bio / 20 Verification of the compton-PET and a new approach to SPECT Authors: Katsushige Kotera1; T. Takeshita 2; Yoji Hasegawa3 Co-authors: Koya Tsuchimoto 2; Kunihiro Sako 2; Takayoshi Ogura 2; Yuki Miyashita 2 1 Shinshu University 2 Shinshu Univ. 3 Shinshu University (JP) Corresponding Author: [email protected] An idea of Compton-PET is not new, however, current trend to be equipped heavy and smaller scintillators makes this idea feasible and easy. Two layers which composed of 3x3 scintillator matrix read out by 9 MPPC are fabricated and tested. The results of the experiment and comparison to the simulation will be presented. Furthermore, much smaller scintillator makes to improve the SPECT resolution with small PPD which is available in the market. A new SPECT idea with such smaller scintillator and MPPC is also fabricated and tested. The results and comparison to the simulation are presented and discussed. Summary: The compton-PET will reduce the patience dose or the testing time to be 1/3. A new SPECT willincrease the special resolution to be comparable 1mm. V.b Health & Bio / 134 Energy response and temperature dependence of Ce:GAGG and Pr:LuAG coupled to SiPM Author: Bjoern Seitz1 Co-authors: Andrew Stewart 1; Jan Kahlenberg 1 1 University of Glasgow Page 139 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] Molecular imaging modalities require sensor systems capable of detecting and identifying gamma rays emitted by radio-tracers as well as providing the complete position information. Thecombi- nation of dense, new scintillator materials with compact photon detector solutions insensitive to magnetic fields provides a promising prospect to meet the requirements in modern combined molec- ular imaging modalities. The energy response and temperature dependence of both, the scintillator and photon sensor has been studied for two scintillator materials, Pr:LuAG and Ce:GAGG coupled to either a n-on-p or p-on-n type SiPM. The performance was compared to a CsI crystal coupled to a conventional small vacuum based photon sensor. Summary: We studied new combinations of inorganic scintillators and SiPM in comparison to more established technologies to evaluate their suitability for nuclear imaging modalities in medicine. V.b Health & Bio / 332 Performance of FlexToT Time Based PET Readout ASIC for Depth of Interaction Measurements Authors: David Gascon1; Juan Trenado Garcia1 Co-authors: Andreu Sanuy Charles 1; David Sanchez 2; Gustavo Martinez 3; Iciar Sarasola 3; Jesus Marin 3; Jose Manuel Cela 3; Jose Manuel Perez-Morales 3; Lluis Feixas 3; Pedro Rato 3; Raimon Casanova 2; Ricardo Graciani Diaz 1 1 University of Barcelona (ES) 2 University of Barcelona 3 CIEMAT Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected] This work discusses the capability of a time based readout ASIC, the so-called FlexToT ASIC, toper- form Depth of Interaction (DOI) measurements. In particular we will analyse the performance of the ASIC with a Phoswich PET module. FlexToT ASIC is optimized for readout of common cathode Silicon Photo- Multipliers arrays with direct coupling and individual anode voltage control. Flex- ToT presents the following features: wide dynamic range, high speed, low input impedance, multi channel, low power and separated timing and charge signal output. It has 16 independent outputs for energy, a single fast timing output and pile-up detection. We will present experimental results on identification of the signal of different crystals (BGO and LYSO) based on timing andenergy signals. Summary: This work discusses the capability of a time based readout ASIC, the so-called FlexToT ASIC, toperform Depth of Interaction (DOI) measurements. In particular we will analyze the performance of the ASIC with a Phoswich PET module. FlexToT ASIC is optimized for readout of common cathode Silicon Photo- Multipliers arrays with direct coupling and individual anode voltage control. FlexToT presents the fol- lowing features: wide dynamic range, high speed, low input impedance, multi channel, low power and separated timing and charge signal output. It has 16 independent outputs for energy, a single fast timing output and pile-up detection. FlexToT ASIC has 16 independent outputs for energy aa single fast tim- ing output and pile-up detection. The low jitter current mode processing together with a configurable differential current mode logic (CML) output provides a timing signal suitable for Time of Flight(TOF) measurements. Each channel delivers a digital output of a Time Over Threshold (TOT) type with a pulse width proportional to peak current (charge) input. We will present experimental results on the identifi- cation of interactions on different crystals (BGO and LYSO) combining time and energy measurements. Figure 1 shows preliminary results on FlexToT capability for Phoswich operation. The information pro- vided by time and energy channels of FlexToT seems to be sufficient to discriminate signals of GSO and Page 140 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts LYSO crystals excited by a Na22 source. Indico rendering error Could not include image: [404] Error fetching image V.b Health & Bio / 331 Triroc: 64-channel SiPM read-out ASIC for PET/PET-ToF applica- tion Author: Salleh Ahmad1 Co-authors: Christophe De La Taille 2; Damien Thienpont 2; FREDERIC DULUCQ 2; Gisele Martin Chassard 3; Julien Fleury 1; Ludovic Raux 2; Nathalie Seguin-Moreau 2; Stephane Callier 2 1 Weeroc SAS 2 OMEGA-Ecole Polytechnique-CNRS/IN2P3 3 OMEGA (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Triroc is the latest addition to SiPM readout ASICs family developed at Weeroc, a start-up company from the Omega microelectronics group of IN2P3/CNRS. This chip developed under the framework TRIMAGE European project which is aimed for building a cost effective tri-modal PET/MR/EEG brain scan. To ensure the flexibility and compatibility with any SiPM in the market, theASICis designed to be capable of accepting negative and positive polarity input signals. This 64-channel ASIC, is suitable for SiPM readout which requires high accuracy timing andcharge measurements. Targeted applications would be PET prototyping with time-of-flight capability. Main features of Triroc includes high dynamic range ADC up to 2500 photoelectrons and TDC fine time binning of 40 ps. Triroc requires very minimal external components which means it is a good con- tender for compact multichannel PET prototyping. Triroc is designed by using AMS 0.35µm SiGe technology and submitted in March 2014. The detail design of this chip will be presented. Summary: Triroc is a 64-channel silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout ASIC targeted for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomograpy (TOF-PET) application. This chip developed for TRIMAGE project which is aimed for building a cost effective tri-modal PET/MR/EEG brain scan. The low-noise, DC-coupled front-end amplifiers of this ASIC accept both negative and positive input signals thus making it suitable for reading out any SiPM in the market. Moreover, individual input DC level adjustment is available for correcting the non-uniformity of SiPM gain. In each ASIC channel, the incoming signals will be sent into two different paths: for energy and time measurements. A variable gain semi-gaussien shaper is used for shaping the input signal in energy measurements. The energy conversion is handled by a 10-bit Wilkinson ADC. This ADCisaproven design and it is expected to be linear up to 2500 photoelectrons. Additionally, a charge trigger is available and can be used for events validation at required energy such as 511 keV. Signal from high speed input pre-amplifier is fed into a discriminator in order to provide a fast trigger for time measurements. A TDC module with coarse and 40 ps fine time is used to time-stamp this trigger. The digitized data are collected by the digital part which is also capable to validate 511 keVeventsand reject noise. Running at 80 Mhz, data will be transmitted through 4-bits parallel links. Other features Page 141 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts on the digital side are zero suppress readout and TDC data compression. In all, the ASIC should be able to process up to 30k events per second. Triroc can be operated with minimal external components, since most of the components for SiPM read- out are packed internally. This feature makes the ASIC is a good contender in compact multi-channel PET applications. Triroc is designed by using AMS 0.35µm SiGe technology and will be submitted in March 2014. V.b Health & Bio / 238 Upstream Dosimetry using a Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) Author: Ryan Frank Page1 1 University of Bristol (GB) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) is a treatment for cancerous tumours. These treatments are complex, with the radiation shaped using dynamic Multileaf Collimators (MLC). This increases dose to the tumour, whilst sparing healthy issue and sensitive organs. Due to the complex nature of these treatments safety is critical. Currently monitoring is from the linac itself and verification is carried out prior to the treatment. New independent dosimeters are emerging, including upstream detectors. In the upstream detector under investigation the aim is to do both real-time monitoring and verification simultaneously. The problems caused by placing a detector upstream are: attenua- tion from the device and generation of secondary radiation. To overcome these issues the detector must be thin and radiation hard. These criterion match that of sensors for the vertex detector of the International Linear Collider, where one of the technologies is Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS). In this project the Achilles MAPS was used. Its suitability for upstream monitoring and verification was tested using a variety of IMRT beams. Using image reconstruction techniques an unprecedented MLC position precision of 52±4µm was achieved using a single image. This allows the beam shape to be monitored precisely and forms the building block of a real-time monitoring device. The treatment verification was tested using the Matixx dosimeter as a reference. Comparing the dose distributions using the Gamma metric showed a 97% pass rate for 3% and 3mm, which is good enough for verification. These results will be presented, along with future prospects. V.b Health & Bio / 29 EndoTOFPET-US: a novel multimodal tool for endoscopy and positron emission tomography Author: Erika Garutti1 1 DESY Corresponding Author: [email protected] The EndoTOFPET-US project aims to jointly exploit Time-Of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography (TOFPET) and ultrasound endoscopy with a multi-modal instrument for diagnostic and therapeutic oncology. The development of two novel detectors is required, a PET head extension for a commercial US endoscope placed close to the region of interest (ROI) and a PET plate over the patient’s abdomen in coincidence with the PET head. Technological challenges include: 1 mm image spatial resolu- tion (SR), an unprecedented 200ps Coincidence Time Resolution (CTR) for enhanced background rejection, online tracking of both detectors and image reconstruction of images with partial volume Page 142 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts information from an asymmetric geometry. The paper will present results achieved with the first prototype components of the EndoTOFPET- US detector. Characterization of 4096 LYSO crystals glued to 256 Hammamatsu MPPC matrices of 4x4 photo-detectors each, performance tests of two candidate ASIC chips for fast TOF readout, and performance studies of the digital silicon-photomultiplier detector for the endoscopic probe will be presented. The first system integration measurements will be shown, which demonstrate that the requirements in terms of SR and CTR are at reach. V.b Health & Bio / 379 The brain as a trigger system Author: Maria Michela Del Viva1 Co-author: Giovanni Punzi 2 1 University of Florence, Italy 2 Pisa University and INFN Corresponding Author: [email protected] There are significant analogies between the issues related to real-time event selection in HEP, andthe issues faced by the human visual system. In fact, the visual system needs to extract rapidly the most important elements of the external world from a large flux of information, for survival purposes. A rapid and reliable detection of visual stimuli is essential for triggering autonomic responses to emotive stimuli, for initiating adaptive behaviors and for orienting towards potentially interesting/ dangerous stimuli. The speed of visual processing can be as fast as 20 ms, about only 20timesthe duration of the elementary information exchanges by the action potential. The limitations to the brain capacity to process visual information, imposed by intrinsic energetic costs of neuronal activity, and ecological limits to the size of the skull, require a strong data reduc- tion at an early stage, by creating a compact summary of relevant information, the so called “primal sketch”, to be handled by further levels of processing. This is quite similar to the problem of exper- imental HEP of providing fast data reduction at a reasonable monetary cost, and with a practical device size. As a result of a joint effort of HEP physicists and practicing vision scientists, we recently found evidence that not only the problems are similar, but the solutions adopted in the two cases also have strong similarities, and their parallel study can actually shed light on each other. Modeling the visual system as a trigger processor leads to a deeper understanding, and even very specific predictions of its functionality. Conversely, the insights gained from this new approach to vision, can lead to new ideas for enhancing the capabilities of artificial vision systems, and HEP trigger systems as well. V.b Health & Bio / 127 Real-time Imaging of prompt gammas in proton therapy using improved Electron Tracking Compton Camera (ETCC) Author: Toru Tanimori1 Co-authors: Atsushi TAKADA 2; Dai TOMONO 2; Hidetoshi KUBO 2; Joseph PARKER 2; Kentaro MIUCHI 3; Kiseki NAKAMURA 2; Shinya SONODA 2; Shogo NAKAMURA 2; Shotaro KOMURA 2; Shunsuke KUROSAWA 4; Tatsuya MIZUMOTO 5; Tatsuya SAWANO 2; Yoshihiro MATSUOKA 2; Yoshitaka MIZUMURA 2; makoto ODA 2 1 Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan Page 143 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 2 Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 3 Department of Physics, Kobe University, Japan 4 Institute of Material Research, Tohoku Univ. Japan 5 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto Univ.Japan Corresponding Author: [email protected] We have developed an Electron-Tracking Compton Camera (ETCC) for medical imaging due to its wide energy dynamic range (200 - 1500keV) and abilities of background rejection and clear imaging using the tracking information of the recoil electron. Thus this camera has a potential of developing the new reagents for molecular imaging. Until now we have carried out several imaging reagent studies such as : (1) F-18-FDG (511keV) and I-131-MIBG (364keV) for double clinical tracer imaging, (2) Zn-65(1116keV),Mn-54, Fe-59 in mouse for high energy gamma emitting RI imaging. In addition, ETCC can image continuum spectral gamma-rays by removing background particle using dE/dx of the track. ETCC has a potential of real-time monitoring of the Bragg peak location by detecting prompt gammas. We successfully obtained the images of both 511keV and continuum high energy gamma rays (800-2000keV) from the water target irradiated by 140MeV proton (Kurosawa, Cur. Apl. Phys, 12 (2012), pp. 364). In 2013 we have completed a 30cm cube ETCC to catch gamma-rays, of which tracking efficiency was improved with 10 times. It enables to select the Compton event contained in TPC using only the energy loss rate of the track with distinguishing it from all backgrounds. Eventually its sensitivity is improved by a factor of 100. A similar imaging test for prompt gammas using 140MeV proton beam was recently carried out, of which intensity was increased more 10 times than previous experiment. Here I present new performance of the improved ETCC and the results of the beam test. V.b Health & Bio / 410 Tech transfer or give-and-take? On the history and future of sili- con photomultipliers in medical imaging and other domains. Author: Dennis Schaart1 1 Delft University of Technology Corresponding Author: [email protected] The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is a photosensor that can be fabricated in cost-effective CMOS technology while offering high internal gain, fast response, and insensitivity to magnetic fields.The first prototype devices were developed in the late 1990s. Commercial products, including arraysof SiPMs with a total sensitive area of several square cm, became available in the mid-2000’s. The poten- tial of the SiPM as an alternative for the vacuum photomultiplier tube (PMT) in scintillation detectors for nuclear physics, particle physics, medical imaging, and other domains, was quickly recognized by a number of academic and industrial groups worldwide. The high utilization potential of SiPMs, combined with a healthy degree of competition between SiPM developers, has resulted in rapid im- provement of their performance, robustness, and availability. Further innovations, such as fully digital implementations of the silicon photomultiplier (dSiPM), have been introduced in the mean- time. Today, large-scale application is imminent in the domain of medical imaging, where two of the largest manufacturers of positron emission tomography (PET) devices have just released SiPM-based PET/CT and PET/MRI scanners for clinical use. With a coincidence resolving time (CRT) of ~350 ps FWHM, these systems redefine the state-of-the-art in clinical time-of-flight (TOF) PET imaging. This talk discusses the introduction of SiPMs in PET detector technology as a process of give-and-take with particle physics and other domains, highlights research activities that are expected to further improve PET image quality, and indicates how some of the ongoing developments in TOF-PET(/MRI) instrumentation may be of use to other domains as well. V.b Health & Bio / 64 Page 144 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts AGIPD, the electronics for a high speed X-ray imager at the Eu- XFEL Author: Peter Goettlicher1 Co-author: . AGIPD-consortium 2 1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE) 2 DESY, PSI, University-Bonn, University-Hamburg Corresponding Author: [email protected] The AGIPD (Adaptive Gain Integrated Pixel Detector) X-ray imaging camera will operate at theX-ray Free Electron Laser, Eu-XFEL, under construction in Hamburg, Germany. Key parameters are 1Mega 200µm square pixels, single 12.4 keV photon detection and a dynamic range to 10000/pixel/image. The developed sensors, ASICs, PCB-electronics and FPGA-firmware acquire individual imagesper bunch at 27000 bunches/s, packed into 10 bunch-trains/s with a bunch separation of 220 ns. Bunch- trains are handled by 352 analogue storage cells within each pixel of the ASIC and written to written during the 0.6msec train delivery. Random addressing provides reusability of each cell after an image has been declared as low-quality. Digitization is performed between trains (99.4 msec). The talk will introduce all functional blocks, concentrating on the DAQ-chain PCB-electronics: a dense area of 1024 ADC-channels, each with a pickup-noise filtering and sampling of up to50 MS/s/ADC and a serial output of 700 Mbit/s/ADC. FPGAs operate the ASICs synchronized to the bunch structure and collect the bit streams from 64 ADCs/FPGA. Pre-sorted data is transmitted on 10 GbE links out of the camera head using the time between trains. The control and monitoring of the camera with 700 A current consumption is based on a micro-controller and I2C bus with an address- ing architecture allowing many devices and identical modules. The high currents require planned return paths at the system level. First experimental experience of the constructed components will be presented. V.b Health & Bio / 308 Prospects for spectral CT with Medipix detectors Author: Enrico Junior Schioppa1 Co-authors: Els Koffeman 1; Janvs Visser 1; Josef Uher 2 1 NIKHEF (NL) 2 Amsterdam Scientific Instruments Corresponding Author: [email protected] In the development of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) in medical imaging, one is working to implement spectral information. While keeping the dose level the same, or even lower, than in conventional systems, spectral CT offers the possibility to measure energy dependent features of different tissues that will allow the extraction of additional information about the patient, eventu- ally leading to real color CT. Spectral CT can be achieved through the application of energy sensitive pixel detectors, such as Medipix-based semiconductor devices and by the implementation of reconstruction algorithms where the energy information is taken into account. In this paper, we present the latest results of our work on spectral CT with Medipix detectors and specifically on detector characterization and the development of algorithms that include energyin- formation. V.b Health & Bio / 307 Page 145 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Development of Real time 90Sr counter applying Cherenkov light detection Author: hiroshi ITO1 Co-authors: Daisuke Kumogoshi 1; Hideyuki Kawai 1; Keiichi Mase 1; Makoto Tabata 1; Satoshi Kodama 1; Shutaro Iijima 1; Soorim Han 1 1 Chiba University Corresponding Author: [email protected] Radioisotope have been emitted around Japan by a nuclear accident at the Fukushima No. 1nuclear power plant in March 2011. A problem is the contaminated water including the atomic nucleus which relatively has a long half-life time such as 90Sr, 137Cs generated from 235U used for nuclear fuel in particular. Particular, since 90Sr has a long biological half-life time (49 years), it is dangerous to cause internal exposure. Therefore, real- time 90Sr counter is required. It is relatively easy to identify a nucleus emitting gamma ray. But it is more difficult to identify a nucleus emitting pure beta ray such as 90Sr. Typically, measurement of a radioactivity absolute value of 90Sr takes a month at least to give a result. At first, we aim to identify 90Sr/137Cs by threshold type Cherenkov detection. It needs radiator which has less than 1.0492 of refractive index for identifica- tion 2.28 MeV of maximum kinematic energy of beta ray from 90Sr and 1.17 MeV of maximum kinematic energy of beta ray from 137Cs. Recent, The material satisfying this request does not exist expect the silica aerogel. We produced prototype and evaluated perfor- mance. We achieved 103 of Sr/Cs detection efficiency ratio, 10-3 Hz/ Bq of 90Sr sensitivity at one minute. 235 The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter barrel upgrade for High- Luminosity LHC Author: Michael Planer1 Co-author: CMS Collaboration 2 1 University of Notre Dame (US) 2 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will provide unprecedented instantaneous and integrated lumi- nosity. The lead tungstate crystals forming the barrel part of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) will still perform well, even after the expected 3000 fb-1 at the end of HL-LHC. The avalanche photodiodes (APDs) used to detect the scintillation light have recently been exposed to the levels of radiation expected at the end of HL-LHC. Although they will continue to be operational, there will be some increase in noise due to radiation-induced dark-currents. Triggering on electromagnetic ob- jects with ~140 pileup events necessitates a change of the front-end electronics. New developments in high-speed optical links will allow single-crystal readout at 40 MHz to upgraded off-detector processors, allowing maximum flexibility and enhanced triggering capabilities. The very-front-end system will also be upgraded, to provide improved rejection of anomalous signals in the APDs as well as to mitigate the increase in APD noise. We are also considering lowering the ECAL barrel op- erating temperature from 18 degrees C to about 8-10 degrees C, in order to increase the scintillation light output and reduce the APD dark current. 358 Page 146 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts A Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor for the Upgrade of the ALICE ITS Author: Alberto Collu1 1 Universita e INFN (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] ALICE is the LHC experiment dedicated to the study of the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma in nucleus-nucleus interactions at LHC energies. In order to improve the ALICE physics capabilities, the apparatus will be substantially upgraded during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (LS2). In particular, the Inner Tracking System will be replaced by a new detector based on an innovative radiation tolerant monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) of recent conception, whose R&D is now well advanced. This talk will focus on the first large scale pixel chip prototype, ALPIDE (ALice PIxelDEtector), developed with this new technology, which is one of the options for the new ITS. As peculiar to MAPS, the pixel chip integrates in the same substrate both the sensing diode elements and the Front End Electronics with 28 um pixel pitch. The use of a monolithic pixel sensor allows to achieve very little material budget in thetracking layers, which can be as low as X/X0=0.3% for those closest to the interaction point. The FEE is designed in the 180 nm CMOS TowerJazz technology taking advantage of deep p-well implants. The deep p-well implants allow to reduce significantly the charge collection competition between PMOS transistors and sensing diodes, and allow to have smaller readout circuitry, which can then be placed inside each pixel. The pixel sensor has a data driven readout architecture based on in-pixel discrimination andona priority-encoding scheme, which makes it compatible with the 50 KHz interaction rate foreseen for Pb-Pb at the LHC. 368 CMOS compatible PureB technology for robust UV/VUV/EUV pho- todiode detectors and imagers Author: Lin Qi1 Co-authors: Alexander Gottwald 2; Frank Scholze 2; Lis Nanver 1; Mok Mok 3; Udo Kroth 2; Vahid Mohammadi 1 1 Delft University of Technology 2 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt 3 K.R.M. Mok Corresponding Author: [email protected] With PureB technology, Si photodiode detectors have been fabricated and commercialized with outstanding optical and electrical performance for low penetration-depth beams such as vacuum- /extreme-ultraviolet (VUV/EUV) light and low-energy electrons of which the minimum penetration depth in Si is only ~5 nm. The PureB layer is formed by a pure-boron chemical- vapor deposition (CVD) in a manner that allows integration of nanometer thin boron layers as light-entrance windows. At the same time the PureB layer provides an effective p+ doping of the semiconductor surface to form a nm-thin p+n junction. The basic PureB photodiode process is quite straightforward and has high compatibility with CMOS technology. Moreover, ideal diodes can also be fabricated with deposition temperatures from 700℃ down to 400℃ meaning that the process is compatible with back-end CMOS. Photodiodes made with PureB-only light-entrance windows have been optically characterized in the UV/VUV/EUV spectral ranges for a number of deposition conditions and post- deposition treatments. Most of the characterization is performed on mm-large photodiodes showing near-theoretical responsitivity and high-stability even for high-dose EUV exposures. Moreover, for integration in high-sensitivity imaging arrays, micron-sized photodiode pixels have been fabricated Page 147 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts and operated in Geiger-mode with a low dark-count rate of 5 Hz at room-temperature for Ф4-μm de- vices. In all cases, it is shown that keeping the PureB layer intact is essential for maintaining the supe- rior responsivity and stability performance. To enable this, special processing techniques have been developed. Particularly challenging is the case when pixel integration demands high-temperature post-PureB-deposition treatments and/or removal of extra layers deposited on the PureB. 3 Dark Matter Detector Prototype testing area Underground Authors: Aria Soha1; Bill Lee1 1 Fermilab Corresponding Author: [email protected] Located 350 feet beneath the surface the MINOS Underground Areas, at Fermilab provide a useful shallow testing site for Dark Matter Detector R&D. It is accessible 24hrs/day, 365 days/year, under normal circumstances, with minimal training. The area is fully supported by Fermilab staff and resources, including network capabilities and other utilities. It has been used by the DAMIC and COUPP experiments to trouble shoot problems before moving to the deeper and less accessible SNOLAB. Other notable test experiments include DM-Ice, Sci-Bath, Peanut, and ArgoNeuT. 395 Muon Collider Detector Studies Author: Anna Mazzacane1 Co-authors: Corrado Gatto 2; Nikolai Terentiev 3; Vito Di Benedetto 4 1 Fermilab 2 INFN Napoli (Italy) 3 Carnegie Mellon University 4 Universita’ del Salento Corresponding Author: [email protected] A Multi-Tev Muon Collider is currently being studied by the Muon Accelerator Project (MAP). Experiments at the Muon Collider will need to cope with intense backgrounds from decays of muon beams. Physics and detector studies including full simulation of muon decay backgrounds are underway. We report on some of these studies utilizing the ILCroot detector simulation framework integrated with MARS simulation of background sources. We also discuss possible detector strategies for coping with high background and radiation rates and we present the first physics analysis using the full simulation of the beam background. 382 A Prototype of LaBr3:Ce in situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometer for Marine Environmental Monitoring Authors: Hao Ma1; Hongchang Yi1; Jirong Cang1; Ming Zeng1; Xiaoguang Yue1; Zhi Zeng1 Page 148 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 Tsinghua University Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected] A prototype of LaBr3:Ce in situ gamma-ray spectrometer for marine environmental monitoring is developed and applied for marine measurement. A 2-inch LaBr3:Ce scintillator is used in the detector, and a digital pulse process electronics is chosen as the pulse height analyzer. Both Ethernet and RS-485 are implemented as the data and control interface of the system, and a GPS module is also built-in to work with the GIS. From previous Monte Carlo simulation result, it is indicated that the self-activity in LaBr3:Ce deteriorates the MDAC, but it’s still a potential good choice because of its high energy resolution. The preliminary test result of this prototype is introduced in details. 297 Kinetic Inductance Detectors as light detectors for neutrino and dark matter searches Author: Angelo Cruciani1 Co-authors: Alessandro Coppolecchia 1; Antonio D’Addabbo 2; Carlo Bucci 3; Carlo Cosmelli 4; Claudia Tomei 5; Davide Pinci 6; Elia Battistelli 1; Fabio Bellini 7; Ivan Colantoni 8; Laura Cardani 7; Marco Vignati 4; Maria Gabriella Castellano 9; Martino Calvo 10; Paolo De Bernardis 1; Sergio Di Domizio 11; Silvia Masi 1 1 University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy 2 Institu Néel, Grenoble, France 3 INFN – LNGS, Assergi, Italy 4 University La Sapienza and INFN, Rome, Italy 5 INFN, Rome, Italy 6 Universita e INFN, Roma I (IT) 7 University La Sapienza and INFN, Rome ,Italy 8 University La Sapienza and IFN - CNR, Rome, Italy 9 IFN - CNR, Rome ,Italy 10 Institut Néel, Grenoble, France 11 INFN and Universita’ di Genova, Italy Corresponding Author: [email protected] Large-mass arrays of bolometers proved to be good detectors for Neutrinoless Beta Decay (0vDBD) and Dark Matter (DM) searches. The CUORE and LUCIFER 0vDBD experiments at Laboratori Nazion- ali del Gran Sasso will start to take data in 2015. The potential of CUORE could be increased by removing the background due to alpha particles, by detecting the small amount of Cherenkov light (100 eV) emitted by the beta signal and not by alphas. LUCIFER could be extended todetectalso Dark Matter, provided that the background from beta/gamma particles (100 eV of scintillation light) is discriminated from nuclear recoils of 10 keV energy (no light). Our aim is to develop light detectors for CUORE, LUCIFER and similar bolometric experiments. In order to reach the high sensitivity and large number of pixels needed, we plan to use Microwave Ki- netic Inductance Detectors, which have already shown impressive results in millimeter astronomy. Since these devices are easily multiplexable and not strongly limited by the operation temperature, they possibly represent the best choice for the realisation of large-area phonon-mediated light de- tectors. Our aim is to monitor the whole face of each bolometer (about 25 cm2) at an operating temperature of 10 mK. We will show a model of the expected sensitivity and discuss its agreement with the optical results of two different generations of devices, that have been illuminated with a 55Fe source and alight pulser. 83 Page 149 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Novel results on small gap Micromegas microbulks Author: Esther Ferrer Ribas1 Co-authors: Alfredo Tomas Alquezar 2; David Attié 3; Diana Carolina Herrera Munoz 2; Francisco Jose Iguaz Gutierrez 2; Igor Garcia Irastorza 2; Ioanis Giomataris 3; Laura Segui Iglesia 4; Ludovic Boilevin-Kayl 5; Mariam Kebbiri 5; Rui De Oliveira 6; Serge Ferry 6; Theopisti Dafni 2; Thomas Papaevangelou 3 1 DAPNIA, Saclay 2 Universidad de Zaragoza (ES) 3 CEA/IRFU,Centre d’etude de Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette (FR) 4 Departamento de Fisica Teorica-Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad 5 IRFU/CEA 6 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] Small gap micromegas detectors (< 50 µm) are expected to be optimal for high pressure applications. These detectors are particularly relevant for rare event searches like double beta decay or darkmatter search. We will present recent results obtained with small gap microbulks (25 and 12.5\,µm) that have been manufactured recently. Electric field simulations taking into account the holes pattern will be also be exposed. The performance in terms of gain and energy resolution will be shownfor different Argon-Isobutane mixtures and for different pressures. Energy resolutions as low as12\% (FWHM) for the 12.5\,µm while for the 25\,µm values of 11.5\% have been reached at 5.9\,keV. These values are very close to the minimum energy resolution that can be achieved with gaseous detectors taking into account the fluctuations due to electron multiplication. The gain follows the expected bell shape with the maximum shifted with amplification gap: smaller gaps are more suitable for higher pressures. These tests confirm the suitability of small gap microbulk for rare event detection that would require operation pressures above the atmospheric. 427 The CMS Central Hadron Calorimeter Upgrade Author: Jim Freeman1 1 Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CMS central hadron calorimeters will undergo an extensive upgrade before LHCRun3 which will occur in 2019. The upgrade is based on replacement of the current HPD with SIPMs read out into a new ADC, the QIE11. Longitudinal segmentation of the HCAL will be increased by about 3X depending on eta. The entire front and back end electronics will be replaced witha 3X higher bandwidth system. The new backend is based on µTCA. We report on the design and status of SIPM development, QIE11 development, and backend system tests. 426 The AMC 13 Project Author: Eric Shearer Hazen1 1 Boston University (US) Page 150 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] The AMC13 provides clock, timing and DAQ service for many subdetectors in theCMS experiment at CERN, as well as the muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab. The module hardware was recently upgraded to support 10 gigabit optical fiber and backplane interfaces. New firmware is now under development to support arbitrarily large event fragments from 12AMC cards with up to 3 simultaneous output links operating at 10 gigabits. In addition, standard TCP/IP protocol over 10 gigabit Ethernet may be used in addition to the CMS S-Link express proprietary protocol. Many of these modules are now being installed in the CMS experiment during the current LHC shutdown. We describe the implementation using Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGAs, commissioning, production testing and integration in the CMS HCAL and other subsystems. 423 Software triggering in the XENON1T DAQ Author: Christopher Tunnell1 Co-author: Sander Breur 1 1 Nikhef Corresponding Author: [email protected] The XENON1T will soon be the world’s largest and most-sensitive dark matter experiment. Dark- matter particles would be detected by their interaction with 2.2 tonnes of liquid xenon viewedby approximately 250 PMTs. In order to calibrate our detector, we must use radioactive sources that will result in roughly 300 MB/s of data coming from the flash ADC boards connected to our PMTs. An overview of our DAQ system will be presented. The decision was made to use exclusively a software trigger, which performs signal processing and identifies events. Even though software triggers have been deployed at larger high-energy physics experiments, we have built the software trigger mostly using preexisting software packages and commodity computers. We will discuss the requirements, design, and difficulties of deploying a software trigger on smaller experimental scales, whilealso briefly discuss our R&D efforts triggering with commodity GPUs. 421 Detector Development for the SPT-3G Experiment Author: clarence chang1 1 Argonne National Lab Corresponding Author: [email protected] SPT-3G is an ambitious focal plane upgrade for the South Pole Telescope (SPT) platform. The SPT is one of the world’s premier mm-wave observatories and has been optimized for precision measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background. In this talk, I will discuss ongoing research and development of multi-chroic Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometer arrays which will be the detector technology for the SPT-3G focal plane. I will present details regarding our investigation and optimization of the detector’s thermal circuitry, transition profile, and superconducting microstrip transmission line. Page 151 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 273 Irradiation tests and expected performance of readout electron- ics of the ATLAS hadronic endcap calorimeter for the HL-LHC Author: Peter Krieger1 1 University of Toronto (CA) Corresponding Author: [email protected] At the proposed high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) the readout electronics of the ATLAS Hadronic Endcap Calorimeter (HEC) will have to withstand a much harsher radiation environment than is present at the LHC design luminosity. The heart of HEC read-out electronics is the pre-amplifier and summing (PAS) system, which is realized in GaAs ASIC technology. These PAS devices are installed inside the LAr cryostats, directly on the detector. They have been proven to operate reliably in LHC conditions up to an integrated luminosity of 1000 fb−1, including safety factors. However, at the HL-LHC a total integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1 is expected, which corresponds to an increase of a factor of 3-5 in the expected radiation levels. On top of this, a safety factor of at least 2 needs to be accounted for to reflect our confidence in the background rate simulations. Samples of the GaAs ASIC have therefore been exposed to neutron and proton radiation with in- tegrated fluences in excess of 4x1015 n/cm2 and 2.6x1014 p/cm2, several times the levels expected for ten years of HL-LHC running. In-situ measurements of S-parameters allow the evaluation of frequency-dependent performance parameters, like gain and input impedance. The non-linearity of the ASIC response has been measured both at warm and at cold, i.e. at LAr temperatures. This allows an improved estimation of the expected degradation of the HEC performance. The measured gain and non-linearity of the ASIC response have been applied to Monte-Carlo simulations in order to understand their effects on jet measurements in HL-LHC conditions. 