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Methodologie Voor Het Beheer Van Historische Tuinen En Parken in Vlaanderen

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Methodologie Voor Het Beheer Van Historische Tuinen En Parken in Vlaanderen Methodologie voor het beheer van historische tuinen en parken in Vlaanderen Methodologie voor het beheer van historische tuinen en parken in vlaanderen Thomas Van Driessche en Paul Van den Bremt (red.) COLOFON METHODOLOGIE VOOR HET BEHEER VAN HISTORISCHE TUINEN EN PARKEN IN VlAANDEREN Een uitgave van Onroerend Erfgoed, Beleidsdomein Ruimtelijke Ordening, Woonbeleid en Onroerend Erfgoed Published by Flanders Heritage Agency Policy area Town and Country Planning, Housing Policy and Immovable Heritage Onroerend Erfgoed Phoenixgebouw – Koning Albert II-laan 19 bus 5 B-1210 Brussel tel: +32(0)2 553 16 50 fax: +32(0)2 553 16 55 [email protected] www.onroerenderfgoed.be Verantwoordelijke uitgever: Sonja Vanblaere Projectcoördinator: Thomas Van Driessche Auteurs:Thomas Van Driessche, Paul Van den Bremt, Herman van den Bossche, Koen Himpe, Catheline Metdepen- ninghen Leden klankbordgroep: Dirk Artois (Agentschap OE Antwerpen), Bart Backaert (Groendienst Aalst), Jan Bleys (Ars Horti), Martin Hermy (KU Leuven), Koen Himpe (Agentschap OE Brussel), Frederik Mahieu (Agentschap OE West-Vlaanderen), Catheline Metdepenninghen (Agentschap OE West-Vlaanderen), Annelies Schepens (Agent- schap OE Oost-Vlaanderen), Eva Troch (ANB), Herman van den Bossche (Agentschap OE Brussel), Paul Van den Bremt (Agentschap OE Brussel), Myriam Van den Broeck (Agentschap OE Limburg), Thomas Van Driessche (Agent- schap OE Brussel), Nathalie Vernimme (Agentschap OE Brussel), Jo Wijnant (Agentschap OE Vlaams-Brabant). Lay-out: Nele van Gemert Omslagillustratie: Domein Breivelde in Zottegem. Foto: Kris Vandevorst | Onroerend Erfgoed. Dit werk wordt beschikbaar gemaakt onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding- GelijkDelen 3.0 Unported. Bezoek http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ om een kopie te zien van de licentie of stuur een brief naar Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. ISBN 978 90 7523 050 5 D/2015/6024/17 5 INHOUDSTAFEL Woord vooraf 11 Inleiding: de erfgoedwaarden van historische tuinen en parken 13 Hoofdstuk 1: de terreinvormen van historische tuinen en parken 17 Hoofdstuk 2: graslanden 21 1. Terminologie 21 2. Gazons 22 • Aanleg van gazons 22 • Drainage van gazons 25 • Grasmengelingen 26 • Bloemengazons 30 • Historisch gereedschap voor gazonbeheer 30 • Maaifrequentie 32 • Bemesting 33 • (On)kruiden in gazons 34 • Molshopen 35 • Traditioneel gazonbeheer vandaag 35 3. Boomweiden (plantis) 35 4. Parkweiden en hooilanden 36 • Historisch beheer 37 • Hedendaags beheer 38 5. Aanbevelingen 39 Hoofdstuk 3: wegen: tracés en beplantingen 41 1. Terminologie 41 2. De oorsprong van de laanbeplantingen 43 3. Lanen in de barokke tuinkunst 43 4. De landschappelijke stijl 48 5. De gemengde stijl 52 • Nieuwe toegangsciruits 52 • Dienstwegen (chemins de service) 53 6. Historisch beheer van wegbeplantingen 53 • Aanplanting 54 • Opsnoeien van de stam 55 • Snoeien van de kroon 56 • Inboeten 57 INHOUD 