International Experiences with Railway Contracts – Some Food for Thought... Didier Van De Velde (Inno-V & Delft University of Technology)
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Frokostmøte UrbanetAnalyse Oslo, 9 September 2019 International experiences with railway contracts – Some food for thought... Didier van de Velde (inno-V & Delft University of Technology) 9 September 2019 Summarising the options chosen elsewhere Wide variety of Competition regimes Estimated situation (2018) Open access with entry Open access no entry No open access Competitive tendering ? ? ? 9 September 2019 © D. van de Velde 1 Frokostmøte UrbanetAnalyse Oslo, 9 September 2019 Reform of RU and market opening Licences Safety Infrastructure Interoperability Directive 91/440 • Independence of RU from States • Unbundling accounts RU/IM • Restoring sound finances • Market opening to international groupings and Directive 95/18 Directive 95/19 Directive 96/48 • Conditions for granting licences • User-charges and allocation of • Interoperability of trans- international freight to rail companies infrastructure capacities European HSR Directive 2001/12 Directive 2001/13 Directive 2001/14 Directive 2001/16 • Conditions for granting licences • User-charges and allocation of • Interoperability of trans- • Reinforcement of account unbundling (State/IM, to rail companies infrastructure capacities European conventional rail IM/RU) st • Safety certificate • Unbundling accounts freight - passengers 1 RP • Greater opening to international freight Directive 2004/51 Directive 2004/49 Directive 2004/50 • Definition of safety rules • Harmonization and clarification • Opening of national and international freight of interoperability requirements market nd Regulation 881/2004 2 RP • Setup ERA to co-ordinate safety and interoperability Directive 2007/58 Directive 2007/59 • Certification of train drivers • Allocation of capacity and access charges • Opening of international passenger transport rd Regulation 1371/2007 3 RP • Rail passengers’ rights and obligations Directive 2008/110 Directive 2008/57 • Update of safety rules • Update of interoperability Directive 2012/34 requirements • Recast 1st railway package Directive 2016/2370 Directive 2016/798 Regulation 2016/796 • Opening national passenger transport • Update on safety rules • Setup EU Agency for Railway • Governance of railway infrastructure Directive 2016/797 • Update of interoperability Regulation 2016/2338 th requirements • Opening national passenger transport 4 RP Directive 2016/2337 • Accounting rules 9 September 2019 European legislation railway sector The origins and the Credo § The Swedish separation in 1988 • All infrastructures equal • Marginal social cost pricing § The original aims of the EU railway policy (1991) • Healthy financial management of RU • Improve competitiveness with international road freight § The current “EC-credo” (put simply) (≠ EC-requirements!) • Railways are inefficient and not sufficiently customer-focused • Competition will help to improve this situation • Open access and competitive tendering should [can?] be used • But then all operators should have equal access to infrastructure • The only [preferred?] way to realise this fairly, is full infrastructure separation 9 September 2019 © D. van de Velde 2 Frokostmøte UrbanetAnalyse Oslo, 9 September 2019 European legislation railway sector The 4th Railway PaCkage § Market Pillar § Open access international • Tendering of railway contracts • Already implemented (Public Service Obligations) § − But direct award still permitted (under Open access domestic conditions) • 1 Jan 2019 (timetable 2021 = Dec • Open access (OA) 2020) − But restriction such as not to endanger • But can be limited if substantial Public Service Obligations contacts influence on existing PSC • "Impartiality" of infrastructure manager § Public service contracts (PSC) • 3 Dec 2019: 1370/2007 fully § Technical Pillar applicable • Certification (ERA) valid throughout − PSC required, but Art. 5.6 allows Direct the EU Award (DA) of rail PSC (up to 2023- 2033!) • Interoperability of European Rail − Gradual opening of PSC (DA for max. 10 Traffic Management System (ERTMS) years PSC, or competitive tendering (CT) • Reducing large number of remaining national rules • 24 Dec 2023: Art. 5.6 disappears − Norm for PSC is CT − DA allowed under “performance exemption” § “The EC does not ask for more...” 9 September 2019 SBB DB JR (6) A wide variety of Infrastructuur Vervoer DB Fern open access arrangements DB Netz Big (15) open access SOB Big BLS Regionaal Small (100+) aanbesteed WhiCh direCtion to take for the Small Small ”Privaten” future of rail governance? Japan Zwitserland Duitsland Deep alliance TOC aanbesteed Framework TOC alliance aanbesteed Network Rail TOC aanbesteed TOC aanbesteed open access More vertical integration and competition by emulation? integration vertical More Groot-Brittannië ProRail NS Infrabel NMBS onderhands gegund B&M Regionaal aanbesteed België vanaf 2014 S0: Status Quo More competition for the track or on the track? 