The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century Rosalind B

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-78291-3 - The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century Rosalind B. Brooke Index More information

INDEX

Page references in bold type denote illustrations or references in captions. Place names outside Italy are identified by country or region or, for England, pre-1947 county. The following abbreviations are used: Basilica = The Basilica of St Francis at Assisi; LC = Lower Church, UC = Upper Church; Cycle = St Francis Fresco Cycle in UC br = brother, member of the Franciscan Order; more recent friars are noted as OFM = Order of Friars Minor; OFM Conv. = Order of Friars Minor, Conventual OP = Order of Preachers, Dominican friar For other abbreviations, see List of abbreviations

Aaron, 73, 238 Alexander III, pope, 36, 274 Abed-nego, 315, 326 Alexander IV, pope, formerly Rainaldo de Segni, Abel, 313, 366, 374 cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri and Abigail, 370 Cardinal Protector, 68, 270, 281, 299, 312–13, Abraham, 39, 311, 372, 421 332; as pope, 190, 249, 320, 322; indulgences Abruzzi, 39 for Pisa, 173, 224; and decoration of the Acquarini, G., engraving by, 23, 459, Basilica, 287, 446; on stigmata, 267, 299; bull 463 Benigne operatio, 299 Acre (Palestine, now Israel)), 209; bishop of, see Alexander of Bremen, br, and his Apocalypse Jacques de Vitry Commentary, 196, 197 Actus beati Francisci et sociorum eius, 246 Alexander of Hales, br, 79, 80, 91, 123, 223, 228; Adam, Colour Plate 2, 229, 313 previously canon of St Paul’s, 91;and grave and skull, 73, 356, 374; children of, 330; Bonaventure, 247, 248;hisSumma, Christ as second Adam, 372 230 Adam Marsh, see Marsh Alexandria, patriarch of, 204 Aelred, St, 292 Alexius III, Byzantine emperor, 203 Africa in UC fresco, 335 Allois abbey (near Limoges, France), 165 Agatha, St, 313 altar panels, 269; and see Assisi, Florence, Pisa, Agnes, St, 313, 440 Pistoia Agnes of Bohemia, Blessed, 487 Amasa, 312 Ahasuerus (Xerxes), 312 Ambrose, St, 365, 427 Aix (Provence), 83 Ambrose, br, 128 Alan of Lille, 201 Amelio, Giacomo, OFM Conv, 457, 458 Alays, 165 Amiens cathedral, 69 Albericus, notary, 167 Anagni, 66, 430, 432 Albert, 130 Ancona, 137, 182; March of, 32, 41, 131, 142, 191, Albert of Pisa, Provincial Minister of England, 309, 351, 439, 482; Provincial Minister of, see Minister General, 61, 64, 123; death, 123 Crescentius Albert the Great, OP, 223, 247, 371; Commentary on Andreolus, 154 Lamentations, 371 Andrew, St, 300, 301, 308, 447; relic of, 440 Albigensians, 136, 137 Andronicus II, Byzantine emperor, 216

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-78291-3 - The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century Rosalind B. Brooke Index More information

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Angela of Foligno, Blessed: early life, 472–3; her Ascoli cathedral, 440 mother, 473; her husband, 473; and Third Asia in UC frescoes, 335, 346, 350 Order, 474; steps in spiritual journey, 473–4; assisi, 4, 21, 48; ‘Ascesi’ in Dante, 8; bishop of, visits to Assisi and Portiuncula, 71–2, 296, 74, 464; and; see Guido, Illuminato, Pontano; 305–6, 474, 475, 478, 483, 487; return to bishop’s palace, 30, 31, 48, 117, 125; Foligno, 478, 483 blacksmiths, 457; chamberlain, see Thomas de and Francis, 308, 326, 331, 474, 484–7; her Raynerio; citizens, 13, 20, 22–3, 24, 30, 32, image of Francis, 472–88; response to visual 35, 36, 48, 51, 73, 118, 167–8, 234, 375, 381, images, 475; and the Passion of Christ, 475 391, 404, 408, 414, 436, 454, 468; commune, authenticity of her works, 472;herlaude, 479; 74; Elias in, 123; environs, 119; background to her Memoriale, 307, 472; use of Bonaventure, Francis, 11, 13, 21–2, 29, 131, 152;in1 Cel., 481, 483–4; of Thomas of Celano, 481 149; Francis in, 17, 48, 152, 155, 174, 377; Angelo, br, 111, 112, 120, 128;andIntroductory Letter blessed by Francis, 32, 34; friars from, 132; and SL, 27, 92, 103, 104–5, 108–9, 138, 141; Gregory IX and Curia in, 36, 37, 39, 61, 62, 74, and AP, 128; and Francis’ breviary and gospel 270, 332; Innocent IV in, 66; John of Brienne book, 4, 296, 382; and 3 Soc., 147–8; and Verba in, 205; judge in, Octavian, 442; miracle at, Francisci, 315; his burial, 74; and for his 272; notary in, 5; oral tradition in, 148, 149; writings see also Leo pilgrims to, 73, 224, 272, 273, 305, 306, 414, Angelo Pice, Francis’ brother, 154 467, 474, 475, 483; poor and sick, 32; Angelo, see also Clareno relations with Perugia, 13, 22, 150–1; podest`a, Angers cathedral (France), 57, 69 10, 28, 442; and Sforza, 470; soldiers of, Annibaldi family, 348–50 13–14, 117; women of, 11 Annibaldi, Riccardo, cardinal, 442 Basilica of St Francis, building: architect, 57, 59; Annibaldi, Transmundus, podest`a of Siena, 270 ‘caput et mater’, 156; consecrated, 63; Anonymous of Perugia (AP), 104, 127–38; style and creation of, 61, 76; date of, 56–61, 63, 71, 76; method, 132; on Francis’ early career, 139; and design and inspiration, 64–5, 68–9, 70, 72, 2 Cel., 140; and 3 Soc., 147, 148, 150 74, 76; and earthquake (1997), 365; and Elias, Anselm, St, 1–2, 8, 329; and see Eadmer 51–5, 64, 65, 67; and Giotto, 426;and Anthony, br, in Constantinople, 216 Gregory IX, 53, 54; money for, 60; and Anthony of Padua, St, br, 128, 158; early life, 321;as Nicholas IV, 416, 427; and Picardo, 153; and apostle, 365, 451; canonised, 310, 322; and Pius II, 426; and Vasari, 426 Chapter of Arles, 186–7; his feast, 173; and exterior: , 52, 56; apse, 58; campanile, 60, 67; Nicholas IV, 453; his sermons, 322 bells for, 60, 61; decoration, 67; torrioni, 60 First Life of, 323, 325 LC, 57–9, 60, 65, 71, 72, 74; decoration of, images of him permitted, 94, 304, 310;on 281–304; plan, 73; high altar, Colour Plate 4, chalice, 441; formerly in LC, 302;inUC 62–3, 66, 67, 175, 174–5; chapels: St Anthony, fresco, 392; in UC glass, 308, 313, 314, 324, 430; St John the Baptist, 436;StMary 321–5, 326–31, 400, 412; at Gubbio, 415;in Magdalene, 430, 436; St Nicholas, 428, 429, Perugia altarpiece, 300, 301; on reliquary, 430, 433–4, 435; crucifix, 62; Francis’ burial, 440; in Rome, Lateran mosaic, 447, 448;inS. tomb, coffin and iron cage, 69, 430, 459, Maria Maggiore, 450 454–62, 464–71; excavations in, 455–64; Antichrist, 83, 190, 231, 254 frescoes, 282, 284, 290, 294, 281–96, 320, Antioch, patriarch of , 204 431; Genesis and Creation, 417, 420–1; apostles: and the resurrection, 369; in UC frescoes, preaching to the birds, 295; Francis’ death, 333, 335, 337, 353; in UC glass, 308, 317, 321; 297 Acts Cycle in Rome, S. Paolo fuori le mura, 351 UC, 59, 60, 73; interior, Colour Plate 5; apostolic life, poverty, 9 decoration and furnishing, 62–3, 280–1, Apulia, 13, 14, 15, 129, 130, 151, 274 304–53; completed, 304–6; high altar, 62–3, Aquinas, St Thomas, 8, 190, 231, 370, 371 66, 67, 478; altar of St Michael, 478; altar of St Aquitaine, Provincial Minister of, 444 Peter, 72; crucifix, 62, 67; dado, 217; nave Arabs, 323, 325 bays, 445; papal throne, 65, 359, 360 Aragon, king of, 431 UC frescoes: Colour Plate 5; and Bonaventure, Arezzo, 321, 394; and Sylvester, 264; and see Cycle 256; apse: 382–414; Assumption, 361; no. ten; Good John or Finiatu, doctor from, nave: 365–70, 378, 415–53; counter-façade, 117, 142, 477 411, 410–14; biblical cycle, 365, 366–70; Aristotle, 83 Nativity, 373; Isaac and Esau, 423; Francis Arles, Chapter at, 23, 190, 400–1; in Bardi panel, Cycle, 183, 186, 241, 304, 305, 366–70, 377, 179–81, 186–7; in UC fresco, see Cycle no. 378–415; Cycle no. one, 367, 368, 389, 392, eighteen; in glass, 326; later provincial 427, 445; no. two, 367, 368, 383, 393, 424, Chapter at, 254, 323, 325 437; no. three, 367, 368, 382, 393, 424; no. Arnald of Sarano, br, 269 four, 381, 382, 393, 424; no. five, 371, 377, Arnaldo of Foligno, br, 472 381, 382, 389, 392, 393, 424; no. six, Colour Arnolfo di Cambio, 285, 416, 431, 433, 449 Plate 7, 381, 382, 387, 392, 393, 424, 428, Arthur, King, 15 442, 443, 444; no. seven, 384, 389, 392, 393,