6 • Andere werkzaamheden 58 7. Aanbevelingen 58 • Maatverhoudingen en plantafstanden 58 • Snoeibeheer 58 • Vervanging van dreven 59 • Omgaan met gebreken en lacunes 61 • Rioleringen 62 Hoofdstuk 4: wegverhardingen 63 1. Beknopt historisch overzicht 63 2. Aanbevelingen 68 Hoofdstuk 5: hagen, berceaus en vormsnoei 71 1. Hagen 71 • Beheer 75 2. Berceaus 76 3. Vormsnoei 78 4. Labyrinten en doolhoven 81 Hoofdstuk 6: bosquets en boomgroepen 83 1. Beknopt historisch overzicht 83 • De renaissance 83 • De klassieke Franse tuinkunst 83 • De landschappelijke stijl 85 • De eclectische of gemengde stijl 90 • Gespecialiseerde tuinen (arboreta, pineta, rosaria, enz.) 91 • Wild Gardening en het impressionisme 94 • De architectonische stijl 94 • Le Nouveau Jardin Pittoresque 94 • Het modernisme 96 2. Historisch beheer 96 • Diepspitten 96 • Bemesten 97 • Aanplanten van bomen en struiken 97 • Plantverbanden 98 • Bescherming tegen vorst 99 • Spitten en schoffelen 99 • Technieken om de realisatie van het eindbeeld te versnellen 100 • Snoeien 101 INHOUD 7 • Omgang met dood hout 103 • Verwijderen van strooisel 104 • Boomverzorging in het verleden 104 • Rooien van bomen 104 • Boomkwekerijen 105 • Oude rozenvariëteiten 106 3. Aanbevelingen 106 • Vrijhouden van zichtlijnen 106 • Behoud van authentiek plantgoed 108 • Vermijden van anachronismen 109 • Kwaliteitscontrole van het plantgoed 109 • Omgaan met dood hout 109 Hoofdstuk 7: sterrenbossen en ganzenvoeten 111 1. Beknopt historisch overzicht 111 • Terminologie 111 • Parforcejacht en lakenjacht 112 • De relatie tussen de sterrenbossen en de parforcejacht 115 • Wildparken 119 • Houtproductie in sterrenbossen 120 2. Aanbevelingen 121 Hoofdstuk 8: stinsenmilieus en stinsenplanten 123 1. Wat zijn stinsenplanten? 123 2. Hoe ontstaan stinsenmilieus 124 3. Bedreigingen 125 4. Beheer 125 • Bosjes 125 • Gazons en verwante grasachtige vegetaties 126 • Vijvers 126 • Paden en oprijlanen 127 • Bijlage 1: voorlopig overzicht van de stinsenflora en van de bosgazon-neofyten in Vlaanderen 128 Hoofdstuk 9: waterpartijen 135 1. Beknopt historisch overzicht 135 2. Wateraanvoer en –afvoer 143 3. Oevers 145 4. Visteelt 146 5. Watervogels 147 INHOUD 8 6. Aanbevelingen 147 • Ruimen van slib en bestrijden van algen 147 • Instandhouding van de oeverlijnen 149 • Lekkende vijvers 151 • Restaureren van gedempte vijvers 152 • Opwaarderen van het oorspronkelijke watertoevoersysteem 152 • Handhaven van het waterpeil 152 • Omgaan met (exotische) watervogels 153 • Onderhoud van fonteinen 153 Hoofdstuk 10: parterres en bloembedden 155 1. Bloemengebruik tijdens het ancien régime (16e-18e eeuw) 155 2. Bloemengebruik in de 19e eeuw 160 • Toenemend gebruik van exotische soorten 162 • Gardenesque Style 163 • Mozaïekperken en bloemenparterres 164 • Kleurschema’s 167 3. Bloemengebruik in de eerste helft van de 20e eeuw 167 • Bloemengebruik in kleine tuinen 169 4. Onderhoud van historische bloembedden 169 5. Restauraties, reconstructies en evocaties van historische bloembedden 170 • Restauratie van bloembedden 170 • Reconstructie van bloembedden (conjectural replanting) 170 • Evocaties 171 • Nieuwe, eigentijdse ontwerpen 171 Hoofdstuk 11: fruit- en groentetuinen 173 