357 Detector Module Design, Construction and Performance for the LHCb SciFi Tracker Author: Robert Jan Ekelhof1 Co-authors: Blake Leverington 2; Fred Blanc 3 1 Technische Universitaet Dortmund (DE) 2 Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg (DE) 3 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Scintillating Fibre (SciFi) Tracker for the LHCb Upgrade (CERN/LHCC 2014-001; LHCb TDR15) is based on 2.5 m long multi-layered ribbons from 10,000 km of scintillating fibre over 12 planes covering 350 m2. The planes are separated into modular detectors, each with cooled silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays for photo-readout. In this talk, we will present the construction and performance of this novel detector, including the intricacies of scintil- lating fibre ribbon production, constructing precision detector planes with a rigid and light module design, and the integration of the readout components for this detector. The complexities and issues regarding this active part of the SciFi Tracker will be emphasised along with the current solutions and measured performances. Page 152 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 116 Recent Progress in the Development of Large Area Silica Aerogel for Use as RICH Radiator in the Belle II Experiment Author: Makoto Tabata1 Co-authors: Hideyuki Kawai 2; Ichiro Adachi 3; Shohei Nishida 3; Takayuki Sumiyoshi 4 1 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 2 Chiba University 3 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) 4 Tokyo Metropolitan University Corresponding Author: [email protected] This paper presents recent progress in the development and mass production of large area hydropho- bic silica aerogels for use as a radiator in the aerogel-based ring-imaging Cherenkov (A-RICH) counter that will be installed in the forward end cap of the Belle II detector under upgrade at KEK, Japan. The proximity-focusing A-RICH system is especially designed to identify charged pionsand kaons by the use of aerogel Cherenkov radiators with refractive indices of 1.045 and 1.055 and to have a separation capability of greater than 4σ at momenta up to 4 GeV/c. We plan to fill the large end-cap region of 3.5 m^2 with 124 segmented dual-layer-focusing aerogel combinations (248 tiles in total). It is crucial to minimize the number of aerogel tiles (i.e., to maximize the aerogel dimen- sions) to reduce tile boundaries, because the number of detected photoelectrons decreases at the boundaries. Therefore, we have developed a method for producing 18 × 18 × 2 cm^3 largearea, transparent aerogels with no cracking. Prepared aerogel tiles will be trimmed in fan shapes accord- ing to the cylindrical end cap with a water jet cutter, making the best use of the hydrophobic features. Mass production was started in September 2013 and is going on track. Here we report the status of optical characterization of mass-produced aerogels in addition to the results of a beam test with a prototype A-RICH counter conducted at DESY, Germany in advance of mass production. 7 Performance and Radiation Damage Effects in the LHCb Vertex Locator Author: Eduardo Rodrigues1 1 University of Manchester (GB) Corresponding Author: [email protected] LHCb is a dedicated experiment to study New Physics in the decays of heavy hadrons at the LHC. Heavy hadrons are identified through their flight distance in the Vertex Locator (VELO), hencethe detector is critical for both the trigger and offline physics analyses. The VELO is the retractable silicon-strip detector surrounding the LHCb interaction point. Itis located only 7 mm from the LHC beam during normal LHC operation, once moved into its closed position for each LHC fill when stable beams are obtained. During insertion the detector is centred around the LHC beam by the online reconstruction of the primary vertex position. Both VELO halves comprise 21 silicon micro-strip modules each. A module is made of two n+-on-n 300 µm thick half- disc sensors with R-measuring and -measuring micro-strip geometry, mounted on a carbon fibre support paddle. The minimum pitch is approximately 40 µm. The detector is also equipped with the only n-on-p sensors operating at the LHC. The detectors are operated in vacuum and a bi-phase CO2 cooling system is used. The signals read out with analogue front-end chips are subsequently processed by a set of algorithms in FPGA processing boards. The VELO has been performing very successfully during the first run of the LHC in 2010-12. Possible effects of radiation damage have been monitored and studied in detail throughout this period. Indeed the VELO module sensors receive a large and non-uniform radiation dose having inner and outer radii of only 7 and 42 mm, respectively. A maximum dose of 1.2 x 1014 1 MeV neutron equivalent Page 153 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts /cm2 was received in the innermost region of the sensors for the combined 2010-12 run I (3.4 fb-1 of delivered data). Being operated in an extreme and highly non-uniform radiation environment, type-inversion of the inner part of the n-on-n sensors has already been measured. The radiation damage in the detector is monitored and studied in three ways: (1) dependenceof sensor currents on voltage and temperature; (2) measurement of the effective depletion voltage of the sensors from the charge collection efficiency and from studying the noise versus voltage behaviour; and (3) cluster finding efficiency. Results will be presented in all three areas with the mostrecent results from the full run I. Summary: Overview of the performance and radiation damage studies performed on the LHCb experiment vertex locator during the first run of the LHC. 108 Energy Reconstruction in the CALICE Analog Calorimeter Sys- tems in Analog and Digital Mode Author: Coralie Neubuser1 1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Within the CALICE collaboration different Calorimeter technologies are studied for a future linear collider. These technologies differ in active material, granularity and readout systems. TheAnalog Hadronic Calorimeter (AHCal) reads out the signal height of the energy deposition in each calorime- ter cell, while the digital HCal detects hits by firing RPC pad sensors above a certain threshold. A 3 bit readout is provided by the semi-digital HCal, which counts hits above three different thresh- olds per cell. For these three options different energy reconstruction procedures are developed. The analog data can also provide digital information, thus the advantages and disadvantages of different energy reconstruction procedures can be studied. In this work this comparison is done by applying these procedures to AHCal beam test data collected with the 1m³ physics prototype at CERN. These studies are complemented by a full analog energy reconstruction using software compensation techniques to improve the energy resolution based on local energy density information, which is connected to the intrinsic sub-structure of hadronic show- ers. For these measurements, the full CALICE calorimeter system, with a silicon-tungsten ECal, and analog HCal and a tail catcher, is used. 107 Upgraded Fast Beam Conditions Monitor for CMS online lumi- nosity measurement Author: Jessica Lynn Leonard1 Co-authors: Agnieszka Anna Zagozdzinska 2; Alan James Bell 1; Anne Dabrowski 3; David Peter Stickland 4; Do- minik Wladyslaw Przyborowski 5; Hans Henschel Henschel 6; Marek Penno 1; Maria Hempel 1; Olena Karacheban 7; Piotr Rafal Burtowy 8; Roberval Walsh Bastos Rangel 1; Vladimir Ryjov 3; Wolfgang Lange 6; Wolfgang Lohmann 6 1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE) 2 Warsaw University of Technology (PL) 3 CERN 4 Princeton University (US) Page 154 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 5 AGH University of Science and Technology (PL) 6 DESY 7 D 8 Gdansk University of Technology (PL) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CMS beam and radiation monitoring subsystem BCM1F during LHC Run I consisted of8indi- vidual diamond sensors situated around the beam pipe within the tracker detector volume, for the purpose of fast monitoring of beam background and collision products. Effort is ongoing to develop the use of BCM1F as an online bunch-by-bunch luminosity monitor. BCM1F will be running when- ever there is beam in LHC, and its data acquisition is independent from the data acquisition of the CMS detector, hence it delivers luminosity even when CMS is not taking data. To prepare for the ex- pected increase in the LHC luminosity and the change from 50 ns to 25 ns bunch separation, several changes to the system are required, including a higher number of sensors and upgraded electronics. In particular, a new real-time digitizer with large memory was developed and is being integrated into a multi-subsystem framework for luminosity measurement. Current results from Run II preparation will be shown, including results from the January 2014 test beam. 271 feasibility study of a 3-inch Vacuum Silicon Photo Multiplier Tube Author: Carlos Maximiliano Mollo1 1 INFN Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube (VSiPMT) is an innovative design that we proposed for the first time at the 11th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors (IPRD08) in Siena, triggering deep discussions on the feasibility of the device itself and on the convenience of such an idea. The basic idea is to replace the classical dynode chain of a PMT with aSiPM,which acts as an electron multiplying detector. Such a solution will match the goal of a large photocathode sensitive area with the performances of a SiPM. In this work we will present the feasibility study of a 3-inch VSiPMT. The work was based mainly on the electron beam focus on the SiPM surface. Aswill be shown, the linearity and the efficiency of the VSiPMT can be affected by poor electron focusing on the MPPC. For this reason, the focusing system requires special attention with the respect of classical PMTs. It will be presented COMSOL simulations of a possible solution for the electron beam focusing trying to keep the external dimensions of the device similar to those of a classical 3-inch PMT. Summary: A feasibility study of a 3-inch Vacuum Silicon Photo Multiplier Tube Introduction The Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube (VSiPMT) is an innovative design that we propose thefirst time at the 11th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors (IPRD08) in Siena, trig- gering deep discussions on the feasibility of the device itself and on the convenience of such an idea. The basic idea is to replace the classical dynode chain of a PMT with a SiPM, which acts asanelectron multiplying detector. Such a solution will match the goal of a large photocathode sensitive area with the performances of a SiPM. This will lead to many advantages such as lower power consumption, mildsen- sitivity to magnetic fields and high quantum efficiency. The feasibility of this idea has been thoroughly studied both from a theoretical and experimental point of view. As a first step we performed the full characterization of a special non-windowed Hamamatsu MPPC with a laser source. The response of the SiPM to an electron beam was studied as a function of the energy and of the incident angle by means of a Geant4-based simulation. After this firsts results Hamamatsu accepted to considered the ideaand built, expressly for us, two prototypes for testing purposes. In this work, we present some results of the full characterization of the first two prototypes of VSiPMT. Both devices exhibit very attractive features, such as low power consumption, weak sensitivity tomag- netic fields, high resolution in the pulses height giving so excellent photon counting capability. Page 155 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts owever, the two prototypes made by Hamamatsu presents a photocathode of only 3 mm in diameter. In order, for these innovative devices, to be competitive, compared to traditional PMT (e.g. in areas such as underwater neutrino telescopes or dark matter search experiments), it was necessary to study the feasibility of a 3-inch VSiPMT. This study was based mainly on the electron beam focus on theSiPM surface. As will be shown, the linearity and the efficiency of the VSiPMT can be affected by poor electron fo- cusing on the MPPC. For this reason, the focusing system requires special attention with the respect of classical PMTs. Will be present COMSOL simulations (figure 3) of a possible solution for the electron beam focusing trying to keep the external dimensions of the device similar to those of a classical 3-inch PMT. We are confident that the realization of the VSiPMT will start a revolutionary generation of photo- detec- tors for near‐future applications. Moreover, fields like medical equipment, physical checkup and diag- nosis (e.g. Radioimmunoassay and Enzyme immunoassay), biomedicine, environmental measurement equipment, oil well logging, all will require further improvements in photon detection performances, as linearity, gain, quantum efficiency improvement and single photon counting capability. We believe that the proposed device has the potential to fulfill these requirements. 92 ROB performance in a high luminosity scenario Authors: Cristina Fernandez Bedoya1; Jose Manuel Cela Ruiz1 Co-authors: Alvaro Navarro Tobar 1; C. Willmott 2; Ignacio Redondo Fernandez 1 1 Centro de Investigaciones Energ. Medioambientales y Tecn. - (ES 2 Ciemat Corresponding Author: [email protected] The first layer of the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) DT (Drift Tube) readout system isbuiltaround the ROBs (Read Out Boards), which are responsible for the time measurement of the chamber signals to allow reconstruction of charged particle tracks with a resolution of 250 μm per cell. ROB boards have shown an excellent performance during LHC operation and are expected to con- tinue their operation safely during all LHC Phase 1 up to 2022. Present LHC upgrades for Phase 2 foresee an increase of instantaneous luminosity up to 7 · 10^34 cm^−2 · s^−1 which will increase significantly the expected hit rate. Moreover, CMS is studying to increase the Level 1 Accept (L1A) latency of the trigger signal from 3.2 μs to 20 μs to allow including tracking subdetector information into the Level 1 trigger decision and also the L1A frequency from 100 kHz maximum to up to 1 MHz, in order to accommodate the increase of trigger rate due to the higher luminosity. ROB operation under such conditions has been studied and tested in the laboratory and results are presented in this paper. 56 COORDINATE-SENSITIVE MICROELECTRONIC DETECTOR Author: Dmitry Nagornyy1 Co-author: Viktor Eremenko 1 1 Institute of Applied Physics, NAS of Ukraine Corresponding Author: [email protected] Page 156 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The term “Coordinate-sensitive microelectronic detector” means a device for one dimentional si- multaneous detection of separated in the space electron flow, falling on the working surface ofthe detector. Laser mass spectrometry is one of the most beneficial applications of this detector, but these detectors can be successfully used in other areas where one-dimensional spatial detection of charged and neutral particles is required. In general dimensions and resolving capacity of the de- tector are determined by collector’s number which collects the electrons charge, its dimension and pitch. Each collector has its own charge to digit converter completed bodily on one semiconductor chip. Charge to digit conversion mechanism is defined by direct calculating charge’s portions (num- ber of electrons) drops to collector. To ensure that sensitivity allows registering of individual ions, the detector has an integrated assembly of two microchannel plates arranged in front of the surface of the receiving electrodes. Structurally, the detector is designed as a ceramic-based monoblock, which is mounted on the chip detector assembly of microchannel plates and the necessary interface connectors. Overall dimensions of the detector assembly is 40x25x5mm. Size of the sensitive area is 2x10mm. 370 TIGER – A Fast Trigger Processor based on Sampling ADCs and Real-Time Feature Extraction Author: Horst Fischer1 Co-authors: Florian Herrmann 1; Kay Königsmann 1; Matthias Gorzellik 1; Maximilian Büchele 1; Paul Kremser 1; Philipp Jörg 1; Sebastian Schopferer 1; Tobias Grussenmeyer 1 1 ALU-Freiburg Corresponding Author: [email protected] For the upcoming measurements of deeply virtual Compton scattering at the COMPASS-II experi- ment at CERN/SPS we have developed a modular high speed (1GS/s) and high resolution (>10.5 ef- fective bits) sampling ADC module, which allows for trigger decisions based on digital comparisons of signal amplitudes, coincidence times and geometric conditions. Featuring digital pulse processing in real-time to bypass hardware discrimination the firmware resolves pile-up pulses for double or triple signal overlays. Summary: The hit information obtained from the sampling ADC system is buffered for the subsequent readout. In parallel a version of this hit information, although reduced in data volume, is provided as trigger primitives with a fixed latency for a digital trigger subsystem. The trigger primitives fromupto18 GANDALF modules contained in a single VME64x/VXS crate are transmitted via the backplane to the so called TIGER module. The synchronous transfer protocol was optimized for low latencies and offers a bandwidth of up to 8 Gbit/s per link. The key components of the TIGER module is a Xilinx Virtex-6 SX315T FPGA, offering vast programmable logic, embedded memory and DSP resources. It is comple- mented by an additional dual-port double-data-rate memory, a computer-on-module with an Intel Atom processor and a mobile PCI Express graphics processor mezzanine card, respectively. Besides the VXS backplane ports, the board features two optical SFP+ transceivers, 32 LVDS inputs and 32 programmable LVDS outputs and a Gigabit Ethernet port for configuration and monitoring. The GANDALF module by itself is a 6U-VME64x/VXS carrier board which can host two custommez- zanine cards. Although our initial focus was on the digitization of signals from the recoil detector we tried to keep the module as general as possible. Exchangeable mezzanine cards allow for very different applications such as analog-to-digital (ADC) or time-to digital (TDC) conversion, coincidence matrix formation, fast pattern recognition or fast trigger generation. 52 Page 157 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Deformation Monitoring of a Tracking Particle Detector using Fiber Bragg Grating sensors Author: Massimo Della Pietra1 Co-authors: Agostino Iadicicco 2; Stefania Campopiano 2 1 Engineering Dept, University of Naples “Parthenope” and INFN 2 Engineering Dept, University of Naples “Parthenope” Corresponding Author: [email protected] The frontier evolution of a gaseous tracking particle detector technology has been moved inde- veloping Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors that can achieve unprecedented spatial resolution, high rate capability and large sensitive area. However, also the geometry of such kind of tracking detector, in spite of the particular technology used, has to be known with a precision of the order of few tens of μm. The relative position of each detector with respect to a reference system is usually measured through optical sensor elements (CCDs, lenses, light sources), but also any deformation (bending, strain, torsion) with respect to its ideal shape has to be monitored as well. From this consideration, a real-time sensing technology capable to detect any curvature and deformation of a detector with a resolution of few tens of μm is desirable. However any sensor to be integrated with the detector itself should ideally comply with many requirements in terms of radiation hardness, insensitivity to magnetic field, and so on. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) seem to provide a suited solution. Infact, the fiber itself can tolerate very high levels of radiations, is insensitive to magnetic field andelec- tromagnetic noise, and FBGs are intrinsic strain and temperature sensors with wavelength-encoded information, offer high multiplexing capability with reduction of cabling complexity and linear out- put. In this work FBG technology is proposed as suitable sensing solution for the real-time deforma- tion monitoring of a tracking particle detector. As a demonstrative target, some FBG sensors have been integrated with a miniature detector support panel in order to investigate their potentiali- ties/capabilities in detecting local strain and thus bending. Preliminary experimental results are presented and discussed. Summary: Our case of study is to use an FBG sensors with a micromegas (an abbreviation for “micro mesh gaseous structure” (MM)), that is a micro patter gas detector. One mandatory issue for the correct operation of the MM detector is a precise monitoring of its panels’ flatness/deformation. The basic idea, proposed here for the first time, relies with the development of a deformation monitoring system basedonFBG technology, where several FBG strain sensors are surface attached to both detector support panels. Mea- suring strain on both sides of the panel it is possible to obtain its local curvature that is related to the second derivatives of the shape described by the bent surface. Actually, if a planar surface is bent, a positive strain (tensile) is induced on a side and a negative strain (compressive) is induced on the other one: curvature is proportional to the their relative difference. On the contrary, if a same sign strain is measured on the two sides of the surface, a longitudinal deformation of the surface can be derived. Following this idea, the whole surface of the support panels can be subdivide into a proper number of elements that undergo simple deformation. Each element will be monitored by using FBGs attached to the surface of the panel. A mechanical Finite Element Method analysis of a full size support panel is necessary in order to determine the number and the dimension of these elements, taking into account the mechanical properties of the panel and performance requirements. The sensing principle of a fiber Bragg grating can be expressed as ∆λ_B/λ_B =S_ε ε+S_T ∆T whereλ_B is the original Bragg wavelength under strain free and initial temperature condition, Δλ_B is the vari- ation in Bragg wavelength due to applied strain ɛ and temperature variation ΔT, and S_ɛ and S_T are the sensitivity coefficients to strain and temperature, respectively. It is worth noting that in orderto measure the strain of an host material, temperature compensation of the FBG sensor is required. The resolution of these technology is of the order of 1 με , suitable for the physical requirements on the detector geometry. The obtained results prove that the proposed approach has the potentialities to permit a continue mon- itoring of the deformation and bending of the detector. 72 Page 158 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Initial Upgrade of the ATLAS Level 1 Calorimeter Trigger Author: Duc Bao Ta1 1 Michigan State University (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Level-‐1 calorimeter trigger (L1Calo) of the ATLAS experiment has been operating wellsince the start of LHC data taking, and played a major role in the Higgs boson discovery. To face the new challenges posed by the upcoming increases of the LHC proton beam energy and luminosity, a series of upgrades is planned for L1Calo. This paper presents the L1Calo upgrade program for the initial upgrade phase in 2013-‐14. The program includes substantial improvements to the ana- logue and digital signal processing to allow more sophisticated digital filters for energy and timing measurement, as well as compensate for pile-‐up and baseline shift effects. Two existing digital algo- rithm processor subsystems will receive substantial hardware and firmware upgrades to increase the real time data path bandwidth, allowing topological information to be transmitted and processed at level-‐1. An entirely new subsystem, the L1 topological processor, will receive real-‐time data from both the upgraded L1Calo and L1 muon trigger to perform trigger algorithms based on entire event topologies. The upgraded system presented is foreseen to operate for three years, after whichasec- ond, substantial upgrade phase is planned. The expected performance improvements are presented together with the upgraded hardware and firmware implementations. The status of the prototypes, integration and commissioning efforts are also reviewed. 304 Development of a new fast shower maximum detector based on micro channel plates photomultipliers (MCP-PMT) as an active element. Author: Anatoly Ronzhin1 Co-authors: Erik Ramberg 1; Sergey Los 1 1 Fermilab Corresponding Author: [email protected] One possibility to make a fast and radiation resistant shower maximum (SM) detector is to use a secondary emitter as an active element. We present below test beam results, obtained with different types of the photo detectors based on micro channel plates (MCP) as the secondary emitter. The SM time resolution - we obtained for this new type of detector is at the level of 20-30 ps. We estimate that a significant contribution to the detector response originates from secondary emission ofthe MCP. This work can be considered as the first step in building a new type of calorimeter basedon this principle. Summary: We made measurements with different types of MCP PMT as shower maximum detector. The measure- ments were performed at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility with 120 GeV/c primary proton beam and 12 GeV/c and 32 GeV/c secondary beams. We obtained time resolution for the SM detector based on Photek 240 at the level of 20 – 30 ps. The SM detector, based on the Photonis MCP-PMT, also achieves avery good TR, ~35 ps. We feel that this level of performance, even with a large MCP pore size (diameter ~25 μm), enables the development of SM detectors for collider experiments at a potentially much reduced cost. The success of the LAPPD project [2, 4] in developing affordable MCP’s is encouraging inthis respect. More savings are possible if it can be shown that bare MCP’s without an associated photocath- ode, can give similar timing performance. We plan on performing a future beam test that can resolve this issue. Page 159 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 190 Prometeo: A portable test-bench for the upgraded front-end elec- tronics of the ATLAS Tile calorimeter Author: Daniel Joseph Bullock1 1 University of Texas at Arlington (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Prometeo is the portable test-bench for the full certification of the front-end electronics of the AT- LAS Tile calorimeter designed for the upgrade phase-II. It is a high throughput electronics system designed to simultaneously read-out all the samples from 12 channels at the LHC bunch crossing frequency and assess the quality of the data in real-time. The core of the system is a Xilinx Virtex 7 evaluation board extended with a dual QSFP FMC module to read-out and control the front-end boards. The rest of the functionalities of the system are provided by a HV mezzanine board thatto turn on the gain of the photo-multipliers, an LED board that sends light to illuminate them, and a 12 channel ADC board that samples the analog output of the front-end. The system is connected by ethernet to a GUI client from which QA tests are performed on the electronics such as noise measurements and linearity response to an injected charge. 25 The R&D of the GEM Detector Based on NS2 Technology Authors: Wenhao You1; Yi Zhou2; cheng liNone 1 University of Science and Technology of China 2 University of Science&Technology of China Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] NS2 technology is a newly developed self-stretch technology for the construction of the large area gas electron multiplier (GEM) detector. Using the NS2 technology, we have built a 30cm×30cm GEM detector. This R&D work includes the mechanical design for detector frames and test setup.The detector is assembled and tested in the state key laboratory of particle detection and electronics at USTC, all the test results will be presented. 405 Development of a Silicon PIN Diode X-Ray Detector Author: Joshua Abramovitch1 Co-authors: Jingbo Ye 2; Tiankuan Liu 1 1 Southern Methodist University 2 Southern Methodist University, Department of Physics Corresponding Author: [email protected] X-ray detectors currently on the market are expensive, costing thousands of dollars each and still limited in data acquisition options. The goal of this project is to create a device that can beusedto accurately measure gamma and x-ray flux, calculate radiation dose rates, and be simple and inex- pensive to produce. Developing an accurate and reliable system of measuring gamma and x-ray flux will allow for laboratories to conduct irradiation tests with confident calibration. Page 160 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Many methods used to calculate x-ray flux are incapable of accounting for the high x-ray fluxgen- erated by modern x-ray machines. Advances in the technology of silicon PIN diodes in the datacom and telecom industries allows for the development of an inexpensive and compact solid-state ioniz- ing sensor to calculate x-ray flux. X-ray flux can be determined from the photocurrent produced by silicon PIN diodes whenthey capture a photon. The photocurrent is estimated for a given energy from the charge deposited, and x-ray flux in turn can be calculated from the current, charge, energy deposited, and properties of silicon. Two working detector circuits, an AC-coupled version that outputs pulses and a DC-coupled version that outputs a DC voltage level, have already been completed. Cosmic muon, beta particle, and gamma photon events have been observed and characterized. Also, the charge and energy deposited onto the PIN photodiodes have been estimated. Remaining work for this project will be to combine the AC and DC circuits into one system with readout electronics. Summary: This project is to design, build, and utilize such a detector with silicon PIN diodes to accurately deter- mine gamma and X-ray levels. 268 Upgraded readout and trigger electronics for the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeters for future LHC running Author: Peter Krieger1 1 University of Toronto (CA) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeters produce almost 200K signals that must be digitized and processed by the front-end and back-end electronics at every triggered event. Additionally, the front-end electronics sums analog signals to provide coarse-grained energy sums to the first- level (L1) trigger system. The current design was optimized for the nominal LHC luminosity of 1034cm−2s−1. However, in future higher-luminosity phases of LHC operation, the luminosity (and associated pile-up noise) will be 3-7 times higher. An improved spatial granularity of the trigger primitives is therefore proposed, in order to improve the trigger performance at high background rejection rates. For the first upgrade phase in 2018, new LAr Trigger Digitizer Boards arebeing designed to receive the higher granularity signals, digitize them on-detector and send them via fast optical links to a new digital processing system (DPS). This applies digital filtering and identifies significant energy depositions in each trigger channel. The refined trigger primitives are transmitted to the L1 system, allowing extraction of improved trigger signatures. This talk will present the concept for the upgraded readout and describe the components being developed for the new system. R&D activities as well as architectural and performance studies will be described, as will details of the on-going design of mixed-signal front-end ASICs, radiation tolerant optical-links, and the high-speed FPGA-based DPS units. These studies also guide the way towards the second upgrade phase, in which all LAr Calorimeter read-out electronics must be replaced due to radiation damage, ageing, and a new ATLAS trigger scheme. 396 The Liquid Argon Purity Demonstrator at Fermilab Author: Michelle Stancari1 Page 161 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Corresponding Author: [email protected] Fermilab has an extensive program of research and development for liquid argon detectors encompassing purification and cryogenics, readout electronics, photon detection and high voltage. The current status and future plans of this program will be presented, with an emphasis on recent results from the Liquid Argon Purity Demonstrator (LAPD). Removing electronegative impurities from liquid argon is crucial for the operation of liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPC). An important milestone for future large LArTPC detectors was the demonstration that electron lifetimes greater than 2 ms can be obtained in two cryostats that cannot be evacuated: the LAPD and the LBNE 35 ton prototype membrane cryostat. A TPC with a 2 meter drift was operated in the LAPD cryostat, and the electron lifetimes measured by the purity monitors are compatible with those measured by the TPC. 112 The Frugal Tile: A 20-cm-square MCP-PMT Module Comprising 8 Glass Parts Authors: Andrey Elagin1; Henry J. Frisch2 Co-authors: Aileen O’Mahony 3; Bernhard Adams 4; Jeffrey Elam 4; Joseph Gregar 4; Matthew Wetstein 1; Michael Minot 5; RObert G. Wagner 4; Richard Northrop 6; anil mane ; eric oberla 7 1 University of Chicago 2 Univ of Chicago 3 Incom, Inc 4 Argonne National Laboratory 5 Incom, Inc. 6 University of Chigaco 7 uchicago Corresponding Author: [email protected] We present the design for the ‘Frugal Tile’, an all-glass MCP-PMT with an active area of 400 square centimeters. The LAPPD glass tile module was designed to be simple, with: a) a hermetic package made of top and bottom plates and a rectangular sidewall, each made of water-jet-cut plate glass; b) an internal stack consisting of 2 glass capillary plates functionalized with Atomic Layer Deposition and 3 glass grid spacers made from waterjet-cut plate glass; and a getter assembly that drops into place. Features of the design are: no pins penetrating the envelope; c) an internal HV divider implemented by resistive coatings on the MCP’s and spacers; d) RF-stripline anodes silkscreened on the bottom plate with an analog bandwidth above 1.5 GHz forgood spatial and temporal resolution; e) mechanical rigidity provided by atmospheric pressure; and f) modular design for covering large areas. The tile is one component of a modular system in which anarrayof four tiles sits on a 1800-square-cm ‘Tray’ section that contains the Page 162 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts ground plane of the RF strip-lines and supports the waveform sampling and data-acquisition electronics that reads out the strips. 2 MWPC Tracking System Upgrade Author: Ewa Skup1 Co-author: Aria Soha 1 1 Fermilab Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Multiwire Proportional Chamber Tracking System at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility hasbeen upgraded. Improvements include a renovation of the chambers themselves to vastly improve noise on the signals. An extensive study was done to find the most efficient gas for operation, anda completely new electronics read-out system has been created to improve reliability, and system compatibility. Users can now have an ASCII file for each run to merge into their DAQ system, and an event display. Summary: The Multiwire Proportional Chamber Tracking System at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility hasbeenup- graded. Improvements include a renovation of the chambers themselves to vastly improve noise on the signals. An extensive study was done to find the most efficient gas for operation, and a completely new electronics read-out system has been created to improve reliability, and system compatibility. Users can now have an ASCII file for each run to merge into their DAQ system, and an event display. 344 The Data Acquisition System for the ANAIS experiment Author: Miguel Angel Olivan1 Co-authors: Alfonso Ortiz de Solorzano 1; Carlos Ginestra 1; Carlos Pobes 2; Clara Cuesta 3; Eduardo Garcia 4; Jorge Puimedon 1; Jose Angel Villar 1; Julio Cesar Amare 1; Maria Luisa Sarsa 1; Martínez María 1; Patricia Villar 1; Susana Cebrián 1; Ysrael Richard Ortigoza 1 1 Universidad de Zaragoza 2 Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC 3 University of Washington 4 Universidad de zaragoza Corresponding Author: [email protected] ANAIS (Annual modulation with NAI Scintillators) experiment will look for dark matter annual mod- ulation with 250 Kg of ultrapure NaI scintillators at the Canfranc Underground Labroratory (LSC). The detector will consist of 20 close-packed single modules, each of them coupled to two photomulti- pliers (PMTs) working in coincidence. An electronic chain and data acquisition system (DAQ) have been developed to provide a redundant readout at different dynamic ranges and to digitize the PMT signals with high temporal and vertical resolution in the low energy region, that have allowed the implementation of new algorithms for noise discrimination by pulse shape analysis. Page 163 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts We present the design of the whole DAQ system and its characterization (stability and trigger effi- ciency, baseline noise reduction, dead time precise measurements, performance of homemade pream- plifiers, integration with the slow control and warnings system…). Finally, preliminary results on photomultiplier response, light collection and energy resolution obtained with several prototypes are also presented. 80 Development of a ne¬¬w ultra-fast shower maximum detector based on micro channel plates (MCP) as an active element. Author: Anatoly Ronzhin1 Co-authors: Andriy Zatserklyaniy 2; Artur Apresyan 3; Erik Ramberg 1; Heejong Kim 4; Maria Spiropulu 3; Sergey Los 1; Si Xie 3 1 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 2 UC Santa Cruz, CA 3 Caltech 4 University of Chicago Corresponding Author: [email protected] Future calorimeters and shower maximum detectors at high luminosity accelerators need to be very radiation resistant and very fast. In this report we outline the study of the development of such detectors using microchannel plate (MCP) secondary emitters. The first proposal to use secondary emitters in such a detector can be found in Ref. 1. Our research is based on the use of MCP secondary emitters as active elements that directly amplify the electromagnetic component in showers. Akey point is that the method does not require a complete MCP/phototube with photocathode deposited on a vacuum glass container, but can use the bare MCP’s in an inexpensive and robust housing. As the photocathode fabrication is the dominant driver of the cost of current MCP-PMTs, the use of bare plates without a photocathode results in much cheaper and more robust assembly. One of the main limitations in using this technique has been the high cost of MCPs. Due to recent progress in developing MCP’s consisting of large-area glass-capillary substrates functionalized by Atomic Layer Deposition [2, 3], this approach is becoming feasible. Test beam measurements of a prototype were performed with 120 GeV primary protons and secondary beams at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. We present proton and positron beam tests results, obtained with different type of MCP-PMT’s. Beam particles pass through a lead absorber of varying thickness, creating a shower that is detected by the MCP-PMT’s. We report here on the timing characteristics obtained in the beam tests, the dependence of the pulse amplitude on the absorber thickness, and the contribution of the Cherenkov component from the shower interacting with varying thicknesses of quartz placed in front of the MCP-PMT. We have measured a shower maximum time resolution of \~{}25 psec, using the DRS4 5 GS/s digitizer. [4] *corresponding author References 1. A. Derevshchikov, V. Yu. Khodyrev, V.I. Kryshkin, V.E. Rakhmatov, A. I. Ronzhin, “On possibil- ity to make a new type of calorimeter: radiation resistant and fast”. Preprint IFVE 90-99, Protvino, Russia, 1990. 2. O. H. W. Siegmund, J. B. McPhate, J. V. Vallegra, A. S. Tremsin, H. Frisch, J. Elam, A. Mane, R. Wagner, “Large Area Event Counting Detectors with High Spetial and Temporal Resolution” to be submitted to JINST; Dec, 2013. 3. Incom. Inc; Charlton MA, USA 4. Stefan Ritt, “Development of high speed waveform sampling ASICs”, in proceedings NSNI 2010 380 A fast sampling, Wilkinson ADC for Cross Strip Microchannel Plate Readout Author: Michael Cooney1 Page 164 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Co-authors: Andrej Seljak 1; Gary Varner 1; Harley Cumming 1; John Vallerga 2; Rick Raffanti 3 1 University of Hawai’i at Manoa 2 University of California, Berkeley 3 Techne Instruments Corresponding Author: [email protected] To accurately reconstruct the charge cloud centroid from a microchannel plate (MCP) photon event with a cross strip anode readout, a fast sampling ADC is required. The digitization chip, HalfGraph, is an 8 channel, 12 bit Wilkinson based ADC manufactured on a 0.25um TSMC CMOS process. Each channel has 32 samples with 2048 addressable storage cells and over threshold triggering capability. The sampling speed is adjustable from 0.5 – 1 Giga-sample per second. Internal logic controlled via 3-bit data bus and internal DACs allow the ASIC to use a QFN64 package for high PCB density. The output data is transmitted off chip over high speed LVDS lines. 