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397–9, 400, 424; no. eight, 374, 382, 383, Austerlitz, 455 384, 393–5; no. nine, 382, 384, 385, 389, 392, Austrian book illumination, 311 393, 407; no. ten, 383, 392, 394, 395; no. Avignon, 433 eleven, 387, 392, 394, 395, 452; no. twelve, 382, 394, 395–7; no. thirteen, 382, 390, Babylon, Assisi likened to, 149; in Revelation, 196, 389–91, 413; no. fourteen, 375, 411, 412–13, 357 437; no. fifteen, 388, 391, 411, 413–14, 437, Bagnara, 30 445; no. sixteen, 383, 437, 445; no. seventeen, Bagnoreggio, 246 387–8, 391, 392, 398, 399–400, 413, 445; no. Baldwin II, Latin emperor of Constantinople, 216 eighteen, 383, 392, 398, 400–1, 445; no. Balierus, 167 nineteen, 378, 383, 392, 400, 402, 401–4, 405, Balkans, 274 427, 445; no. twenty, 371, 405, 406, 404–7, Banastre, John, br, 124 408, 437, 445; no. twenty-one, 371, 383, 392, Barbara, St, 313, 320 406, 407–8, 437, 445; no. twenty-two, 385, Barberini, Francesco, cardinal, 418 391, 392, 404, 406, 409, 408–10, 425, 437; no. Bardi panel, see Florence, S. Croce twenty-three, 376, 375–7, 389, 391, 392, 410, Barletta (Apulia), 275 437, 438, 445; no. twenty-four, 377, 382, 391, Bartholomew, St, 300, 301, 308 392, 410, 437, 445; no. twenty-five, 383, 385, Bartholomew of Cremona, br, 184 392, 437, 445; no. twenty-six, 383, 385, 386, Bartholomew of Narni, 211 437, 445; no. twenty-seven, 383, 386, 387, Bartholomew of Pisa, see Pisano 437, 445; no. twenty-eight, 383, 386, 387, Bartolus, 167 392, 437, 443, 445; vaults, 305, 345, 347, 349, Bassano (near Vicenza), 323–31 365, 379, 420, 421; and see Cimabue Bathsheba, 370 UC glass, 307; apse, 310, 311–13, 312; transepts, Beatrice (in Paradiso), 353 314, 316, 318, 315–26; nave, 324, 327, 328; Becket, Thomas, St Thomas of Canterbury, and his Francis windows, 181, 324, 328 miracles, 36, 273, 274–5; wall painting of, 169 UC north (right) transept, 334, 332–42; details, Beguines, 11 334; arcades, east, 338, 339; west, 340, 341 Belting, H., 319, 331, 339 Sacro Convento, 61, 92; archives and treasury, 4, Benedict, St, and his Rule, 9, 253; compared to 39, 68, 86, 109, 156, 173, 237–9, 299, 470; Francis, 240 chalice, Colour Plate 8; chapter-house, 61; Benedict XI, pope, 432, 433 cloister, 58; dormitory, 61; Elias’ chapel, 61; Benedict XIV, pope, 455 library, 92, 102, 105, 106–7; MSS in and for, Benedict, br, 172 Colour Plate 2, 125; reliquary, 86, 109; papal Benedict of Arezzo, br, Provincial Minister of palace, 61, 65, 463; and Picardo, 153 ‘Romania’ (Eastern Empire), 204, 205 other churches, 74; S. Chiara, 4, 5, 7, 36, 296, Benedict of Canterbury (later abbot of 375, 401, 469; abbess of, 401; and see Peterborough), 274–5 Benedetta; crucifix in, 476; S. Damiano, 4, 7, Benedetta, abbess of S. Chiara, Assisi, 5 16–17, 51, 114, 129, 156, 258, 262, 375, 381, Bentivengi, Bentivenga, br, cardinal, 97, 444 438, 467, 474; fresco in, 22; poor priest, 17, Benvenuto, br, 128 133, 153; and see crucifix; Francis’ bier at, 35, Berengar of Digne, 82 51, 262; Clares at, 35, 116, 156, 239, 240, 312, Berlinghieri, Bonaventura, 169, 466 375, 391; S. Giorgio, St George’s, 35–6, 49, Bernard, St, abbot of Clairvaux, 2, 3, 14, 241; his 57, 171, 175, 271, 272, 387, 464, 465–7;S. feast, 243; First Life of, 11, 40; his ‘Rule’, 9 Maria (Maggiore), 74; St Mary of the Angels, Bernard of Quintavalle, br, 18, 33, 36, 128, 132, see Portiuncula; S. Nicholas, 259; S. Rufino 4, 133; conversion, 131, 133, 388; reminiscences 5, 74, 75, 389; house near, 154; towers of, 22, and in Introductory Letter, 109, 132; and AP, 23 135, 137; in Bonav., 258; and Celano, 41; places in: Collis Paradisi and land adjacent, 155, Francis’ deathbed blessing, 126; Bernard’s 257; Eastern Gate; gaol, 154; Palazzo del tomb, 74, 303 Capitano del Populo, 427; Palazzo del Bethany, 32, 367 Comune, 23; Piazza del Comune, 23, 427; Bethlehem, 16, 45–6, 184 Piazza S. Giorgio, 36, 37, 377; Rocca, 21, 22, Bevagna, 44, 388, 391 23, 459; Temple of Minerva, 23, 154, and see Francis, preaching to the birds 427 Bible, the: in Celano, 40; in medieval schools, 9;in Assisi panel, Colour Plates 3, 4, 173–6, 182, Sacrum Commercium, 158; and typology, 371 205–12, 280–1, 466; central figure, 296;city Bigarelli, Guido, 317 in, 173, 209; detail Bihl, M., OFM, 158, 168 Atlases, 335 Binski, P., 333–42, 377 Augustine, St, 365, 370, 427; Rule of, 4; Order of, birds, 113, 197; in Wendover, 194–8; and see Francis, 86, 109 preaching to the birds Augustine, br, brother of William of Nottingham, Blaise, child of Tivoli judge, 273 62; bishop of Laodicea, 62; visits London, 62, Blanche of Castile, queen of France, 161 331 Boaz, 219

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Bohemia, king of, see Ottokar I Boniface VIII, pope, Cardinal Benedict Gaetani: his Bollandists, and the Acta Sanctorum, career, 431–2; as cardinal, 97, 429–30; bulls: 246 Super cathedram, 432; annulled, 433; Unam Bologna: and Dominic and Dominicans, 75, 123; sanctam, 432; and feast of Doctors of the church of St Nicholas, later of St Dominic, S. Church, 427; and the Lateran loggia, 434; Domenico, 70, 74, 285; plan , 71; Dominic’s and St Peter’s, Rome, 431; his tomb, 435, shrine in, 269; prior of, 270; General Chapter, 449 76; Dominican nuns in, 123; Francis and Boniohannes, 118 Franciscans at, 143, 160; and Innocent IV, 309; Boniovanna, 118 schools and university, 45, 228; student in, Bonizo of Bologna, br, 35, 235, 260, 299 160 Bonus, 299 city: coinage, 461; Palazzo Pubblico, 160; Piazza Bonusaccursus, 118 del Commune, 225 Bonuscangnus, 118 Bona, 118 Borgo San Sepolcro, 29 Bonagratia, see Johanneto Boston (Massachusetts), 414 Bonagrazia, br, Minister General, 97, 288, 404, Bovara (near Foligno and Trevi), 389 408, 418, 443; his death, 444 Brady, I., 231, 232 Bonaventura, notary, 61 Brancaleo, Leo, cardinal priest of S. Croce in Bonaventure, St, Minister General, later cardinal: Gerusalemme, 25 early career, 246; life saved by Francis, 279;in Brown, P., 19, 20, 27 Paris, 91, 190, 246–7, 286; answers attacks by Brufani, S., 158 seculars, 250; and John of Parma, 253; and Bultmann, R., 115 learning, 323; as mystic, 166, 395; appointed Burgundy, 14 Minister General, 249; as Minister General, Burkitt, F. C., 105, 147, 397 186; and the Basilica, 286, 288, 319, 382–414, Burr, D., 247, 307 418; on money, 248; on the Passion, 291; his Byzantine architecture, 203; art, 333; influence of, reputation: Olivi, 100; Ubertino, 251; 176, 315, 336, 337, 355, 362, 421; icons, Bonaventure and Revelation, 364;his 168–92; thrones, 302, 344; and Master of St vocation, 223; his death, 418 Francis, 296; empire, see Constantinople; Legenda Maior, 242–68; official life, 103, 107, 146, society, 19 148, 235, 240, 244, 245, 286, 401, 414; and Assisi, 149, 240; extracts in Perugia MS, 106; Cadoc, St, of Llancarfan, 273 as history, 252, 367; Francis’ image in, 364, Caesar of Speyer, Provincial Minister of Germany, 487; Prologue, 236, 239, 252, 254–5;c.i, 146, 40 256–7;c.ii, 257–8;c.iii, 258–9;c.iv, Caetani, arms, 431, 434 259–62;c.v, 263;c,vi, 263–4;c.vii, 264–5; Cagliari cathedral, 317 c. viii, 265;c.ix, 265–6; cc. x–xii, 266–7, Cain, 313, 366, 374 318;c.xiii (stigmata), 35, 166, 237–9, 267, Calabria, 275 454; cc. xiv, xv, 267, 377; on Francis and Cambrai, archbishop of, see Guiard de Laon Dominic, 229; on John of St Paul, 25; its Cambridge, Franciscan chapel, in, 70; parishes in, sources, 245; Celano, 256, 257, 259, 264, 266, 227; Trinity College, see Trinity Apocalypse 267, 268; laude, 480; oral sources, 256; use of Campello, 69 Testament, 262; visit to La Verna, 251, 252; Cana, marriage at, 366, 367, 374, 421 Legenda Minor, 244; Miracula, 173; MSS, 276; Canali, L., 459–61, 462–3 miracles from 1 Cel., 267; from 3 Cel.,267 Cannon, J., 285 his sermons, 218, 231–42, 414; themes: humility, Canterbury (Kent), archbishops of, see Anselm; 241; poverty, 241; Rule divinely revealed, 234; Becket, Thomas; Edmund, St; Lanfranc; its bulla, 232; stigmata, 236–7 Pecham, John; cathedral, 36, 63, 273, 308; other works: Apologia, 97; Collationes in the Canterbury forgeries, 3; friars in, Hexaemeron, 254, 262; Commentaries on Sentences, 123 254; De triplici vita, 262; Epistola de Tribus Capocci, Rainerio, de Viterbo, cardinal, 37, 392 Quaestionibus, 97, 99, 109, 247; and Hugh of Capua, church of St Francis, 277 Digne, 81, 371; Itinerarium mentis in Deum, 252, Capulet family, 22 286; letter on policy, 249–50; letter to St Clare, Carceri, the (near Assisi), 4, 6, 20, 51 401; Postilla in Lucam, 262; Tree of Life, 335; Carrara, quarries, 285 works attributed to, 97, 201 Cassian, John, 9 use of, and his influence: on Angela of Foligno, Castile, Francis’ miracles in, 274, 278 481, 483–4; in the Bardi panel, 182–91;in Catanii, Peter, br, Minister General, 26, 34, 84, 121, Cycle, 382, 383–415;inExiit, 98; Nicholas IV, 220 442; in Perugia altarpiece, 301;in3 Soc., 147, Cathars, 10, 323, 325 148 Catherine, St, of Alexandria, 169, 176, 313, 320; Bonelli, John, br, Provincial Minister of Provence, icon of, in her monastery on Mount Sinai, 178; 187 her wheel, 161 Boniface IV, pope, 431 Causse, M., 104