1. Typologie 173 2. Beknopt historisch overzicht 177 3. Historisch beheer 180 • Muren en schuttingen 180 • Paden 182 • Vruchtwisseling en bemesting 182 • Bestrijding van onkruid en insecten 183 • Fruitbomen 183 • Broeibakken en kassen 186 4. Restauratie en reconstructie van historische moestuinen 188 5. Boomgaarden 190 6. Behoud van oude fruitvariëteiten 191 INHOUD 9 H oofdstuk 12: oranjerieën en serres 193 1. Oranjerieën 193 • Aanbevelingen 197 2. Serres, serrecomplexen en wintertuinen 198 • Onderhoud en restauratie van serres 202 Hoofdstuk 13: paviljoenen, tempels, bruggen en soortgelijke constructies 205 1. Beknopt historisch overzicht 205 • Paviljoenen 205 • Tempels 209 • Tuinbruggen 210 • Monumentale poorten en triomfbogen 212 • Uitkijktorens 212 • Duiventorens en duiventillen 212 • Volières 213 • Kennels voor jachthonden 214 • Dierenverblijven (cabanes) in parken 214 • Artificiële ruïnes 215 • Artificiële grotten 216 • Artificiële rotsen 217 • Cementrustiek 219 • IJskelders 221 2. Onderhoud en restauratie 222 Hoofdstuk 14: tuinornamenten 227 1. Tuinbeelden en vazen 227 1.1. Beknopt historisch overzicht 227 1.2. Historisch beheer 228 1.3. Hedendaags beheer 229 • Beelden van steen 230 • Beelden van beton 232 • Beelden van terracotta 232 • Beelden van metaal 232 • Sokkels 234 • Winterbescherming 234 2. Tuinmeubilair 235 3. Hekken en poorten 237 INHOUD 10 H oofdstuk 15: uitdagingen voor beheerders van historische tuinen en parken 241 1. Invasieve uitheemse plantensoorten en het gebruik en het beheer ervan in parken en tuinen, in en aansluitend op natuurgebieden 241 1.1. Enkele definities 241 1.2. Inheems, ingeburgerd, invasief? 242 • Stuikaster (Baccharis halimifolia) 243 • Canadese kornoelje 243 • Mahonie 243 • Amerikaanse vogelkers (Prunus serotina) 244 • Pontische rododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) 244 • Rimpelroos (Rosa rugosa) 245 • Witte pluimspirea (Spiraea alba) 245 • Douglasspirea (Spiraea douglasii) 245 • Amerikaanse eik (Quercus rubra) 245 • Robina (Robinia pseudoacacia) 246 • Vlinderstruik (Buddleja davidii) 246 • Japanse duizendknoop (Fallopia japonica) 247 • Reuzenbalsemien (Impatiens glandulifera) 248 • Spaanse hyacint (Hyacinthoides hispanica) 249 • Schijnaardbei (Duchesnea indica) 249 2. Groen erfgoed en ruimtelijke ordening 253 • Nieuwbouw in historische tuinen en parken 253 • Parkeren 254 3. Recreatie 254 4. Onveiligheidsgevoel in stadsparken 255 5. Diefstal, vandalisme & zwerfvuil 257 • Vandalisme 257 • Diefstal 258 • Zwerfvuil 258 • Parkwachters 258 6. Groen erfgoed en evenementen 259 7. Toegankelijkheid 261 Hoofdstuk 16: aanbevelingen voor het opstellen van een beheerplan 263 1. Inleiding 263 1.1. Opstellen van een beheersplan 263 1.2. Evalueren en opvolgen van een beheersplan 266 Literatuurlijst 267 INHOUD 11 WO O RD VOORAF Om historische tuinen en parken in stand te kunnen houden, moet men weten hoe ze in het ver- leden werden beheerd. Hierover is merkwaardig genoeg slechts weinig gepubliceerd. Er bestaat weliswaar een rijke vakliteratuur over historische tuinen en parken, maar het grootste deel van deze werken heeft betrekking op tuinstijlen, tuinarchitecten
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