193 The CMS calorimeter trigger upgrade for the LHC RunII Author: Alexandre Zabi1 1 Ecole Polytechnique (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CMS experiment implements a sophisticated two-level online selection system that achievesa rejection factor of nearly 10e5. The first level (L1) is based on coarse information coming fromthe calorimeters and the muon detectors while the High-Level Trigger combines fine-grain information from all sub-detectors. During Run II, the LHC will increase its centre of mass energy up to 13 TeV and progressively reach an instantaneous luminosity of 2e34 cm-2s-1. In order to guarantee a successful and ambitious physics program under this intense environment, the CMS Trigger and Data acquisition system must be consolidated. In particular the L1 calorimeter Trigger hardware and architecture will be modified. The goal is to maintain the current thresholds (e.g., for electrons and photons) and improve the performance for the selection of tau leptons. This can only be achieved by designing an updated trigger architecture based on the recent microTCA technology. Racks can be equipped with fast optical links and latest generation FPGAs can be used. Sophisticated object reconstruction algorithms as well as online pile-up corrections can thus be envisaged. The plan to consolidate the CMS trigger system will be presented as well as the recent hardware and firmware developments. Algorithms to select efficiently electrons, photons, tau leptons or jets will alsobe presented along with the expected performance. Summary: The presentation will cover details of the CMS data acquisition and trigger upgrade planned forthe next run at the LHC, concentrating on the replacement of the Level-1 calorimeter trigger. As the LHC restarts and delivers higher luminosity collisions, exceeding the design parameters, the current CMS trigger system will not be capable of maintaining the high efficiency required for the CMS physics programme. The replacement of the trigger system is also a good opportunity to consider evenmore efficient ways of selecting electrons, photons, tau leptons, reconstructing jets and performing energy sums. In these intense conditions, the implementation of pile-up mitigation techniques is required to reach acceptable performance. Modern technologies offer an effective solution to achieve these goals. The trigger primitives generated by the detector will be transmitted by newly installed optical link boards (4.5 to 6.4 Gb/s) replacing the existing copper cables (1.2 Gb/s), to a new system based on the microTCA electronics standard. The system is based on custom designed AMC (Advanced Mezzanine Boards) with Xilinx Virtex 7 FPGAs. These FPGAs use 10Gb/s MGTs to gather information from the entire calorimeter for each eventinone FPGA, where sophisticated algorithms may be implemented. The complete view of the calorimeter will allow the trigger to compute global quantities such as the average energy density that can be used to Page 165 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts estimate the pile-up level. The resulting increase in rejection power will permit the experiment keep low trigger thresholds on physics objects. The talk will cover the design, development and testing of the components of the new trigger system, including results from recent demonstrator systems at CERN and elsewhere. The talk will also detail the algorithms under study, and put in perspective the CMS physics goals for the next LHC run. The new system will allow the experiment to efficiently select low momentum leptons to pursue the full characterisation of the Higgs sector, in particular including VBF production modes, as well as searching for cascades initiated by SUSY particles. 225 Performance and perspectives of the diamond based Beam Con- dition Monitor for beam loss monitoring at CMS Author: Moritz Guthoff1 1 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] At CMS, a beam loss monitoring system is operated to protect the silicon detectors from high particle rates, arising from intense beam loss events. As detectors, poly-crystalline CVD diamond sensors are placed around the beam pipe at several locations inside CMS. In case of extremely high detector currents, the LHC beams are automatically extracted from the LHC rings. Diamond is the detector material of choice due to its radiation hardness. Predictions of the detector lifetime were made based on FLUKA monte-carlo simulations and irradiation test results from the RD42 collaboration, which attested no significant radiation damage over several years. During the LHC operational Run1 (2010 – 2013), the detector efficiencies were monitored. A signal decrease of about 50 times stronger than expectations was observed in the in-situ radiation environ- ment. Electric field deformations due to charge carriers, trapped in radiation induced lattice defects, are responsible for this signal decrease. This so-called polarization effect is rate dependent andre- sults in a non-linearity of the detector response. Measurements using the transient current technique reveal the electric field distribution. Online measurements and laboratory analysis of polarization effects in diamond sensors are presented. In the scope of the HL-LHC upgrade, various changes are foreseen. Perspectives for upgrades of the detector electronics are presented. Different candidates for sensor technologies are tested for their performance in a high rate, highly damaging radiation environment. 155 Recent Achievements of the ATLAS Upgrade Planar Pixel Sensors R&D Project Author: Daniel Muenstermann1 1 Universite de Geneve (CH) Corresponding Author: [email protected] In the framework of the HL-LHC upgrade, the ATLAS experiment plans to introduce an all-silicon inner tracker with the HL-LHC upgrade to cope with the elevated occupancy. Page 166 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts To investigate the suitability of pixel sensors using the proven planar technology for the upgraded tracker, the ATLAS Planar Pixel Sensor R&D Project was established comprising 19 institutes and more than 90 scientists. Main areas of research are - performance assessment and improvement of planar pixel sensors at HL-LHC fluences - the achievement of slim or active edges to provide low geometric inefficiencies without the need for shingling of modules - establishment of reliable device simulations for severely radiation-damaged pixel detectors - the exploration of possibilities for cost reduction to enable the instrumentation of large areas with pixel detectors The presentation will give an overview of the R&D project and highlight some accomplishments, among them - beam test results with planar sensors up to innermost layer fluences - measurements obtained with irradiated thin edgeless n-in-p pixel assemblies - recent studies of the SCP technique to obtain almost active edges by post-processing already existing sensors based on scribing, cleaving and edge passivation - update on prototyping efforts for large areas: sensor design improvements, 6” wafer production experience, 8” wafer production possibilities, concepts for low-cost hybridisation Together, these results will allow an assessment of the state-of-the-art with respect to radiation-hard position-sensitive tracking detectors suited for the instrumentation of large areas. Summary: To extend the physics reach of the LHC, upgrades to the accelerator are planned to increase the peak luminosity by a factor 5 to 10 which will enable the experiments to collect up to 3000 fb-1 of data. This, however, will lead to increased occupancy and radiation damage of the inner trackers, approaching fluences of a few 10^16 neq/cm2 at the innermost layer and still some 10^15 neq/cm2 at the outerpixel layers. The ATLAS experiment plans to introduce an all-silicon inner tracker with the HL-LHC upgrade tocope with the elevated occupancy. With silicon, the occupancy can be adjusted by using the unit size (pixel, strip or short strip sensors) appropriate for the radiation environment. For radiation damage reasons, only electron-collecting sensors designs are considered (n-in-p and n-in-n): Beyond a fluence of about 10^15 neq/cm2, trapping becomes the dominant radiation effect and electrons are trapped significantly less than holes. To investigate the suitability of pixel sensors using the proven planar technology for the upgraded tracker, the ATLAS Planar Pixel Sensor R&D Project was established comprising 19 institutes and more than 90 scientists. Main areas of research are - performance assessment and improvement of planar pixel sensors at HL-LHC fluences - the achievement of slim or active edges to provide low geometric inefficiencies without the need for shingling of modules - establishment of reliable device simulations for severely radiation-damaged pixel detectors - the exploration of possibilities for cost reduction to enable the instrumentation of large areas with pixel detectors It has been demonstrated with sensors from different vendors that planar pixel sensors can be operated and still yield more than 5000 electrons of signal charge even above 1016 neq/cm2; hit efficiencies of well above 97% were obtained. Special slim-edge designs have been implemented and tested and show a reduction of the inactive edges from 1100 µm in the current ATLAS Pixel Detector to only about ~200 µm. Further improvements towards fully active edges by SCP (scribe-cleave-passivate) and DRIE etching techniques have been prototyped and look promising. The presentation will give an overview of the R&D project and highlight some accomplishments, among them - beam test results with planar sensors up to innermost layer fluences - measurements obtained with irradiated thin edgeless n-in-p pixel assemblies - recent studies of the SCP technique to obtain almost active edges by post-processing already existing sensors based on scribing, cleaving and edge passivation Page 167 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts - update on prototyping efforts for large areas: sensor design improvements, 6” wafer production expe- rience, 8” wafer production possibilities, concepts for low-cost hybridisation Together, these results will allow an assessment of the state-of-the-art with respect to radiation-hard position-sensitive tracking detectors suited for the instrumentation of large areas. 334 ROESTI: A Front-end Electronics for Straw Tube Tracker in COMET Experiment Author: Kazuki Ueno1 Co-authors: Hajime Nishiguchi 1; Keita Okamoto 2; Manobu Tanaka 1; Masahiro Ikeno 1; Satoshi Mihara 1; Tatsuya Hayashi 2; Tomohisa Uchida 1 1 KEK 2 Osaka University Corresponding Author: [email protected] The COMET experiment at J-PARC aims to search for the charged lepton flavor violating processof neutrinoless µ-e conversion with an improvement of a sensitivity by a factor of 10000 to the current limit. When the µ-e conversion occurs, almost all the energy of the muon mass is carried out by the electron which is expected to have the monochromatic energy of about 105 MeV. In order to achieve the goal sensitivity, the measurement of the electron with momentum resolution of better than 200 keV/c is needed. We plan to use a straw tube tracker as an electron detector, which can reduce multiple scattering effect strongly. To read out the signal from the tracker precisely, anoptimal front-end electronics is also needed, and we have developed the readout electronics board called ROESTI. The ROESTI requires gain of about 1 V/pC due to the minimum charge from thetracker, timing resolution of ns order due to the position resolution and the drift velocity of the tracker, and pileup capability due to the hit rate of 100 kHz for 5×109 µ/s. We should also consider the number of readout channels, power consumption, and space limitation. Based on these requirements, we have designed ROESTI which contains all the front-end processes; preamplification, pulse-shaping, discrimination, and digitization, and all function is controlled through a local bus by a FPGA-based readout controller. We have developed the ROESTI prototype and evaluated the performance. In this presentation, we report the current status of the ROESTI prototype. 365 High-Resolution and Low Resource Time To Digital Converters for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope Author: David Calvo1 1 IFIC Corresponding Author: [email protected] Precise measurements on time intervals (TIs) are frequently needed in many physics applications such as particle detection. Time to Digital Converters (TDCs) perform conversion of TIs into a digital word. In the case of KM3NeT, thirty-one TDCs are used to discretize the photomultiplier output. Both the event width and the instant when it happens, require an accuracy of 1 ns. An oversampling technique has been used to achieve this resolution. The proposed TDC readout is based on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Xilinx Kintex-7 with low resource occupancy and controlled by embedded Lattice Micro LM32 processor. On the present article the TDC system is presented in detail. Page 168 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 319 A VCSEL driver ASIC at 8 Gb/s for data transmission over fiber for detector front-end readout in a particle experiment Author: Jingbo Ye1 Co-authors: Datao Gong 2; Tiankuan Liu 3; Xiaoting Li 4 1 Southern Methodist University, Department of Physics 2 Southern Methodist Univeristy 3 Southern Methodist University 4 Central China Normal University, Southern Methodist University Corresponding Author: [email protected] We report the development of a VCSEL driver based on a commercial 0.25-micron silicon-on-sapphire CMOS technology. The driver is designed with a speed of 8 Gb/s with I2C configuration. TheQFN packaged prototype measures up to 10 Gb/s in a miniature dual channel optical transmitter module called MTx. The ASIC and the custom MTx are prototypes for an optical link that is under develop- ment to read out the front-end board in the trigger upgrade of the Liquid Argon Calorimeter (LAr) in ATLAS. We will present design details, prototype measurement results including those from irradi- ation tests. We will also discuss the experience on the QFN package for high-speed signals. 89 The RICH detector of the NA62 experiment atCERN Author: Giuseppina Anzivino1 1 University of Perugia and INFN (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] NA62 is the last generation kaon experiment at CERN. Its main goal is to measure the branching ratio of the ultra-rare decay K+→π+ννbar with 10% accuracy and background contamination at the 10% level. Given the tiny branching ratio of this decay, O(10E-10), to fulfil such request the main background process K+→μ+ν (BR ~63%) must be suppressed by a rejection factor of 4x10E- 13. This is accomplished by using a combination of kinematical cuts (8x10E-6), the different power of penetration through matter of pion and muon (10E-5) and a further 5x10E-3 suppression factor provided by a RICH detector in the momentum range 15-35 GeV/c. The RICH consists of a vacuum-proof cylindrical vessel with 4 m diameter, about 18 m long, filled with Ne gas at atmospheric pressure. The Cherenkov light is reflected by a mosaic of 20 hexagonal mirrors with 17 m focal length and collected by about 2000 photomultipliers. The RICH will provide the pion crossing time with a resolution of ~100 ps, to minimize wrong matching with parent kaons measured by an upstream detector and also used as a fast information to the NA62 trigger system. The construction of the detector is almost completed in view of the first NA62 run, foreseeninfall 2014. New and final results of the prototype tests at CERN, an updated description of thedetector and the status of the construction, installation and commissioning will be presented, as well as the status of the RICH based customized readout electronics and trigger system. 121 Modular Detector with Picosecond Time Resolution Author: Vladimir Yurevich1 Page 169 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research (RU) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Nowadays the TOF measurement with picosecond time resolution is important feature in high- energy physics experiments and the detectors solving this task are important part of experimental setups. The initial point of our activity in this direction was a proposal of Fast Forward Detector (FFD)for MPD/NICA project 1. The detector concept and results obtained with the first version of detector modules were published in [2]. Another considerable application is developing a modular array for BMN project [3]. Both these cases were studied by MC simulation and some the results are presented here. Application in experiments with rather low energy of heavy ions, sNN1/2 ~ a few GeV, is the most difficult case because in such collisions the produced particles have the smallest multiplicity and mostly their velocities β are essentially less of 1. The examples are novel experiments CBM at SIS- 100, BMN at Nuclotron, and MPD/NICA which are in preparation stage. In this report the experience in developing and testing modules for detector arrays with picosecond time resolution based on registration of Cherenkov radiation induced by relativistic charged particles and high-energy photons is described. The important point for ps-timing and operation in magnetic field is application of MCP-PMTs XP85012/A1-Q from Photonis. The main idea of the detectorcon- cept is registration of ultrarelativistic charged particles and high-energy photons by conversion to electrons in lead layer in front of quartz radiator. The total active area of the module is 59 × 59 mm with zero dead space (only module housingdefines the dead area). It is very important point because it allows designing detector arrays without any dead space. The module has four independent cells/channels. The quartz radiator has 15-mmthick- ness and it is segmented into four bars. The radiator is optically coupled with MCP-PMT which has 8 × 8 anode pads transformed into 2 × 2 cells by merging 4 × 4 pads of each cell into a single channel. The FEE is carried out amplification and formation of output analog and LVDS signals. The performance of detector modules and modular arrays proposed for start signal generation in TOF measurements and triggering Au + Au collisions in MPD/NICA and BMN was studied by MC simulation and in tests with GeV single-charged ions of Nuclotron beam and cosmic rays. In the experimental tests three different types of readout electronics were used: (i) measurement of time and amplitude with TAC and ADC, (ii) determination of time and pulse width for LVDS signals, and (iii) analysis of pulse shape by digitizing with 200-ps/bin time scale. For single-charged particles with β ≈ 1 producing about 1800 Cherenkov photons in quartz, the mod- ule channel generated the pulses with pulse height of ~ 300 mV, rise time of 1.2 ns, pulse width of 5 ns at noise level of a few mV. The time resolution obtained in the measurements with two modules is ~ 30 ps (sigma) per module cell. It means that one may hope to get an excellent time resolution better than 10 ps in a real experiment where registration of a large number of charged particles and photons by modular array occurs in single events. 1. Kh. U. Abraamyan et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A. 628, 2011, 99. 2. V. I. Yurevich et al. Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters. 10 (3), 2013, 258. 3. http://nica.jinr.ru/files/BM@N/BMN_CDR.pdf 38 Measurement of MICROMEGAS gaseous detectors on Synchrotron Radiation Author: Huirong Qi1 Co-authors: Jian Zhang 2; Kun Wei 2; Yulian Zhang 2; Zhiwen Wen 2 1 Institute of High Energy Physics,CAS 2 Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS Page 170 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] With the continuous development of the micro-structure of gaseous detectors in recent years, a lot of the new detection requirements have been proposed in synchrotron radiation facility. To get the stable working time, lower discharge rate with long working term and higher effective gain, the new structure detector has been designed. One structure was based the coated Ge resistive anode readout with bulk Micromegas detector, and the other structure was combined with the detection’s advantages of Micromegas and gas electron multiplier (GEM), which was composed of a Micromagas chamber with one GEM foil as preamplifier. In this paper, the two structures of the detectors and detection principles were presented in details. Using a 55Fe X-ray radioactive source in the operation mixtures gas of argon and isobutene (Ar/Iso=95/5), the performances of the detector gain, discharge rate, energy resolution and stable working time are investigated. A further measurement in the four operation mixtures gas has been accomplished at 1W1B laboratory of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Source. In the experiment, the energy range of X-ray was set from 6 keV to 20 keV and the setting step was 1 keV. Finally, the data of beam test were obtained and analyzed. The preliminary results show that a stable working time could reach more than 30 hours of continuous work, the gain of the detector could exceed 10^6 and the discharge rate could be reduced by nearly 100 times at the same gain. 1 New High Rate Tracking area Author: Aria Soha1 1 Fermilab Corresponding Author: [email protected] A new area for beam tests of high rate tracking devices is being commissioned at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. The new area is in the MTest beam line upstream of the pinhole collimator inthe MT3 Alcove. This area is suitable for tests of detectors with modest transverse dimensions. High rate tests will use 120 GeV protons. The maximum rate available is approximately 2.5 GHz/cm2(1E10 particles/spill). A Patch panel for signal and high voltage cables links the enclosure alcove area with the MS3 service building, where experimenters can monitor their apparatus. Network fiber is installed between the two areas, with capabilities for general network access and private network capabilities. A remotely controllable motion table is available so users can perform beam scans, and move detectors completely into and out of the beam, without making accesses to the beam enclosure. Summary: A new area for beam tests of high rate tracking devices is being commissioned at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. The new area is in the MTest beam line upstream of the pinhole collimator in the MT3 Alcove. This area is suitable for tests of detectors with modest transverse dimensions. High rate tests will use120 GeV protons. The maximum rate available is approximately 2.5 GHz/cm2(1E10 particles/spill). APatch panel for signal and high voltage cables links the enclosure alcove area with the MS3 service building, where experimenters can monitor their apparatus. Network fiber is installed between the two areas, with capabilities for general network access and private network capabilities. A remotely controllable motion table is available so users can perform beam scans, and move detectors completely into and out of the beam, without making accesses to the beam enclosure. 197 The NA62 LAVfront-end electronics and the L0 trigger generating firmware Page 171 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Authors: Antonella Antonelli1; Francesco Gonnella2; Matthew David Moulson3; Mauro Raggi4; Tommaso Spadaro1 1 Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (IT) 2 LNF (IT) 3 INFN 4 LNF INFN Corresponding Author: [email protected] The aim of the NA62 experiment is to measure the BR(K+ -> pi+ nu nu bar) to within about10%. The large-angle photon vetoes (LAVs) must detect particles with better than 1 ns time resolution and 10% energy resolution over a very large energy range in order to reject the dominant background. A low threshold, large dynamic range, Time-over-threshold based solution has been developed for the LAV front end electronics (LAV-FEE). Our custom 32 channel 9U board uses a pair of low threshold discriminators for each channel to produce LVDS logic signals. The achieved time resolution obtained in laboratory, coupled to an HPTDC based readout board, is ~ 150 ps. For LAV-FEE, a FPGA-based level-0 trigger providing slewing-corrected trigger time with similar precision has also been developed. 322 Aging experiment of LAB based liquid scintillator for JUNO ex- periment Authors: Boxiang YuNone; Cheng Hai-Tao1; Ding Ya-Yun2; Zhou Li2 1 NUAA 2 IHEP Corresponding Author: [email protected] This talk introduces the aging experiment of JUNO (Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory) liquid scintillator (LS) with several containers. JUNO will need 20kt LS, and energy resolution of detector reach to 3%/E and LS detector will run 10-15 years, so LS stability and compatibility in con- tainers is very important. The method and results of LS aging with containers are reported. 46 Very low energy electron tracking and positioning based on THGEM Author: Yuguang Xie1 1 IHEP, Beijing, China Corresponding Author: [email protected] A new type of THGEM was developed for applications requiring relative high spacial resolution <200 um, which can be achieved by THGEM with 150um hole diameter, 400um pitch, and 150um thickness, and even smaller hole array structure. A THGEM-TPC is designed to monitor 3 - 50 MeV pulsed electron beam online. And a THGEM-based 2D detector is designed to measure the incident positions of 0.1 – 3 MeV electrons. The detectors will operate in <10^-3Pa vacuum, which requests special considerations and designs for the detectors. This talk will cover the performance study of the THGEM, the schemes, simulation, prototype test and progress of the detectors. Page 172 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 140 A Cylindrical GEM Detector with Analog Readout for the BESIII Experiment Author: Gianluigi Cibinetto1 Co-authors: Adriano Zallo 2; Alessandro Calcaterra 3; Diego Bettoni 4; Elisa Fioravanti 1; Fabrizio Bianchi ; Giuli- etto Felici 5; Isabella Garzia 6; Marco Destefanis 7; Marco Maggiora 8; Mauro Savrie 4; Monica Bertani 9; Piero Patteri 2; Rinaldo Baldini Ferroli 10; Simonetta Marcello 11; Valentina Santoro 1 1 INFN Ferrara 2 INFN LNF 3 LNF-INFN 4 Universita di Ferrara (IT) 5 Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) 6 INFN 7 INFN Turin 8 Univ. + INFN 9 Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF)-Istituto Nazionale Fisica 10 Centro Studi e Ricerche ’Enrico Fermi’ 11 Universita’ di Torino e INFN Corresponding Author: [email protected] We are developing a low mass, cylindrical GEM detector with analog readout for the inner tracker upgrade of the BESIII experiment at the BEPC-II e+e- collider. The GEM detector will replace the current inner drift chamber that is suffering early aging due to the increase of the machine luminos- ity. The new inner tracker is expected to match the momentum resolution (σpt/Pt~0.5% at1GeV)and radial resolution (σxy~100μm) of the drift chamber and to improve significantly the spatial resolution along the beam direction (σz ~150μm) with very small material budget (about 1X0). The inner tracker will be composed by three layers of triple cylindrical GEM with an angularcov- erage of 93% of the solid angle. Each layer is composed by five cylindrical structures: the cathode, three GEMs and the anode readout. To minimize the material, no support frames are used inside the active area and the GEM foils are mechanically stretched being glued to fiberglass rings at their ends. The anode configuration is studied by means of Maxwell and Garfield simulations and withasmall- scale planar prototype that is tested with cosmic rays. Preliminary R&D and simulation studies will be presented together with the mechanical design of the detector. Due to the 1 T magnetic field of the experiment an analog readout is mandatory to achieve the desired spatial resolution; the charge will be measured with “time-over-threshold” technique. Our plan to develop a new ASIC chip based on UMC-110nm technology with limited power consumption will be also presented. 324 Segmented scintillators with SiPM readout for measuring antipro- ton annihilations Author: Anna Soter1 1 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (DE) Page 173 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Atomic Spectroscopy and Collisions Using Slow Antiprotons (ASACUSA) experiment atthe Antiproton Decelerator (AD) facility of CERN [1,2] recently constructed segmented scintillators to detect and track charged pions emerging from antiproton annihilations [3]. The detectors were designed to accompany a future superconducting radiofrequency Paul trap for antiprotons, but some of the modules were recently used to assist total cross section measurements of annihilation in-flight of slow antiprotons [4]. We arranged 541 bars of cast and extruded scintillators in 11 detector modules, which provided a spatial resolution of ∼17 mm. Green wavelength-shifting fibers were embedded in the scintillators, and read out on one side by silicon photomultipliers (Hamamatsu MPPC) with a sensitive area of 1 × 1 mm2. The photoelectron yields of various scintillator configurations, with different fibers, siliconphoto- multipliers and fiber end terminations were measured using a negative pion beam of momentum p ≈ 1 GeV/c at the PS facility of CERN. The detectors were also tested using the antiproton beam of the AD. Nonlinear effects due to the saturation of the silicon photomultiplier were seen athigh annihilation rates of the antiprotons. 1 R. S. Hayano et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 1–71 (2007). [2] M. Hori et al., Nature 475, 485 (2011). [3] A. Soter et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 023302 (2014) [4] H. Aghai-Khozani et al., Eur. Phys. J. Plus 127, 125 (2012). 415 Strip readout MRPC for the TOF System of the MPD/NICA Exper- iment. Author: Vadim Babkin1 Co-author: Viacheslav Golovatyuk 1 1 Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research (RU) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Multigap resistive plate chambers have proven to be the best choice for time-of-flight systems of large experiments such as ALICE, STAR, PHENIX. In the MPD experiment aimed at the study of hot and dense baryonic matter it has been also decided to use MRPCs. To reduce the number ofTOF system channels it is advisable to use readout from each end of a strip. Several different prototypes of detectors with different geometries and readout electronics have been tested. The tests ofthe MRPC prototypes at the Nuclotron deuteron beam demonstrate a time resolution of about 65 ps and an efficiency of 99.8%. This value meets the requirements of the MPD experiment. 296 Radiation hardness and stability of optical coupling materials for BelleII electromagnetic calorimeter Authors: Alberto Aloisio1; Alessandro Rossi2; Alessia Cemmi3; Antonio Ordine4; Antonio Passeri5; Claudia Cecchi6; Crisostomo Sciacca1; Elisa Manoni2; Erika De Lucia7; Giulietto Felici7; Giuseppe Finocchiaro7; Guglielmo De Nardo1; Ida Peruzzi7; Marcello Piccolo7; Paolo Branchini8; Pasquale Lubrano2; Piero Patteri7; Raffaele Giordano1; Riccardo de Sangro7; Salvatore Fiore3; Sergio Cavaliere1; Stefania Baccaro3 Page 174 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” and INFN Sezione di Napoli (IT) 2 INFN Sezione di Perugia (IT) 3 ENEA UTTMAT Casaccia (RM) and INFN Sezione di Roma (IT) 4 INFN Sezione di Napoli (IT) 5 INFN sezione di Roma Tre 6 Università degli Studi di Perugia and INFN Sezione di Perugia (IT) 7 Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN (IT) 8 INFN sezione di Roma Tre (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Optical coupling materials are usually applied to ensure good optical matching in the APD-scintillating crystal detection system. High transparency at the scintillating emission wavelength and material stability under irradiation are recommended requirements. In this work, silicon optical grease (BC630) and two-component epoxy resins (Epo-tek 301-2FL and Epo-tek 305), to be employed in electromagnetic calorimeter of the BelleII experiment at the Super- KEKB collider, were investigated to establish their radiation hardness and stability under gamma and neutron irradiation. Optical transmittance measurements were performed in the UV-VIS range, paying particular attention to the materials behavior in the range around 315 nm (CsI scintillating emission wavelength). 84 the study of the sampling readout electronics of MRPC Author: Xiaoshan JIANG1 1 IHEP C.A.S. Corresponding Author: [email protected] This post is to introduce the study of the electroncs design for the upgrade of the Endcap TOFof BESIII. MRPC will be used as the main detector unit. Two methods were studied. The first one is to use NINO and HPTDC, which have already be used in ALICE. And the second one is to use a self-designed ASIC with TOT function and use sampling chip to get the waveful the to caculate the time and charge. The sampling chip used here is DRS4 and anthoer multichannel ADC is needed. With these method we can get better time resolution. And the structure is not complicated. Inthe practical application, we can only put one board just close the output of MRPC and transfer digital data out. All the process of measurement will be done on this board. With this method, we can make system simple and get better resolution. Summary: A method of the time and charge measurement of MRPC is introduced. The key techlogic is TOT measurement and fast sampling. 65 The ATLAS New Small Wheel Upgrade Project Author: Theodoros Alexopoulos1 Co-author: Stephanie Ulrike Zimmermann 2 1 National Technical Univ. of Athens (GR) Page 175 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 2 Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg (DE) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN foresees a luminosity increase bya factor 5 compared to the LHC. To cope with the corresponding rate increase, the ATLAS detector needs to be upgraded. The upgrade will proceed in two steps: Phase I in the LHC shutdown 2018/19 and Phase II in 2023-25. The largest of the ATLAS Phase-1 upgrades concerns the replacement of the first muon station of the high-rapidity region, the so called New Small Wheel. It employs eight layers of micromegas detectors (MM) and eight layers of small-strip Thin Gap Chambers (sTGC). This configuration copes with the highest rates expected in Phase II and considerably enhances the performance of the forward muon system by adding triggering functionality to the first muon sta- tion. We describe the limitations of the present muon detector and the expected improvements, the re- quirements for the NSW, the layout, and the detector design, including trigger & readout electronics based on a new design front end ASIC and the first deployment of a new ATLAS off-detector read- out architecture based on commercial components. We will conclude with an update of the status of the project and the steps towards a complete operational system, ready to be installed in ATLAS in 2018/19 Summary: This oral presentation will be on behalf of the ATLAS Muon Collaboration 228 Topology in the future ATLAS Level-1 Trigger Author: Christian Kahra1 1 Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz (DE) Corresponding Author: [email protected] ATLAS is an experiment on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), located at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. By 2015 the LHC instantaneous luminosity will be increased from 1034 up to 3 · 1034 cm−2 s−1. This places stringent operational and physical require- ments on the ATLAS Trigger in order to reduce the 40MHz collision rate to a manageable event storage rate of 1kHz while at the same time, selecting those events that contain interesting physics events. The Level-1 Trigger is the first rate-reducing step in the ATLAS Trigger, with an outputrateof 100kHz and decision latency of less than 2.5µs. It is composed of the Calorimeter Trigger, the Muon Trigger, and the Central Trigger Processor (CTP). In 2014, there will be a new electronics module: the Topological Processor (L1Topo). The L1Topo will make it possible, for the first time, to use detailed information from subdetectors in a single Level-1 module. This allows the determination of angles between jets and/or leptons, or even more complex observables as the invariant mass. This requires L1Topo to receive on a single module a total bandwidth of about 1T b/s and process the data within 100 ns. In order to provide this new information to the L1Topo, L1Calo Common Merging Modules (CMX) are upgraded and for the L1Muon system a specific interface MUCTPI2L1topo has been design and built. The CTPwill be upgraded as well to accept a larger number of trigger inputs. The talk focuses on the relevant upgrades of the Level-1 trigger with focus on the high density design characteristic of L1Topo. 432 Page 176 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Direct Dark Matter search with Liquid Argon at Gran Sasso: Dark Side Author: Aldo Ianni1 1 INFN LNGS Corresponding Author: [email protected] DarkSide-50 (DS-50) at Gran Sasso underground laboratory, Italy, is a direct dark matter search experiment based on a TPC with liquid argonfrom underground sources. The DS-50 TPC, with 50 kg of active argon anda projected fiducial mass of >33 kg, is installed inside an active neutron veto based on a boron-loaded organic scintillator. The neutron veto is built inside a water cherenkov muon veto. DS-50 has been taking data since Nov 2013, collecting more than 2e7 events with atmospheric argon. This data represents an exposure to the largest background, beta decays of Ar-39, comparable to the full three-year run planned for DS-50 with underground argon. When analyzed with a threshold that would give a sensitivity in the full run of about 1e-45 cm^2 at a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c^2, there is no Ar-39 background observed. The detector design and performance will be presented as well as results from the atmospheric argon run still in progress. Plans for the underground argon run and for a ton-scale detector within the same neutron veto vessel will be presented. 61 The Silicon Strip Upgrade Tracker for the LHCb Upgrade Author: Sheldon Stone1 Co-author: Marina Artuso 1 1 Syracuse University (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The LHCb upgrade requires replacing the silicon strip tracker between the vertex locator andthe magnet. A new design has been developed and tested based on the “stave” concept planned for the ATLAS upgrade. We will describe the new detector being constructed and show its improved performance in charged particle tracking. 275 The upside-down structure for X-ray imaging Author: Kim MyungSoo1 Co-authors: DONG-UK KANG 1; Daehee Lee 1; Gyuseong Cho 1 1 KAIST Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Typical in-direct X-ray image sensor have used a upper scientillator, which is like CsI(Tl) or Gd2O2S. In soft X-ray imaging for mammography, most of X-ray Energy is absorbed a surface of scientillator. Thus, MTF and sensitivity of image sensor can be decreased. In our study, we adapted a upside-down Page 177 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts structure, which has bottom sided scientillator of image sensor. In MCNP and LightTools simulation, light output and spatial resolution is increased more than 15%. The test is being set in our places and finished before the conference. The test chip have been fabricated in 0.18um 1P3M process. 