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Cavallini, Pietro, 351, 433; in Rome: in S. Cecilia, Clare, St: her feast, 173; her name, 138; in Bonav., 418; in St Peter’s, 439; his workshop in S. 263; her burial, 469; her canonisation, 320;in Maria in Aracoeli, 419, 446; a colleague of, 415 1Cel., 43; and Francis, 11, 32–3, 388; grieves Cecilia, St, 313, 320 over Francis’ body, 35; at S. Damiano, 4, 33, Celano, 39, 50; and see Thomas of Celano 375; and Leo, 6; repulses Saracen band, 22; Celestine IV, pope, 85 and stigmata, 267; and Visconti, 227 Celestine V, pope, Peter del Morrone, 347, 428, images, in Assisi, on chalice, 441, 448;UCCycle 432–8 twenty-three, 376, 375–7, 389, 391, 392;UC Champagne, count of, see Henry the Liberal glass, 313, 320; by Giuliano da Rimini, 435 Champeaux (France), 69 her Order, Poor Clares, 63, 88, 116, 225, 258, Charles, emperor, Charlemagne, 15, 21, 40, 375; and Angela of Foligno, 482; and Francis’ 122 breviary and gospel book, 112; at S. Damiano, Charles I of Anjou, king of Naples and Sicily, 467; and see above; at S. Salvatore de Senator of Rome, 122, 216, 346–8 Colpersito, 142; and see San Sebastiano Charles II of Anjou, king of Naples, 429 her Rule, 5; her Testament, 5, 147, 148, 156 Chaucer, G., 82 Clare of Montefalco, sister, 482 China, mission in, 388 Clareno, Angelo, br, 84, 191, 251, 253, 432 Christ, Jesus: in Gospel stories, 115, 120; and Clement IV, pope, 216, 287, 321; indulgence of, 415 Francis, 47, 143, 188, 189, 305–6, 307, 328, Clement V, pope: elected, 433; crowned, 433; 391; humanity of, 27;asbaby,183–4; Christ as settles at Avignon, 433; and Colonnas, 430; mother, 329; crucifixion and stigmata, 378; preparation for Vienne, 246; and Council of death and resurrection in St Paul, 369; Vienne, 426, 433; bull Exivi de Paradiso, 105–6, insights of, 127; his voice, 260 427 in art, 94; Assisi, bust in UC vault, 420; Rome, Clement, prior of Lanthony by Gloucester, 201 bust of in Lateran basilica, 446; Christ in Cluny abbey (Burgundy), 309 Majesty, UC north transept, 333, 353 Coimbra (Portugal), 322 early life: Nativity, in LC, 435; in UC, 372–4; Cologne (Germany), 40; art of thirteenth century Rome, S. Maria Maggiore, 450; Adoration of in, 311; MSS from, 196; Provincial Minister of, Magi, 374, 450; Presentation in Temple, 311, see Peter of Tewkesbury 374, 421, 422, 435, 450; Flight into Egypt, Colonna family, 348–50, 432, 443; fall (1297), 452; 374, 435–6; in Nazareth, 435 fortresses, 430; and French court, 432; and Passion, 189, 475; and Angela of Foligno, 478; Nicholas IV, 441, 449 in LC, 291; in UC fresco, 366, 372; Triumphal Colonna, Giacomo, cardinal, 429, 430, 434, 441–2; Entry, 438; Last Supper, 187, 189, 311; as archpriest of Rome, S. Maria Maggiore, Flagellation, 291; Stripping, 290, 291, 371; 449, 450, 452 Crucifixion, on chalice; LC fresco, 293;UC Colonna, Giovanni, Senator of Rome, 441 frescoes, 354–6, 374, 405; cross in nave Colonna, Jacopo Antonio, bishop of Tivoli, 392, frescoes, 410; wounds, 21; Deposition, LC 442, 443 fresco, 293, 294; Perugia altarpiece, 301; Colonna, Pietro, cardinal, 429, 430, 434, 441 Lamentation, as model, 375; in UC fresco, Colonna, Stefano, 430, 441 374, 422; Resurrection, 312, 315; Ascension, companions of St Francis, ‘we who were with him’, in UC fresco, 265, 312, 317, 353, 366, 387, 32, 103, 108–9, 115, 117, 120, 125; 2 Cel. as their 410, 422; in glass, 312, 375 mouthpiece, 138, 140–1; earliest companions, Christina of Stommeln, Life of, 3 131;inAP, 128; and see Angelo, Leo, Rufino Christmas crib, see Greccio Compostela, St James of, 224 Chrysostom, St John, patriarch of Constantinople, Conrad of Offida, br, 261 215 Constantine, Roman emperor, 217, 292 Ciatti, M., 424, 425 Constantine of Orvieto, OP, Legenda S. Dominici, 283 Cicolo, see Johanneto Constantinople, Istanbul, 202–17; envoys to, 216, Cimabue: and Giotto, 426; influence of, 421; 439; fall of (1204), 452; Latin occupation, 63; profusion of motifs, 378–81, 418; in Assisi: recovered by Greeks, 205; friars expelled Virgin and child in LC, 303, 302–4, 323, 343, from, 216; Forum Taurus in, 202; Valens 435, 456; with St Francis, 467;inUC,315–26, Aqueduct, 202; stone from, 63 342–64; apse and transepts, images of angels, emperors: Roman, see Constantine; Greek, see 217;ofStMary,478; of St Peter, 418; and St Alexius III, Andronicus II, Isaac II, Michael Paul, 418; crossing vault, Evangelists, 288, VIII Palaeologus; Latin, see Baldwin II, John of 305, 320, 345; details, Atlases, 335–8, 347, Brienne, Vatatzes; patriarchs, 203; and see 349; St Mark and ‘Ytalia’; final work and Chrysostom, Germanus, Pantaleone departure from Assisi, 415, 416–17, 419, 443; churches and communities: Dominican house, in Pisa, 343; in Rome, 342, 350; and Nicholas 203, 204; Franciscan, 203–5; also Greek III, 351 orthodox monastery, 203, 216; later Cistercian Order: Carta caritatis, 3; and liturgy, 243; Kalenderhane Camii, remains of St Francis Cistercians and women, 11 chapel in, 206, 202–15, 217; fresco cycle, Clairvaux (France), abbot, see Bernard, St 208, 202–17; miracles scenes, 207, 211;

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Constantinople, Istanbul (cont.) 266; Dominicans as ‘Domini canes’, 98, 222; preaching to the birds, 207, 209, 210; death of English Dominicans, 247; Dominicans in Francis(?), 214; other scenes, 213, 214 Paris, 370–1 Conventual Order, OFM Conv., 456; Minister Dominican Order, 12, 43, 70, 129, 189; General, 458; Procurator General, 456 Constitutions, 4, 243; General Chapter, 4, Conventuals, Conventual wing of Franciscan 242, 283, 304; liturgy, 242, 243–4;and Order, 82, 100, 106, 137, 246, 250, 356; and representation, 223; Master General, see Bonaventure, 250; in Clareno, 251; and Humbert de Romans Council of Vienne, 426 Domitian, 358 conversatio, 112 Douceline, St, and Life of, 82, 83 Cook, W. R., 323, 325 drama, religious, 184 Coppo di Marcovaldo, 317 Duccio, Rucellai Madonna, 425 Corinthian columns, 359 Duffy, E., 191 Corinthians, see Paul, St Cortona, 59, 467;MSat,468; Celle de Cortona, 48, Eadmer and his Life of St Anselm, 1–2, 3, 63 123, 140 Ecclesiasticus, 37, 255 Cosmatus, Cosmati, influence of, 313, 351–2 Eccleston, see Thomas of Eccleston Creation, in Assisi UC, 365, 366–70; in Rome, S. Edmund, St, of Abingdon, archbishop of Maria Maggiore, 452 Canterbury, 160 Crescentius of Iesi, Provincial Minister of the Edom, 263, 318 March of Ancona, Minister General, 102–3, Edward I, king of England, 430, 431, 440 104, 128, 138, 191 Egypt, 44, 256; Egyptian idols, 311 Cristofani, G., 311 Einhard, 40 Cross, Holy Cross, 15, 46, 132, 410; dedication to, Eisenach (Germany), 50 179; relic of, 156; sermon on, 187 Elias, br, 458; his devotion to Francis, 73, 187;as crucifix: in Arezzo, 477; in Assisi, S. Damiano, 4, Provincial Minister in Syria, 64, 69;as 7, 160, 166, 181, 241, 257, 381; restoration, Minister General, 26, 32, 42, 59, 60, 65, 122, 181; in UC glass, 325, 326 140; or vicar, 121, 260; and the Rule, 140;in Crusades, 14; Second, 3, 14; Fourth, 203; and Latin Celano, 41, 42–3, 139–40, 168; and laymen, Empire, 203; Fifth, 14, 44, 69 124; and St Clare, 35; and Sacrum Commercium, Cusato, M. F., OFM, 158 158; his deposition, 80, 91, 123, 140, 247; his Cyprus, 168 servant, 118; and Francis’ illness, 47, 48; and Cyril, St, 215 deathbed and burial of Francis, 30, 48, 272, 462, 464; his letter on Francis’ death and the Dagan, 311 stigmata, 31, 32, 33–4, 42, 47, 48, 49, 73, 198, Dalarun, J., 307, 472 230, 236; as witness to the stigmata, 34, 167; Dalmatia, 452; Provincial Minister of, see and translation, 468–71 Nicholas IV and the Basilica, 51–5, 57–9, 64, 65, 286; its Damascus, road to, 44 bells, 60; its crucifix, 62, 280; its decoration Damian, Francis, of Montefalco, br, 482 and furnishing, 62–3, 67; and Sacro Damietta, 14, 24, 69 Convento, 61 Daniel, prophet, 227, 255, 315, 367 Elijah, 253, 255, 312, 312, 333, 374, 383 Dante, 8, 15, 287, 353 Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist, 149, 152, David, king of Israel, psalmist, 209, 256, 318, 315 370 Emmaus, 265, 296, 315–17, 371 David of Augsburg, 96 Emperors, Holy Roman, 21; and see Frederick II, De Bonis, Giuseppe Maria, OFM Conv., Minister Henry II, VI General, 456–7 England: Dominicans in, 123; Franciscan province, Delorme, F.-M., OFM, 105 68, 193, 280; Provincial Minister, 97; and see Derbes, A., 291 Albert of Pisa, Hugh of Hartlepool, William Desbonnets, T., OFM, 147, 151, 158 of Nottingham; English artistic influence, de Wesselow, T., 439 340 Dies irae, 43 Enrique, master, 315 Dionysius, see Pseudo-Dionysius Ercolano, br, 435 Doctors of the Church, in UC fresco, 365, 424, Erfurt: Franciscan church in, 310; glaziers from, 427 310 Dominic, St, OP, 3, 10, 11–12, 123; in Jordan of Esau, 422, 423, 424 Saxony, 43, 129; images of, 304; his death, 74, Esther, 227 75; burial, tomb and translation, 74, 75, 76, Eudes of Chˆateauroux, chancellor of Paris, later 285, 464; pilgrims to, 75; his canonisation, cardinal bishop of Tusculum (Frascati), 37, 269; his miracles, 269 219–23, 231, 236 Dominican churches, 70, 229; friars, 166, 204, Eudes Rigaud, br, later archbishop of Rouen, 79, 226, 424; as cardinals, 432; in Celano, 229, 218, 246–7