9 September 2019 © D. van de Velde 3 Frokostmøte UrbanetAnalyse Oslo, 9 September 2019 Numerous type of arrangements under “unbundling” Version'7.1' Build' Own' Maintain' Operate' Version'7.0' Build' Own' Maintain' Operate' Build Own Maintain Operate Build Own Maintain Operate Drivers' Drivers' Locomo7ve' Locomo7ve' Trac7on'stock' Locomo7ve' Locomo7ve' Trac7on'stock' Trac7on'service' Trac7on'service' building' ownership' availability' building' ownership' availability' Drivers Drivers Carriage' Carriage'stock' Transport' Carriage' Carriage'stock' Transport' Carriage'building' Carriage'service' Train'service' Carriage'building' Carriage'service' Train'service' ownership' availability' control' ownership' availability' control' Tractiebedrijf Locomotive Locomotive Traction stock Conductors'DB'Mobility'Logis7cs'AG' Conductors' Traction service Locomotive Locomotive Traction stock building ownership availability Traction service NS' bouwer Train'catering' Train'catering' - Materieelleasing- building ownership availability ' bouwer - Depot' Depot' Rolling'stock' Parking,' Transport' Depot' Depot' Rolling'stock' Parking,' Transport' Carriage bedrijf Carriage stock Transport building' ownership' maintenance' cleaning,'etc.' service' building' ownership' maintenance' cleaning,'etc.' service' Carriage building Carriage service Train service Carriage Carriage stock Transport NedTrain' ownership availability control Carriage building Carriage service Train service Sales,' RealH7me' Sales,'informa7on' RealH7me' informa7on'and' ownership availability control Informa7on' and'support' Informa7on' support' Vervoerder Mateireel Holding'model Sta7on' Sta7on'service' Sta7on' Sta7on'service' Sta7on'retail' Sta7on'retail' maintenance' (for'consumer)' Ver7cal'separa7on' maintenance' (for'consumer)' Materieel Conductors Example:'DB'(Germany)' Conductors spoorweg Sta7on' Sta7on' Sta7on' Sta7on'service' Sta7on' Sta7on' Sta7on' Sta7on'service' building' ownership' availability' (for'RU)' building' ownership' availability' (for'RU)' Example:'NS'(The'Netherlands)' Track' Infrastructure' Maintenance'Track' Infrastructure' Energy' Traffic'control' Energy' Traffic'control' Catering- maintenance' DB'Netze' service'(path)' companies'maintenance' service'(path)' Train catering Train catering ProRail' bedrijf Track' Track' Track'ownership' Track'availability' Track'service' Track'ownership' Track'availability' Track'service' building' building' Track'equipment' Track'equipment' Track'equipment' Track'equipment' Depot DepotMaterieelonderhoudsRolling stock - Parking,Neven - Transport building' ownership' building' ownership' Depot Depot Rolling stock Parking, Transport gesplitste building ownership maintenance cleaning, etc. service spoorweg diensten building ownership maintenance cleaning, etc. service bedrijf Build Own Maintain Operate Verticaal geïntegreerde spoorwegonderneming Version'7.0' Build' Own' Maintain' Operate' Sales, information Real-time and support Information Sales, information Real-time Drivers SNCF Mobilités Drivers' and support (SNCF Voyageurs) Information bouwer - bouwer Locomotive Locomotive Traction stock volledig Traction service Locomo7ve' Locomo7ve' Trac7on'stock' - Trac7on'service' building ownership availability building' ownership' availability' Station Station service StationWinkelbedrijven retail Carriage Carriage stock Transport maintenance (for consumer) Station Station service Carriage building Carriage service Train service Carriage' Carriage'stock' Transport' Station retail ownership availability control Carriage'building' Carriage'service' Train'service' maintenance (for consumer) ownership' availability' control' Stations- SJ' Conductors Conductors' Station Stationeigenaar Station Station service Geïntegreerde building ownership Stationsdienstverleneravailability (for RU) Station Station Station Station service Train catering Train'catering' building ownership availability (for RU) Infrastructuur- Infrastructuur Depot Depot Rolling stock Parking, Transport Depot' Depot' Rolling'stock' Parking,' Transport' building ownership maintenance cleaning, etc. service building' ownership' maintenance' cleaning,'etc.' service' beheerder Infrastructuuur TrackOnderhouds - Energie- Infrastructure Euromaint' Energy Traffic control Sales, information Real-time maintenance service (path) Track Infrastructure Sales,'informa7on' RealH7me' bedrijf leverancier and support Energy Traffic control Information and'support' Informa7on' maintenance service (path) Hypothetische Station Station service Station retail Sta7on' Sta7on'service' maintenance (for consumer) Sta7on'retail' Ver7cal'separa7on' "Holding" (?) model SNCF maintenance' (for'consumer)'