333 The GAP Project - GPU for Realtime Applications in High Level Trigger and Medical Imaging Authors: Andrea Messina1; Gianluca Lamanna2; Giovanni Di Domenico3; Jacopo Pinzino2; Marco Corvo4; Marco Rescigno5; Massimiliano Fiorini6; Matteo Bauce5; Silvia Capuani7; Stefano Giagu5; marco palombo8 1 CERN 2 Sezione di Pisa (IT) 3 Universita’ di Ferrara 4 Universita e INFN (IT) 5 Universita e INFN, Roma I (IT) 6 Universita di Ferrara (IT) 7 CNR 8 sapienza universita di roma Corresponding Author: [email protected] The aim of the GAP project is the deployment of Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) in real-timeap- plications, ranging from online event selection (trigger) in high energy physics (HEP) experiments to medical imaging reconstruction. The final goal of the project is to demonstrate that GPUs havea positive impact in sectors different for rate, bandwidth, and computational intensity. The relevant aspects under study are the analysis of the latency of the system, the optimisation of the computational algorithms, and the integration with the data acquisition system. As a benchmark application we consider the trigger algorithms of two HEP experiments: NA62 and Atlas, different for event complexity and processing latency requirements. In particular we discuss how specific algorithms can be parallelized and thus benefit from theim- plementation on the GPU architecture, in terms of increased execution speed and more favourable dependency on the complexity of the analyzed events. Such improvements are particularly relevant for the foreseen LHC luminosity upgrade where highly selective algorithms will be crucial to main- tain a sustainable trigger rate with the many multiple pp interactions per bunch crossing. We give details on how these devices are integrated in typical trigger systems and benchmark their perfor- mances. GPUs can provide a feasible solution also to accelerate the reconstruction of medical images. We discuss the implementation of new computational intense algorithms boosting the performances of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography. The deployment of GPUs can signifi- cantly reduce the processing time, making it suitable for the use in realtime diagnostic. Summary: In this contribution we report on the activity of the GAP project, which aims to investigate the deploy- ment of Graphic Processing Units (GPU) in different context of realtime scientific applications. The different areas of interest span across various rates of data processing, bandwidth and computational intensity of the executed algorithms. In this contribution we focus in particular on the applications of GPUs in asynchronous systems such as software trigger systems of particle physics experiment, and reconstruction of nuclear magnetic resonance images. All these application can benefit from the imple- mentation on the massively parallel architecture of GPUs, optimizing different aspects. As a first application we discuss how specific trigger algorithms can be naturally parallelized andthus benefit from the implementation on the GPU architecture, in terms of execution speed and complexity of the analyzed events. Two benchmark application environment under investigation are the NA62 and Atlas experiments at CERN. The NA62 experiment aims at the measurement of ultra-rare kaon decays, recording data fromtheSPS Page 178 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts high intensity hadron beam. A selective trigger, based on sequential hardware and software layers, is very important in order to identify in realtime interesting events produced at the level of 1/10-10. The GPUs can be exploited to build offline reconstruction quality trigger primitives, that allow the defini- tion of highly pure and efficient selection criteria. Even if the NA62 collaboration is considering the application of GPUs both in the hardware and software trigger, in this contribution we focus on their implementation on this latter, devoted to reduce the data collection rate from 1 MHz to ~10kHz.We discuss the benefits achievable from the implementation on GPU of the ring reconstruction algorithms in the NA62 RICH detector and tracking spectrometer. In both cases innovative algorithms have been designed to specifically benefit from the massive parallelism of the GPU architecture. The Atlas experiment register data from the LHC pp collisions through an hybrid multi-stage trigger. A first synchronous level is based on custom electronics, while the subsequent is asynchronous and based on software algorithm ran on commodity PC farm. The benchmark activity we are carrying out involves the software trigger algorithms used for muon reconstruction in the detector. This isbasedon the execution for a large number of times of the same algorithms that reconstruct and match segments of particle trajectories in the detector, hence can benefit from a massively parallel execution on GPUs. We will discuss in details the implementation of such algorithms on a GPU based system. We will characterize the performance of this new implementation, and benchmark it against the present ATLAS muon algorithm performances. The integration of the GPU within the current data acquisition system is done through a server-client structure 1 that can manage different tasks and their execution ona given device, such as the GPU. This element is flexible, able to deal with different computation devices, and is adding almost no overhead on the total latency of the algorithm execution. With the help of this structure it is possible to isolate the muon trigger algorithm itself, and optimize it for the execution on GPU. This will imply the translation to the CUDA programming language and the optimization ofthe different task that can be naturally parallelized. In such a way the dependency of the execution time on the complexity of the processed events will be reduced. A similar approach has been investigated in the past for the deployment of GPUs in different Atlas trigger algorithms with promising results [2]. The evolution of the foreseen Atlas trigger system, that will merge the higher level trigger layers in a unique software processing stage, can take event more advantage from the use of GPUs.More complex algorithm, with offline- like resolution can be implemented on a thousand-core device with significant speedup factors. The timing comparison between the serial and the parallel implementation of the trigger algorithm is done on the data collected in the past year, and also on simulated data that reproduces the foreseen data taking conditions with the LHC luminosity upgrade, with increased number of multiple interactions in the collisions. A similar improvement can be obtained exploiting GPU in medical imaging. This diagnostic techniques, as the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) allows to visualize images of the body part through informa- tion on diffusion of water molecules. The most advanced elaboration techniques are based on calculation of ~1M non-linear functions, naturally parallelizable and computationally demanding algorithms. In this project we are focusing on the kurtosis diffusion method K [3], that currently takes ~20 hours topre- cisely reconstruct a brain image. These algorithms, currently implemented in Matlab, can be converted to a parallel version for GPU thanks to available compatibility libraries. Performance measurements will be presented on the parallel implementation of the image reconstruction algorithms and of the Monte Carlo simulation techniques. 1 The client-server structure is obtained using APE, an Atlas tool developed independently fromthis project. [2] D. Emeliyanov, J. Howard, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 396 012018, 2012. [3] J.H. Jensen, J.A. Helpern, NMR Biomed; 23 (7): 698-710, 2010. 157 zig-zagging CO2 evaporation cooling system R&D Author: Simone Coelli1 Page 179 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 I.N.F.N. Milano Corresponding Author: [email protected] Design, prototype production and thermal test of a new cooling system for the the Upgrade of the UT Tracker for LHCb, based on vertical not straight CO2 boiling channels at about -30 ℃. Summary: Proposing a new cooling system for the the Upgrade of the UT Tracker for LHCb, emerged a design with a zig-zagging routing for the CO2 evaporative cooling. This is needed to satisfy the power dissipation extraction requirements dictadìted by the use of powerful read-out chips. The strip tracker detector silicon sensors need to be maintained at operating temperature of -5 ℃, the genrated thermal power is about 3800 W. The investigated solution looks at two stave design: one using straight pipes embedded in carbon foam and making use of high conductivity TPG inserts put trought the insulation layers to improve the thermal performance; the other, more efficient solution from the thermal point ofview, envisages a “snake” cooling pipe embedded in carbon foam, passing underneath the chip concentrated power sources in a very effective way. 219 CMS Hadron Forward Calorimeter Phase I Upgrade Status Author: Yasar Onel1 1 University of Iowa Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Hadron Forward Calorimeter of CMS is going through a complete Phase I upgrade. Thecurrent photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are being replaced with thinner window, higher quantum efficiency, four-anode photomultiplier tubes. The new PMTs will provide better light detection performance, a significantly reduced background and unique handles to recover the signal in the presenceof background. This report will describe the nature of the essential upgrade elements with supporting beam test results and the status of the upgrade progression. Summary: Overview of the CMS Forward Calorimeter HF upgrades during the Phase I 188 Tracker alignment validation in CMS using electrons Author: Christophe Goetzmann1 Co-author: Eric Conte 1 1 Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The tracker of CMS experiment is composed at one hundred percent of silicon detectors. Theyare arranged in successive layers of concentric cylinders around the beam axis, in the central part of CMS detector, and in disks perpendicular to the beam axis, in the forward and backward part of the detector. The whole has the shape of a cylinder of 110 cm radius and 540 cm length. Thesilicon Page 180 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts detectors are of two different types, pixel and micro-strip. The pixels, having a higher granularity, are placed closest to the collision point, while the micro-strip complete the outer parts of the tracker. The aim of the tracker is to reconstruct the trajectories of charged particles. Taking advantageof the 3.8 Tesla magnetic field delivered by CMS solenoid magnet, the tracker provides a measurement of the transverse momentum of these particle, which is directly related to the radius of curvature of their trajectory. We know that the real positions of all the silicon sensors composing the tracker are not exactly the same as the designed ones. Some imperfections appear during the construction, and some other displacement of these sensors can also be progressively induced, with the effect of the magnetic field, the temperature, the weight of the detector… The disposition of all the sensors evolveswith time. The goal of alignment in CMS is then to determine what are the real positions ofallthese sensors, to take them into account in tracks reconstruction, and improve the resolution of all tracker measurements. The precision of alignment constitutes therefore a very central issue of the CMS experiment. The best precision for alignment is obtained using minimization algorithms (Millipede, HIP).These algorithms use the information from millions of different tracks to detect and quantify the possible misalignments. Though an alignment accuracy of a few micrometers can be reach with thehelpof these algorithms, there exists nevertheless some particular deformations, called “weak modes”, that can not be fully retrieved with these algorithms. In this poster, I will present a tool that I have been developing to detect momentum changing weak modes. These are misalignments consisting in global rotations of tracker modules with respectto the beam axis of CMS, by a certain Δφ angle. This angle can depend either on the transverse orlon- gitudinal position of the modules. Such deformations would impact the curvature of reconstructed tracks. And as the transverse momentum of tracks in CMS is estimated from their radius of curva- ture, a systematic bias would be introduced in the measurement of this quantity. For electrons, the transverse energy measured in the electromagnetic calorimeter can be used as a reference and be compared to measurement given by tracker, in order to estimate this bias. This is not made track by track, as the calorimeter energy resolution is greater than the typical expected bias. We instead use the shift eventually observed in the mean value of the E/p distributions for different energy bins. Finally, our tool uses this information to calculate an estimation of the deformation amplitude in term of the rotational angle Δφ. A selection has been defined and optimized to select good electron tracks out of events whereaZ boson decays into an electron and a positron. The selection and the method have been tested using Monte-Carlo sample reconstructed with a tracker geometry on which we have introduced momen- tum changing misalignments of various amplitudes. The tool has also been tested on 2012 data.A sensibility of about 1 μrad/cm can be reached by using 10 000 tracks. No momentum changing weak modes have been detected for 2012 data. 413 mesh2gdml: Importing CAD geometries into Geant4 Author: Norman Anthony Graf1 1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Geant4 is the de facto HEP standard for simulating the interaction of particles with materials and fields. The software toolkit provides a very rich library of basic geometrical shapes, often referred to as “primitives”, plus the ability to define compound geometries, making it capable of supporting extremely complex physical structures. Current versions of Geant4 fully and natively support an xml-based Geometry Description Markup Language (GDML) to define geometries. The ability to directly import CAD geometries into Geant4 is an often requested feature, despite the recognized limitations of the difficulty in accessing proprietary formats, the mismatch between level of detailin producing a part and simulating it, the often disparate approaches to parent-child relationships and the difficulty in maintaining or assigning material definitions to parts. The main impediment tothe Page 181 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts importation of CAD files into Geant4 has been their proprietary formats. Thanks to the proliferation of rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing processes, the surface tesselation language (STL) format is the industrial standard for handling triangulated meshes and is ubiquitous as an export format for both CAD and other 3D modelling software. In this talk, we present mesh2gdml, a solution which converts an STL file into a GDML file which can be imported directly into Geant4. Webelieve the approach outlined in this talk provides access to a wider range of geometry inputs and will prove to be useful to a number of user communities. Summary: We present a pathway for importing CAD geometries into Geant4. This will enable the response of com- plex detector stuctures to particles to be simulated in a straightforward manner. No prior knowledge of or experience with C++ or Geant4 would be needed to conduct such studies, making it a perfect solution for small groups working on novel technologies, or those not associated with university groups or large experimental collaborations with such experience. 367 KM3NeT On-shore Station and Broadcast Customization of White- Rabbit Switches Towards Optimizing Communication Resources for Shared Control Link Authors: Diego Real1; Emilio Marin2; Javier Diaz2; Konstantinos Manolopoulos3; Miguel Mendez2; Peter Paul Maarten Jansweijer4; Tass Belias5 1 IFIC 2 Seven Solutions 3 University of Athens 4 NIKHEF (NL) 5 Institute for Astroparticle Physics (GR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] KM3NeT collaboration aims to build a cubic-kilometre scale neutrino telescope at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. KM3NeT is composed of an On-Shore Station which connects via an optical network to a matrix of underwater sensors, called Digital Optical Modules (DOMs). Bulk data will continuously flow from the sensors to the On-Shore Station and only a limited amount of bandwidth will be used for Slow Control. Therefore the physical topology of the optical network is asymmetric in order to significantly reduce the cost of the undersea electrical/optical cable. The same networkis used to synchronize the sensors (within 1 ns) using White Rabbit technology. The requirements for timing accuracy and the asymmetry of the network make the system highly complex. Every single DOM has a unidirectional 1Gb/s uplink through which it delivers the acquired data to the On-Shore Station. The on-shore station has a unique unidirectional 1 Gb/s downlink to reach all the DOMs,this is called the broadcast or Slow Control (SC) link. This topology highly reduces the communication resource cost, but it requires customizing the communication elements and modifying the White Rabbit (WR) protocol that is embedded in them, especially at the On-Shore Station side. The present article explains the On-Shore station of KM3NeT and the modifications needed in the WR switches in order to implement the broadcast in detail. 231 The CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter: Calibration and Response to Pions and Positrons Author: Burak Bilki1 Page 182 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 University of Iowa (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The large CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter prototype (DHCAL) was built in 2009 -2010andwas tested in the Fermilab and CERN test beams. The DHCAL uses Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as active media and is read out with 1 x 1 cm2 pads and digital (or 1 - bit) resolution. With a world record of nearly 480k readout channels, the DHCAL offers the possibility to study hadronic interactions with unprecedented spatial resolution. Here we report on the results from the analysis of pion and positron events of momenta between 2 to 60 GeV/c collected in the Fermilab test beam. Particular emphasis is given to the intricate calibration procedure. The analysis demonstrates the unique utilization of detailed event topologies. 320 Development of high-rate RPCs Author: Lei Xia1 1 Argonne National Laboratory Corresponding Author: [email protected] Traditionally RPCs use either Bakelite or glass as resistive plates. Compared with other Micro-pattern gas detectors, RPCs are known to suffer from rate limitations. The rate capability of the devicesis defined by the signal size, bulk resistivity of the resistive electrode and the thickness of the electrode. We report on efforts to develop low-resistivity Bakelite and glass, as well as efforts to develop a new electrode material that has very thin effective thickness. We will present first results from tests of high-rate RPCs performed atthe GIF facility at CERN, the Fermilab test beam facility and elsewhere. 136 Upgrade of the CMS Global Muon Trigger Author: Joschka Lingemann1 Co-authors: Achim Stahl 1; Dinyar Rabady 2; Hannes Sakulin 3; Manfred Jeitler 4 1 Rheinisch-Westfaelische Tech. Hoch. (DE) 2 University of Vienna (AT) 3 CERN 4 Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The increase in center-of-mass energy and luminosity for Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider pose new challenges for the trigger systems of the experiments. To keep triggering with a similar per- formance as in Run 1, the CMS muon trigger is currently being upgraded. The new algorithms will provide higher resolution, especially for the muon transverse momentum and will make use of iso- lation criteria that combine calorimeter with muon information already in the level-1 trigger. The demands of the new algorithms can only be met by upgrading the level-1 trigger system to new pow- erful FPGAs with high bandwidth I/O. The processing boards will be based on the new microTCA standard. We report on the planned algorithms for the upgraded Global Muon Trigger (GMT) which combines information from the muon trigger sub-systems and assigns the isolation variable. The Page 183 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts upgraded GMT will be implemented using a Master Processor 7 card, built by Imperial College, that features a large Xilinx Virtex 7 FPGA. Up to 72 optical links at 10 Gb/s will be used to receive energy sums from the calorimeter trigger and muon candidates directly from the sector processors of the upgraded trigger, absorbing the final sorting stage of each muon sub-system and thus minimizing the latency of the trigger. 135 New developements of the PANDA Disc DIRC detector Authors: Erik Etzelmüller1; Julian Rieke2 1 Justus-Liebig-Univeristät Gießen 2 Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected] The DIRC-principle (detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light) allows a very compactap- proach for particle identification detectors. The PANDA detector at the future FAIR facility atGSI will use a Barrel-DIRC for the central region and a Disc-DIRC for the forward angular region be- tween 5 and 22 degrees. It will be the first time, that a Disc-DIRC is used in a high performance 4π detector. To achievethis aim different designs and technologies have been evaluated. So far two prototypes have been built and were successfully tested during beam times at DESY and CERN. Their results will be presented. An overview of the technical challenges and the evolution of various design options of the PANDA Disc DIRC detector is given and the capabilities of this novel detector concept will be highlighted. 161 The Atlas SCT operation and performance Author: Semi conductor tracker Atlas SCT collaboration1 1 ATLAS Corresponding Author: [email protected] We report on the operation and performance of the ATLAS Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT), which has been functioning for 3 years at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The SCT is constructed of 4088 silicon detector modules. We find 99% of the 6.3 million strips are operational, the noise occu- pancy and hit efficiency exceed the design specifications; the alignment is very close to theidealto allow on-line track reconstruction and invariant mass determination. We will report on the opera- tion and performance of the detector including an overview of the issues encountered. We observe a significant increase in leakage currents from bulk damage due to non-ionizing radiation whichis in agreement with the predictions.We will also cover the time evolution of the key parameters of the strip tracker, including the evolution of noise and gain, the measurement of the Lorentz angle and the tracking efficiency in the harsh LHC environment. Valuable lessons for future silicon strip detector projects will be presented. Summary: We propose a talk that summarizes the data-taking operations of the ATLAS Semi Conductor Tracker at the LHC, including the main difficulties we had to cope to, namely the failure of the optical transmitter on the readout board and the higher current of a subset of sensors. We have an updated determination of the radiation damage and we can show the performance of the SCT during tha LHC Run-1. The activities during the shutdown consist mostly in increasing the number of readout boards, to cope with a higher trigger rate. Page 184 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 143 Germanium detector configuration, readout and signal process- ing of the GERDA phase II experiment Author: Stefano Riboldi1 1 Universita’ degli Studi di Milano Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Germanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment, investigating neutrino-less double betadecay of 76Ge at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of INFN - Italy is currently upgrading to phase II, in order to improve both its sensitivity and background rejection capabilities. Many technological improvements are foreseen during the planned upgrade; among what most concerns the core of the GERDA experiment there will be: i) the complete rearrangement of the Germanium naked detector array configuration and its handling in the cryogenic (liquid Argon), hostile environment; ii) the major redesign of the cryogenic front-end preamplifiers (CC3), that will be specifically suited to the new low capacitance Broad Energy (BE) Ge detectors and iii) the opti- mization of the off-line subsequent digital processing, for better energy estimation and pulse shape discrimination of the HPGe waveforms. Given the even tighter specifications of the GERDA phase II experiment with respect to phase I(e.g. energy resolution, pulse shape discrimination, etc.) and the even more stringent associated con- straints (e.g. lower-background materials, more deployed detectors, flexibility in handing detectors and associated electronics, etc.), the whole design process turns out to be multi-objective, iterative and multi-disciplinary (involving e.g. physics, electronics, mechanics, leading-edge technologies such as nano-structured materials, etc.). The main steps of this roadmap, a few non-trivial key points (e.g. concerning the design ofthevery front end electronics) and the overall final results in terms of positive achievements and associated drawbacks will be presented, together with the expected preliminary results of the commissioning phase. 117 A study of silicon sensor for the ILD ECAL Author: Tatsuhiko Tomita1 Co-authors: Chihiro KOZAKAI 2; Daniel Jeans 3; Hiroki SUMIDA 1; Hiroto HIRAI 1; Kiyotomo Kawagoe 4; Shion CHEN 2; Shusuke TAKADA 1; Taikan Suehara 2; Tamaki Yoshioka 5; Yoshio KAMIYA 2; Yuji SUDO 6 1 Kyushu University 2 The University of Tokyo 3 U 4 Kyushu University (JP) 5 ICEPP, Univ. of Tokyo 6 K Corresponding Author: [email protected] The International Large Detector(ILD) is a proposed detector for the International Linear Collider(ILC). It has been designed to achieve an excellent Jet Energy Resolution by using Particle Flow Algorithms (PFA), which rely on the ability to separate nearby particles within jets. PFA requires calorimeters with high granularity. The ILD Electromagnetic Calorimeter(ECAL) is a sampling calorimeter with thirty tungsten absorber layers. The total thickness of this ECAL is about 20 centimeters, and ithas Page 185 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts between 10 and 100 million channels to make high granularity. Silicon sensors are a candidate tech- nology for the sensitive layers of this ECAL. Present prototypes of these sensors have 256 5.5x5.5 mm^2 pixels in an area of 9x9cm^2. We have measured various properties of these prototype sensors: the leakage current, ca- pacitance, and full depletion voltage. We have also examined the response to an infrared laser to understand the sensor’s response at its edge and between pixel readout pads, as well the effect of different guard ring designs. We will report on the results of these basic measurements ofsilicon sensor. Summary: We have established a silicon sensor test bench system to measure leakage current and capacitance. The results of these measurements satisfy the requirements for the ILD ECAL. We have also studied the effects of the guard ring and inter-pixel gap by using a laser system. 293 Development of large area pixel modules for the ATLAS HL-LHC tracker upgrade Author: Craig Buttar1 Co-authors: Andrew Blue 2; Andrew Stewart 3; Corrinne Mills 4; Dean Charles Forshaw 5; Georgios Sidiropoulos 4; Gianluigi Casse 5; Ilya Tsurin 5; John Lipp 6; John Matheson 7; Joleen Pater 8; Kate Doonan 1; Kenneth Gibb Wraight 1; Marko Milovanovic 5; Richard Bates 1; Sergey Burdin 5; Stephan Eisenhardt 4; Thomas Mcmullen 1 1 University of Glasgow (GB) 2 University of Glasgow 3 U 4 University of Edinburgh (GB) 5 University of Liverpool (GB) 6 Science and Technology Facilities Council 7 STFC - Rutherford Appleton Lab. (GB) 8 University of Manchester (GB) Corresponding Author: [email protected] ATLAS is proposing to replace the entire tracking system for operation at the HL-LHC. This will include a significantly larger pixel detector. This paper reports on the development of largearea planar detectors for the outer pixel layers and the pixel endcaps. Large area sensors have been fabricated and mounted onto 4 FE-I4 readout ASICs, so called quad-modules, and their performance evaluated in the laboratory and testbeam. Results from characterisation of sensors prior to assembly and modules in the laboratory and testbeam studies will be presented. A particular challenge in producing thinned large area modules is the bump-bonding, where low yield can be observed due to bowing of the sensor and readout chip during the bonding process. A new bump-bonding process using backside compensation to address the issue of low yield will be presented. 192 Calibration and monitoring of the Tile Calorimeter during LHC Run-I Author: Smita Darmora1 1 University of Texas at Arlington (US) Page 186 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] The ATLAS hadronic calorimeter, the Tile Calorimeter (TileCal), is a non-compensating sampling calorimeter comprised of steel and scintillating plastic tiles which are read-out by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The TileCal is regularly monitored and calibrated by several different calibration sys- tems: a Cs radioactive source that illuminates the scintillating tiles directly, a laser light system to directly test the PMT response, and a charge injection system (CIS) for the front-end electronics. These calibrations systems, in conjunction with data collected during proton-proton collisions, pro- vide extensive monitoring of the instrument and a means for equalizing the calorimeter response at each stage of the signal propagation. Through the individual calibrations provided by these systems, we are able to achieve a precision of approximately 0.5-1.0% in the monitoring of the evolution of the response of the different components of TileCal. Analysis of the combined calibrations isused to observe the gain variance in the detector response. This contribution presents a brief description of the different TileCal calibration systems with the latest results on their performance duringthe LHC Run I. 373 Digital Optical Module Read-Out Electronics System of the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope Author: Diego Real1 Co-authors: Ad Van Den Berg 2; Antonio Orzelli 3; David Calvo 1; Euthymios Kappos 4; Giuliano Pellegrini 5; Hevinga Michel 2; Jan-Willem Schmel 6; Leo Wiggers 7; Massimiliano Cresta 3; Mesfin Gebyehu 6; Mieke Bouwhuis 6; Paolo Musico 8; Paul Timmer 6; Peter Paul Maarten Jansweijer 7; R. Lahmann 9; Riccardo Travaglini 8; Simone Biagi 10; Stéphane Colonges 11; Tass Belias 12; Vincent van Beveren 6; Vladimir Kulikovskiy 3 1 IFIC 2 KVI 3 INFN Genova 4 Demokritos 5 INFN GEnova 6 Nikhef 7 NIKHEF (NL) 8 Universita e INFN (IT) 9 - 10 INFN 11 CNRS 12 Institute for Astroparticle Physics (GR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The KM3NeT collaboration aims at the construction of a neutrino telescope with a volume of several cubic kilometres at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The telescope will consist in an array of Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) that will detect the Cherenkov light originated by the interaction of the neutrinos with the matter in the proximity of the detector. In the present article it is presented the read-out electronics of the DOM, composed of PMT bases, in charge of converting the analogue signal produced in the 31 PMTs in a Low Voltage Digital Signal (LVDS); the Octopus boards, that transfer the LVDS signals from the PMT bases into the Central Logic Board (CLB); the CLB, the most complex board of the read-out system, with 31 Time to Digital Converters of 1 ns resolution and the White Rabbit protocol embedded in the CLB Field Programmable Gate Array, and the Power Board, that delivers all the power supplied need Page 187 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts by the DOM electronics. All the DOM read-out electronics system is fully described in the present article. 149 Scanning facility to irradiate mechanical structures for the LHC upgrade programme Author: Richard French1 Co-authors: Hector Marin Reyes 1; John Allan Wilson 2; Kerry Ann Parker 1; Paul Dervan 3; Paul Hodgson 1 1 University of Sheffield (GB) 2 University of Birmingham (GB) 3 University of Liverpool (GB) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The existing luminosity of the LHC will be increased in stages to a factor of 10 above itscurrent level (HL-LHC) by 2022. This planned increase in luminosity results in significantly higher levels of radiation inside the planned ATLAS Upgrade detector. This means existing detector technologies together with new components and materials need to be re-examined to evaluate their performance and durability within this enhanced radiation field. Of particular interest is the effect of radiation on the upgraded ATLAS tracker. To study these effects a new ATLAS irradiation scanning facility uses the Medical Physics Cyclotron at the University of Birmingham. The intense cyclotron beams allow irradiated samples to receive in minutes fluences corresponding to years of operation atthe HL-LHC. Since commissioning in early 2013 this facility has been used to irradiate silicon sensors, optical components and carbon fibre sandwiches for the ATLAS upgrade programme. Irradiations of silicon sensors and passive materials can be carried out in a temperature controlled cold box which moves continuously through the homogenous beamspot. This movement is provided by a pre-configured XY-axis cartesian robot system (scanning system). This paper reviews the design, development, com- missioning, performance results and future plans of the irradiation facility, fully operational since 2013. Summary: In 2022 the luminosity of the LHC will be increased in stages to a factor of 10 above its current level. This planned increase in luminosity results in significantly higher levels of radiation inside the planned AT- LAS Upgrade detector with detrimental effects to existing detector technologies. To study these effects a new bespoke ATLAS high intensity proton irradiation scanning facility has been constructed using a Cyclotron at the University of Birmingham, enabling the evaluation of future detector technologies in several minutes as opposed to years of operation. This paper reviews the design, development, com- missioning, performance results and future plans of the irradiation facility, fully operational since 2013. 345 EUDAQ and EUTelescope: Software Frameworks for Test Beam Data Acquisition and Analysis Authors: Hanno Perrey1; Igor Rubinskiy2 1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE) 2 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)-Unknown-Unknown Page 188 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] A high resolution (σ ∼ 2µm) beam telescope based on monolithic active pixel sensors was developed within the EUDET collaboration. It has become the primary beam tool for many groups including several CERN based experiments, largely due to its precise resolution, reliable operation and DAQ integration capabilities. For the telescope to deliver this excellent performance, two software packages play a central role: EUDAQ, a multi-platform data acquisition system that allows easy integration of the device-under-test, and EUTelescope, a group of processors running in ILCSoft’s Marlin framework that allows the spatial reconstruction of particle tracks and the final data analysis. Although both software packages have been used successfully in test beams for many years, they are under constant development: integrating new device types and use-cases, extending usability and flexibility, and supporting new features such as the high-rate capabilities of the next-generation pixel beam telescope developed within the new European detector infrastructure project AIDA. In this contribution, we present the features of the current releases of both EUDAQ and EUTelescope, show-case the application of the frameworks within other projects, and discuss the plans for development toward an easy to use software stack with the capability for high particle and data rates. 298 Characterization of the PANDA MVD Trapezoidal Silicon Strip Sensors and Their First Operation in a Proton Beam Author: Dariusch Deermann1 Co-authors: James Ritman 2; Tobias Stockmanns 2 1 Forschungszentrum Jülich 2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Corresponding Author: [email protected] The PANDA-experiment will be one of the main experiments inside the upcoming Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at the GSI in Darmstadt. The fixed target experiment will explore pp annihilation in the charm mass region with intense, phase space cooled beams with momenta between 1.5 and 15 GeV/c. The innermost subdetector of PANDA will be the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) and consists of silicon strip and pixel detectors. The MVD can be further divided into two sub-structures. A barrel-structure around the vertex and a disc-structure in beam direction with six disks of different size. The last two disks are hybrid disks with trapezoidal strip sensors in the outer layer surroundinga smaller ring of pixel sensors in the inner part. The other disks are made only out of pixel detectors. The first trapezoidal prototype sensors were produced by CiS\footnote{Forschungsinstitut für Mikrosensorik und Photovoltaik GmbH} Page 189 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts and have a stereo angle of 15◦ with 512 strips per sensor side and a strip pitch of 67.5 µm. In order to operate and test the prototype sensors, they were chracterized with a probestation as well as with a dedicated testboard. A first beam test was done at COSY\footnote{Cooler Synchrotron at Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH} with protons of 2.95 GeV/c and 800 MeV/c in December 2013 and January 2014. In this talk the characterization of the trapezoidal strip sensors and the results of their first operation in a proton beam will be presented. 457 Thermal neutron detector development at the Reactor Intitute Delft Author: Serge Duarte Pinto1 1 Technische Universiteit Delft (NL) Corresponding Author: [email protected] We present the Delft initiatives in thermal neutron detection, a field that has been dominated by 3-He gaseous detectors. Our developments will be tested at the research reactor of the TU Delft, but the group also designs and builds instruments for partner institutes like ISIS, UK and the future European Spallation Source in Sweden. In this framework we present our collaborations on high- resolution Timepix-based neutron detectors with Amsterdam Scientific Instruments, a scintillator based diffraction detector, developed with ISIS, UK and our future plans in thisfield. 276 Development of liquid scintillator containing zirconium complex for neutrinoless double beta decay experiment Author: Yoshiyuki Fukuda1 Co-authors: Izumi Ogawa 2; Shigetaka Moriyama 3 1 Depertment of Physics, Miyagi University of Education 2 Faculty of Engineering, Fukui University 3 Kamioka Observatory, ICRR, University of Tokyo Corresponding Author: [email protected] An organic liquid scintillator containing zirconium complex was studied for neutrinosless double beta decay experiment. A 96Zr nuclei has a large Q-value (3.35MeV), and no experiment is planned to use as a target. In order to realize ton scale target isotope with good energy resolution (4\%@2.5MeV), we have used zirconium beta-diketon complex which has huge solubility (over 10w.t.\%) to the Anisole. However, the absorption wavelength of diketon ligand overlaps with the luminescence from Anisole. Therefore, the light yield of liquid scintillator decreased in proportion tothecon- centration of beta-diketon complex. In order to avoid this problem, we synthesized beta-keto ester complex introducing -OC3H7 or -OC2H5 substituent groups in the beta-diketon complex. These complexes have shorter absorption wavelength (245nm) than the emission wavelength of Anisole (275nm). The scintillation light yield recovered about double, however, did not reach at the expected value, because the residual absorption around 275nm still existed. We have found that those were Page 190 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts caused by the impurities of beta-keto ester complex and it will be solved by purifying the complex such as the sublimation. We have also found that a diethyl malonate ligand shifted the absorption peak to around 210nm, and the complex will have no quenching for the Anisole based liquid scintil- lator. Here we will report the present status. 278 Light-yield results of 1 liter liquid argon scintillation detector based on Silicon Photo Multipliers operating at cryogenic tem- perature Authors: Ana Amelia Machado1; Chiara Vignoli2; Ettore Segreto3; Nicola Canci2; maddalena antonello3 Co-authors: Attanasio Candela 2; Giuseppe Bonfini 2 1 INFN - LNGS 2 INFN-LNGS 3 INFN Corresponding Author: [email protected] We present the results obtained with a liquid argon scintillation detector with light read-out completely based on SiPM. We used a 1 liter PTFE chamber observed by an array of 7 large area SiPMs (Hamamatsu S11828-3344M) covering about the 4% of the internal surface. The chamber is lined with a reflective foil (3M VIKUITI) evaporated witha wavelength shifter (TetraPhenyl Butadiene). This solution allows to convert the UV photons tothe visible band, thus matching the SiPM sensitivity window while maximizing light collection. The measured light-yield is comparable with the highest light-yield values obtained in similar condi- tions using standard 3” cryogenic PMT’s (Hamamatsu R11065) for a 3 times higher photo-cathodic coverage. The present result, combined with the other well known intrinsic SiPM advantages (compact design, contained costs, low bias voltage,… ) represents a step forward in the confirmation of the SiPM tech- nology as a real alternative to standard PMT-based read-out systems for application in cryogenic noble liquid detectors. 