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Eugenius IV, pope, 470 francis, st, of Assisi, br: birth, 13; first called Europe in UC fresco, 335 John, 140, 150; his parents, 149, 153; and see Evangelists, symbols of, 333–5; in tradition, 370; Peter Bernardone, Pica; and Assisi, 155; early in UC frescoes, 345, 344–52, 365; detail of St life, 139; conversion and vocation, 18, 43, 44, Mark, 347, 349 129, 131–2; his handwriting, 4, 110, 403;as Eve, 227, 313, 372, 375 merchant, 130, 150, 256, 257; renounces Evechardus, OP, 166 father, 20, 181; visits Innocent III, 23, 41;in Exiit qui seminat (bull of Nicholas III), 96–101, 418, Egypt and Syria, 69, 392; as Minister General, 431; not to be glossed, 100; money in, 99; 78; resigns as Minister General, 11, 26; the poverty in, 98, 99; Roman Law in, 100; Christmas crib, 181; and see Greccio; later life, Testament quoted in, 100 46–9; illnesses, 28, 30, 31, 47, 48, 49, 113–15, Exodus, 238 139, 262; death and burial, 31, 33, 48, 49, 74, Ezekiel, 266 174, 458–71; his feast, 173; relics, 32, 41, 48, Ezzelino III da Romano, 323–5 49, 50, 51, 55, 59, 74, 182, 378; canonisation, 32, 36–9, 42, 49, 74; and see Gregory IX; F´ecamp abbey (Normandy), monks of, 193 translation of, 55; and see stigmata Finiatu, see Arezzo images, impressions, his own, 13–19;on Fioretti, Little Flowers of St Francis, 246 contemporaries, 19–30; after death, 50, fire, brother, 111–12, 114, 146, 263 117–27; modern, 6–8, 369–70 Flood, D., OFM, 100 images, visual, 2, 3, 160; Francis on images, 1, Florence, 132, 342, 433, 470; artists and masons, 488; images of Francis permitted, 94, 310, 351; and see Arnolfo di Cambio, Cimabue, 323; for images of Francis, see esp. Assisi, Giotto; Uffizi gallery, 438 Basilica, UC Cycle, Assisi panel, Florence, churches in: cathedral and baptistery, 227;S. Bardi panel, Margarito of Arezzo, Paris, Cecilia, 437; and see St Cecilia Master; S. Croce Matthew, Pescia; also Alays’, 165; Assisi, and Franciscan house, 176, 184, 185–6, 302, chalice, Colour Plate 8, 441; LC, 302–4, 343, 404, 408–10; Bardi panel in, 177, 180, 176–91, 371, 435, 467; UC frescoes (apart from Cycle), 192, 289, 302, 325, 382, 388, 403, 449; layout 344–52, 356, 365, 377; UC glass, 307, 313, of, 176; seraph in, 283; friar of, 186; screen in, 314, 321, 323, 324, 325, 328, 379, 400, 412;in 179; S. Maria Novella, 29–30, 66, 71, 342, Bologna, 225; Erfurt glass, 310; Gubbio, 415; 424–6; plan, 72; crucifix, 424–6; Society of Louvre reliquary, Colour Plate 1, 440; Mont Laudesi in, 425; Spanish chapel, 222 St-Michel, 161;inMS,Colour Plate 2; Perugia fly, brother, 143–4 altarpiece, 300; Pistoia, 415; Portiuncula Foligno: Francis in, 17, 130; bishop of, 458, 463, panel, 298; Rieti, 415; Canon Roger’s, 165; 472; blacksmiths, 457; cathedral, S. Feliciano, Roman woman’s, 164; Rome, Lateran, 447, 472; friars and convent at, and church of S. 452; S. Maria in Aracoeli, 446; S. Maria Francesco, 306, 472, 473, 476, 482; hospital Maggiore, 450, 452; Subiaco, 163 of S. Feliciano, 474, 481; piazza of S. images, subjects: Christmas crib (Bardi), 182, Domenico, 476; and see Angela of Foligno 183–4, 190–1; and see Greccio; preaching to the Fonte Colombo, 29, 114, 116, 237, 239, 397, 412 birds: (altar panels), 382; (Assisi, LC), 293, Fontevrault (France), 11 295, 325–6, 413; (UC), 398; (Bardi), 182, 183; Forli, 322 (Kalenderhane), 40, 203, 209; (Matthew Four Masters, Exposition of the Rule, 79–81, 85, 96, Paris), 192, 195, 194–8; (Pescia), 169, 171, 173; 247; and 2 Cel., 147; and Hugh of Digne, 85, (Rome, S. Maria Maggiore), 451; stigmata: 86, 88, 89, 91, 103, 108; fasting in, 80;on (Assisi, chalice) ; (Bardi), 180; (LC), 282; General Chapter, 81; on Minister General, 80; (Matthew Paris), 199; (UC Cycle), 402, 405; on necessity, 80; on privileges, 137; Roman (UC glass), 327; Francis’ death: (Bardi), 189; Law in, 80 (LC), 297; (UC Cycle), 405 France, 11; Jerome of Ascoli in, 439; Peter miracles, 174–6, 181, 269–79, 367; in Bonav., Bernardone in, 15 267; and see Bonaventure;in1 Cel., 37, 38, 39, friars in, 123; province and Provincial Chapter, 49; French sources for, 270; miracles in 79; Provincial Minister, 34, 97; and see Gregory Kalenderhane, 207; in Pescia panel, 171–2;in of Naples Rieti frescoes, 415; in sermons, 230; and see kingdom of, 223; kings of, see Louis IX, Philip II, Thomas of Celano, 3 Cel. IV; queens, see Blanche of Castile; royal family, Rule, 4, 26, 77, 125; first Rule, 18, 23, 41, 43, 92, 219 124, 127, 135, 147, 399; Regula non bullata, 8, French art and architecture, and influence of, 42, 84, 145; Regula bullata, 42, 92, 127, 135, 57, 64, 69, 309, 313, 321, 340; and see Gothic 136, 137; quoted, 96; original, 77, 237–9; its French language, 15, 16, 131, 143, 152, 156; Bible making, 148, 260; authority of, 77; in Bonav., in, 209; romances, 15 259–61; in Celano, 137; and Clareno, 432; and Frenchman and Francis’ feast, 277; pilgrims to costume, 123; in Cycle, 397–9; in Matthew Canterbury, 274 Paris, 201; on money, 20, 37; on poverty in Francis, child of Tivoli judge, 273 churches, 53; in Wendover, 192–3

