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Youth Policy in Norway 5602-6 ID762 youth policy norway 16x24 Gb 16/01/09 16:22 Page 1 This publication is part of a series of reviews of national youth policies carried out by the Council of Europe in collaboration Youth policy in Norway with researchers, non-governmental youth organisations and governmental agencies responsible for the development and implementation of youth policy. Norway, considered as one of the leading countries in Europe with regard to the level of development of its policy on youth and children, offered to be a candidate for the international review in order to use the critical insight from the group of external experts to maintain its high standards and further develop its ambitions in the area of social equality. Youth policy in Norway Youth The Council of Europe has forty-six member states, covering virtually the entire continent of Europe. It seeks to develop common democra- tic and legal principles based on the European Convention on Human Rights and other reference texts on the protection of individuals. Ever since it was founded in 1949, in the aftermath of the Second World COUNCIL CONSEIL War, the Council of Europe has symbolised reconciliation. OF EUROPE DE L'EUROPE ISBN 92-871-5602-6 Council of Europe Publishing 9 789287 156020 €12/US$18 http://book.coe.int Council of Europe Publishing Editions du Conseil de l’Europe Youth policy in Norway Report by the international team of experts appointed by the Council of Europe Dr Maria Wolf (CDEJ) Camilla Blomquist (Danish Youth Council) Dr Rupa Huq (Manchester University) Erzebeth Kovacs (former Director of Youth in the Ministry of Culture of Hungary) Dr Howard Williamson CBE (Cardiff School of Social Sciences) Peter Lauritzen (Directorate of Youth and Sport of the Council of Europe) French edition: La politique de la jeunesse en Norvège ISBN 92-871-5601-8 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Council of Europe. All correspondence relating to this publication or the reproduction or translation of all or part of the document should be addressed to: Council of Europe Directorate of Youth and Sport European Youth Centre 30, rue Pierre de Coubertin F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex Tel: +33 (0) 3 88 41 23 00 Fax: +33 (0) 3 88 41 27 77 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.coe.int/youth All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-Rom, Internet, etc.) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing from the Publishing Division, Communication and Research Directorate. Cover: Graphic Design Workshop of the Council of Europe Photo cover: PhotoAlto Council of Europe F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex ISBN 92-871-5602-6 © Council of Europe, December 2004 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents Preface and acknowledgements ..................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................... 9 1. Youth policy in Norway – a very brief historical overview .............................. 15 2. Dimensions of youth policy ......................................................................... 45 Appendices .................................................................................................... 97 A. The Council of Europe’s youth policy indicators ........................................... 99 B. A core package of opportunities and experiences ....................................... 105 C. The five ‘c’s (components) of effective youth policy delivery ........................ 107 D. The four ‘d’s (dynamics) of effective youth policy development ................... 111 E. Review of Norwegian youth policy by the Council of Europe ......................... 113 Bibliography ................................................................................................... 117 Contents 3 Preface and acknowledgements The international youth policy review of Norway is the tenth such review in an open- ended list of countries which volunteer for this experience with the Council of Europe. The method was established by the Directorate of Youth and Sport of the Council of Europe in 1997. It consists in principle of inviting a member country to produce a national youth report in the first place and then inviting a team of inter- national experts to take a look both at this report and at a number of selected situ- ations in the youth field within the country. Through this “foreigner’s eye” we believe we create a critical distance from, and positive contribution to the National Report and situation, to: • contribute to improved good governance in the field of youth (in the case of Norway: children and youth); • create a body of knowledge which will slowly grow into an evidence based system of youth policy and co-operation in the youth field at European level; • promote examples of good practice; • contribute to the development of standards on good youth policy at national, European and international level. The first reports of this kind (on Finland, the Netherlands, Spain, Romania, Sweden, Estonia and Luxembourg) have still stood a little bit in isolation from each other. The publication of a study of all these reports (“Supporting young people in Europe – principles, policy and practice – The Council of Europe’s international reviews of national youth policy 1997-2001 – a synthesis report”, Howard Williamson, Council of Europe, 2002) has shown how much can be learnt from these reports both nationally and in view of creating a certain comparability of youth issues in Europe. Meanwhile the Council of Europe has worked on “youth policy indicators” and moved to an opportunity focused approach on youth policy and – whether a country is a member of the EU or not – there can be no doubt that the publication of the white paper on “Youth of the European Commission” has given a strong impetus to the debate of youth policy also in the Council of Europe. In this situation, the Council of Europe and its Steering Committee on Youth (CDEJ) felt particularly happy that Norway offered to be a candidate for an international review. There are many reasons for this. First of all there are not many countries amongst the 46 member states of the Council of Europe who consider policy on children and youth a priority for the whole government. Secondly, the history of the youth establishments in Strasbourg, the European Youth Centres in Strasbourg and acknowledgements and Preface Budapest and the European Youth Foundation, is inseparable from Norway, which has, ever since the youth field became operational in the Council of Europe in 1972, been a driving force, a reliable friend and generous contributor, and a country which often set the pace for developments. With the youth field being a 5 co-managed sector in the Council of Europe, such a comment includes also the con- tribution of the Norwegian Youth Council and civil society. Having then, finally, been invited to work in Norway, how can one develop a critical attitude? What is wrong in the state of Norway, with regard to youth and children, to paraphrase a well-known statement on a neighbouring country? To come up with an answer right away: nothing much. Norway is a leading country in Europe with regard to quality, organisation, budgets, care, legislation, concrete measures and action plans on youth and children. There can be no other conclusion, if one compares Norway with the rest of Europe, particularly that of the Council of Europe. But we all know that there is no perfect policy anywhere, and the desire to create a child- and youth-friendly participatory democratic society can never be brought entirely to fruition, it will always be a developing policy. Also, Norway is not a such a happy world on its own; it is connected to the world, exposed to European and global developments in the field of mobility of labour, finance, information technologies and media and like any other society Norway has to struggle to maintain this level and further develop its ambitions in the area of social quality. This is the background against which the international team of experts can actually raise critical issues, pose questions and try to stimulate a debate on childhood and youth policy in Norway – not so much by comparing it with other countries and societies, but by using the standards Norwegians set for themselves and by working implicitly within the growing understanding of Norwegian society within the team. The Norwegian authorities wanted the team to focus particularly, within their overall observation, on the following items: • participation of children and young people at local and national level, in schools, clubs, associations, parties, media and public life; • items related to criminal justice and related items such as substance abuse, healthy life-styles, etc.; • the integration of immigrant communities; • observations on the co-ordination of childhood, youth and family policies – were these just three parallel polices in Norway or did they form a new under- standing of youth policy, coherent and exemplary? The team entrusted with the work of producing the international review was: Dr Maria Wolf, Austrian government, chair of the group and representative of the CDEJ Camilla Blomquist, Danish Youth Council and representative of the Advisory Council of youth organisations to the Council of Europe Dr Rupa Huq, UK, researcher
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