109 First experimental results in High Pressure Xe+TMA mixtures to- wards supra-intrinsic performance in Dark Matter and 0νββ de- cay searches Author: Carlos Oliveira1 Co-authors: Azriel Goldschmidt 1; David Nygren 1; Joshua Renner 1; João Veloso 2; Juan Jose Gomez-Cadenas 3; Victor Gehman 4 1 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2 University of Aveiro 3 Institut de Física Corpuscular 4 LBNL Corresponding Author: [email protected] High Pressure Gaseous Xenon shows outstanding intrinsic energy resolutions when compared with the liquid phase due to the smaller (~20x) Fano factor. The gaseous phase should also show bet- ter electron to nuclear recoil discrimination based on the ratio of ionization to scintillation signals (S2/S1). Page 191 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The addition of trimethylamine (TMA) may further improve the energy resolution due to thePen- ning effect with atoms of xenon. Good energy resolution is of particular importance for 0νββdecay searches. Molecular interactions may shift the 172 nm light from pure xenon to the 280–320nm range, in which TMA fluoresces, matching the excitation peak of wavelength-shifting commercial plastic. High light collection efficiency and better SNR of S1 and S2 may thus be possible, leadingto even better electron to nuclear recoil discrimination. In addition, TMA may also be the key for sensing directionality of nuclear recoils induced by Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) without the need of track imaging in monolithic massive (ton- scale) detectors, by making use of columnar recombination. Nuclear recoil directionality may be the path for a definite discovery of the WIMP nature of Dark Matter. An ionization chamber has been constructed to explore the properties of high pressure gaseous Xe + TMA mixtures. Charge and light signals (primary scintillation and electroluminescence) are mea- sured as functions of pressure, electric field and additive concentration. We present preliminary results for pressures up to 8 bar and additive concentrations up to 1%. This work has been carried out within the context of the NEXT collaboration. 103 Lowering the background level and the energy threshold of Mi- cromegas x-ray detectors for axion searches Author: Francisco Jose Iguaz Gutierrez1 Co-authors: Alfredo Tomas Alquezar 1; Esther Ferrer Ribas 2; Igor Garcia Irastorza 1; Ioanis Giomataris 3; Iñaki Ortega 4; Javier Galan Lacarra 3; Javier Gracia Garza 1; Juanan Garcia Pascual 1; Theopisti Dafni 1; Thomas Papae- vangelou 3 1 Universidad de Zaragoza (ES) 2 DAPNIA, Saclay 3 CEA/IRFU,Centre d’etude de Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette (FR) 4 Universidad de Zaragoza Corresponding Author: [email protected] Axion helioscopes search for solar axions by their conversion in x-rays in the presence of high mag- netic fields. The use of low background x-ray detectors is an essential component contributing to the sensitivity of these searches. In this work, we review the recent advances on Micromegas de- tectors used in the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) and proposed for the future International Axion Observatory (IAXO). The actual setup in CAST has achieved background levels below 10-6 keV-1 cm-2 s-1, a factor 100 lower than the first generation of Micromegas detectors. This reduction is based on active and passive shielding techniques, the selection of radiopure materials and offline discrimination techniques, thanks to the high granularity of the readout. We will describe in de- tail the background model of the detector, which is based on its operation at CAST site and at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC), as well as on Geant4 simulations. The best levels currently achieved at LSC are as low as 10-7 keV-1 cm-2 s-1, showing good prospects for the application of this technology in IAXO. Finally, we will present the R&D for reducing the energy threshold of these detectors below 1 keV, using high-transparent windows, autotrigger electronics and studying the cluster shape at different energies. As a high flux of axion-like-particles is expected in thisenergy range, a sub-keV threshold detector could enlarge the physics case of axion helioscopes. 37 Muon Scattering Tomography using Drift Chamber Detectors Author: Jonathan Burns1 Co-authors: Christopher Steer 1; Matthew Stapleton 1; Stephen Quillin 1 Page 192 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 1 AWE Corresponding Author: [email protected] Muon scattering tomography (MST) allows the identification of shielded high atomic number,orZ materials by measuring the scattering angle of atmospheric cosmic ray muons passing through anin- spection region. Materials of different densities can be differentiated using this technique asmuons interacting with high-Z materials are scattered to a greater degree by multiple Coulomb scattering than low-Z materials. This scattering is determined experimentally by detecting the incoming and outgoing trajectory of the muon as it enters and exits the inspection volume. This technique is partic- ularly useful for visualising volumes that are difficult to inspect visually. AWE is primarily interested in investigating the use of MST for scanning cargo containers, as it could be used for the detection the presence of radiological material without introducing an artificial radiation source. AWE is currently testing and developing two MST experimental systems based on drift chamber technology. One of the experiments is constructed using six layers of three adjacent drift chambers positioned above and below an inspection volume. The second system is a similar configuration and is constructed of drift tubes. The technical challenges of producing the experimental system with a resolution capable of accurately determining the muon scattering angle within a few milliradians will be detailed and the experimental results obtained compared with Monte Carlo models. 336 Prototype tests for a highly granular scintillator-based hadron calorimeter Authors: Erika Garutti1; Marco Ramilli2; Sebastian Laurien3 1 DESY 2 D 3 University of Hamburg Corresponding Author: [email protected] Within the CALICE collaboration, several concepts for the hadronic calorimeter of a future linear collider detector are studied. After having demonstrated the capabilities of the measurement meth- ods in “physics prototypes”, the focus now lies on improving their implementation in “engineering prototypes”, that are scalable to the full linear collider detector. The Analog Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) concept is a sampling calorimeter of tungsten or steel absorber plates and plastic scintil- lator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active material. The front-end chips are integrated into the active layers of the calorimeter and are allowing the prototype to be equipped with different types of scintillator tiles as well as SiPMs. Four of the currently available eightlay- ers have been equipped with a novel design of scintillator tile wrapped in reflecting foil and directly coupled to a KETEK SiPM. The blue sensitive SiPM has 2304 pixels, an average gain of 600k electrons and an average dark count rate of 200kcps when operated at 2.5V above breakdown and 22℃. Fur- thermore the temperature dependence of the breakdown voltage for these SiPMs is only 17 mV/℃, which ensures a stable operation. The operation at fixed overvoltage ensures a homogeneous re- sponse and behaviour of the calorimeter. Results from recent beam test measurements of minimal ionizing particles will be compared to calibrations obtained in the lab and the analysis on electro- magnetic showers will be presented. Plans for future hadron beam tests with a larger prototype will be discussed. 178 Gaudi GPU Manager Author: Alexey Badalov1 Page 193 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Co-authors: Daniel Hugo Campora Perez 2; Niko Neufeld 2; Xavier Vilasis Cardona 1 1 University of Barcelona (ES) 2 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] During the second long shutdown in 2017, the beam will undergo an intensity increase. This will place an increased load on the hardware, necessitating an upgrade. One potentially very cost- effective way to add computational power would be to replace some of the CPU cores with graphics processing units or other modern many-core hardware. A number of people is currently working on GPU versions of algorithms used for tracking and reconstruction. We focus on the infrastructure required to integrate these algorithms with the com- putational framework used at LHCb. We describe the challenges standing in the way of tapping massively parallel computation and our accomplishments in overcoming them. 239 Simulations of Inter-Strip Capacitance and Resistance for the De- sign of the CMS Tracker Upgrade Author: Thomas Eichhorn1 Co-authors: Alberto Messineo 2; Ashutosh Bhardwaj 3; Kirti Ranjan 3; Martin Printz 4; Ranjeet Ranjeet 3; Robert Eber 4; Timo Hannu Tapani Peltola 5 1 DESY 2 Sezione di Pisa (IT) 3 University of Delhi (IN) 4 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE) 5 Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI) Corresponding Author: [email protected] An upgrade of the LHC accelerator, the high luminosity phase of the LHC is foreseen for 2023. The tracking system of the CMS experiment at HL-LHC willface an intenser radiation environment than the present system was designed for. This requires an upgrade of the full tracker, which will be equipped with higher granularity as well as radiation harder sensors, which can withstand higher radiation levels and higher occupancies. In order to prepare for HL-LHC, the CMS tracker collaboration has started a campaign to identify the future planar silicon sensor technology baseline for a new tracker. The campaign includes a large variety of 6 inch wafers ofdifferent thickness, ranging from 50 µm to 300 µm, which are explored on Float-Zone, Magnetic Czochralski and Epitaxial silicon both in n-in-p and p-in-n diodes as well as in multi geometry strip sensors. To address the problems caused by the intense radiation environment extensive measurements and simulation studies have been initiated for investigating these different design and material options for silicon micro-strip sensors. The simulation studies are based on commercial packages (Silvaco and Synopsys T-CAD) and aim to investigate sensor characteristics before and after 15 2 irradiation for fluences of up to 1.5 · 10 neq/cm . A defect model was developed to implement the radiation damage and tuned to fit experimental measurements. This talk covers the simulation of the inter-strip capacitance and resistance both before and after irradiation. Both properties are crucial for the design of Page 194 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts future sensors, being responsible for strip noise and isolation, in turn affecting resolution. A detailed understanding of these parameters is required for an optimal sensor design for the future CMS tracker. A comprehensive simulation study will be shown, encompassing all configurations of n- and p-type bulk material, within the latter differentiating between p-stop and p-spray isolation. The effects of strip width, pitch, surface charge density and irradiation fluence will be systematically parametrized and a comparison between simulation and measurement drawn, followed by conclusions for the design of the future CMS tracker sensors from a TCAD simulation perspective. 142 Gain stabilisation of SiPMs Author: Ivo Polak1 Co-author: Gerald Eigen 2 1 Acad. of Sciences of the Czech Rep. (CZ) 2 University of Bergen (NO) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The gain of SiPMs depends both on bias voltage and on temperature. For stable operations, both need to be kept constant. In an ILC calorimeter with millions of channels this is a challenging task. It is, therefore, desirable to compensate automatically for temperature variations by readjusting the bias voltage. We have designed an adaptive power supply to achieve this task. We anticipate a gain stability at the level of 1%. First, we present measurements of the gain dependence on temperature and bias voltage for several SiPMs from three different manufacturers and determine the dV/dT dependence. We then demonstrate the performance of the gain stability with a prototype that was constructed in industry after performing measurements with a test board. 22 Development of a GEM-based TPC for H-dibaryon Search at J- PARC Author: Hiroyuki Sako1 Co-authors: KenIchi Imai 2; Shoichi Hasegawa 2; susumu sato 3 1 Japan Atomic Research Agency 2 Japan Atomic Energy Agency 3 jaea Corresponding Author: [email protected] We have been developing a TPC using GEMs and a gating grid to search for the H-dibaryon at J- PARC with high rate hadron beams up to 10^6 count per second (cps) /cm^2. The TPC consists of an octagonal-shape drift cage of 50 cm diameter and 55 cm height, filledwith Ar-CH_4 (90:10) gas, and the end cap chamber consisting of a gating grid plane, 3-layer GEMs, and a pad plane. The TPC is operated in dipole magnetic field of 1 T in parallel to the drift electricfield. The horizontal position resolution is expected to be better than 300um. Page 195 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts We have built a small prototype TPC and performed a beam test. The position shift due to positive- ion feedback was suppressed within +-0.2 mm both in transverse and longitudinal directions at the beam rate up to 5x10^5 cps/cm2. Detection efficiency was 97 % per pad row at low beam rate (10^3 cps/cm2), and 90 % at high beam rate (10^6 cps/cm2). We also performed a laser test of the prototype in magnetic field, and observed expected improve- ment of the position resolution due to the magnetic field. We show also the status of the full-size TPC development. 148 Luminescent and scintillation properties of LFS-3 and GAGG:Ce crystals Author: Ioannis Valais1 Co-authors: Alexander Gektin 2; Athanasios Bakas 3; Christos Michail 1; Ioannis Kandarakis 1; Ioannis Seferis 1; Konstantinos Kourkoutas 4; Nektarios Kalyvas 1; Stratos David 1 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Athens 2 Institute for Scintillation Materials of NAS of Ukraine 3 Department of Medical Radiologic Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens 4 Department of Energy Technology,Technological Educational Institute of Athens Corresponding Author: [email protected] Many of the contemporary photonics technologies dealing with detection of radiation owe their existence to diverse scintillation materials. The scintillators play a decisive role in the registration of X-rays and γ-quanta necessary in many fields of application in industry, medicine, fundamental research, and security where they are used to convert high-energy photons into visible light. Co- doped LFS-3 and mixed GAGG:Ce recently developed from Zecotek Photonics Inc. and Furukawa Co Ltd companies respectively. These crystals are very fast, with high density and very high light output. Their absorption, excitation and emission spectra were measured and compared. Results indicate that the difference between the emission intensities among GAGG:Ce samples seems to bemore pronounced than in the case of LFS-3 crystal samples. However, the relative average deviation of the emission intensities does not exceed the experimental error. Moreover, pulse amplitude spectra were performed using for excitation a 137Cs gamma-radiation source. A standard Ø40x40 mm NaI(Tl) detector was used for reference and values of energy resolution and light output (% to NaI(Tl)) were determined. Energy resolution was measured by reading out the light emerging from one end (3x3 face) of the crystals, using a Hamamatsu R1307 PMT connected to an appropriate amplifier and a Multy Channel Analyzer (MCA). Best energy resolution values of 7.3% for a 3x3x20mm^3 GAGG:Ce crystal sample and 8,9% for a 3x3x10mm^3 LFS-3 sample were recorded. Acknowledgments This research has been co-funded by the European Union (European Social Fund) and Greek national resources under the framework of the “Archimedes III: Funding of Research Groups in TEI of Athens” project of the “Education & Lifelong Learning” Operational Program. 132 Hadronic interactions in the CALICE Si-W ECAL Author: Naomi van der Kolk1 1 LAL/LLR/CNRS/P2IO Page 196 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] The physics goals of future lepton colliders ask for a very precise measurement of the jet energy. Highly granular calorimeters will play an important part in achieving this high precision as they allow the application of Particle Flow Algorithms. These calorimeters are being developed by the CALICE collaboration and several prototypes have already been build and tested. The optimization of PFA is supported best if hadronic interactions are well modeled in MonteCarlo simulations. The development and improvement of such hadronic shower models relies ondetailed reference data which these prototypes can provide. We have studied interactions of negatively charged pions in the highly granular CALICE silicon- tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (Si-W ECAL) prototype in the energy range of 2 to 10 GeV and compared various global hadronic shower observables to different Monte Carlo models in the simulation toolkit Geant4. The Si-W ECAL is very sensitive to the start of the hadronic shower and we have developed analgo- rithm optimised to find interactions at small hadron energies and can identify the interaction point with an accuracy of ± 2 layers at an efficiency of at least 50% at 2 GeV and at least 80% at 10GeV. The efficient detection of the shower starting point and shape will improve the performance ofPar- ticle Flow Algorithms. The algorithms aim to reconstruct each particle in the optimal subdetec- tor and therefore gain in performance with an improved shower recognition and separation. We are applying advanced machine learning algorithms to improve the detection and separation effi- ciency. 130 The MINOS micromegas-TPC vertex tracker for in-beam spectroscopy of very exotic nuclei Author: Alain Delbart1 Co-author: Alexandre Obertelli 2 1 CEA/Irfu, CE Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France 2 CEA/Irfu, CE Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France Corresponding Author: [email protected] CEA-Irfu developed a new device, called MINOS (MagIc Numbers Off Stability), to improve both the luminosity and the sensitivity of proton-induced knockout reactions experiments performing in- beam spectroscopy of very exotic nuclei produced at fragmentation facilities (such as RIBF at RIKEN in Japan and FAIR in Germany). Its innovative approach is that it uses a compact annular 300 mm long Time Projection Chamber (TPC) surrounding a thick cylindrical liquid hydrogen target. The TPC reconstructs the recoiled proton tracks in order to locate the interaction vertex inside the target, allowing a proper Doppler correction to emitted gamma rays measured in a dedicated detector. A bulk-micromegas, segmented in 4608x2 mm2 pads, is used to readout the TPC which is filled with an Argon-iC4H10(3%)-CF4(15%) gas mixture. The electronics is composed of 20 analog front-end cards. Each of these is read out by a newly designed digital board, called the Feminos, which is compatible with the AFTER and AGET chips. The internal and external TPC field cages are made of 2mmthick Rohacell cylinders on which are glued 50 microns thick Kapton foils printed with 381 copper strips. The MINOS device will be described, with a focus on the design choices and performances oftheTPC characterized in laboratory with cosmic rays. We will report on the recent full in-beam validation of the TPC at HIMAC (Japan) where a better than 4 mm vertex resolution was obtained with a180 and 350 Mev/u 20Ne ion-beam impinging on 0.5 mm thick CH2 and C targets. 27 Designing and Construction a Prototype GEM Detector for 2D Proton Dosimetry Applications Page 197 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Author: Abdulrahman S. Alghamdi1 Co-authors: Abdullah Aldosary 2; Abdullrahman H. Maghrabi 3; Mohammad S. AlAnazi 2 1 National Center for Mathematics and Physics, KACST 2 NCMP-KACST_Saudi Arabia 3 NCMP - KACST - Saudi Arabia Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected] The main objective of this project is to develop a medical imaging system to be used inthetwodi- mensions Proton dosimetry applications using the gas electron multiplier technology. These include designing and construction of the detector, readout board, and related electronics. The first step to- ward attaining the goal of this project is to build a prototype of triple-GEM detector (10cmx10cm) that can achieve the goals of the project. This paper presents the designing, construction and testing of the prototype detector includes the discussions of outlined tasks and achievements as well as the preliminary results from X-ray and some gamma sources. The future plan of the whole project and more details about the next stages will be presented in this paper as well. 21 Micro Pattern Gas Detector Technologies and Applications - the work of the RD51 Collaboration Author: Silvia Dalla Torre1 1 INFN Trieste Corresponding Author: [email protected] Driven by the availability of modern photolithographic techniques, the Micro Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGD) have been introduced in the last years of the 20th century by pioneer activities: Gas Elec- tron Multipliers (GEM) and Micromegas, later followed by thick-GEM, resistive GEM (RETGEM) and novel micro-pattern devices. Nowadays, a flourishing of R&D activities dedicated toMPGDs and of diversified applications is ongoing, largely favored by the technological collaboration RD51, whose aims are to facilitate the development of these advanced gas-avalanche detector technologies and associated electronic-readout systems, for applications in basic and applied research. The areas of activities within RD51 include MPGD technology and new structures, device characterization, software and simulations, electronics, MPGD production, common test facilities, and applications of MPGD. By this coverage of all aspects of MPGD, RD51 aims to bring together leading experts in the field for the development of new technology and colleagues using this technology for awidearray of applications. This talk will review the activities of the RD51 by summarising the first five years oftheCollabora- tion activity and by anticipating the future programmes, planned over the next five years. Summary: This talk will cover the work of the CERN-based RD51 Collaboration developing Micro Pattern GasDe- tectors for a wide range of applications. 28 Design and operation of a Small Gas Electron Multiplier detec- tors at KACST Detector Lab: Constructions and Preliminarily Re- sults Page 198 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Author: Abdullrahman H. Maghrabi1 Co-authors: Abdullah Aldosary 1; Abdulrahman Alghamdi 2; Mohammad S. alanazi 3; Mohmmed M. Al-mutayri 1 1 NCMP-KACST-Saudi Arabia 2 KACST 3 NCMP-KACST- Saudi Arabia Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The Gas Electron Multiplier detectors technology is well known for its high counting rate, chargeand position resolution capabilities. Under the umbrella of the KACST Detector Laboratory (KDL) project we have succeeded in designing, constructing and, operating a single channel small (10x10 cm2 ) GEM detector for radiation detection applications. The performances of the detector was tested using two mixture of gases; Ar-CO2 (80:20) mixture and He-CO2 (80:20) using five γ-rays sources with energy range from 64.5 to 662 keV. In addition, one α-particle source with energy of 5.48 MeV was used. In this paper the technical aspects of this detector will be briefly discussed. The experimental procedures and the obtained results will be given. Future work and further improvements to the performances of the detector in several applications will be outlined. 404 Development of LBNE Photon Detector Front End Electronics Authors: Andrew Kreps1; Gary Drake2; John Anderson3; Michael Oberling1; Patrick De Lurgio1; Zelimir Djurcic4 1 Argonne National Laboratory 2 Argonne National Laboratory (US) 3 Argonne National Laboratory - USA 4 A Corresponding Author: [email protected] The LBNE (Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment) is the next generation accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiment planned in US. The experiment will use a new muon-neutrino beam sent from Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and will detect electron-neutrino appearance and muon- neutrino disappearance using a Liquid Argon TPC located at a distance of 1300 km at Sanford Un- derground Research Facility in South Dakota. The primary physics goal of the LBNE is a definitive determination the neutrino mass hierarchy, determination the octant of the neutrino mixing angle theta-23, and precise measurement of CP violation in neutrino oscillation. Neutrino interaction in LAr result in charged particles producing ionization and scintillation light signals. Dedicated photon detection (PD) system is under design for use in the LBNE LArTPC far detectors. The PD is designed to capture ultraviolet scintillation light that occurs when excited atoms in the liquid argon decay back to the ground state. These photons have a wavelength of 128 nm. Two processes contribute to producing “prompt” (decay constant ~ 6ns) and “late” (decay constant ~1.6μs) light components. By measuring the time of arrival of the photons, as well as the pulse height, the PD system can provide a “time zero” reference for the reconstruction of the event, as well as help identify the spatial coor- dinates of the event by triangulating between different photon detector elements in the detector. In addition the detection of scintillation light may be used as a trigger for the TPC. Measurement of the “late” light that arises from triplet states, which can be useful as a particle identification tool. The PD system must shift the wavelength of the scintillation light in order to use affordablephoto- detectors. The baseline design couples wavelength-shifter coated ultraviolet transmitting acrylicto 3 mm2 silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs). By detecting scintillation light we aim to improve event reconstruction capabilities and efficiently separate neutrino events from background. The signal out of the SiPMs is a charge or current pulse. The PD electronics must receivetheSiPM signal, and digitize it to measure the time of arrival and also the pulse height. The SiPM response is quantized to measure integer number of photo-electrons, which is then used in the determination of the spatial location of the event. This presentation will describe requirements, implementation, Page 199 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts and tested performance of the prototype front-end electronics to be used in PD system in LArTPC of LBNE. 403 Characterization of Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors Using A Pulsed Laser Author: Matthew Wetstein1 Co-authors: Andrey Elagin 1; Bernhard Adams 2; Obaid Razib 3; Richard Northop 1; Robert Wagner 2; eric oberla 4; henry frisch 5 1 University of Chicago 2 Argonne National Laboratory 3 Illinois Institute of Technology 4 uchicago 5 u Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Large Area Picosecond Photodetector Collaboration (LAPPD) is developing economical tech- niques for fabricating large area, glass-body microchannel-plate photomultiplier tubes (MCP-PMTs), scalable for use in a variety of High Energy Physics applications. An important capability of these photosensors is in precision measurements of arrival times and positions of single photons. Proto- type LAPPD systems have demonstrated the best combination of time resolution and area coverage of any existing photosensor technology, providing better than 50 picosecond single-photoelectron time resolutions over an 87-88% active area covering 400 cm^2. LAPPDs are also imaging phototubes, able to measure the positions of photon hits with sub-centimeter precision within a single tube. In this talk we will discuss work by the University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory char- acterizing the single photo-electron response of LAPPD detector systems using a sub-picosecond pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser. The analog response of our test LAPPD system is characterized viaread- out by a digital oscilloscopes or by the 60 channel, 1.5 GHz, 10 Gsample/second front-end system developed by the University of Chicago for the project. 246 Evolution studies of the CMS endcap calorimeter response and implications for the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade Authors: Michael Planer1; Riccardo Paramatti2 1 University of Notre Dame (US) 2 INFN Roma1 Corresponding Author: [email protected] Calorimetry for the CMS detector is currently performed at the LHC with a lead tungstate crys- tal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) and a brass/scintillator hadronic calorimeter (HCAL), both divided into barrel and endcap regions. High-Luminosity running at the LHC, which is planned for 2022 and beyond, will imply an order of magnitude increase in radiation levels and particle flu- ences with respect to the present LHC running conditions. The performance evolution of the CMS calorimeters indicates that an upgrade of the endcap calorimeters will be needed to ensure adequate performance during HL-LHC running. Results from LHC collision periods, beam tests and labora- tory measurements are combined to predict the performance of the current detector at the HL-LHC and motivate the need for an upgrade of the endcap calorimeters. Page 200 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 372 Test for the mitigation of the Single Event Upset for ASIC in 130 nm technology Authors: Daniela Calvo1; Gianni Mazza1; Ilaria Balossino1; Paolo De Remigis1; Richard Wheadon1; Serena Mattiazzo2 1 INFN 2 Universita Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) is the innermost sensitive layer of thePANDA experiment at the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (Fair). The MVD will be composed of two kind of sensors: hybrid pixels and double sided strips. The front end electronics of the MVD will be placed at a few centimetres from the interaction point, where high radiation levels are expected. Therefore the ASIC have to be designed with radiation tolerant techniques, both in terms of Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and Single Event Upset (SEU). The TID issue has been addressed using a sub micron technology as the CMOS 130 nm, which has proven an intrinsic good tolerance to radiation damage. On the other hand these technologies are very sensitive to SEU, due to the reduced size of the active devices. Therefore SEU mitigation techniques have to be applied at circuit level, in order to prevent data corruption and failure of the control logic. Various architectures and techniques are proposed in literature, which essentially show a trade off between protection level and area penalty. Some of these techniques have been implemented in the prototypes for the readout of MVD pixel sensors, based on space constraints. The prototypes have been then tested at the Legnaro INFN facility with ions of various species, in order to asses the effective capability of SEU mitigation. The obtained results have shown some limitation in the implementation of these techniques, which will serve as a guideline for the design of the final ASIC. Summary: The Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) is the innermost sensitive layer of thePANDA experiment at the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (Fair) in Darmstadt. The MVD will be composed of two kind of sensors: hybrid pixelsand double sided strips. The front end electronics of the MVD will be placed ata few centimetres from the interaction point, which is constituted by a fixed target, where high radiation levels are expected. Therefore the ASIC have to be designed with radiation tolerant techniques, both in terms of Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and of Single Event Upset (SEU). The TID issue has been addressed using a deep sub micron technology as the CMOS 130 nm, which has proven an intrinsic good tolerance to radiation induced damage. On the other hand these technologies have increased their sensitivity to SEU, due to the reduced size of the active devices. Therefore SEU mitigation techniques have to be applied at circuit level, in order to prevent data corruption in the registers and failure of the control logic. Various architectures and techniques are proposed in literature, which essentially show a trade off between protection level and area penalty. Some of these techniques have been implemented in the circuit prototypes for the readout of the MVD pixel sensors, based on the space constraints. The prototypes have been then tested at the Legnaro INFN facility with ions of various species and energies, in order to asses the effective capability of SEU mitigation. The obtained results have shown some limitation in the implementation of these techniques, which will be used as a guideline for the design of the final ASIC. 376 Page 201 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts ORKA: The Golden Kaon Experiment. Precision measurement of K+ → π+νν¯ Author: Anna Mazzacane1 1 Fermilab Corresponding Author: [email protected] The K+ → π+νν¯ decay is highly suppressed in the Standard Model (SM), while its rate can be predicted with minimal theoretical uncertainty. Precision measurement of the the branching ratio (BR) for this decay would be thus one of the most incisive probes of quark flavor physics in the next years. The primary sensitivity goal of the ORKA experiment is 1000 events at the SMlevel, and a measurement of the BR with 5% precision which is comparable to the uncertainty of the SM prediction based on foreseeable improvements of the errors from the CKM matrix elements. Measuring K+ → π+νν¯ decay at the 10−10 BR level represents a significant experimental chal- lenge. The weak signal signature ofa π+ and nothing else requires high-performance systems for precision tracking, particle identification and photon vetoing. In this talk we will discuss about detector and beam improvements needed to achieve an increased sensitivity of two order of magnitude with respects to BNL experiments and we will describe the ongoing in- tense detector R&D and simulation studies as well as opportunities for collaboration in the ORKA team. 393 Hamamatsu MPPC S11834 as a detector of Cherenkov photons Author: Rok Pestotnik1 Co-authors: Elvedin Tahirovic 2; Peter Krizan 3; Samo Korpar 4 1 Jozef Stefan Institute 2 J 3 University of Ljubljana 4 Uni Maribor Corresponding Author: [email protected] Silicon photo multipliers are promising candidates to replace the photomultiplier tubes in Ring Imaging Cherenkov counters. Their main advantages are high gain, low operational voltage, insensitivity to magnetic fields, robust and compact design. Their big disadvantage for single photon detection is their high dark count rate, which is of the order of 0.1-1 MHz/mm2. We have however already measured and demonstrated that 1mm x 1mm SiPMs (Hamamatsu MPPC S10362-11-100P ) can be used a sensor of single photons if the acquisition time window is narrow enough to reject most of the background hits. A progress in the last several years has made available the SiPMs with much lower background per unit area, which enables the use of SiPM with larger pads and increase the sensor geometrical acceptance. We have studied a module based on a Hamamatsu MPPC S11834 8x8 SiPM array of 3 mm x 3 mm SiPMs. To increase the geometrical efficiency the 5mm x 5mm → 3mm x 3mm quartz light collectors were used. In the contribution, a bench and beam tests of the module will be presented. Page 202 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 392 Annealing studies with the CDF Run II Silicon Vertex Detector Author: Michelle Stancari1 1 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Corresponding Author: [email protected] Between Run II commissioning in early 2001 and the end of operations in September 2011, the Tevatron collider delivered 12 inverse femtobarns of proton-antiproton collisions to the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). During that time, the CDF silicon vertex detector was subject to radiation doses of up to 12 Mrad. After the end of operations, the silicon detector was annealed for24 days at 18 degrees celsius. A method for monitoring the bias current and depletion voltage of the sensors during the annealing period was developed, and the measured time evolution of these quantities during annealing is in agreement with expectations from the Hamburg model. This monitoring method has the potential to alert today’s experiments when the beneficial effects of annealing, that happen on short time scales, are complete and allow them to stop the annealing process before the harmful or reverse annealing effects, that happen on longer time scales, become significant. 394 A Data Acquisition System using the 10 GSa/s PSEC4 Waveform Digitizing ASIC Author: eric oberla1 Co-authors: Gary Varner 2; Mircea Bogdan 3; henry frisch 4 1 uchicago 2 University of Hawaii 3 The University of Chicago 4 u Corresponding Author: [email protected] A data acquisition (DAQ) system using the 10 - 15 Gigasample/second (GSa/s) PSEC4 waveform recording Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) has been developed as part ofthe Large Area Picosecond Photo-Detector Collaboration (LAPPD). The LAPPD collaboration is developing 20×20 cm2 glass-body micro-channel plate (MCP) photomultiplier tubes equipped with an economical 1.5 GHz, 30-channel microstrip anode to extract the MCP signals. The PSEC4 chip, a 6-channel 0.13 µm CMOS waveform digitizer, was designed by the Universities of Chicago and Hawai’i as a first generation readout ASIC for these photosensors 1. A PSEC4-based DAQ system that is capable of reading out a number of LAPPD MCPs was subsequently developed by our group. The system architecture incorporates two levels of hardware, FPGA-embedded system control, and Page 203 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts data processing. At the front-end is a 30 channel unit that holds five PSEC4 ASICs and a control FPGA that plugs directly into one terminal of the LAPPD MCP anode. The analog bandwidth of the signal input is 1.5 GHz. In order to record waveforms at both ends of the LAPPD anode, two of these cards are required to fully instrument an LAPPD MCP. The back-end card houses the system control FPGA, distributes the system clock, and manages up to four front-end units by means of eight 800 Mbps LVDS lines. This back-end card communicates to a PC using USB 2.0 or gigabit Ethernet. The system performance and LAPPD detector-integrated testing results will be presented. 1 NIM A732, p452, Jan 2014. 245 A prototype for the data acquisition of the CBM Micro Vertex De- tector Author: Borislav Milanovic1 1 Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Nuclear Physics (IKF) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Compressed Baryonic Matter Experiment (CBM) will be installed at the SIS-100/SIS-300 accelerators of the FAIR facility, which is currently under construction at Darmstadt, Germany. Its purpose is the study of hadronic matter in the region of highest net baryon density with rare probes, e.g. open charm particles. To reconstruct those particles, a Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) with a spatial resolution of few micrometers and high frame rate capability (> 33 kHz) is required. This MVD will rely on CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) developed by the PICSEL group of IPHC Strasbourg. Integrating the MAPS into the global strategy of CBM requires a free streaming, dead-time free DAQ which is able to synchronize up to 300 sensors and to handle a continuous data stream of ∼ 30 GB/s. We introduce our concept for a readout system fulfilling those requirements and discuss results from a test run at the CERN-SPS. This work is supported by BMBF (05P12RFFC7), HIC for FAIR, EU-FP7 HadronPhysics3 and GSI. Summary: CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) provide an excellent spatial resolution in the order of few micrometer in combination with a low material budget (50 micrometer thickness have been demon- strated) and high radiation hardness. The active volume of the devices is formed by the epitaxial layer of standard CMOS wafers. This allows the integration of pixels together with analogue and digital data processing circuits on-chip. The MIMOSA-26 MAPS integrates functionalities like pedestal correction, correlated double sampling, discrimination and a data sparsification based on zero suppression combined with a pixel matrix of 2 cm2. The pixel array composed of 576 lines of 1152 pixels is read out in a column-parallel rolling- shutter mode. One discriminator per column and the digital data processing circuits are located onthe same chip in a 3 mm wide area beneath the pixel matrix allowing for binary hit encoding. This area also contains the circuits for pedestal correction and the configuration memory, which is programmed via JTAG. The preprocessed digital data is read out via two digital 80 Mbit/s data links per sensor, which push their data based on a low-level protocol. The first CBM Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) prototype based on MIMOSA-26 sensors was recentlyas- sembled. To study its tracking performance, it is built as a dual-layer micro-tracking device with four Page 204 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts additional sensors arranged in a line as a beam telescope device. The micro-tracker is sandwiched by two reference stations, again based on the same sensor type, on both sides, respectively. The results demonstrate a detection efficiency above 98.5% and a spatial resolution below 3.8 micrometer for a high-energy pion beam at the SPS. In the context of the CBM-MVD prototype project, we developed a scalable and free-running DAQ system which allows to steer and to operate multiple MIMOSA-26 sensors. Both, the sensor control and the data management was carried out by TRBv2 boards developed by the HADES collaboration, which were complemented with general-purpose add-on cards. Among the functionalities realized in the FPGAs of those boards were data reduction, quality monitoring, data transportation and slow control of the freely running sensors. The data was time stamped and transferred via 2 Gbit/s optical links to a local computer. In this setup the total bandwidth of the prototype system was 100 MB/s, however the highly scalable implementation allows extending this limit with additional hardware as needed. Furthermore, the modular design of the FPGA firmware supports also newer MIMOSA generations, e.g. MIMOSA-28 as used in theSTAR detector and MISTRAL which is currently under development for ALICE. The beam test at the CERN-SPS validated our design choices and the system could be operatedsyn- chronously and dead-time free for several days. A procedure to keep the sensors synchronous even under stress conditions was successfully tested. We introduce the concept of the DAQ system of the CBM-MVD and show beam test results demonstrating the capability of the concept to operate sizable detector systems based on CMOS MAPS. We additionally discuss recent improvements to further in- crease the system performance. 