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francis, st, of Assisi, br: (cont.) officers sources and reminiscences, 2, 4, 172; and passim, Cardinal Protector, 87, 90; and see Alexander IV, and see AP, Bonaventure, Legend of the Three Gregory IX, Nicholas III, Orsini Companions, Leo, Thomas of Celano; ‘la Minister General, 248, 444; Francis’ relation questione francescana’, 102 to, 26; and see Albert of Pisa, Bonagrazia, themes: as ‘alter Christus’, 74, 189, 223, 233–4, Bonaventure, Catanii, Peter, Crescentius, 448; and Angela of Foligno, 474, 480, 481, Elias, Haymo of Faversham, John of 484–7; as angel of Revelation, 236, 239, 255; Murrovalle, John of Parma, Nicholas IV, as apostle, and apostolic life, 9, 10, 11, 218, Parenti, John, Raymond Gaufridi; vicar, 444; 256, 365, 451; imitation of Jesus, 230; acted and see Elias parables, 112; and begging, 15, 25, 152; his organisation: General Chapters, 26, 61, 95, breviary, 4, 107, 109; his cell, 18–19; 134–5; early, 261; (1221), 38, 40, 261, 322; companions and their reminiscences, 100, (1230), 49, 55, 77; (1242), 79, 85; (1244) , 85, 102–59; and see companions, Leo; as deacon, 103, 191, 283; (1247) , 61; (1251), 35, 61, 68, 87, 184, 389; meeting with Dominic, 229 90, 235, 260, 299; (1254), 68, 87, 90, 242, 261; and Elijah, 255; as example, 119; and (1257), 183, 242, 243, 245; (1260), 68, 107, hermitages, 47; humility, 234; imagination, 243, 244, 286; (1263), 185, 244, 287; (1266), 16; joy internal and external, 118; and lay 183, 185–6, 244; (1276), 439, 442; (1285), 444; brothers, 124; and learning, 122, 266, 322; (1289), 444; Chapter of Diffinitors, 79, 91 devotion to lepers, 20, 239, 486; and Elias, Constitutions, of Narbonne, 244–5, 286, 319; 140; and see Elias; and money, 17, 20, 117, statutes on decoration, images and poverty, 144–5; as mother, 187, 265; and natural 310, 323 world, 44, 45, 265, 270, 278; and see lamb, Second Order, see Clare, St; Third Order, 10, 225, larks; military imagery, 15; and Nicholas IV, 258 453; obedience, 26, 121, 144; to the pope, 42, Frangipani, Graziano, 33; and his son John, 34; 73; originality, 8–12; and other Orders, 11–12; John’s widow, 35; their children, Peter, 35; as pilgrim, 474; and the poor, 20, 44, 45;and and Philippa, 35; and see Jacoba poverty, 10, 11, 32, 67, 125–6, 130, 144, 151;in Frederick, II, emperor, 13, 22, 36, 55, 60, 140, 226, Dante, 15; in sermons, 220; and prayer and 309, 323; as king of Jerusalem, 37, 69, 205; contemplation, 29, 47, 143, 266–7;as his heirs, 287; and prophecy, 83 preacher, 24, 27, 171; preaching to the birds, fresco technique, 343 44, 179, 207, 213, 267; likened to the sun, 6–8, Frugoni, C., 166, 190–1, 310, 323, 325 12; and vernacular songs, 15–16, 479; visions and dreams, 259–60, 400; and women, 10–11, Gabriel, St, archangel, 227, 315, 353, 374 32–3, 271; and see Clare, St, Jacoba de Settesoli Gaeta, 267 writings, 4; Admonitions, 42, 481; blessing of Leo, Gaetani, see Boniface VIII 73, 110; Canticle of brother Sun, 10, 16, 27, 28, Gascony, Clement V in, 433 30, 44, 48, 114, 116, 126; Laudes, Praises to be Gatti, I., OFM Conv., 454, 466 said at all the Hours, 4, 480; letters, 4, 26–7, 42; Genesis, images of in UC, 313, 366, 372 letter to the faithful, 478–9; Salutation of the Genoa, 226, 287, 309, 310; archbishop of, see Virgin, 480; Salutation of the Virtues, 480; Rule James of Voragine; Genoese fleet, 309 for hermitages, 187; Testament, 10, 18, 20, 24, Gentile, Count, 130 26, 31, 43, 77–8, 92, 120, 121, 124; quoted, 8, George, St, 169 68, 122, 125, 140, 257; and Celano, 42; and Gerard of Abbeville, 190, 250 Clareno, 432; in Four Masters, 79, 147; and Gerard of Borgo San Donnino, br, 83, 231, 249, John of Parma, 309; in sermons, 221, 224, 253, 313, 321 225, 232–9; and see Exiit, Hugh of Digne, Quo German art, 311; German pilgrim to Becket’s elongati shrine, 274; German women religious, 11 franciscan order, founded, 43, 127, 129, 137, Germanus II, patriarch of Constantinople, 204 258;in1 Cel.; after Francis’ death, 125; in late Germany: friars in, 11, 40, 49, 135, 136, 137, 140, thirteenth century, 98, 99, 486; and see Francis, 215; Provincial Minister, 40; and see Caesar of St; see also Conventuals, Observants, Spirituals Speyer; Thomas of Celano in, 45, 50; miracles details: churches, 70, 71–3; and see Assisi, of Francis in, 274, 276 Basilica; habit, 18; ideal of, 26; lay brothers in, Ghiberti, L., 426, 433, 446 12, 70; learned friars, 147; and see Giacomo de Mevania, 470 Bonaventure, Hugh of Digne; ‘nuntius’, Giano, 49 financial intermediary, 86, 90, 95; obedience, Gideon, 315 122; in the diocese of Pisa, 225–6; poverty and Gilbert, St, of Sempringham, 3, 11, 36; his Book, money, 43, 98, 99, 132, 147; provinces, 61; 167; his miracles, 20, 37, 273, 274–5; the relations with bishops, 70 Gilbertine Order, 3 Franciscan friars: images of, 357; and see Cycle; Giles, br, blessed, 20, 36, 37, 51, 128, 131, 252, Franciscan spirituality, 359, 363, 395, 473, 258;inAP, 135–6, 137; and the Basilica, 51; 487; and see Angela of Foligno; meditations on his blessing, 126; and Celano, 41;as the Passion, 355 contemplative, 242; in Introductory Letter,

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109; on martyrdom, 44; his death, 300; burial Rufino, 74; and Francis’ miracles, 274, 276, and tomb, 464, 465 387, 443; on the stigmata, 166–7, 168, 235, Giotto, Giotto Bondini of Florence: in Assisi, 302, 299, 385; and Frederick II, 8, 69, 140; and 426, 433–8; in Florence, 424–6; the Louvre Innocent IV, 309; and John of Brienne, 205; altar panel, 403; in Padua, Arena chapel, 433, his leper, 239; at Perugia, 37; interdict on 434, 437, 438, 439; in Rimini, 437; in Rome, Pisa, 226; and Cardinal Rainaldo (Alexander St Peter’s, 434 IV), 299; and reunion, 204; and Vita of Lucca, Giovanni di Cosma, 419 391; his death, 85 Giuliano da Rimini, 427, 435 bulls: Confessor Domini, 168; Is qui ecclesiam, 53, Glastonbury abbey (Somerset), 64 156; Mira circa nos (canonisation), 32, 36–9, Gloucester, Franciscan house at, 310 42; Paci et tranquillitati, 92; Pio vestro collegio, Goffen, R., 190–1 92; Sicut phialae aureae, 39; Usque ad terminos, Golden Legend, see James of Voragine 168, 299; and see Quo elongati Good Samaritan, 278 canonisation of St Anthony, 322;ofSt Gordon, D., 300–1 Dominic, 76; and friars’ privileges, 137; his Gospel, the: analogies with Franciscan stories, Decretals, 84; hymns attributed to, 38, 480; 120, 121, 152; and Francis, 9, 17–18, 20, 32, indulgences, 54, 64; sermons, 6–8, 255, 42, 44, 45, 47, 111–12, 113, 131, 134, 179, 258; 332 Francis as evangelist, 412; gospel book , 296, Gregory X, pope, 216, 418, 439, 440 326; used for prognostics, 18, 171, 259;and Gregory of Bosellis, br, 68, 87 the friars, 78, 87–8, 248, 252, 393; and the Gregory of Naples, br, Provincial Minister of Rule, 98, 127, 344 France, 34, 230 and Angela of Foligno, 480;inAP, 131; in art, Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, previously UC, 366–70;in1 Cel., 258;inExiit qui seminat, lector in Oxford, 82, 215 97;intheFour Masters, 79; in Hugh of Digne, Guadagni, Francesco, OFM Conv., 463 93; and John of St Paul, 25; in Julian, 258 Gubbio, 436; friars’ church, 415 Gothic influence in Italy, 336–7; in Assisi, 64, 71; Guccio di Mannaia, chalice by, Colour Plate 8, 441; element in Cycle, 375; tabernacle in UC north and Matthew of Acquasparta, 419 transept, 333; Gothic workshop in UC north Guglielmus, master, 317 transept, 336, 338, 443; in panels, 176; in Pisa, Guiard de Laon, later archbishop of Cambrai, and 285; Gothic gable in Rome, Savelli tomb, 416 his sermons, 218–19, 221 Gratian, 128 Guidi, Palmerinus, 426 Greccio, Christmas crib at,16, 44, 45, 167, 179, 181, Guido, 132 190–1, 262, 389–91; in the Bardi panel, 181, Guido, bishop of Assisi, and Francis’ renunciation, 182, 183–4; in the Cycle, 305; and see Cycle; and 17, 179, 183, 186, 377, 392; supports Francis Franciscan spirituality, 478; John of Parma at, (1210), 25, 41, 134, 152; quarrel with podest`a, 253; three companions at, 85, 103, 104, 28; (1226), 32, 42;inAP, 130;inCelano, 41, 42 108 Guido, count, of Assisi, 150 Greece, 335, 432; in UC vault, 346, 350; Francis’ Guido da Siena, 292 miracles in, 274 Gurk cathedral (Austria), 333 Greek artists and painters, 176, 215, 342, 355, 452; and see Byzantine; icons, 168 Halberstadt, 136, 137 Greek Church Fathers, 215 Handel, Messiah, 257 Greek friars in Constantinople, 216 Hattim, battle of, 69 Greek language, 440 Haymo of Faversham, br, Minister General, 64, 79, Greek Orthodox monks, 203 91, 120, 121, 123, 124, 204, 228, 242–3, 247; Greeks reconquer Constantinople, 104, 216 his Ordinal, 111 Gregory I, St, the Great, pope, 201; his Dialogues, Helena, St, 217 40; images of, 359, 365, 427 Henry II, emperor, wife of, see Kunigunde Gregory IX, pope, Cardinal Hugolino de Segni, Henry VI, emperor, 22 Cardinal Protector, Henry of Pisa, br, 389 as cardinal, and Francis, 25, 48, 119, 264, 268, Henry the Liberal, count of Champagne, 364 392, 399; and meeting of Francis and heresy, heretics, 10, 12, 14, 332 Dominic, 229; and burial of Dominic, 74;in Herod, ‘King’, 387 AP, 135–7;in1 Cel., 42;in2Cel., 140;and Holy Land, see Palestine Julian’s Office, 392;in3 Soc., 148; and Rule, holy man: role of, in antiquity and middle ages, 261; knowledge of France, 69–70; and 19–20, 24, 36; Francis as, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32 Subiaco, 161 Holy Spirit, and Angela of Foligno, 478 as pope, and Francis, 51–2; and canonisation of Homobonus of Cremona, St, 274 Francis, 4, 37, 39, 62, 69, 137, 255, 269, 391, Honorius III, pope, 38, 136, 137; and Francis, 241, 466, 467; commissioned 1 Cel., 31, 39, 41, 103, 267, 392; in Cycle, 387–8, 439; and making of 190; and the Basilica, 51–2, 53, 55, 64–6, 68, Regula bullata, 25, 92, 135–6, 137, 237, 397; 69; and its bells, 60; and palace in Sacro and Portiuncula Indulgence, 416; his tomb, Convento, 61; gifts to it, 63, 156; and San 416

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Honorius IV, pope, Giacomo Savelli, 347, 416; his Isaac Master, 421–4, 437, 444, 452 death, 439 Isaac II Comnenus, Byzantine emperor, 203 Horeb, Mount, 312 Isaiah, 169, 200, 219, 257, 301, 314, 315, 318 Hospitallers, Knights, 86, 109 Islam and Muslims, 395 Hubert de Burgh, 188 Israel: customs of, 219; Israelites and Moses, 375; Hueck, I., 319 king of, see David Hugh of Digne, br: and his Exposition of the Rule, Istanbul, see Constantinople 81–6, 88, 97, 99, 100, 248, 321; date of Italy, 44, 45, 50, 335, 435; and imperial Exposition, 85, 90, 91; its sources and coronation, 21; papal legate in, 435; William characteristics, 84, 91–2, 96; he quotes the of Nogaret in, 432; Italian cities, 21–2, 63; and Testament, 88, 93 antiquities, 285; baptisteries in, 4; sceptics on his family, 82; his life and learning, 82–3, 93, stigmata, 35; Italian society, 9, 19 323; at Paris; as Provincial Minister of artistic influences in, 57, 64, 71, 164, 168, 338 Provence, 82, 91; treatises on poverty, 84–5, Iuntarelli, Iolus, 426 94–5, 310; preaching, 85, 96; and the Spirituals, 92 Jacob, 38, 48, 424 Hugh of Hartlepool, br, Provincial Minister of Jacoba de Settesoli, widow of Graziano Frangipani, England, 430 33, 34, 35, 126, 263, 465; her son John, see Hugh of St Cher, OP, 223, 227, 247, 329, 371 Frangipani; her lamb, 271, 272 Hugolino, see Gregory IX Jacopone da Todi, br, 480 Humbert of Romans, OP: elected Master General Jacques de Vitry, bishop of Acre (later cardinal OP, 242; and crisis in Paris, 244; Commentary bishop of Tusculum (Frascati)), 24 on the Dominican Constitutions, 243; his James, St, apostle, the great, 308, 333 Legenda S. Dominici, 243 James, St, apostle, the less, 300, 308, 369 Hungary, friars in, 135, 136, 137 James, St (either), 440 Hy`eres (Provence), 82, 83 James, abbot of San Clemente, 442 James, canon of Assisi, 167 Ieronimus, see Jerome James of Camerino, br, 421, 447, 451 Illuminato de Arce, br, 108, 392, 395 James of Iseo, br, 271, 272, 279 Illuminatus, 279 James of Milan: Stimulus amoris, 329–30, 484;and Illuminatus, bishop of Assisi, 153 meditation on Passion, 329–30 image, images, 1–2, 485; and passim; of active and James of Rieti, 275 contemplative life, 38 James of Russano, br, 204 Imola, bishop of, 24 James of Voragine (Varazzo), archbishop of Genoa, Innocent III, pope, 136, 137; and canonisation and his Golden Legend, 308–9, 358, 362 process, 2, 36, 38, 274; and St Gilbert, 36, James the German, architect, 69 167; and Cathars, 10; and Francis: in Rule and James the Simple, br, 120–1, 122, 123 dream, esp. in Cycle nos. six and seven, Jeremiah, 301, 314, 315, 413 Colour Plate 6, 18, 23, 25, 41, 43, 124, 127, Jerome, St, 220, 333, 364, 365, 370, 427 133–4, 135, 179, 181, 186, 381, 387, 392, 444; Jerome, Ieronimus, witness of stigmata, 35, 167, in LC, 283, 284, 293, 296, 325–6; in Savelli 392, 408 chapel, 446; and Nicholas IV, 442, 446, 447; Jerusalem in AP, 139; in Bonaventure, 259; in Wendover, ancient, 252, 369, 410; as Sion, 450; 192–3; and Frederick II, 13; and Gregory IX, Gethsemane, 312; Mount of Olives, 450; the 25; and groups of religious, 10; as lord of Temple in, 346, 362; Triumphal Entry, 375–7, Assisi, 22; his death, 392 393 Innocent IV, pope, Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi: early medieval, 69; church of Holy Sepulchre, 73, 375; life, 308–10; election as pope, 85; at Assisi, 66, influence of, 64; Latin kingdom, 205, 209; 270; consecrates the Basilica, 63, 66–8, 280–1, kings, 37; and see Frederick, John of Brienne; 308–10, 470; its furnishing, and bull Decet et queen, see Sybilla; patriarch of, 204 expedit, 66–7, 281, 287, 289, 309, 415, 446; New or heavenly, 350, 358, 412, 447, 450 gifts to Basilica, 224; and image of Francis, Jesse, Tree of, 310, 311 165; bulls Dignum existimamus, 68; Quanto Jesus’ life and teaching, interest in, 149; and see studiosius, 68, 87, 261; Paci et tranquillitati, 86, Christ 109; negotiations with the Greek Church, 204, Jews, 193, 196, 198, 277; Jewish priests, 289; 216; and Hugh of Digne, 81, 82; and John Jewish Council (the Sanhedrin), 372 Frangipani’s widow, 35; gives friars S. Maria Joab, 312 in Aracoeli, 392, 416; his death, 89 Joachim of Fiore and his influence, 82–3, 84, 249, And see Ordinem vestrum 252–3, 309, 367 Innocent V, pope, 321 Job, 188, 222 Intentio Regule, see Leo Johannes de Guarnerio, 167 Ireland, friars in, 64 Johanneto, son of Angelo, 154–5; his wife Isaac: and Jacob and Esau, 422, 423; sacrifice of Bonagratia, 154; their children Johannole, Isaac, 312, 372, 421 154; and Franciscolo (Cicolo), 154

516

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John the Baptist, St, 82, 94, 150, 152, 255, 365;in Judas Iscariot, 308, 312, 372 St John’s Gospel, 369; laude, 480; relics, 66, Judas Taddeus, St, 308 470 Judea, 335, 350 images: in Assisi, UC vault, 377, 379, 420, 447; Judith, 209, 227 in Pisa baptistery, 227; in Rome, Lateran Julian of Speyer, br: and 3 Soc., 147; his Life of St mosaic, 447; in S. Maria Maggiore, 450 Francis, 104, 107, 148, 232, 233, 243, 245;his John the Evangelist, St, apostle, 94, 200, 255, 293, Office, 182, 230, 392, 480; on witnesses to the 332, 362; Epistles, 2–3, 108, 129; Gospel, 2–3, stigmata, 234 48, 108, 188, 366, 369; Revelation attributed to, 333, 353, 357–8, 364–5; on Patmos, 358; Kleinschmidt, B., 312 laude of, 480 Knights, Orders of, 14, 86, 109 images permitted, 304, 310; images of: in Assisi, Kunigunde, St, empress, wife of Henry II, on chalice, 441, 448; LC, 293; UC frescoes, 274 333, 345, 344–52, 355, 374, 375; glass, 308; in Florence, S. Maria Novella crucifix, 424;on Lamb, Adoration of the, 356–7, 363, 364, 412; Perugia altarpiece, 300, 301; in Pisa, 343;in Lamb’s bride, 358 Rome, on Lateran mosaic, 447, 448;inS. lambs, 179, 184–5, 188, 265, 388; Jacoba’s, 263, Maria Maggiore, 424, 450 271, 272 John, br, 119–20, 122 Lamentation, in LC, 293 John, br, companion of br Giles, 109, 128, 131 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 63 John, br, early convert, 131 Langeli, A. B., 5 John, Good, doctor, see Arezzo Languedoc, heretics in, 12 John, king of England, 161 Lanthony by Gloucester, prior of, see Clement John XXII, pope, 100, 101, 437; bulls Ad conditorem, Lapo, 285 100; Cum inter nonnullos, 101 larks, 33 John of Brienne, ex-king of Jerusalem, Byzantine Last Supper in UC glass, 312 emperor, 37, 205; his queen, see Sybilla laude, 479 John of Greccio, 45, 167, 183, 262, 389 and see Angela of Foligno John of La Rochelle, br, 79, 81, 123, 228, 246–7; his Lavagna, count of, 309 sermons, 218, 229–31 Lawrence, St, 161 John of Malvern, br, 310 Lazarus, raising of, 366, 367 John of Montecorvino, br, 388 Lazio, 274 John of Murrovalle, br, Minister General, 426, Leah, 38 434 Legend, Legenda, Legende, 103–4, 105 John of Parma, br, Minister General, 34, 35, 61, 68, Legend of the Three Companions, 3Soc., 102, 104, 105, 84, 158, 190, 244, 269; and the Basilica, 107, 108, 133, 139; alter Christus in, 153;as 280–1; visits England, 68, 280; and St Assisan legend of Francis, 155; image of Douceline, 83; and Hugh of Digne, 82; and Francis in, 149–57; and AP, 128;and1 Cel., see Joachism and prophecy, 83, 253–4, 255, 321; Thomas of Celano; Introductory Letter, 103; and learning, 323; and liturgy and music, 242, and see Leo; sources and date, 147–57 391; at Lyon, 216; MS and, Colour Plate 2; and Le Mans (France), 274 the union of the churches, 123; and Spirituals, Leo I, St, the Great, pope, 359 253; on stigmata, 235, 299; and the Leo, br, his writings, with Rufino and Angelo: and Testament, 253; his deposition and Basilica, 51; and Angela of Foligno, 481–2; nomination of Bonaventure, 249, 260, 286 and Bonaventure, 268; in Cycle, 389–91;in John of Pianocarpine, br, 184 Eccleston, 46, 200; on La Verna, 113; (with John of St Paul, cardinal bishop of Sabina, 25, 41, Bonaventure) , 401; his death, 5, 107; and 133–4, 135, 136, 137 burial, 74 John of Salisbury, 364 his handwriting and MSS, 4, 86, 106, 107, 109, John of Vicenza, OP, 323 125; and Francis’ breviary, 5–6, 111, 296; and John of Wales, br, 96–7, 100 gospel book, 403–4; his blessing, 73, 110, John priest of Ephesus (John the presbyter), 356; and Adam’s head, 73; Francis’ letter to, 364 4, 187, 403; MSS of SL, 146, 246;and John Scotus Eriugena, 370 Ubertino, 246, 251, 261 John, br, see also Parenti, Pecham fame as author, 246; as author of SL, 111; one of Joinville, 82, 83 three companions in reminiscences, 27, 92; Jonah, 312, 372, 464 and Introductory Letter, 85, 103, 104, 105, 108, Jordan, river, 369 138, 141, 148; and AP, 128; and Clareno, 432; Jordan of Giano, br: and his chronicle, 36, 49, 136, and 3 Soc., 147–8; on poverty of churches, 53; 137, 261; and Francis and his relics, 49, 50, 137 SL on Francis’ early career, 20; stories Jordan of Saxony, OP, 43, 123, 129 attributed to, 107; SL quoted, 27–8, 31, 33–7, Joseph (Jacob’s son), 312, 366, 372, 374 44; and passim; its sources, 128; Intentio Regule, Joseph of Arimathaea, images of, 293, 301, 374 107, 125; Verba and making of Rule, 8, 260, Jubilee (1300), 305 262