244 Electronics and Calibration system for the CMS Beam Halo Mon- itor Authors: Alessandro Montanari1; Alexey Finkel2; Anne Dabrowski3; David Peter Stickland4; Fabrizio Fabbri5; Nicolo Tosi6; Robert Loos3; Roger Rusack2; Stella Orfanelli7 1 INFN-Bologna 2 University of Minnesota (US) 3 CERN 4 Princeton University (US) 5 INFN - Bologna 6 Universita e INFN Bologna (IT) 7 National Technical Univ. of Athens (GR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] In the context of increasing luminosity of LHC, it will be important to accurately measure the Ma- chine Induced Background. A new monitoring system will be installed in the CMS cavern for mea- suring the beam background at high radius. This detector is composed of synthetic quartz Cherenkov radiators, coupled to fast photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The readout chain of this detector will make use of many components developed for the Phase 1 upgrade to the CMS Hadron Calorimeter elec- tronics, with a dedicated firmware and readout adapted to the beam monitoring requirements. The PMT signal will be digitized by a charge integrating ASIC (QIE10), providing both the signal rise time and the charge integrated over one bunch crossing.The backend electronics will record bunch- by-bunch histograms, which will be published to CMS and the LHC using the newly designed CMS beam instrumentation specific DAQ. A calibration monitoring system has been designed to gener- ate triggered pulses of light to monitor the efficiency of the system. The detector system, andin particular, the validation of the electronics choices with measurements will be presented. Page 205 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 243 Real Time Pulse Analyzer for ITER Vertical Neutron Camera Author: Alina Ivanova1 Co-authors: Aleksander Khilchenko 2; Aleksander Kotelnikov 2; Andrey Kvashnin 2; Dmitry Skopintsev 3; Ekate- rina Puryga 2; Peter Zubarev 2; Svetlana Ivanenko 2; Vladimir Amosov 3 1 I 2 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics 3 Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research Corresponding Author: [email protected] The International Thermonuclear Experiment Reactor (ITER) is a large-scale scientific experiment intended to prove the viability of fusion as an energy source, and to collect the data necessary for the design and subsequent operation of the first electricity-producing fusion power plant. ITER is an ex- perimental nuclear reactor operating with a magnetic toroidal field of 5.3 T, plasma current of 15MA, pulse duration up to 500 s and producing up to 700 MW fusion power. It is aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of nuclear fusion realization generating DD and DT fusion reactions with characteristic neutrons 2.5 and 14 MeV. The neutron emission profile is measured Vertical Neutron Camera (VNC). ITER VNC requires: 12-bit digitizer with sampling rate from 250 MHz to 1 GHz; count rate up to 107 events/s; on-line digital technique for separation and reconstruction pile-up. Taking into account the above-mentioned specifications Digital Multichannel Analyzer for ITER VNC is based on ADC12500PXIe digitizer. It is developed in our workgroup and included into ITER Catalog of I&C products – Fast Controllers (345X28 v2.3). ADC12500PXIe digitizer is a two-channel waveform recorder with reconfigurable data processing unit, based on FPGA. Each measuring chan- nel built on 12-bit ADC with 500 MHz sampling rate and high frequency bandwidth (0-250 MHz) and has programmable gain and zero line position. Data processing unit was configured for Digital Pulse Analyzer (DPA). DPA performs pulse height analysis using on-line algorithms implemented in the FPGA and waveform registration for debugging and monitoring. Pile-up events are detected and reconstructed using several digital processing algorithms, such as triangular or trapezoidal filter. Developed software includes three system levels: Linux device driver, EPICS driver, Human Ma- chine Interface (HMI). The Linux device driver conforms to the standard Linux device model inthat you access and control the ADC12500PXIe device and Digital Pulse Analyzer. The driver support library provides all the functionality through a relatively small set of easy to use functions (API) that hide all driver ioctl functions and implementation details. The main purpose of EPICS driver isto interconnect HMI with Linux device driver. HMI provides a graphics-based visualization of spectral and waveform data and control of operating modes. Summary: The International Thermonuclear Experiment Reactor (ITER) is a large-scale scientific experiment in- tended to prove the viability of fusion as an energy source, and to collect the data necessary for the design and subsequent operation of the first electricity-producing fusion power plant. ITER is an ex- perimental nuclear reactor operating with a magnetic toroidal field of 5.3 T, plasma current of 15MA, pulse duration up to 500 s and producing up to 700 MW fusion power. It is aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of nuclear fusion realization generating DD and DT fusion reactions with characteristic neu- trons 2.5 and 14 MeV. ITER expected neutron emission from 1014 up to almost 1021 n/s. The neutron emission profile is measured Vertical Neutron Camera (VNC). ITER VNC requires: • all electronic equipment from ITER Catalog of I&C products; • multichannel registration; • common external synchronizing system for all channel registration; • 12-bit digitizer with sampling rate from 250 MHz to 1 GHz; • count rate up to 107 events/s; • on-line digital technique for separation and reconstruction pile-up; • reconfigurable data processing unit. Page 206 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Taking into account the above-mentioned specifications Digital Multichannel Analyzer for ITER VNC is based on ADC12500PXIe digitizer. It is developed in our workgroup and included into ITER Catalog of I&C products – Fast Controllers (345X28 v2.3). ADC12500PXIe digitizer is a two-channel waveform recorder with reconfigurable data processing unit, based on FPGA. Each measuring channel built on 12-bit ADC with 500 MHz sampling rate and high frequency bandwidth (0-250 MHz) and has programmable gain and zero line position. The digital part based on FPGA, data RAM and PCI Express x4 Lane Bridge, initialized by the onboard EPROM. PCI Express Bridge has the possibility of FPGA reconfiguration at any time (inc. during operation) and complies with PCI Express Base Specification 1.1 of data exchange operations between PC and FPGAIP application level. Data processing unit was configured for Digital Pulse Analyzer (DPA). DPA performs pulse height anal- ysis using on-line algorithms implemented in the FPGA and waveform registration for debugging and monitoring. Pile-up events are detected and reconstructed using several digital processing algorithms, such as triangular or trapezoidal filter. Developed software includes three system levels: Linux device driver, EPICS driver, Human Machine Interface (HMI). The Linux device driver conforms to the standard Linux device model in that youaccess and control the ADC12500PXIe device and Digital Pulse Analyzer. The driver support library provides all the functionality through a relatively small set of easy to use functions (API) that hide all driver ioctl functions and implementation details. The main purpose of EPICS driver is to interconnect HMIwith Linux device driver. Human machine interface (HMI) was developed using Control System Studio (CSS – Eclipse-based collection of tools to monitor and operate large-scale control systems). It is based on Java, which allows users to make the program portable between operating systems (Linux, Windows, Mac OS, etc.). HMI provides a graphics-based visualization of spectral and waveform data and control of operating modes. 174 performance of 2nd generation CALICE ASICs (HARDROC, MI- CROROC, SKIROC & SPIROC) Author: Christophe De La Taille1 Co-authors: FREDERIC DULUCQ 2; Gisele Martin Chassard 3; Ludovic Raux 1; Nathalie Seguin-Moreau 4; Stéphane Callier 5 1 OMEGA Ecole Polytechnique & CNRS/IN2P3 2 OMEGA-Ecole Polytechnique-CNRS/IN2P3 3 OMEGA (FR) 4 Universite de Paris-Sud 11 (FR) 5 OMEGA / IN2P3 - CNRS Corresponding Author: [email protected] In the framework of CALICE, EUDET and AIDA programs, technological prototypes for ILC calorime- try have been developped. They rely dout ASIC on highly integrated readout ASICs to perform signal readout, auto-trigger and energy measurement over several millions of channels. Ultra-low power is achieved thanks to power pulsing, which must maintain calorimetric performance. The chips developped for the various types of calorimeters (RPCs, Micromegas, Si diodes or SiPMs) have now been tested extensively on test bench and test beam and the most sallient features will be pre- sented. 172 New materials for the RPCs of the next future Author: Rinaldo Santonico1 Page 207 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Co-authors: Anna Di Ciaccio 1; Barbara Liberti 1; Enrico Pastori 2; Giulio Aielli 1; Lorenzo Paolozzi 1; Luigi Di Stante 3; Paolo Camarri 4; Roberto Cardarelli 1; Roberto Iuppa 1 1 Universita e INFN Roma Tor Vergata (IT) 2 INFN Univ. di Roma II 3 Dipartimento di Fisica(RomaII) 4 University of Roma ”Tor Vergata” Corresponding Author: [email protected] RPCs presently working in many accelerator and cosmic ray experiments are made up with resistive plates of phenolic laminate (improperly referred to as “bakelite”) or glass. They are operated with gas mixtures mostly constituted of C2H2F4, i-C4H10, and small amounts of SF6. In the next future however all these materials should be reconsidered for different reasons. Indeed for the resistive plates a mechanically more stable material than phenolic laminate would be of great interest to improve the RPC performance and a lower resistivity glass would also be crucial to improve the glass-RPC rate capability. Concerning the gas, an alternative to the use of C2H2F4 will be needed to reduce the environment impact (measured by the GWP) and possibly the cost of the present gas mixtures. Finally new types of front end electronics, which should be considered as an intrinsic part of the detector, will be crucial for any further development. A last relevant point in the search for new materials will be the cooperation with the industry, not only for the procurement of the items needed for the RPC construction but also in the perspective that some new RPC application could be of interest even outside of the Particle Physics community. The proposed talk will focus the present situation concerning the search for new materials for the RPCs to be developed in the next future. 182 A radiation hardness CMOS layout by only changing procedure of a layer Author: Daehee Lee1 Co-authors: Dong-Uk Kang 1; Gyuseoung Cho 1; Hyunduk Kim 1; Jaewon Heo 1; Jong Yul Kim 1; Kyeongjin Park 1; Kyung Teak Lim 1; Minsik Cho 1; Myoung soo Kim 1; Yewon Kim 1 1 KAIST Corresponding Author: [email protected] The impact from radiation to complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit whichis used as read out circuit for high energy experiments or space satellite has been categorized into two problems: Total ionizing dose (TID) reflecting the long-period-time effects exists and the otheris the single event effects (SEE) characterizing short time result. TID effect makes threshold voltages shifted and leakage current of NMOS transistors in CMOS device increase, especially. Thus,anumber of layout methods are implemented. For example, enclosed layout transistor (ELT) has radiation hardness against TID effects while it has large implementation area, complicated effective W/L ratio, and asymmetric source and drain capacitance. It makes circuit design difficult. Other technique except ELT needs additional layer to exploit or careful design to eliminate short problem by silicide process. However, we presented simple and powerful radiation hardness layout method which needs only layer procedure change. It has been implemented using 0.18 m CMOS process. Traditional NMOS, proposed NMOS, and ELT will be tested by using Co-60 gamma ray source up to 30 Mrad and compared about leakage current, noise at input gate, and threshold voltage shift. 189 Operation and performance of the CMS tracker Page 208 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Author: Martina Malberti1 1 University of California Riverside (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CMS silicon tracker is the largest silicon detector ever built. It consists of an inner pixeldetec- tor, with 66 million read-out channels, and an outer 200 m² silicon strip detector with 10 millions channels. The successful operation of this detector during the first three years of LHC runningwith proton-proton and heavy ion collisions will be discussed. Results will include operational challenges encountered during data taking that influenced the active fraction and read-out efficiency ofthede- tectors. Details will be given on the performance at high occupancy with respect to local observables, such as signal to noise ratio and hit reconstruction efficiency, and on radiation effects with respect to the evolution of power consumption, sensor bias, read-out thresholds and leakage current. 12 Kmax-based Event Mode Data Acquisition System for the Univer- sity of Kentucky Accelerator Laboratory Author: Benjamin Crider1 Co-author: Rodney Piercey 2 1 University of Kentucky 2 Eastern Kentucky University Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected] The University of Kentucky Acceleratory Laboratory (UKAL), a facility that possesses unique exper- imental capabilities for the scattering and detection of monoenergetic fast neutrons, has recently invested in updating its data acquisition capabilities. Starting with a new system for high-precision singles measurements, where subsequent analysis leads to the extraction of lifetimes in the fem- tosecond region via the Doppler-shift attenuation method, we have developed an event-mode coin- cidence data acquisition system with capabilities that allow for a new range of experiments to be performed. The Kmax-based Event Mode Data Acquisition System at UKAL utilizes existing CAMAC modules and crates, as well as the Wiener CC-USB CAMAC controller. Developed with Sparrow Corpora- tion’s Kmax 10, utilizing Java 7 and widget-based toolsheets, the system allows for high through- put with low dead times. Currently, the system is capable of supporting 40 ADCs, 32-channels of TDC, 12-channels of scaler values, and 1 Mword of in-crate memory buffering. In this presentation, the commissioning, operation, and performance of the system will be described, and the particu- lar design choices used for the graphical user interface and the logical flow of data acquisition and translation will be discussed. This material is based on work supported by U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No.PHY- 1305801 and the U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear Energy University Programs. Summary: This talk describes a recent data acquisition system update for the University of Kentucky Accelerator Laboratory (UKAL). This update allows for a new range of experiments to be performed using monoen- ergetic fast neutrons at UKAL. 17 Page 209 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts An Array of Spherically Dimpled Scintillating Cells for an Inte- grated Readout Layer Authors: Alexandre Dyshkant1; Gerald Blazey1; Vishnu Zutshi1 Co-authors: David Hedin 1; Kurt Frankis 1 1 Northern Illinois University Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CALICE collaboration has been developing calorimetry for particle flow algorithms based detec- tors. To measure particle shower development, a finely segmented calorimeter optimized for PFA must consist of millions of channels. A scintillator-based calorimeter with cells of size 30 x 30 x 3 mm3 and read out with silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) shows great promise. The construction and assembly challenges of a highly segmented, scintillator-SiPM calorimeter could be greatly reduced with full integration of the read out electronics into active calorimeter layers. An integrated readout layer (IRL) comprised of a multi-channel electronics board instrumented with SiPMs paired to an monolithic array of scintillator cells, would eliminate much of the labor intensive production associ- ated with individual readout cells. In this presentation we discuss the development and performance of injection molded polystyrene arrays of 2x2 dimpled scintillator cells with a thickness of 3mm and individual cell area of about 900 mm2. (The dimpled or concave shaped cells ensure uniformity of response for a SiPM positioned at the center of the cell.) The performances of arrays of molded cells are compared to arrays of cells machined from sheets of polyvinyltolulene scintillator of same thickness. To improve performance of molded array the depth of dimple of single injection molded cell needs to be optimized. The light output, uniformity, and cross talk of the molded and machined cells irradiated with a Sr-90 source and measured with a SiPM in current mode are reported. Plans for initial particle beam tests of the complete IRL will be also discussed. 118 The Setup of High Efficiency AMOC Spectrometer Author: Bin Cheng1 1 University of Science and Technology of China Corresponding Author: [email protected] Positron lifetime - momentum correlation spectrometer (AMOC) is a important method to analysize material structures using positron annihilation technology. However a key problem of low count rates need to be tackled. A noval geometry and scintillator architectures with the AMOC spectrome- ter is designed to promote the spectrometer count rates. A well-shape BaF2 scintillator is employed to detect the 1.28MeV gamma photon emmitted while the generation of a positron, which improves the cross section by about three times. By placing the HPGE detector behind the photomultiplier tube in the line, HPGE detectecor can still capture the 0.511MeV gamma photon emmitted while the annihilation of a positron.A new hard trigger system is designed and utilized to reduce the dead time. The spectrometer with high efficiency is on debugging for better performance. 325 Development of a novel Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector for cos- mic ray muon tomography. Authors: Fabrizio Petrucci1; Michela Biglietti2; Paolo Iengo3; Stefano Mastroianni4 1 Roma Tre Universita Degli Studi (IT) Page 210 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 2 INFN Roma Tre 3 INFN Napoli (IT) 4 INFN Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Cosmic ray tomography is a technique under development since years. It consists in using particle detectors to reconstruct the scattering angle of cosmic rays traversing the volume under inspection, thus revealing the presence of materials with high atomic number, as radioactive elements or heavy metals. Although the validity of the muon tomography has already been demonstrated, its use on a large scale is still disfavored because of the high cost and complexity of the detectors. We propose a novel detector (Micro Channel Device, MCD) specifically designed for this application, having the potential to be easily produced on industrial scale.The proposed detector belongs to the category of MPGDs with an amplification region less than 1 mm wide. The use of this device has several advantages: it allows for compact scanning stations (reduced transverse dimensions) and reduced operating costs (limited applied voltages and small gas volumes) when compared to other gas detectors as drift chambers; it can be adapted to curved shape to better fit a scanning station and it is competitive from the point of view of the production costs. The potential for industrial mass production makes the MCD a good candidate for the homeland security market. We will illustrate the basic concept of an MCD, its working principle and expected performance. The concept of a small-size cylindrical scanning station based on MCD and the study of the resolution power on different materials will also be presented. 329 Design of CMS Beam Halo Monitor system Author: Stella Orfanelli1 Co-authors: Alessandro Montanari 2; Alexey Finkel 3; Anne Dabrowski 4; David Peter Stickland 5; Fabrizio Fabbri 6; Nicolo Tosi 6; Robert Loos 4; Roger Rusack 3 1 National Technical Univ. of Athens (GR) 2 INFN-Bologna 3 University of Minnesota (US) 4 CERN 5 Princeton University (US) 6 Universita e INFN (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] A fast and directional monitoring system for the CMS experiment is designed to provide an online, bunch-by-bunch measurement of beam background induced by beam halo interactions, separately for each beam. The background detection is based on Cherenkov radiation produced in synthetic fused silica read out by a fast, UV sensitive photomultiplier tube. Twenty detector units per end will be azimuthally distributed around the rotating shielding of CMS, covering ~408 cm2 at 20.6m from the interaction point, at a radius of ~180 cm. The directional and fast response of the system allows the discrimination of the background particles from the dominant flux in the cavern induced by pp collision debris, produced within the 25 ns bunch spacing. A robust multi-layered shielding will enclose each detector unit to protect the photomultiplier tube from the magnetic field and to eliminate the occupancy from low energy particles. The design of the front-end units is validated by experimental results. An overview of the new system to be integrated in CMS during the cur- rent shutdown of LHC will be presented, and its perspective for monitoring in High Luminosity LHC. 200 Page 211 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Light emission measurements of LFS-3 and GAGG:Ce single crys- tal samples under X-ray radiographic conditions Author: Ioannis Valais1 Co-authors: Athanasios Bakas 2; Christos Michail 1; Ioannis Kandarakis 1; Ioannis Seferis 1; Kostas Kourkoutas 3; Panagiotis Liaparinos 1; Stratos David 1 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Athens, Greece 2 Department of Medical Radiologic Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Athens, Greece 3 Department of Energy Technology,Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Athens, Greece Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: Inorganic scintillating crystals are employed as radiation to light converters in most med- ical imaging modalities. This study presents a comparative investigation of the luminescence emis- sion properties of LFS-3 (Zecotek Photonics Inc) and GAGG:Ce (Furukawa Co Ltd) single crys- tal scintillators under medical X-ray excitation. Both scintillating materials have dimensions of 10x10x10mm3 and 10x10x20mm3. The Absolute Luminescence Efficiency-AE (i.e., the light energy flux over exposure rate) and the so-called Effective Efficiency-EE (i.e., the light spectral compati- bility with electronic optical sensors were investigated under X-ray excitation in the radiographic energy range from 50 to 130 kVp. The AE and the EE parameters of the examined scintillators were found to increase with the X-ray tube voltage. The maximum AE value was found equal to 41.22 E.U (1 E.U equal to μW•m-2/mR•s) for the GAGG:Ce scintillator at 130kVp X-ray tube voltage whereas for the same tube voltage the maximum AE for LFS-3 scintillator was equal to 22.29 E.U. This in- creased efficiency to the above X-ray voltage can be attributed to the high density of thematerials, which enhances X-ray photon absorption, and their high light output. Both scintillators have higher efficiency than LSO:Ce (standard scintillator used in PET) which measured equal to 18 E.U.under the same conditions, thus LFS-3 and GAGG:Ce crystals might be considered for further research as suitable radiation detectors in medical imaging. Acknowledgments This research has been co-funded by the European Union (European Social Fund) and Greek national resources under the framework of the “Archimedes III: Funding of Research Groups in TEI of Athens” project of the “Education & Lifelong Learning” Operational Program. 205 Development of Radiation Damage Model using TCAD tools for Irradiated Silicon Sensors Author: Ranjeet Dalal1 Co-authors: Alberto Messineo 2; Ashutosh Bhardwaj 3; Kavita Lalwani 3; Kirti Ranjan 3; Robert Eber 4; Thomas Eichhorn 5; Timo Hannu Tapani Peltola 6 1 University of Delhi 2 Sezione di Pisa (IT) 3 University of Delhi (IN) 4 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE) 5 DESY 6 Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI) Corresponding Author: [email protected] During the high luminosity upgrade of LHC the CMS tracking system consisting of silicon pixel and strip sensors will face intense radiation environment than the present system was designed for. It is important to complement the measurements of the irradiated Si strip sensors with device simulation, Page 212 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts which helps in both the understanding of the device behavior and optimizing the design parameters needed for future CMS Tracker Upgrade. Thus, one of the important ingredient of the device sim- ulation is to develop a radiation damage model incorporating both bulk and surface damage. In this work, we demonstrate the development of radiation damage model using TCAD tools, which successfully explains the recent measurements like leakage current, depletion voltage, interstrip ca- pacitance and interstrip resistance, and provides an insight into the performance of irradiated Si strip sensors. Summary: A systematic development of a new radiation damage model, for hadron irradiation, will be presented. This model consider surface and bulk damage simultaneously and is capable of explaining the stripsen- sors and diode measurements like, leakage current, depletion voltage, interstrip resistance, interstrip capacitance etc. It further provide insight into observed good interstrip resistance with low p-stop/p- spray insulation structures for proton irradiated n+p strip sensors. This model was used to simulate the sensor properties for CMS Phase-II tracker upgrade campaign. 207 Evaluation of a commercial FPGA for use in the CMS HCAL Up- grade Author: Kajari Mazumdar1 1 Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research (IN) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CMS Hadron Calorimeter is undertaking a upgrade of front-end electronics which increases the channel count by a factor of three and adds additional TDC data. To transfer the larger data volume off-detector, CMS is evaluating a commercial FPGA with integrated high-speed serial link forusein the radiation environment. This talk will report on the studies of the candidate device under ionzing and hadron irradiation, which will inform the possible use of these components for other uses in particle physics detectors. 77 A study for the ATLAS RPC system upgrade in view of the High Luminosity (HL) LHC Author: Giulio Aielli1 1 Universita e INFN Roma Tor Vergata (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The architecture of the present trigger system in the ATLAS muon barrel was designed according to a reference luminosity of 1034 cm-2 s-1 with a safety factor of 5 with respect to the simulated background rates, confirmed by the 2012 data. In the HL-LHC conditions, we expect a luminosity of 5x1034 cm-2 s-1 and a rate about an order of magnitude higher than the present one. This, while boosting the demand of trigger performance to increase the fake rejection, the muon momentum selectivity and coverage, affects the robustness against the ageing effects. This scenario leaves the present RPC muon trigger without adequate safety margins and suggests an appropriate upgrade plan, involving both the detector, the trigger and readout electronics. We present a study for an upgrade of the ATLAS RPC system, under evaluation by the ATLAS col- laboration, conceived to maintain full efficiency for the 20 years future operation scheduled. The Page 213 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts upgrade consists mainly in installing an additional layer of new generation RPCs in the inner barrel. This will increase the redundancy and the acceptance, now reduced to 70% due to the barreltoroid magnets and services. The present RPC system performances will also benefit of a new readoutelec- tronics foreseen to cope with the upgraded ATLAS DAQ. A non-negligible side benefit of this upgrade scheme is providing ATLAS with good TOF capabilities: a prompt time resolution of few hundreds of ps, 10 m lever arm and four independent measurements will extend the ATLAS potential for new physics discoveries. 75 The ATLAS Tau Trigger for Run2 of the LHC Author: Petar Kevin Rados1 1 University of Melbourne (AU) Corresponding Author: [email protected] In the Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider, the strategies for triggering will become more impor- tant than ever for physics analyses. The ATLAS tau trigger system combines information from the tracking and calorimetry detectors to identify the signature of tau lepton hadronic decays. Under the demanding, high luminosity environment of Run 2 at the LHC experiment (with instantaneous luminosities as large as 2x10^34 cm^-2s^-1), triggering on hadronic tau leptons requires faster re- construction algorithms than ever before. We present two new algorithms currently being deployed: a more precise and faster calorimeter energy cluster reconstruction, and a high-speed tracking, along with their expected performance for the Run 2 experiment. Simple triggers requiring single taus suffer from severe rate limitations, despite the sophisticated algorithms used in the tau identification. To address this limitation, higher efficiency triggers im- plementing topological selections are designed. Using these new developments, tau triggers will provide many opportunities to study new physics beyond the Standard Model, and to get precise measurements of the properties of the Higgs boson decaying to tau-leptons. Finally, the expected feasibility of tau physics measurements in Run 2 will be presented. 78 Pre-research of Front-end readout electronics system for APD de- tectors for synchrotron radiation Author: qiuju li1 Co-authors: y zhang 2; yf zhou 3; zhenjie li 3 1 I 2 ph.D 3 phD Corresponding Author: [email protected] Since many types of the silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD) detector have been developed for syn- chrotron X-ray experiments on nuclear resonant scattering, a readout electronics system scheme is introduced which includes front-end electronics for amplification, shaping circuit, analog to digital converter and data processing and so on. The designing of the pre-amplifier is described. Thepro- grams of front-end electronics are present which includes two types, one is based on peak value read- out, and another is based on waveform readout. The two programs’s differents are discussed. Page 214 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Summary: Front-end, readout electronics system, APD detectors, synchrotron radiation 120 Electrode material and Detector Response for Gaseous detectors Author: Ashok Kumar1 1 University of Delhi (IN) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The gaseous detectors can be used in variety of applications including particle detection, medical imaging and radiological applications. We will present an extensive study of optical, structural and electrical properties performed for different electrode materials for gaseous detectors such as Resis- tive Plate Chambers. We also present the gas mixture composition studies with different gases for their detector performance and response. We include study on the variation of efficiency, counting rate over the period of operation and the leakage current dependence upon the temperature and humidity for different sizes of detectors. We hereby also cover similar but preliminary resultson GEM detector. 124 A Method of Frequency-tracking in Direct Detection Doppler Wind LIDAR Author: Yuan Yao1 Co-authors: Futian Liang 1; Ge Jin 2; Xin Gao 1; Ziru Sang 1 1 University of Science and Technology of China 2 Univ. of Science & Tech. of China (CN) Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The Direct Detection Doppler Wind LIDAR (DWL) is of great significance in the study of globalwind measurements and climatology. The DWL adopting double-edge technique of Fabry-Perot etalon requires outgoing laser frequency to fall on the abrupt linear region of the transmittance curve of F-P etalon. Vibration and temperature variation would cause frequency shift, which will further induce laser frequency to fall outside the linear region. While the precision and sensitivity of DWL greatly lowered, a locking channel is hereby designed for shift detection. According to the shift, the position of transmittance curve can be modulated, which guarantees the frequency falling onthe linear region. An approach of detecting the frequency shift is to measure amplitude variation by Photomultiplier Tube (PMT). The output signal is periodic, with 50Hz in frequency, only 20ns-width and sharp edges. Consequently, it is difficult to measure amplitude of such a narrow pulse signal under relatively low sampling rate. To reduce the error caused by low sampling rate, the measurement of the pulse area is made to instead of pulse amplitude. Statistical methods are also applied for further accuracy and improving stability. A data acquisition system including circuit and a specific software is designed. The system includes external trigger, data acquisition and processing. Controlling system sends trigger parameters and Page 215 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts acquisition commands via software. Tests using splitters have been carried out. The ratio results indicate consistent between the data acquisition system and commercial oscilloscope. The results with relative error of 0.80% also meet the locking requirements. 125 Research of silicon strip sensor specification and evaluation for the muon g-2/EDM experiment at J-PARC Author: Shoichiro Nishimura1 Co-authors: Hirokazu Ikeda 2; Junji Tojo 3; Kazuki Ueno 4; Manobu Tanaka 5; Masahiro Ikeno 4; Naohito SAITO 5; Osamu Sasaki 6; Takashi Koriki 7; Tamaki Yoshioka 8; Tomohisa Uchida 4; Tsutomu Mibe 4 1 The Univ. of Tokyo 2 JAXA 3 Kyushu University (JP) 4 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) 5 KEK 6 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP) 7 High Energy Accelerator Res. Organ. (KEK) 8 Kyushu Univ. Corresponding Author: [email protected] The muon’s anomalous magnetic moment (g-2) was measured with 0.54ppm accuracy. There is3.3 sigma discrepancy between the SM prediction and measured value. Muon’s electric dipole moment (EDM) limit is 10^-19 e cm. The muon g-2/EDM at J-PARC (E34), aims to reach a sensitivity of0.1 ppm, and try to measure EDM down to 10^-21 e cm sensitivity. In this experiment, we accelerate muon to the 300 MeV/c, storage in the 3 T precise magnetic fields and reconstruct a track of muon decay positron by highly-segmented positron tracking detector. We use silicon strip sensor for the tracker because the tracker requires high rate capability, high stability against a large rate change, good operation in a high magnetic field, and good position resolution. The sensor specification is optimized by considering rate capability, and the sensor misalignment involves EDM sensitivity. We optimized sensor specification and estimated the requirement of accu- racy of the alignment by using the simulation. Based on the specifications, we produced two types new test sensors. We evaluated the performance of test sensor, and estimated signal to noise ratio. We will present results of specification, estimation of the requirements for the sensor alignment, and test sensors evaluation. 311 The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) for Double Beta Decay Author: Lisa Kaufman1 1 Indiana University Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) is an experimental program designed to search for theneu- trinoless double beta decay of Xe-136. Observation of this decay would determine an absolute mass scale for neutrinos, prove that neutrinos are massive Majorana particles (i.e. they are their own anti-particles), and constitute physics beyond the Standard Model. The first phase experiment called EXO-200 is running at the WIPP salt mine in New Mexico using 200 kg of liquid xenon enriched to Page 216 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 80% in Xe-136 in an ultra-low background TPC. Data taken up to April 2012 has yielded the first mea- surement of two-neutrino double beta decay in Xe-136, the most precise two-neutrino double beta decay measurement of any isotope to date, and a limit on the neutrinoless double beta decay mode that places one of the most stringent limits on the effective Majorana neutrino mass. The EXO-200 detector performance and analysis techniques to achieve the current results will be discussed. In addition, current design efforts for a future multi-ton experiment called nEXO based on the success of EXO-200 will be discussed. 414 Simulation studies of a novel, charge sharing, multi-anode MCP detector Author: Thomas Conneely1 Co-author: James Milnes 2 1 University of Leicester 2 Photek LTD Corresponding Author: [email protected] The next generation Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors for particle ID applications, atCERN, PANDA, and others place stringent requirements on photon detectors, with potentially high mag- netic fields unaligned with the detector’s optical axis, high event rates challenging detector lifetime, high density multi-anode readout and a high time resolution requirement typically less than 50 ps. We are undertaking an R&D project for the TORCH collaboration, a proposed LHCb upgrade, to develop a novel multi-anode Microchannel Plate detector, with 128 × 8 effective pixels in a 5.3 × 5.3 cm2 active area each with 50 ps RMS timing resolution. The proposed design utilises charge sharing across multiple readout anodes to i) improve spatial resolution beyond the defined anode pitch, ii) provide a well-defined charge footprint for readout even in high magnetic fields and iii) reducethe impact of manufacturing issues when producing high-density multi-anode devices. Simulations of this hybrid multi-anode detector will be presented, covering the expected charge foot- print on each readout anode and the impact of utilising charge sharing between anodes to improve the detector’s spatial resolution. This includes simulating the impact of the TORCH project current readout solution using the NINO amplifier/discriminator ASIC and the HPTDC, a 25 ps resolution time-to-digital converter. 