517

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Leon´ (Spain), 315 feasts of: Annunciation, 239; Assumption, 359, lepers, 120–1, 122, 183, 187–8, 239, 257, 258, 289, 450 325, 388, 475, 482 images of, 94, 488; and St Edmund , 160;in Lerida (Catalonia), 278, 415 Assisi: on chalice, 441, 448;inLC,293, 433, Lerner, R. E., 240 435; in UC frescoes, 355, 421, 422; nave, Limoges (France), enamels, 164 Annunciation, 367, 374; Visitation, 367, 374; Lincoln, bishop of, see Grosseteste in vault, 377, 379, 420, 447; sanctuary, 319, Lincolnshire and St Gilbert, 274 344, 358–62, 412; at Pentecost, 366, 410; Lisbon, 322 death, 407, 412; in UC glass, 305, 315, 317, Lisciano, 439 329–30; on Perugia altarpiece, 301; in Pisa London: friars in, Greyfriars, 62, 123, 193, 331; baptistery, 227; in Rome: Lateran mosaic, parishes in, 227; St Paul’s cathedral, canon of, 447; S. Maria Maggiore, 424–5, 451, 449–51; see Alexander of Hales St Peter’s, on Boniface VIII’s tomb, 431 Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 173 images of Virgin and child: in Assisi: LC, by Lorenzini, B., designs by, 459, 463 Cimabue, 303, 302–4, 323, 343; St Nicholas Louis IX, St, king of France, 82, 83, 161, 190, chapel, 435; UC frescoes, 412; Nativity, 209 372–4; UC glass, 307, 314, 315, 328;in Low Countries, women religious in, 11 Constantinople, 205; on Perugia altarpiece, Lucca, 286; cathedral tympanum, 317; church of 300; by Giuliano da Rimini, 427; in Rome, S. San Frediano, 317; coins from, 461, 465 Maria in Aracoeli, Savelli chapel, 446 Lucchese-Berlinghieriesque Master, 317 Mary Magdalene, St, 187, 315, 355, 374, 375, 436; Lucifer, 126, 393 laude of, 480 Lucy, St, 313 Mary, St (Mary Magdalene’s companion), 315, 374 Ludovico di Citt`a de Castello, br, 382 Masseo de Marignano, br, 74, 109 Luke, St: his Gospel, 366; image in UC Vault, Masseus Andree de Preite, 167 344–52 Master of St Francis: and LC frescoes, 296–302, Luscombe, D. E., 236 430; UC glass, 315–18, 320; works at Perugia, Lyon (France), 10, 204, 309, 321, 418, 433; Council Colour Plate 6, 300–2, 320, 476; panel at of, 98, 216, 418, 439; Hugh of Digne at, 82, Portiuncula, 296–9; his date, 321 90 Master of the Obsequies, and UC frescoes, 437, 445 Matthew, St: his Gospel, 79, 149, 231, 235; quoted Magdala, 32 in Assisi panel, 173; and Jesus’ childhood, Magdeburg (Germany), 3 366; image in fresco, UC vault, 345, 344–52; Magi, 126 in glass, 308 Mainz (Germany), 40, 49, 311 Matthew of Acquasparta, br, 419; at Paris, 419;as Mangu Khan, 184 Minister General, 419, 444; as cardinal, 419, Manselli, R., 108, 115–16 444; his sermons, 218; his tomb, 445 Manx shearwater, 414 Medici, Cosimo de’, 470 Marches, Francis’ miracles in, 274; and see Ancona meditation, esp. on Jesus’ life, 166, 374, 483, and Marchini, G., 319–20 see James of Milan Margaret, St, of Antioch, 169, 313, 320 Mehmet II, Ottoman Sultan, 217 Margarito of Arezzo, 165 Merlin, Prophecies of, 83 Margherita, St, of Cortona, body of, 467, 468 Messina, 5 Mariani, Antonio, 458 Michael, St, archangel, 109, 112, 254, 356, 357; his Mariani, Cesare, 458 altar in UC, 363–4; in fresco in UC, 353; Mark, St: Gospel of, 149, 388; image in UC vault, image in Constantinople, 203; his laude, 480 345, 344–50, 352; details, 347, 349 Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor, 216, Mark of Lisbon, 458 418, 439 Mark of Montefeltro, br, 241, 414 Milan, 323, 325 Marseilles, 83, 310 Minerva, 461; Temple of, see Assisi, Cycle no. one Marsh, Adam, br, 82, 124 miracles, 269; authenticity, 275; and see stigmata; Marsica, 39, 50 see also Bonaventure, Francis, Thomas of Martha, St, 96, 187 Celano, Martin, St, of Tours, 272, 273, 383; fast of, 29 Mirror of Perfection, see Speculum Perfectionis Martin IV, pope, 346–50; bull Ad fructus uberes, 416; Mishach, 315, 326 death, 416 Monaldo, br, 186, 392, 400 Martin, and his ox, 273, 278 Monaldus Leonardi, 53 Martin, F., 289, 309, 310–11, 315, 319, 320 Montague family, 22 Mary, St, Blessed Virgin Mary, 1, 96, 152;and Mont St-Michel (Normandy), abbey, 161;La Angela of Foligno, 474, 476; and Clare, 375; Merveille and cloister, 161, 162 and the cross, 15; cult in S. Maria Maggiore, Monte Gargano, San Michele at, 32, 42 449; and Francis, 38, 109, 112, 144, 356, 365, Monte Subasio, 4, 20, 23, 56, 388, 389; monastery 387; and Nicholas IV, 449; and the on, abbot of, 70; stone from, 62, 463 Portiuncula, 258; and poverty, 84, 264 Montpellier (France), 91

518

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Moorman, J. R. H., 105, 143, 147, 414 Norcia (near Spoleto), girl from, 174, 207, 212, Morico the Little, br, 131 272 Morocco, 44, 45, 322 Normandy, 161 Moses, 48, 73, 86, 109, 184, 238, 311, 333, 337, Northern Master, 302, 332–42, 344 372, 375, 385; Law of, 422 Nymphaeum, Council at, 215 Mount Sinai, see Catherine, St Murray, P., 433, 442 Observants, 106 Muzio di Francesco, 436 Octavian, judge, 442 Octavian, papal subdeacon, 32, 42, 466 Naples, 83, 287, 392, 433; Angevin kings of, 433; Old Testament: cycle in UC, 372, 374; in glass, 311, and see Charles; archbishop of, 471 313, 315; in Roman basilicas, 366, 439 Napoleon, Emperor, 455 Oliver, 15, 122 Narbonne, see Franciscan Order, Constitutions Olivi, Peter John, br, 81, 97, 100, 185, 191;and Narni, 66; woman of, 212, 275; San Gemini near, Bonaventure, 248, 250, 251; in Paris, 418; and 212 usus pauper, 100 Natural Law, 94 Olomonc (Bohemia), bishop of, see Robert the Nebuchadnezzar, 142 Englishman Nero, Emperor, 362–3 Oppava (Moravia), 166 Nerva, Emperor, 358 oral evidence, 155–6, 193 New Testament: and Francis, 9; and see Gospel; Ordinem vestrum (bull of Innocent IV), 68, 86–8, 90, images in UC, 311, 313, 315, 374; in Roman 99, 261 basilicas, 366; in S. Cecilia in Trastevere, 439 Orsini family, 346–50, 435; funds, 431; coat of Nicaea, 203, 204, 215 arms, 288, 320, 347, 347–8, 435, 436; and see Nicholas, St, 169, 176, 435 Nicholas III Nicholas III, pope, Gian Gaetano Orsini, cardinal Orsini, Gian Gaetano, 428, 435 protector, 281, 287–8, 320, 417–18, 419;and Orsini, Matteo Rosso, cardinal protector and S. Niccolo` in Carcere, 417;aspope,96–101, patron of Basilica, 97, 98, 153, 288, 289, 348, 312, 441; election, 346; discussions on Rule, 416, 418, 419, 431; supervisor of UC, 445 100; and see Exiit qui seminat; and government Orsini, Napoleone, cardinal, 428, 430, 432, 435; of Rome, 346–52; and Basilica, 416, 440, 446; legate in Italy, 435; and S. Margherita, 467, and date of UC vault, 320; and Roman 468; and St Nicholas chapel, 430, 436; his basilicas, 365, 366, 416; S. Paolo, 365;St brother, 435, 436 Peter’s, 365; Sancta Sanctorum, 335, 372;and Orte, 444 Jerome of Ascoli, 439–40, 453; his death, Ortona, 275 415 Orvieto, 246, 444; cathedral, 440 Nicholas IV, pope, Jerome of Ascoli, br, cardinal, Ostia, see Alexander IV birth, 439; early life, 439; as Provincial Otto IV, Emperor, 44, 142 Minister of Dalmatia, 439; as Minister Otto, a knight, 442–3 General, 97, 288, 439; and the Basilica, 281; Ottokar I, king of Bohemia, 487 envoy to Constantinople, 216; as cardinal Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, 217 priest of S. Pudenziana, 97, 439–40;as Oxford: Bodleian Library, MS in, 107–8; Council of cardinal bishop of Palestrina, 439, 441;and (1222), 404, 407; Franciscans in, 123, 193, the Basilica, 419; and Exiit, 418–19 196, 215 as pope, 309, 418, 419, 431, 439–42, 453; accession, 416; and Bonaventure’s writings, Pacifico, br, 16, 141–3, 187, 240, 241; in Cycle, 392, 442; and Legenda Maior, 442–3; and Lateran 407; and see Cycle no. nine portico, 428; and missions, 388; patronage of Padua: General Chapter at, 439; Arena Chapel, the Basilica, 419, 427; his chalice, Colour 426, 433, 434, 437, 438 Plate 8, 440–1; his death, 347, 428 Palaeologan style, 217, 452 his bulls: Celestis altitudo, 440; Mulier generosa, Palermo, 285 449; Propter veritatem, 449; for the Basilica, Palestine, Holy Land, 137 441; for the Order, 441; for the Poor Clares, Palestrina, 430 441; for the Third Order, 441; indulgences, Palma de Mallorca, 164 415–16, 441; other letters, 442 Palumbo, G., OFM Conv., 61, 62 his image: on chalice, 441; in Lateran mosaic, Pantaleone Giustiniani, Latin patriarch of 447, 452; in S. Maria Maggiore mosaic, 450, Constantinople, 216 451, 452 Papini, N., OFM Conv., Minister General, 455–6 Nicholas, cured at Assisi, 272 parable, acted, 122–3 Nicholas de Curbio, 66 Parastron, John, 216 Nicholas of Foligno, 175 Parenti, John, Minister General, 49, 55, 59, 66, 77 Nicodemus, 293, 301, 374 Paris: Arsenal Bible, 209; Mus´ee du Louvre, Noah, 38, 366, 367, 421; Noah’s Ark, 194 reliquary in, Colour Plate 1, 164; Mus´ee de Nocera Umbra, 30; bishop of, 458 Cluny, 164; tracery from, 69 Norbert, St, 3, 11 Dominican house of St Jacques, 218, 243, 457