417 Radiation-hard Active Pixel Sensors for HL-LHC Detector Upgrades based on HV/HR-CMOS Technology Authors: Daniel Muenstermann1; Ivan Peric2; Simon Feigl3 1 Universite de Geneve (CH) 2 Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg (DE) 3 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] We explore the concept of using deep-submicron HV-CMOS and imaging processes to produce a drop-in replacement for traditional radiation-hard silicon sensors. Unlike fully integrated mono- lithic active pixel sensors (MAPS), such active sensors contain simple circuits, e.g. amplifiers and Page 217 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts discriminators, but still require a readout chip - which can be a traditional strip or pixel readout chip or a tailor-made one without any analogue circuits. This approach yields most of the advan- tages of MAPS (improved resolution, reduced cost and material budget, etc.), without the compli- cation of full integration on a single chip; in particular, high-speed clocked circuits necessary for trigger handling and efficient communication can be kept separated from the crosstalk-susceptible pre-amplifiers. The design of test ASICs produced in different processes, characterization results before andafter irradiation and experience obtained with pixel and strip readout will be shown Finally, plans for further submissions with higher-resistivity substrates will be outlined and an outlook will be given on application options for HL-LHC detector upgrades. Summary: Luminosity upgrades are discussed for the LHC which would make upgrades to the LHC detectors necessary, in particular new, even more radiation-hard and granular sensors for the inner detector re- gion. Deep-submicron HV-CMOS processes feature moderate bulk resistivity and HV capability and are there- fore good candidates for drift-based radiation-hard monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS). It is possible to apply up to ~100V of bias voltage leading to a depletion depth of ~10-20 µm. Thanks to the high elec- tric field, charge collection is fast and nearly insensitive to radiation-induced trapping. Due tothestill rather high dopant concentration, almost no radiation effect is expected to the depletion voltage. Imag- ing processes using high-resistivity substrates could provide significantly more signal charge thanks to larger depletion depths and are therefore also studied. We explore the concept of using such HV/HR-CMOS processes to produce a drop-in replacement for traditional radiation hard silicon sensors. Such active sensors contain only simple circuits to amplify and either discriminate or condition the basic pulses created by charged particles. A traditional read- out chip is still needed to receive and organize the data from the active sensor and handle high-level functionality such as trigger management. The devices are tested with the ATLAS FE-I4 and Timepix pixel readout chips and the LHCb Beetle and ATLAS ABCN25 strip readout chips. Either strip-like or pixel-like readout can be selected on the same device. While a readout chip is still needed (unlike the case of an ideal monolithic MAPS device), the active sensor approach offers many advantages: such sensors can be fabricated in a fully commercial CMOS process without need for special substrates or processing and will therefore cost less than traditional diode sensors, they can be thinned to the limit of the collection layer resulting in much lower mass, they require relatively low bias voltage, and they can operate at room temperature or with only moderate cooling after irradiation. In addition, they can contain sub-pixels with smaller pitch than the readout chip and improve the spatial resolution compared to standard sensors by encoding the hit sub-pixels in the signal sent to the readout chip. From a practical perspective, maintaining the traditional separation between sensing and processing functions lowers development cost and makes use of existing infrastructure. Active sensors can also be seen as a first step towards 3D-integrated electronics in which the analogue tier contains the sensor while the digital tier can contain only purely digital circuits. The number of required DC connections between the two tiers could be small while data transmission could be done using AC coupling hence reducing the complexity and required number of inter-chip connections. To explore the performance and radiation hardness of active sensors, so-called HV2FEI4 ASICs were produced in the AMS H18 process. Their (sub-)pixels of 33x125 µm size are combined to match the respective readout chip: for the pixel readout, three HV-CMOS pixels are multiplexed onto one FE-I4 pixel such that the hit pixels are encoded by the pulse height; the chips are just glued to each other, capacitive data transmission is used. In this way, the position resolution of the HV-CMOS sensor can be significantly better than the granularity of the readout chip suggests. For the strip readout, thepixelcells are combined to form virtual strips. Here, the z-position of the hit is encoded via the discriminator’s pulse height and can be evaluated by analogue strip readout electronics like the Beetle chip. Future strip readout concepts foresee a digital encoding of the z position using a modified ATLAS readout chip (ABC’). To explore alternative processes, the chip concept was ported to a GlobalFoundries 130 nm HV-CMOS process and first prototypes have been characterised before and after irradiation. In addition, asubmis- sion on higher resistive substrates is currently being prepared. Page 218 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The presentation will give an overview of the characterization results of the prototype chips andhigh- light first results with irradiated and unirradiated samples in the laboratory and in beam tests. Finally, future prospects within the LHC upgrade and beyond will be discussed. 412 org.lcsim: A Java-based tracking toolkit Author: Norman Anthony Graf1 1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] We describe a software toolkit for full event simulation and reconstruction in silicon tracking de- tectors. It features modular packages providing sophisticated simulations of the response of silicon detectors to the passage of charged particles. Sensor classes allow very detailed descriptions of charge carrier movement in silicon detectors: one can list the collecting, absorbing and reflecting regions, properties of silicon (doping, mobility, diffusion length, etc.), and electric and magnetic fields (including TCAD maps). After the charge carriers are generated and collected, the electronics simulation processes this into digital signals. We have defined an interface to specify how any such simulation should communicate with other parts of the package. Since details of signal processing are very sensor specific, it is anticipated that any sensor option will have its own class handling such processing, but we have implemented a number of readout technologies of interest to HEP detectors, such as CCDs and active pixel devices. Common to all the specific electronics simulation are the ad- dition of electronics noise, propagation of the signal to readout, thresholding, and digitization of the signal. The final output is then a list of electronics channels with their corresponding ADCcounts, and optionally the time for the signal, replicating the readout from a real detector. We also provide code for cluster finding, pattern recognition, track-finding and fitting, and analysis. The detectoris defined by the same xml input files used for the Geant4 detector response simulation, ensuringthat simulation and reconstruction geometries are always commensurate by construction. Summary: We describe an easy-to-use software toolkit used to fully simulate all aspects of silicon trackers, from signal development in pixels and microstrips, through pattern recognition and track fitting to analysis. We discuss the architecture as well as the performance. 418 On chip design in the KM3NeT experiment Author: Deepak Gajanana1 Co-authors: Paul Timmer 2; Vladimir Gromov 3 1 NIKHEF 2 Nikhef 3 NIKHEF (NL) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The KM3NeT collaboration is building a large underwater neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. The detector operates by detecting Cherenkov light produced by the charged products ofneu- trino interactions in seawater. The detection is done by Page 219 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts digital optical modules (DOMs), which each house 31 3 inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). A cus- tom, low power, PMT base was developed to provide the high voltage by means of a Cockroft-Walton (CW) multiplier circuit, and to amplify and pre-process the PMT signals. At the core of the base de- sign are two ASIC’s, which we will describe in this contribution: 1. PROMiS: A mixed signal ASIC which amplifies the PMT signal and provides digital information on LVDS lines to the central logic board in each DOM. The photon arrival time is provided with <2ns accuracy, while a time-over-threshold measurement encodes the pulse charge. Each chip is uniquely identified using a 24-bit one-time-programmable memory and communication withthe chip is achieved using the I2C protocol. 2. CoCo: An analog ASIC which provides pulses to charge the CW circuit and controls the feedback of the high voltage. Both ASICs have recently been produced and packaged in large numbers. Automated functional tests have been performed. The chips also went through Quality and Reliability tests. The paperwill discuss the design, production challenges and the test results. 310 A New High-Intensity Proton Irradiation Facility at the CERN PS East Area Author: Federico Ravotti1 Co-author: IRRAD Facility team PS 1 1 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] The proton and mixed-field irradiation facilities in the CERN PS East Area (known asIRRAD1and IRRAD2), were heavily and successfully exploited for irradiation of particle detectors, electronic components and materials since 1992. These facilities exploited the particle bursts - protons with momentum of 24GeV/c - delivered from the PS accelerator in “spills” of about 400ms (slow extrac- tion). With the increasing demand of irradiation experiments, these facilities suffered from a number of unpleasant restrictions such as the space availability, the maximum achievable particle flux and several access constraints. In the framework of the AIDA project, an upgrade of these facilities was proposed based on the assumption that the DIRAC experiment will be completed by the end of 2012 and its experimental apparatus dismounted in the CERN long shutdown (LS1) during 2013-2014. The new East Area irradiation facilities (EA-IRRAD) would then be installed in the area occupied by the DIRAC experiment. The proposal being accepted, the construction project of the new facilities has begun in November 2012. The facilities are now expected to be ready for commissioning during sum- mer 2014. While the new proton facility (IRRAD) will continue to be mainly devoted to the radiation hardness studies for the High Energy Physics experimental community, the new mixed-field facility (CHARM) will mainly host irradiation experiments for the validation of electronic systems used in accelerators such the LHC. In this paper, we outline the characteristics of the new IRRAD proton facility in terms of layout, area equipment and potential for new irradiation experiments. 317 An FPGA-based full mesh enabled ATCA general purpose proces- sor board Authors: Jamieson Olsen1; Tiehui Ted Liu2; Yasuyuki Okumura3 Co-authors: Hang Yin 2; Zijun Xu 4 1 Fermilab 2 Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (US) 3 University of Chicago (US) Page 220 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 4 Peking University (CN) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Pulsar II is an FPGA-based full mesh enabled ATCA general purpose processor board, itsdesign is motivated by the silicon-based tracking trigger needs for LHC experiments. Some of the main challenges of silicon-based tracking trigger are the complex data dispatching and the pattern recog- nition and track fitting. Data dispatching is where the hits from many thousands silicon modules must be organized and delivered to the appropriate eta-phi trigger towers. Since the efficient data dispatching for time and regional multiplexing requires high bandwidth, low latency, and flexible real time communication among processing nodes, a full mesh backplane based hardware platform is a natural fit. An FPGA-based full mesh enabled ATCA board called Pulsar II has been designed at Fermilab with the goal of creating a scalable architecture abundant in flexible, non-blocking, high bandwidth board-to-board communication channels. In addition, user-defined mezzanine cards can be designed for Pulsar II, and can be used either for data communication or as pattern recognition engine. In this talk we describe the relevant silicon based tracking trigger needs, our Pulsar 2 design and test methodology, prototype performance results and experience gained in the process. Summary: For more information, please visit Pulsar II web page: http://www-ppd.fnal.gov/EEDOffice-w/Projects/ATCA/ 369 Nanobeacon and Laser Beacon: KM3NeT Time Calibration De- vices Authors: David Calvo1; Diego Real1 1 IFIC Corresponding Author: [email protected] A very large volume neutrino telescope is being constructed in the Mediterranean Sea by the KM3NeT collaboration. Thousands of glass spheres holding a set of 31 small area photomultipliers willbede- ployed at high depth forming a tri-dimensional matrix. The glass spheres, called Digital Optical Mod- ules (DOMs), will detect the Cerenkov light induced by neutrino interactions with the surrounding matter. A relative time calibration between photomultipliers is required to achieve an optimal per- formance. Two different types of calibration are going to be performed in KM3NeT: Intra Detection Unit (DU) calibration, where relative calibration between DOMs of the same DU is done, and Inter DU calibration, where calibration of different DU is achieved. The intra DU calibration is achieved by means of the Nanobeacon, an electronics board flashing a LED integrated in DOM, meanwhile the intra DU calibration is obtained using the Laser Beacon, an instrument installed at the bottom of the detector. In the current article both devices are presented. 364 GPU for triggering in High Energy Physics Experiments Author: Antonio Sidoti1 Co-authors: Alessandro Gabrielli 2; Franco Semeria 2; Lorenzo Rinaldi 2; Matteo Negrini 2; Mauro Belgiovine 3; Mauro Villa 4; Riccardo Di Sipio 2 1 Universita e INFN, Roma I (IT) Page 221 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 2 Universita e INFN (IT) 3 INFN BOlogna 4 University of Bologna Corresponding Author: [email protected] General Purpose Graphical Processing Units (GPGPU) provide exceptional massive parallel computing power with small power consumption. GPGPU bring high performance computing with off-the-shelf products. However the full exploitation of this new computing paradigm will not be possible if software applications only partially employs massive parallelism. High Energy Physics experiments have much to gain adopting this new computing paradigm. In fact, the expected gain in performance both in reducing the application latency or in dealing with the data high throughput increase will allow to employ systems based on GPGPU for data acquisition increasing the available computing power with smaller electric power consumption. All these features are very interesting for using GPGPU at trigger level in an on-line environment to provide fast decision and high rejection power. In view of possible applications in a trigger system we will show, using realistic examples based on data from current LHC High Energy Physics experiments, the improvement in performance of typical HEP intensive computing applications after tuning and optimization for running on GPGPU. The methodology to improve the performance will also be shown together with results using different GPGPU architectures. In particular the porting to GPGPU architecture of two typical HEP reconstruction algorithms will be shown: tracking in the inner detector and jet clustering in the calorimeter. Tracking in the very dense LHC environment is very challenging with multiple minimum bias interactions superimposed to the high transfered momentum one. Both pattern recognition and track fitting would benefit from massive parallelism for high troughput processing that can be fully exploited at trigger level. Also jet clustering with the very fine granularity of LHC experiments calorimetry would profit from the massive parallelism offered by GPGPU. 361 The MOLLER experiment: A measurement of the Weak charge of the electron, using current mode electron detectors in a high radiation environment. Author: Michael Gericke1 1 University of Manitoba Corresponding Author: [email protected] The MOLLER collaboration is currently preparing an experiment to measure the Weak chargeof the electron to a fractional accuracy of 2.3% at very low momentum transfer, using parity violating electron scattering. At this precision, the experiment will be sensitive to the interference of theelec- −3 tromagnetic amplitude with new neutral current amplitudes as weak as 10 · GF . The experiment will take place at Jefferson National Laboratory, in Newport News Virginia, USA. The experiment will measure the asymmetry in the number of 11 GeV polarized electrons scattered from electrons Page 222 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts in a liquid hydrogen target, as a function of electron helicity. The asymmetry has a Standard Model predicted size of 35 ppb (part per billion). Together with the goal precision this requires a high lumi- nosity beam which, at low momentum transfer and very forward scattering angles, leads to detector event rates at the level of GHz/cm2. This requires either very high detector segmentation or cur- rent mode operation. The experiment will need to employ several detector technologies, including tracking detectors and current mode detectors. The challenges we face regarding detector design include radiation hardness (up to 15 MRad in certain regions), low noise and high efficiency opera- tion (light yield), and background sensitivity. We are currently exploring highly segmented quartz Cherenkov detectors for current mode operation and GEM technology for tracking detectors. I will provide an overview of the current detector design, including specific challenges we are facing, as well as some results from initial prototype tests. 381 The AMC13XG: A New Generation Clock/Timing/DAQ Module for CMS MicroTCA Author: Eric Shearer Hazen1 Co-authors: Arno Heister 1; David Zou 1; James Rohlf 1; Shouxiang Wu 1 1 Boston University (US) Corresponding Authors: [email protected], [email protected] The AMC13 provides clock, timing and DAQ service for many subdetectors in the CMS experiment at CERN, as well as the muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab. The module hardware was recently upgraded to support 10 gigabit optical fiber and backplane interfaces. New firmware is now under development to support arbitrarily large event fragments from 12 AMC cards with up to 3 simultaneous output links operating at 10 gigabits. In addition, standard TCP/IP protocol over 10 gigabit Ethernet may be used in addition to the CMS S-Link express proprietary protocol. Many of these modules are now being installed in the CMS experiment during the current LHC shutdown. We describe the implementation using Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGAs, commissioning, production testing and integration in the CMS HCAL and other subsystems. 383 Progress in Developing a Spiral Fiber Tracker for the J-PARC E36 Experiment Author: Makoto Tabata1 Co-authors: Akihisa Toyoda 2; Alexander Ivashkin 3; Hideyuki Kawai 4; Hirohito Yamazaki 5; Hiroshi Ito 4; Jun Imazato 2; Keito Horie 6; Oleg Mineev 3; Suguru Shimizu 6; Youichi Igarashi 2; Yury Kudenko 3 1 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 2 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) 3 Institute for Nuclear Research (INR) 4 Chiba University 5 Tohoku University 6 Osaka University Page 223 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] This paper presents recent progress in developing a spiral fiber tracker for use in the E36 experiment scheduled to be performed at J-PARC, Japan. This positive kaon decay experiment using the stopped kaon method will search for physics beyond the standard model of particle physics through precision measurements of lepton flavor universality, heavy sterile neutrino search, and dark photon search. For this experiment, we plan to upgrade the TREK detector system based on the super-conducting toroidal spectrometer previously used at KEK, Japan. Tracking and identification of charged decay- ing particles (positive muon and positron) is of importance to achieve high precision measurements. As one of the tracking devices, the spiral fiber tracker, under development, will consist of ribbons containing 1-mm-diameter double-clad plastic scintillating fibers in two helicities wrapped around the kaon stopping target in the TREK detector. Scintillation photons are read out by multipixel pho- ton counters connected to the scintillating fibers with clear fibers. We use the tracker to measure the momentum of the charged decaying particles in combination with the exiting three layers of multiwire proportional chambers. Moreover, we introduce, as particle identification devices, aero- gel Cherenkov counters with a refractive index of approximately 1.08, time-of-flight counters, and lead glass Cherenkov counters. In the engineering runs, these particle tracking and identification detectors will be calibrated to each other by using redundant devices. Here, we report the design and results of efficiency bench measurements of the spiral fiber tracker. 384 A Prototype of Beam Loss Monitoring Detector based on CVD di- amond for the NSRL Authors: Li Tenglin1; Ming Zeng1 1 Tsinghua University Corresponding Author: [email protected] In past years, BLM systems have been designed and implemented for the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) and the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. The Bergoz BLM de- tector and direct-readout Si-PIN BLM detector were mixed used in the BLM systems, for different monitoring purpose of the linac, the booster and the storage ring. Si-PIN detector is excellent as it can get accurate information of beam loss position, and it is adaptive for the pulse radiation field around the linac and the transportation line which has a very small duty factor. But it encountered the problem of radiation damage. A new prototype of CVD diamond based BLM detector has been designed and under evaluation for the upgrade of those existing BLM systems, which can work in ei- ther pulse counting mode for fast monitoring, or in charge measurement mode for slow monitoring, the design and preliminary result at the NSRL will be introduced in this paper. 386 Preliminary results from a test beam of ADRIANO prototype Author: Anna Mazzacane1 Co-authors: Corrado Gatto 2; Vito Di Benedetto 3 1 Fermilab 2 INFN Napoli (Italy) 3 Universita’ del Salento (Italy) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The physics program at future colliders demands an energy resolution of the calorimetric compo- nent of detectors at the limits of traditional techniques. Page 224 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The ADRIANO technology (A Dual-readout Integrally Active Non-segmented Option) is under devel- opment with an expected excellent performance. Results from detailed Montecarlo studies on the performance with respect to energy resolution, linear response and transverse containment together with a preliminary optimization of the layout are presented. A baseline configuration is chosen with an estimated energy resolution of (E)/E30%/√E. An extensive R&D program recently started by T1015 Collaboration and preliminary results from a test beam at Fermilab of a ∼ 1λI prototype are also presented together with future prospects with ultra-heavy glasses for the intensity frontier experiments. 387 LUCID upgrade - Atlas luminosity monitor for the LHC RUNs 2&3 Author: Tomas Sykora1 1 Charles University (CZ) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The ATLAS luminosity monitor, LUCID, has been completely redesigned. Both the detector and the associated read-out electronics have been improved in order to cope with the LHC luminosity increase foreseen for RUN 2 and RUN 3. The new operating conditions will require a careful tuning of the read-out electronics in ordertoop- timize the signal-to-noise ratio. The new read-out electronics will allow the use of digital filtering of the photo Multiplier tube signals. In this talk, we will present the first results that we obtained in the optimization of the signal-to- noise ratio. In addition, we will introduce the next steps to adapt this system to high performance read-out chains for low energy gamma rays. Such systems are based on Silicon Drift Detector devices and can be applied outside ATLAS in e.g. applications at Free-Electron-Laser facilities such as the XFEL under construction at DESY. 62 High-speed photon counting readout ASIC for spectral computed tomography detectors Author: DONG-UK KANG1 Co-authors: Daehee Lee 1; Eunjoong Lee 1; Gyuseong Cho 1; Hyunduk Kim 1; Hyunjun Yoo 1; Kyeongjin Park 1; Minsik Cho 1; Myungsoo Kim 1 1 KAIST Corresponding Author: [email protected] This study is concerned with the simulation and design of a high-speed photon counting readout circuit for spectral computed tomography detectors. We propose a novel front-end architecture aimed at reducing dead time by introducing multi signal paths in each pixel. A prototype chip using 0.18um six-metal standard CMOS process is consisting of 16 x 16 pixels and periphery circuits. Each pixel has 200um pixel pitch and contains two signal paths. Two preamplifiers, eight comparators, Page 225 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts three 15-bit counters, switching circuits, and a 30um x 30um input pad are included in a pixel. Each preamplifier has a feedback capacitor and a feedback resistor. We use a transistor as afeedback resistor to control its resistivity. When the preamplifier integrate charge, the gate voltage ofthe transistor is lower than threshold voltage to have high resistivity. After readout the input current pulse, the transistor is turned on for fast reset. The two preamplifiers are connected to the input pad via the switching circuit respectively. The switching circuit allows only one preamplifier to connect the input pad at a time. After current pulse coming to one amplifier, the switching circuit changes its connection to reduce dead time of a pixel. Each output of the two preamplifiers feed four comparators with different thresholds respectively. These four comparators perform quantization of the preamplifier output amplitude to distinguish incident X-ray photon energy. The chipwillbe fabricated in June 2014 and post layout simulation results will be presented in TIPP 2014. 256 A portable tracking detector for muon radiography experiments Authors: Dezso Varga1; Gergely Barnafoldi1; Gergely Surányi2; Gergo Hamar1; Hunor Gergely Melegh1; Laszlo Olah3 1 Wigner RCP of the HAS 2 Geological, Geophysical and Space Science Research Group of the HAS 3 Eötvös Loránd University and Wigner RCP of the HAS Corresponding Author: [email protected] A portable tracking detector for muon radiography experiments Cosmic muon radiography is a tool for examination of large scale objects via proper measurement of the absorption of the atmospheric muons. In this application of particle physics detectors standard HEP techniques encounter new challenges. The REGARD group of Wigner RCP (Budapest) has developed a portable muon telescope for outdoor measurements with sensitive area of 0.1 square meter and weight of 15 kg [1,2,3]. The designed detector is based on the novel Close Cathode Chambers [4,5] which provide a cheap, easy handling, lightweight, high efficiency detector system, able to work even at harsh conditions. The total power consumption of the complete detector system (with HV and DAQ modules including) is less than 5 W. The two dimensional angular distribution of atmospheric muons have been measured at ground and shallow depth underground (10-50 meters). The multiple scattering of muons in rock has been investigated experimentally and by GEANT4 simulations. The contamination of the track sample with soft component of cosmic radiation (electron and gamma) has been estimated. The applicability of the detector as a muon tomograph has been demonstrated via reconstruction of an existing underground tunnel system. 1 G. G. Barnaföldi et al.: NIM A689 (2012) 60-69 [2] L. Oláh et al.: Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. (2012) 2 781-800 [3] L. Oláh et al: Adv. in HEP (2013) 560192 1-7 [4] D. Varga et al.: NIM A648 (2011) 163-167 [5] D. Varga et al.: NIM A698 (2013) 11-18 168 Construction and test of high precision drift-tube (sMDT) cham- bers for the ATLAS muon spectrometer Authors: Federico Sforza1; Hubert Kroha1; Oliver Kortner1; Philipp Schwegler1 1 Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) (D Corresponding Author: [email protected] For the upgrade of the ATLAS muon spectrometer in March 2014 new muon tracking chambers (sMDT) with drift-tubes of 15 mm diameter, half of the value of the standard ATLAS Monitored Drift- Tubes (MDT) chambers, and 10 µm positioning accuracy of the sense wires have been constructed. The new chambers are designed to be fully compatible with the present ATLAS services but,with respect to the previously installed ATLAS MDT chambers, they are assembled in a more compact geometry and they deploy two additional tube layers that provide redundant track information. The chambers are composed of 8 layers of in total 624 aluminium drift-tubes. The assembly of a chamber is completed within aweek. Page 226 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts A semi-automatised production line is used for the assembly of the drift-tubes prior to the chamber assembly. The production procedures and the quality control tests of the single components and of the complete chambers will be discussed. The wire position in the completed chambers have been measured by using a coordinate measuring machine and cosmic ray muons tracks in a test stand with two MDT reference chambers. Summary: New high precision drift-tube chambers with a tube diameter of 15 mm, a factor of two smaller thanthe standard Monitored Drift-Tube (MDT) chambers, have been developed for the upgrade of theATLAS muon spectrometer in the 2013-2014 shutdown of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The new chambers consist of 624, 2.2 m long, aluminium drift tubes deployed in 8 layers, for atotalwith a width of 1.2 m, and an accuracy of 10 µm in the positioning of the sense wires. The new chambers operate with the same Ar:CO2 (93:7) gas mixture at 3 bar pressure and the same read-out electronics as the present chambers. The tube layers with 78 drift tubes each are arranged in two multi-layers of 4 tube layers separatedby a spacer frame containing an optical alignment system which monitors deformation with few micron precision. The smaller tube diameter allows for more tube layers and, therefore, more tracking redun- dancy and for about a factor 10 higher rate capability in the neutron and gamma ray environment of the ATLAS muon spectrometer. Extensive quality control tests are employed to ensure the high reliability of the detector. The drift tubes are assembled and tested prior to the chamber construction using semi-automated wiring and testing stations where the wire tension, HV leakage current and gas leak rate of each drift tube are measured, quality controlled, and stored in a database. The chamber is then assembled with a procedure that allows to complete a 4 layer sub-section of the chamber in less than two working days. After the assembly the geometry of the chamber is tested using a precision 3D-position measurement machine and a cosmic ray test facility with two MDT reference chambers with precisely known wire position and geometry. 354 Performance studies of Silicon Photomultipliers with bulk-integrated quench resistors Author: Christian Jendrysik1 Co-authors: Florian Schopper 1; Jelena Ninkovic 1; Laci Andricek 1; Raik Lehmann 1; Rainer Richter 1; Stefan Petrovics 2 1 Semiconductor Laboratory of the Max-Planck-Society 2 Semiconductor Laboratory of the Max-Planck Society Corresponding Author: [email protected] In recent years Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) profited from ongoing developments and improve- ments in technology, leading to devices having the potential to replace conventional photomultiplier tubes. The Geiger-mode operation of a SiPM requires a high-ohmic quench resistor, which isusu- ally realized in conventional devices by a structured polysilicon layer on the surface, leading to a decrease of the maximum photon detection efficiency (PDE). In order to improve on this drawback, the Semiconductor Laboratory (HLL) of the Max-Planck- Society has developed a novel detector concept with the quench resistor integrated into a high-ohmic silicon bulk. This in turn results in a free and unstructured entrance window for photons onthesur- face of the device. In a first prototype production the proof of concept of this novel approach was confirmed andaddi- tional prototypes for devices improvements were developed. A brief general overview of our novel SiPM approach as well as its advantages and disadvantages Page 227 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts will be discussed. In addition, the latest results of the characterization of SiMPl devices, including the PDE, optical cross talk and recovery time as well as an outlook for further improvements in the device performance will be presented. 353 Front-End Electronics for the LHCb Upgrade Scintillating Fibre Tracker Author: Herve Chanal1 Co-authors: Fred Blanc 2; Nicolas Geoffroy Pillet 1 1 Univ. Blaise Pascal Clermont-Fe. II (FR) 2 Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (CH) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The LHCb detector will be upgraded during the next LHC shutdown in 2018/19. The tracker system will have a major overhaul. Its components will be replaced with new technologies in order to cope with the increased hit occu- pancy and radiation environment. A detector made of scintillating fibres read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) is studied for this upgrade. Even if this technology has proven to achieve high efficiency and spatial resolution, its integration within a LHC experiment bears new challenges. This detector will consist of 12 planes of 5 to 6 layers of250μm fibres with an area of 5 × 6 m2. Its lead to a total of 500k SiPM channels which need to will be read out at 40MHz. This talk gives an overview of the R&D status of the readout board and the PACIFIC chip.Theread- out board is connected to the SiPM on one side and to the experiment data-acquisition, experimental control system and ser- vices on the otherside . The PACIFIC chip is a 128 channel ASIC which can be connected to one 128-channel SiPM without the need for any external component. It includes the analog signal processing and a 2 bits non-linear flash ADC for digitisa- tion. The PACIFIC chip design highlights a very fast shaping (~10ns) and the ability to cope with different SiPM suppliers with a power consumption below 8mW per channel. 217 A New Data Concentrator for the CMS Muon Barrel Track Finder - Phase I Upgrade Author: Andrea Triossi1 Co-authors: Fabio Montecassiano 1; Marco Angelo Bellato 1; Roberto Isocrate 2; Sandro Ventura 1 1 Universita e INFN (IT) 2 Univ. + INFN Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CMS muon trigger will undergo considerable enhancements during Phase I upgrade. Inorder to improve rate reduction and efficiency the full muon trigger chain will be completely redesigned: Page 228 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts the plan is to move from a redundant scheme, where the three subdetectors (CSC, DT, RPC) have a separate track finder, to three geographical track finders (barrel, endcap and overlap) thatcombine trigger primitives of each subdetector. In particular, the muon barrel track finder (MBTF) will host a new algorithm, that aggregating DT and RPC trigger data, will be able to improve the fake rejection and the muon momentum measurement. This report will focus on the adaptive layer of the MBTF called TwinMux. Its primary rolewillbe to merge, arrange and fan-out the slow optical links from the chambers in faster links (10Gbps). It will realize a full connectivity matrix between the on-detector electronics and the MBTF allowing for different processing schemes. Such new hardware will be implemented in MicroTCA boards compliant with all the CMS standards in terms of clock distribution, slow control and data acquisition. TwinMux will be centered around a powerful Virtex-7 FPGA able to exchange data on up to 96 optical lanes. The gigabit connectivity on the backplane will guarantee the connection with the central DAQ, allowing the adoption of the TwinMux for the DT read out as well. 351 A low noise and low drift linear power conditioner with an ana- logue thermal foldback protection scheme Authors: Andrea Giachero1; Claudio Gotti1; Gianluigi Pessina1; Lorenzo Cassina1; Matteo Maino1 1 Universita & INFN, Milano-Bicocca (IT) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Experiments searching for rare nuclear events, such as the neutrinoless double beta decay, need to operate for several years in order to reach the required sensitivity. The readout electronics for such systems must guarantee stable operation during the wholedata taking phase. Major experiments in the field are CUORE and LUCIFER, both based on macrobolometers and cur- rently under construction underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in central Italy. The electronic readout system for these experiments is being designed and built to meet the required stringent specifications on low noise and stability. The power supply system must provide the front-end electronics with very stable operating voltages, and is composed by three items. Commercial AC/DC converters are used to provide a +48 V supply from the mains line. Several low ripple DC/DC converters are used to bring the +48 V to dual ±8 V, ±12 V and ±15 V to the crates housing the electronics. The last and most critical stage is composed by linear power conditioners with low noise (<0.1ppm, down to 0.1 Hz) and low drift (a few ppm/℃) to provide the detectors and the front-end electronics with the required operating voltages. The output voltages can be set between +/- 3.75 V and +/- 12.5 V in eight steps. The rated current from each output is4A. The circuits are protected against failures and shorts at the output by a novel thermal foldback scheme, that dinamically adjusts the maximum output current based on the temperature the out- put transistor. 212 The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter barrel upgrade for High- Luminosity LHC Author: Kajari Mazumdar1 1 Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research (IN) Page 229 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Corresponding Author: [email protected] The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will provide unprecedented instantaneous and integrated lumi- nosity. The lead tungstate crystals forming the barrel part of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) will still perform well, even after the expected 3000 fb-1 at the end of HL-LHC. The avalanche photodiodes (APDs) used to detect the scintillation light have recently been exposed to the levels of radiation expected at the end of HL-LHC. Although they will continue to be operational, there will be some increase in noise due to radiation-induced dark-currents. Triggering on electromagnetic ob- jects with ~140 pileup events necessitates a change of the front-end electronics. New developments in high-speed optical links will allow single-crystal readout at 40 MHz to upgraded off-detector processors, allowing maximum flexibility and enhanced triggering capabilities. The very-front-end system will also be upgraded, to provide improved rejection of anomalous signals in the APDs as well as to mitigate the increase in APD noise. We are also considering lowering the ECAL barrel op- erating temperature from 18 degrees C to about 8-10 degrees C, in order to increase the scintillation light output and reduce the APD dark current. 210 Luminosity measurement at CMS Author: Kajari Mazumdar1 1 Tata Inst. of Fundamental Research (IN) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The measurement of the luminosity delivered by the LHC is pivotal for several key physics anal- yses. During the first three years of running, tremendous steps forwards have been made inthe comprehension of the subtleties related to luminosity monitoring and calibration, which led to an unprecedented accuracy at a hadron collider. The detectors and corresponding algorithms employed to estimate online and offline the luminosity in CMS are described. Details are given concerning the procedure based on the Van der Meer scan technique that allowed a very precise calibration of the luminometers from the determination of the LHC beams parameters. What is being prepared in terms of detector and online software upgrades for the next LHC run is also summarized. 218 Preparing Electrons and Photons High Level Trigger Reconstruc- tion in CMS for Run II data taking Author: Matteo Sani1 Co-author: Simon Regnard 2 1 Univ. of California San Diego (US) 2 Ecole Polytechnique (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CMS experiment has been designed with a 2-level trigger system. The first level is implemented on custom-designed electronics. The second level is the so-called High Level Trigger (HLT), a stream- lined version of the CMS offline reconstruction software running on a computer farm. ForRunII of the Large Hadron Collider, the increase in center-of-mass energy and luminosity will raise the event rate to a level challenging for the HLT algorithm. New approaches have been studied to keep the HLT output rate manageable while maintaining thresholds low enough to cover physics analy- ses. The strategy mainly relies on porting online the ingredients that have been successfully applied in the offline reconstruction, thus allowing to move HLT selection closer to offline cuts. Wewill present such improvements in the definitions of HLT electrons and photons, focusing in particular Page 230 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts on the deployment of a new superclustering algorithm allowing pileup mitigation, a new Particle- Flow-based isolation replacing the less powerful detector-based approach, and an electron-dedicated track fitting algorithm based on a Gaussian Sum Filter. 288 Data Acquisition System with data reduction in real-time mode Author: Ekaterina Puryga1 Co-authors: Aleksandr Khilchenko 1; Aleksandr Kotelnikov 1; Alina Ivanova 1; Andrey Kvashnin 1; Karina Martin 2; Peter Zubarev 1; Svetlana Ivanenko 1 1 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics 2 BINP Corresponding Author: [email protected] Studies being performed nowadays in the field of plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion, are continuously becoming more complex. They advance new challenges on the diagnostic equipment. Several of the basic requirements for a modern diagnostic technique are an easy scaling on multi- channel measurement systems, simultaneity of recording channels and the possibility of adapting the equipment by different diagnostics. Based on these concepts, a data acquisition system forGOL-3 and GDT magnetic mirror traps (Budker Institute, Novosibirsk, Russia) is developed. It is comprised of the signal recorder operating in a real-time mode, based on the ADC with the sampling frequency of 500 MHz and the amplitude resolution of 12 bits, the synchronization system to provide in-phase operation of multiple channels of the recording system and the communication modules for interfac- ing with an operator’s PC via the Ethernet 10/100 channel. Thanks to building the digital circuitry of the recorder based on a PLD (Programmable Logic Device), the data acquisition system software includes the ability to modify data processing algorithms for the specific diagnostics (interferometry, laser scattering, spectroscopy, refractometry and others) in a real-time mode. The synchronization system consists of two main modules: the timer and the synchronization unit. The accuracy of bind- ing of the output data bundle to the trigger pulse is determined by the sampling frequency of data acquisition system recorders. 429 The CMS Central Hadron Calorimeter DAQ System Upgrade Author: Jeremy Mans1 1 University of Minnesota (US) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The CMS central hadron calorimeters will undergo a complete replacement of theirdata acquisition system electronics. The replacement is phased, with portions of the replacement starting in 2014 and continuing through LHC Long Shutdown 2 in 2018. The existing VME electronics will be replaced with a µTCA based system. New on-detector QIE electronics cards will be transmit data at 4.8 GHz to the new µHTR cards residing in µTCA crates in the CMS electronics cavern. The µTCA crates are controlled by the AMC13, which accepts system clock and trigger throttling control from the CMS global DAQ system. The AMC13 distributes the clock to the µHTR and reads out data buffers from the µHTR into the CMS data acquisition system. The AMC 13 also provides the clock for in-crate GLIBs which in turn distribute theclock to the on-detector front end electronics. We report on the design, development status, and schedule of the DAQ system. Page 231 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 266 Attempt at laser spectroscopy of pionic helium atoms at PSI Author: Masaki Hori1 Co-authors: Andreas Josef Dax 2; Anna Sótér 1; Dani Barna 3; Hiroyuki Yamada 4; Hossein Aghai-Khozani 5; Koichi Todoroki 4; Ryugo Hayano 4; Yohei Murakami 4 1 Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics 2 Paul Scherrer Institute 3 CERN and University of Tokyo 4 University of Tokyo 5 Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Corresponding Author: [email protected] Metastable pionic helium atoms πHe+ are heretofore hypothetical three-body Coulomb systems composed of a helium nucleus, an electron occupying the 1s ground state, and a π− occupying a Rydberg state, with principal and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of around n ∼ ℓ + 1 = 16 [1-2]. The atom has been conjectured to explain the apparent metastability of π− observed in liquid helium bubble chambers in the 1960’s [3-6]. The atoms are believed to retain nanosecond-scale lifetimes against π− absorption in the helium nucleus. The new PiHe collaboration of Paul Scherrer Institute attempts to carry out laser spectroscopy of this atom. By measuring the transition frequencies of this atom, and comparing the results with three-body QED calculations, the π− mass can in principle be determined to high precision [7], as was done recently for antiprotonic helium atoms [8]. In this poster, we describe the status of the experimental setup and laser systems that will be used in this experiment. The method for resolving the laser resonance transition relies on detecting the nuclear fragments that emerge from the experimental target when the laser is in resonance with the atom. 1 G.T. Condo, Phys. Lett. 9, 65 (1964). [2] J.E. Russell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 63 (1969). [3] J.G. Fetkovich and E.G. Pewitt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 290 (1963). [4] M.M. Block et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 301 (1963). [5] O.A. Zaimidoroga et al., Sov. Phys. JETP 25, 63 (1967). [6] S.N. Nakamura et al., Phys. Rev. A 45, 6202 (1992). [7] M. Hori, A. Sótér, and V.I. Korobov, submitted to Physical Review A [8] M. Hori et al., Nature 475, 484 (2011). 265 Upgrade of the LHCb calorimeters Author: Frederic Machefert1 1 Universite de Paris-Sud 11 (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] The LHCb collaboration foresees a major upgrade of the detector for the high luminosity runthat will take place after the LS2 shut-down. Apart from the increase of the instantaneous luminosity at the interaction point of the experiment, one of the major ingredients of this upgrade is a full readout at 40MHz of the sub-detectors and the acquisition of the data by a large farm of PC. The Page 232 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts trigger will be done by this farm and should increase the overall trigger efficiency with respect to the current detector, especially in hadronic B meson decays. A general overview of the modifications foreseen to the calorimeter system, concerning the geometry, the electronics, the reconstruction and the monitoring will be given. The expected performances will be described and the integration of the electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters in the new upgraded scheme will be presented. Summary: The LHCb detector is located on the ring of the LHC accelerator at CERN. The fields ofresearchthe − collaboration are CP violation, charm physics and rare decays of the B meson. More than 3fb 1 have been recorded since the LHC start-up, mainly in 2011 and 2012. The data quality permitted to make important measurements. The Bs meson decay in a pair of muons and other new decays of the Bs have been observed, the Bc mass has been measured with the best precision ever, etc\ldots The performances of the detector are very satisfactory although the beam conditions have beenfar more aggressive than what was foreseen during the design period. The pile-up was roughly 1.7 in 2012, in spite of the expected nominal conditions foreseen to be 0.4 during the installation of the detector. The confidence of the collaboration in the detector justified those conditions, the gain in statisticsbe- ing larger than the relative degradation of the data quality due to the higher number of collisions per crossing. Since a few years, the upgrade of the LHCb detector is being prepared in order to improve the measure- ments in major areas of flavor physics and to reach ultimately the theoretical uncertainties in several fields. The upgrade will take place during the long shut-down LS2 and will permit to increase thein- stantaneous luminosity up to 2 × 1033cm−1.s−1. All the sub-detectors are affected by this upgrade. The pile-up leads to some drastic modifications of the tracking and particle identification systems.But, the most important modification concerns the first hardware trigger (L0) which will be removed.A pure software trigger, more efficient and more flexible, will remain. The suppression of theL0implies that each sub-detector sends its data at 40MHz to the computer farm on which the trigger program is running. Estimations of the impact of the software trigger (not considering the increase of luminosity) show that the event yield should be more than doubled in B meson hadronic decays (the improvement could be larger for high multiplicity final states with up to 6 charged particles), after the suppression of the present hardware trigger. The first level trigger will disappear, but part of its electronics can be re-used and adapted inorder to reduce the bandwidth at the input of the PC farm. The purpose here is not to limit the bandwidth systematically at a fixed rate like the L0 does, but to reduce the bandwidth between 1 and40MHz, depending on the needs and altogether to enrich the sample. The reasons for such a Low Level Trigger (LLT) are a possible stagging of the size of the PC farm at LHC start-up or an occasional problem on the farm. The calorimeter system of LHCb will evolve by reducing its complexity, the present scintillating pad detector and the preshower will be removed, their disappearance being compensated by the future soft- ware trigger and the improved tracking system. The module performances will be affected by radiations. Irradiation tests have been done either in beam or by putting modules in the LHC tunnel for several years. The results of those measurements will be presented. Some of the cells in the inner region(the closest to the beam pipe) will most probably be replaced during LS3. The calorimeter of LHCb, like the other sub-detectors must adapt its electronics (common to the electromagnetic and hadronic calorime- ters) to the new running conditions of the upgrade. The consequences of the upgrade for the electronics are: the readout of the data is done at 40MHz; the gain of the PMT is reduced by a factor 5 in order to keep them alive during the high luminosity run, this reduction is compensated by an increase of the gain of the electronics (without increase of the noise with respect to the present system); the calorimeter implementation of the first level trigger is adapted to the new low level trigger. This implies thedesign of a new front-end electronics. A fraction of the existing system will be kept: the crates, the backplanes, some of the power supplies. The front-end and control boards will be removed and the architecture will be revised. The architecture will consists in acquiring 32 PMT per front-end board. The analog electron- ics should be made either from on an ASIC component or a system based on “commercial-off-the-shelf” (COTS) components. The shaping and integration of the signal in the two concurrent techniques are very different but give comparable performances. After the sampling of the output of the analogpart of the front-end electronics, FPGA will be used to perform several operations : baseline subtraction, calibration of the signal for the low level trigger, event building, \ldots The output bandwidth of each front-end board will reach 20 Gbits/s. 5 Optical links driven by GBT components, designed at CERN, Page 233 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts are used: 4 for the data acquisition path and 1 to send the low level trigger information to the counting room. A front-end crate will contain up to 16 boards, the middle slot of each crate being filled by a control board. This card receives from the counting room the clock, the slow control signals andthe fast (synchronous) commands of the experiment and propagates them to the backplane and finally to the front-end boards. The control board will receive or emit the signals (slow control, commands, clock) through a bi-directional link based on the GBT system. One of the particularity of the calorimeter electronics is its location: on the gentry which is just above the calorimeter itself. Radiation levels in this region are high and extra safety precautions are essential to protect the electronics against the cumulated dose and the single event effects. Commercial components should be tested in beam in order to guarantee their usage in such conditions; the ASIC is designed with specific conception techniques; flash-based FPGA will be used in the digital part of the electronics, etc\ldots Prototypes for the analog part (both ASIC and COTS) and the digital part exist. They have been tested with a spare ECAL module at CERN in an electron beam. The performances obtained from the data are close to the expected ones and a few modifications are foreseen in order to obtain a fully satisfactory design. Peripheral systems permit to follow continuously the performances or to control the functioning of the calorimeter. These include the electronics providing high-voltage to the photo-multipliers, the pulsing system for the LED or the radioactive source based calibration of the hadronic calorimeter. A fraction of it can be kept as is or simply adapted in order to be able to receive (like the new control board described above) its slow control or clock signals and commands from the LHCb time and fast control system, through the GBT driven optical links. 264 A Pixelated Positron Timing Counter with Fast Plastic Scintilla- tor Readout by SiPMs for the MEG-II Experiment Author: Miki Nishimura1 1 The University of Tokyo Corresponding Author: [email protected] The MEG experiment searches for the charged lepton flavor violation, µ → eγ decay, with an un- precedented sensitivity which is expected to occur in the context of the new physics beyond standard models. The upgrade of the experiment (MEG-II) is planned to improve the sensitivity by another orderof magnitude with a higher beam intensity and improved detector performance. The pixelated timing counter to precisely measure the positron time consists of several hundredsof small counters, each of which is a plastic scintillator plate readout by several SiPMs at both ends. The SiPMs at each end are connected in series to reduce the sensor capacitance and thustomake the waveform sharper for a better time resolution. In the pixelated timing counter, the signal positron will pass through several counters. A proper averaging of the measured positron times over the several hit counters will give an overall time resolution much better than the single counter resolution. The overall time resolution is expected to be 30-35ps, which is almost twice better than that ofthe present timing counter. The pixelated configuration will also help to suppress the pileup under the high rate environment in MEG-II. The status and prospects of the R&D studies on this new timing counter are presented. We optimized the configuration of the single counter and obtained a resolution of 50-70ps (RMS)for the single counter. Page 234 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The beam test result with several counters will be also discussed. We obtained the expected good resolution with 8 counters. 54 A power-pulsing scheme for the CLIC vertex detector and its 3D integration Authors: Cristian Alejandro Fuentes Rojas1; Georges Blanchot1 1 CERN Corresponding Author: [email protected] The vertex detector is the innermost detector at the proposed CLIC linear electron-positron collider. It is composed of several layers of pixel sensors and readout ASICs, and the barrel region is made of “ladders”. The precision physics requirements limit the material budget for sensors, readout, support, cooling and cabling to less than 0.2% of a radiation length (X0) per detection layer. However, the power consumption of the readout electronics strongly impacts the required low material budget of the detector. To reduce the cable and cooling material, the average power per unit area has to be small (<50 mW/cm^2). The collision at CLIC will occur in bunch crossings every 0.5 nsduring a bunch train of 156 ns. The time between consecutive trains is approximately 20 ms. Turningon the readout ASICs during the bunch trains and keeping them idle in the other part of the cycle will therefore significantly reduce the average power dissipation. The use of this beam duty cycleto reduce the average power is known as power-pulsing. The use of a power-pulsing scheme implies that the ASIC current consumption has to changesud- denly from its idle value (few hundreds of mA) to full load (more than 40 Amps for a single ladder composed of 24 ASICs) within a few microseconds, then remain constant for enough time to record and process the events (few tens of microseconds) and finally drop back to the idle current value. During the bunch train, the power consumption is at its maximum and constant, and the supplied voltage for the analog components has to remain within 5% of the nominal voltage in order to allow for a correct functioning of the readout ASICs. The latter is particularly challenging, considering the big transient that takes place before the readout process. The analog and digital components of the ASICs have different constraints and therefore will be powered separately. A power-pulsing scheme based on a controlled current source allows achieving a material contribu- tion of 0.1% of X0, which is expected to be reduced as the silicon capacitors technology improves. It consists of a controlled back-end current source that charges silicon capacitors in the ladder with low current during the idle time. In this way, the charging current is reduced to less than 100 mA for a whole ladder. The charge accumulated in these capacitors is then delivered to the ASICs during the bunch crossing time and the voltage is regulated using Low Dropout Regulators (LDOs). A pro- totype of this back-end current source was implemented using an FPGA. A dummy load emulating the power consumption of the analog and digital components has been implemented. In order to consolidate the proposed scheme the integration of such a system was studied. This implementation requires the use of through silicon vias, silicon capacitor die structures, and 3D connections to an LDO and a low mass interconnection cable. This talk will present the proposed powering scheme and the possible solutions of the 3Dintegration problem. 51 High-Rate Properties of Drift Tube Chambers for HL-LHC Author: Philipp Schwegler1 Page 235 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Co-authors: Hubert Kroha 1; Oliver Kortner 1; Robert Richter 1; Sebastian Nowak 1; Sebastian Ott 1 1 Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) (D Corresponding Author: [email protected] The Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) chambers of the ATLAS experiment provide muon track recon- struction with a spatial resolution of about 35 µm and efficiency of almost 100% up to the maximum expected background rates at nominal LHC luminosity. For much higher background rates, as they are anticipated for LHC luminosity upgrades (HL-LHC), sMDT chambers with 15 mm tube diam- eter, which is half the diameter of the MDT chambers, have been developed. Compared to MDT chambers, they suffer much less from space charge caused by background hits and provide more redundancy due to the higher packing density of the drift tubes. In the existing MDT front-end electronics, bipolar shaping is used to eliminate the long signal tail caused by the slowly drifting ions and to guarantee baseline stability at high rates. The undershoot of the bipolar shaping causes, however, signal pile-up of fast successive pulses. The impact of signal pile-up is equivalent toa higher discriminator threshold for the subsequent pulse and implies additional time slewing and degradation of the detection efficiency. A technical solution consists in an active baseline restorer. We present measurements of (s)MDT chambers under irradiation with the existing front-end elec- tronics and with an alternative front-end chip featuring active baseline restoration and compare the performance. We also report on the development of a new version of the MDT front-end chip as a replacement for the existing one and with the option of a baseline restorer for future electronics upgrades. Summary: The ATLAS Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) chambers consist of aluminum tubes with 30 mmdiameter and a central sense wire with 50 µm diameter set to a potential of +3080 V. The drift tubes are operated with Ar/CO₂ (93/7) gas mixture at 3 bar absolute pressure, resulting in a gas amplification of 2×10⁴. The maximum electron drift time for hits near the tube wall is approximately 700 ns, ions can drift forseveral milliseconds causing long tails in the corresponding pulse shapes. The existing ASD (Amplifier-Shaper-Discriminator) front-end chip has been optimized for typical pulses of muon and background hits at rates of up to a few hundred kHz per channel. Bipolar shaping is used for baseline restoration, compensating partly the long ion tails. The typical time needed to arrive at the baseline after a hit is approximately 500 ns which is sufficient for the referred rates and thetypical lengths of the MDT pulse trains. For the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC), new drift tube chambers (sMDT) with reduced tube diameter - 15 mm instead of 30 mm - have been developed. They are operated with the same gas mixture and amplification as the 30 mm MDTs, leading to an operating voltage of 2730 V. Asthedrift velocity in the gas decreases with increasing drift radii, the maximum drift time is reduced from about 700 to 185 ns, resulting in considerably shorter pulse trains. This allows to operate the sMDT chambers at much higher rates with high efficiency. Measurements of sMDT chambers equipped with the existing ASD chip under photon and proton irra- diation at rates of up to 1.5 MHz per channel show a considerable gain in the 3σ efficiency of sMDTs compared to MDTs with 30 mm diameter at high background rates. The improvement is limited, how- ever, by the undershoot of the bipolar shaping and the long baseline restoration time of approximately 500 ns, respectively. Simulations suggest that reducing the baseline restoration time has the potential to improve the efficiency at rates of 1.5 MHz per channel from ~61% to ~76%. With increasing ratesthe yield is even higher. A possible approach for faster baseline restoration has been implemented in the front-end chip of the ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT), the ASDBLR chip, with active baseline restorer (BLR). We present measurements and simulations of such a chip with active baseline restoration on sMDT and MDT chambers and evaluate the possible improvement on the efficiency and spatial resolution. Anew version of the ASD chip is in development as a replacement for the existing one, with the option of a baseline restorer for future electronics upgrades. First simulation results with the new ADC chip will be shown. 252 Carbon Sputtering Technology for MPGD detectors Page 236 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts Author: Atsuhiko Ochi1 Co-authors: Fumiya Yamane 1; Shingo Terao 2; Tatsuo Kawamoto 2; Tatsuya Masubuchi 2; Tsuyoshi Takemoto 1; Yasuhiro Homma 1; Yousuke Kataoka 2; Yuji Yamazaki 1; Yuki Kawanishi 2 1 Kobe University (JP) 2 University of Tokyo (JP) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Carbon sputtering is a promising technology for making resistive electrodes for MPGDs. There- search on this technology started in the context of the development of MicroMEGAS detectors for the ATLAS muon system upgrade. By sputtering carbon layers of varying thickness (a few hundred to a few thousand angstrom) the surface resistivity can be controlled between 400 kΩ/sq. and 2 GΩ/sq. Several small (10 × 10 cm2) and medium size foils (50 × 100 cm2) have been produced and successfully tested. The next step is to produce foils of the final sizeof 2.2 × 0.5 m2 required for the ATLAS MicroMEGAS. The carbon layer is deposited on thin(50 to 100 µm) insulating foils (e.g., polyimide) by sputtering resulting in a good uniformity (< 30%) of the resistivity. Extremely fine electrodes structures (< 50 µm) can be achieved using the liftoff process technique. The foils pro- duced so far are extremely robust with respect to mechanical and chemical damage. We report on the fabrication technique and the performance in operating detectors. Given the posi- tive experience with MicroMEGAS detectors we also address other possible applications that could be interesting for MPGD detectors, e.g., Micro Pixel Chambers, GEMs, etc. 111 Design of a Deep Buffer for the 0.13um CMOS PSEC5 Waveform Sampling ASIC Author: Mircea Bogdan1 Co-authors: Gary Varner 2; Henry J. Frisch 1; Larry Sadwick 3; Mary Heintz 1; Sergey Butsyk 4; eric oberla 5 1 The University of Chicago 2 University of Hawaii 3 Innosys, Inc 4 The University of Hawaii at Manoa 5 uchicago Corresponding Author: [email protected] We present a design for increasing the buffer length from 25.6ns to 3.3us in a 2-channel prototype of PSEC5, a custom integrated circuit designed for analog-to-digital conversion of fast analog signals at a sampling rate between 5 and 15 Gigasamples/second. The prototype is being designed in the same 0.13um IBM-8RF CMOS process as the PSEC4 ASIC 1. The major improvements are the increase of the storage buffer from 256 cells to 32,768 cells per channel, allowing a trigger latency of ~3.3usat 10GS/sec, and an increased readout rate. The input signal is continuously sampled into a Primary Array with 256 capacitors which, for a 100ns sampling rate, is rewritten every 25.6ns. The sampling pulses are generated by a Voltage-Controlled Delay Line in 256 stages, run as a Delay-Locked Loop (DLL). The deep Storage Array is organized as two arrays, each 128 capacitors wide by128deep. The contents of each half of the Primary Array are transferred into the Storage Array atfixedtime intervals in an alternate fashion. The writing and reading of the Storage Array is done withfull external control. The design allows uninterrupted writing of the Storage Array after atriggerby selecting a region-of-interest for read-out and temporarily removing it from the recording chain. Depending on the size of the region-of-interest window, the dead time can be greatly reduced or eliminated. The sampled signals are digitized on-chip, and read out serially. The design statusand simulation results will be presented. 1. NIM A735, p452; Jan. 2014 Page 237 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 110 Development of large size hybrid Micromegas gaseous detectors for high hadron flux at COMPASS experiment Author: Damien Neyret1 1 CEA/IRFU,Centre d’etude de Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Future physics programs using high intensity muon and hadron beams of a few hundred GeV on fixed targets are being prepared by the COMPASS experiment at CERN for the years 2015andbe- yond. Large size Micromegas gaseous detectors (40x40cm² active area) which are used in COMPASS tracking since 2001 need to be upgraded in order to cope with the foreseen higher beam intensities (up to a few hundred of kHz/mm²), and in order to be active in the beam area where the present detectors are blind. Sparks generation between electrodes by highly ionizing particles is a major issue for Micromegas detectors at high hadron flux; several studies are lead to cope with it, mostof them focused on resistive layers deposited above the read-out anodes. Beside studies done on specific resistive Micromegas detectors using buried resistor technology, our group did a lot of efforts to study, in view to reduce spark rate, hybrid detectors, which are acom- bination of a non-resistive Micromegas board and a pre-amplifying GEM foil. Performance of both hybrid and resistive detectors where measured in test beams and in the COMPASS environment with both muon and hadron beams. Hybrid detectors showed very promising results in term of spark rate reduction as well as spatial and time resolutions, and efficiencies. Two hybrid detectors were finally installed as active trackers at COMPASS for the 2012 run, becoming the first Micromegas detectors featuring a spark reduction technology used in an actual high flux particle physics experiment. The preparation of the detector production is presently in progress, and all the Micromegas detectors will be replaced by hybrid ones for the next COMPASS run in spring 2015. After a presentation of the project and its constraints, an overview of the performance ofbothre- sistive and hybrid detectors will be given, with an emphasis on the interest of hybrid Micromegas. The comparison between both types of detectors will be discussed, based on detector performance as well as on the capacity for the industry to build such detectors and on their cost. The impact on the tracking efficiency of the detector reconstruction optimization will also be discussed withthe particular case of the highly occupied beam area, and the possibilities to optimize the detector design for the final production will be presented. 309 Development of Multipurpose Aerogel Cherenkov Counter Author: hiroshi ITO1 Co-authors: Daisuke Kumogoshi 1; Hideyuki Kawai 1; Keiichi Mase 1; Makoto Tabata 1; Shutaro Iijima 1; Soorim Han 1 1 Chiba University Corresponding Author: [email protected] We have developed a multipurpose aerogel Cherenkov counter (M-ACC) which works particle iden- tification in a narrow space and can cover large area with arbitrary shapes. Generally, asizeof photodetector which is required for aerogel Cherenkov detector tends to become bigger in propor- tion to an effective area. Therefore, it is difficult to make detector which has large areaandthin width. We try to achieve large area particle identification using small photodetectors with thin light guide made from wavelength shifting fiber of 0.2 mm in diameter form sheet. M-ACC will beable to achieve experiments said to be impossible in general. Give two examples. First, the experiment require at π/K identification, 1 GeV/c, in magnetic field(about 1 T), effective area shape like adonut, Page 238 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts a size of detector having 2 m in diameter and thickness of 10 cm. Second, PID condition is at e/μ identification, 250 Mev/c, effective area of 20 cm x 20 cm and lower cost of $2,000 per acenser.Re- cent, we have produced a prototype and carried out performance estimate using cosmic ray. We would report this. 300 Exploiting Charge Multiplication in Silicon Detectors for the HL- LHC Authors: Christopher Betancourt1; Karl Jakobs1; Kristin Lohwasser2; Maira Thomas3; Riccardo Mori1; Susanne Kuehn1; Ulrich Parzefall1 1 Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg (DE) 2 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DE) 3 University of Freiburg Corresponding Author: [email protected] A number of measurements have recently reported a type of gain effect in silicon detectors for parti- cle physics. This effect manifests itself in signal levels that significantly exceed expectations andin some cases even the signal charge generated by a passing MIP. The excess charge is seen in partic- ular for heavily irradiated sensors operated at very high bias voltages. It is believed that this effect (termed “charge multiplication”) originates from a local avalanche effect in the high field regions of the sensor. The charge multiplication could potentially be very beneficial within the silicon tracking systems for LHC detector upgrades, as it could at least partially compensate the severe radiation- induced signal loss of the silicon sensors. In this context we have measured the collected charge for a set of miniature silicon strip sensors of various sensor designs, and after irradiation to HL-LHC fluences. One aim of the study was to identify detector parameters that would enhance theeffect. In this way, one could design detectors optimized for charge multiplication. Another aim was to evaluate the long-term evolution of the charge multiplication effect. This is intended to test operation under realistic LHC conditions, such as exposure to extreme bias voltages for many days, bias voltage cycling, and running at very low temperature. In our presentation, we will report on the findings from our charge multiplication study, including the design parameters that we believe enhance the measured signal. In addition, will comment on the feasibility of exploiting the charge multiplication effect in the Phase-2 LHC tracking detector upgrades. 222 The Central Logic Board for the optical module of theKM3NeT detector Author: Paolo Musico1 Co-author: of on behalf 2 1 Universita e INFN (IT) 2 KM3NeT Collaboration Corresponding Author: [email protected] The KM3NeT deep sea neutrino observatory will include a very large numberof multi-Photomultiplier (PMT) optical modules (DOM) to detect the Cherenkov light generated by secondary particles produced in neutrino interactions. Page 239 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The Central Logic Board (CLB) has been developed to acquire timing and amplitude information from the PMT signals, implementing time-to-digital conversion (TDC) with time over threshold (TOT) technique. The board is also used to configure all the DOM subsystems, to assist in the the DOM position and orientation, calibration and to monitor temperature and humidity in the DOM itself. All the collected data are transmitted to shore using a wide-bandwidth optical network. Moreover, through the optical network, all the DOMs are kept synchronized in time within 1 ns precision using the White Rabbit (WR) Precision Time Protocol (PTP) over an Ethernet connection. To implement all these functionalities, a large Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has been adopted. The logic inside the FPGA is very complex, including two microprocessor systems running concurrent code. A set of CLB prototypes is now operational, and a batch of 50 pieces has been ordered to equip the first two KM3NeT detection units (DU) which will be deployed during next year. CLB design considerations, prototyping issues and measurements made on the prototypes will be reported. 391 Atomic layer deposition of nano-composite films to produce large area microchannel plates for electron amplification Author: anil mane1 Co-authors: Aileen O’Mahony 2; Andrey Elagin 3; Christopher Craven 2; Jason McPhate 4; Jeffrey Elam 1; Matthew Wetstein 3; Michael Minot 5; Oswald Siegmund 6; Robert Wagner 1; henry frisch 3 1 Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 2 Incom, Inc., Charlton, MA 01507 3 University of Chicago 4 Univ. of California, Berkeley 5 Incom Inc. 6 University of California Corresponding Author: [email protected] Microchannel plates (MCPs) are excellent electron amplifiers and when incorporated into photode- tectors they provide a combination of unique properties such as high gain, high spatial resolution, high temporal resolution and low dark current. MCPs can be used in wide variety of applications such as imaging spectroscopy, photodetectors for high energy physics and astronomy, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, molecular and atomic collision studies, and cluster physics. The same MCP- based technology is used to make visible light image intensifiers for night vision devices. Through the Large Area Picosecond PhotoDetector (LAPPD) program based at Argonne, we developed a cost- effective and robust Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) nano-composite thin film technology tofabri- cate large-area (8”x8”) microchannel plates. Here we have tailored the electrical resistance and sec- ondary electron emission (SEE) properties of large area, low cost, borosilicate glass micro-capillary arrays to produce MCPs with high gain, low noise and long life. We have developed several robust and reliable ALD processes for the resistive coatings and SEE layers to give us precise control over the resistance in the target range for MCPs (10e6-10e9 ) and SEE coefficient (up to 8). These MCPs were found to provide high gains of up to 10e7 (chevron pair). Here, the latest developments in the ALD nano-composite materials will be presented. Page 240 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts 150 Performance of the EUSO-BALLOON Front-End Electronics Author: Hiroko Miyamoto1 Co-authors: Blaksley Carl 2; Camille Moretto 3; Christophe De La Taille 4; Julio Arturo Rabanal Reina 3; Philippe Gorodetzky 5; Pierre Barrillon 6; Simon Bacholle 2; Sylvie Blin 7; Sylvie Dagoret-Campagne 3 1 LAL/Univ. Paris-SudXI/IN2P3/CNRS 2 Université Paris Diderot Laboratoire Astro Particule et Cosmologie 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet 75013 Paris, France 3 LAL/IN2P3/CNRS/Université Paris-Sud 11, Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire , Bâtiment 200, 91898 Orsay Cedex, France 4 OMEGA (FR) 5 College de France 6 a LAL/IN2P3/CNRS/Université Paris-Sud 11, Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire , Bâtiment 200, 91898 Orsay Cedex, France 7 CNRS Corresponding Author: [email protected] Here the performance of EUSO-BALLOON front-end electronics with dedicated detector elements will be reported. EUSO-BALLOON is a balloon-borne pathfinder of the space-borne fluorescence detector JEM-EUSO (Extreme Universe Space Observatory on board Japanese Experimental Module) on board the Inter- national Space Station. The goal of EUSO-BALOON is to perform as a technological demonstrator of JEM-EUSO, tostudy the background and the detection of an atmospheric shower in a series of launches starting in 2014. The EUSO-BALLOON focal surface consists of one Photo Detector Module (PDM) while the focalsur- face of JEM-EUSO will consist of 137 PDMs which corresponding to roughly 5,000 64-channel Multi- Anode Photomultiplier Tubes (MAPMTs). One PDM consists of 9 Elementary Cell units (EC_units). Each EC_unit contains 4 MAPMTs and a set of PCBs used to supply high voltages to the MAPMTs and to read out the output signals. These signals are transmitted to the front-end electronics, theEC- ASIC boards each of which contains 6 SPACIROC ASICs which has been developed for JEM-EUSO. To be operated in a space environment with a limited power budget, and covering a wide dynamic range for extreme energy cosmic ray (>5x10^19 eV) observation, the ASIC is designed to perform single photon counting in a dynamic range of 1 photoelectron (PE) to 300 PEs/pixel/2.5 µs, with double pulse resolution of 30 ns, and low power consumption (<1 mW/ch). During the year 2013, the flight model EC_units and EC_ASIC PCBs were produced and the perfor- mance was successfully tested and confirmed. 251 Background optimization for a new spherical gas detector for very light WIMP detection Author: ALI DASTGHEIBI FARD1 Co-authors: GILLES GERBIER 2; IOANNIS GIOMATARIS 3 1 CNRS/IN2P3/LSM (FR) 2 CEA/IRFU/SPP (FR) 3 CEA/IRFU/SEDI (FR) Corresponding Author: [email protected] Indico rendering error Could not include image: [404] Error fetching image Page 241 Tipp 2014 - Third International Conference on Technology and Instrum … / Book of Abstracts The Spherical gaseous detector (or Spherical Proportional Counter, SPC) is a novel type of particle detector, with a broad range of applications. Its main features include a very low capacitance, then a potential low energy threshold independent of the volume, a good energy resolution, robustness and a single detection readout channel. Applications range from radon emanation gas monitoring, neutron flux and gamma counting and spectroscopy todark matter searches, in particular low mass WIMP’s and coherent neutrino scattering measurement. Laboratories interested in these various applications share expertise within the NEWS (New Experiments With Sphere) network. SEDINE, a low background spherical detector installed at underground laboratory (LSM) is currently being operated and aims at measuring events at very low energy threshold, around 100 eV. We will present the energy calibration with 37Ar, the obtained energy resolution with different gas mixtures at different pressures, background reduction using pulse shape analysis, measurement of detector background and its interpretation, and show anticipated sensitivities for dark matter search with SEDINE. Summary: Page 242