519

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Paris: Arsenal Bible (cont.) Peter, br, 131, 133 Franciscans in Paris, 123, 218; their church, 218; Peter, converted heretic, 415 friars’ studium generale, 190; and Bonaventure, Peter Bernardone, Francis’ father, 11, 13, 15, 17, 246–7, 249, 254, 270, 286; MSS of him, 244; 130, 131, 153, 179, 219, 221, 257, 289; his Bonaventure’s sermons in, 231, 234, 235, 241, death, 154; images, 183, 382; in Cycle, 392 256; and Gerard of Borgo San Donnino, 322; Peter Catanii, see Catanii and Hugh of Digne, 91; and Julian of Speyer, Peter Damian, St, 74 230; and Matthew of Acquasparta, 419; and Peter Martyr, St, 243, 304 Olivi, 418 Peter of Apulia, OP, 83 University, 83, 431; chancellor of, see Eudes of Peter of Dacia, Life of Christina of Stommeln, 3 Châteauroux; masters of, 223, 228, 244, 246; Peter of Tewkesbury, custodian of Oxford, quarrel with friars, 190, 231; theological Provincial Minister of Cologne, 46, 196, 200, studies, 370 401 Paris, Matthew, monk of St Albans, 171, 192–202, Peter, poor priest of S. Damiano, 129, 130 458; Chronica Maiora, 192,MSof,192–202; Peter the Chanter, 223 drawings in, 195, 199; Life of St Edmund, 160; Philip, St, 308 and William the Englishman, 74 Philip, br, 41; as visitor of Poor Clares, 108 Parma, man of, 216 Philip II, Augustus, king of France, 161 Passion plays, 292, 476 Philip IV, king of France, 430, 431, 432 Paul, St, 38, 44, 98, 127, 144; and Angela of Philip, Philippus Campellus, de Campello, 59, 66, Foligno, 480; in I Corinthians, 369; his death, 68, 69, 71 352; compared to Francis, 232; and Galatians, Philip of Perugia, br, Provincial Minister of 300, 329; and Guiard de Laon, 218; Tuscany, 97, 288 imprisoned, 387; preaching, 372; relic of, Philippart, G., 157 440; and resurrection, 374 Philistines, 38 images of: in Assisi, on chalice, 448;inUC Pica, Francis’ mother, 149–50, 152, 154, 179, 257 frescoes, 338, 340, 359, 362–3, 365, 383, 412, Picardo Angeli, son of Angelo, 153–5, 257 418; in glass, 308; at Gubbio, 415; on Perugia Picardy, tracery from, 69 altarpiece, 300; in Rome: Lateran mosaic, Piccardus Morico, 59 447, 452; S. Maria Maggiore mosaic, 450, 451, Piccinino, Niccolo,` 470 452; St Peter’s, Boniface VIII’s tomb, 431 Piccolomini, see Pius II Paul V, pope, 454 Pierleoni family, 348 Paul, br, Provincial Minister of March of Ancona, Pilate, Pontius, 187, 369, 400 32, 185 Pisa: Cimabue in, 343; craftsmen and models Pecham, John, br, later archbishop of Canterbury, from, 62, 315, 317; panel in, 172–3, 176, 182, 81, 85, 96, 97, 100, 190, 218, 250 205–12, 302; Louvre altar panel from, 403 Pentecost, images of: in Assisi, 311, 353, 366, 422; bishop’s palace, 223; churches, etc. in: and see Vézelay baptistery, 227, 285; pulpit, 226, 355, 364; Pérez, Juan, 315 cathedral, duomo and campanile (Leaning Perfectus, a sailor, 275, 277 Tower), 227, 285, 286; pulpit, 317; Dominican Persia, 388 church, S. Caterina, 226; Franciscan convent Perugia, 22, 37, 39, 284, 428–9, 433; bell-founder and church, S. Francesco, 173, 176, 224–8; from, 61; conflicts with Assisi, 13, 23, 150, and see Franciscan Order, General Chapters; 205, 288, 416, 470–1; and body of St Francis, S. Pierino, crucifix in, 317; S. Pietro in 36, 49, 468; citizens and knights, 22, 55;MS Vinculis, 223 of (P), 105–8; see also Anonymous of Perugia city, 285–6; interdict in, 226; Pisan fleet, 226; bishop of, 458; Franciscan church, San Pisan families, 223–9; and see Pisano Francesco, crucifix and altarpiece, Colour Pisano, Pisanus, Bartholomew, Bartolomeus, and Plate 6, 300–2, 320, 476; burial and tomb of son, Lotharingio, Loteringio, 60, 62, 286 br Giles in, 300, 464, 465; convent of Pisano, Giovanni, 285, 317 Monteripido, 5, 109 Pisano, Giunta, 62, 67, 227, 280, 286 Pescia altar panel, 170, 168–72, 173, 176, 182, 198, Pisano, Nicola, 226, 285–6, 355 205–12, 269, 403, 466; preaching to the birds Pistoia, 286; panel, 176, 181; S. Bartolomeo in in, 171, 173; seraph in, 200, 283; and Pisa Pantano, 317; S. Francesco, 415 panel, 181; and Pistoia panel, 181 Pius II, pope, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, 426; Peter, St, 38, 256, 369, 372, 387; his denial, 371; visits Assisi, 426 his mother-in-law, 267; relic of, 440 Pius VII, pope, 455–6, 458–64 images of: his keys, 161; in Assisi, on chalice, Poggio Bustone, 29 448;inLC,293; in UC frescoes, 333, 348, Poitiers, and Le Simon near, 270, 272, 273, 274, 352, 362–3, 365, 383, 412, 418; in UC glass, 277 308, 315; at Gubbio, 415; in Perugia, 300;in Poland, 184 Rome: Lateran mosaic, 447, 448, 452;inS. Pontano, Teobaldo, bishop of Assisi, 436–7 Maria Maggiore mosaic, 450, 451, 452;inSt Portiuncula, S. Maria degli Angeli, near Assisi, 43, Peter’s, on tomb of Boniface VIII, 431 51, 53, 120; and Angela of Foligno, 72, 478;

520

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Catanii’s epitaph, 283; and Celano, 39, 146; Roger, prior of Sempringham, 11 early Chapter meetings at, 29–30, 135; Elias Roland, 15, 122 at, 41; Eudes of Châteauroux at, 221; Francis Rolandino of Padua, 323, 325 and, 17, 29–30, 44, 45, 51, 53, 70, 84, 122, Romagna, 351 125, 131, 144, 258; Francis dies at, 32, 35–6, Roman artists in UC, 337, 419; ornamental 42, 48, 126, 171, 174, 375, 454, 467; larks at, painters, 416; relief sculpture, 355 33; Portiuncula Indulgence, 72, 305, 416; Romanesque arches in Cycle, 375; architecture Speculum Perfectionis completed at, 246; (LC), 64; influence in Pisa, 285; style in sixteenth-century church, 391; in nineteenth panels, 176 century, 457 ‘Romania’, Eastern or Byzantine Empire, images related to: crucifix, 62; panel, 298, 299; Provincial Minister of, see Benedict of Arezzo and see Master of St Francis; and see Assisi, Roman Law, 80, 100 Basilica, Cycle no. twenty ROME: ancient, and antiquities in, 285, 358, 383, Potenza (Apulia), 165 421, 422; Neronian persecution, 35; Trajan’s Poulenc, J., OFM, 84, 329–31 column, 392; Christian, 350 Poverty, Lady, 158–9, 264, 388; and see Sacrum Angela of Foligno in, 474; Boniface VIII returns Commercium to, 432; Cimabue in, 342; Clement V Prague, 487 abandons Rome, 433; Francis visits, 18, 33, Prémontré, Premonstratensian Order, 3, 11 41, 43, 118, 133, 152, 156, 192, 283, 392, 399; Provence, 82, 433; Provincial Minister, see Bonelli Francis’ miracles in and near, 272, 274; Pseudo-Dionysius, 236, 255, 353 French in (1807), 455; Gregory IX driven from, Pseudo-Seneca, De paupertate, 158 36; Hugh of Digne visits, 82, 85; Innocent IV Pudenziana, St, image of, 440 at, 66; Innocent V in, 321; Isaac Master and, Puzarelli, Simon, 53 452; Jacoba visits Francis from, 33; Nicholas III’s patronage in, 416; Otto IV in, 44; painters Quo elongati (Gregory IX’s bull), 68, 77–8, 86–90, in, 352, 415; restoration work in, 421, 422; 92, 95, 98, 100, 101, 310; on the Testament, 81, visitors attacked, 226; women of, 164 86, 88; quoted, 88 basilicas, churches and papal palaces in: S. Cecilia in Trastevere, 418, 439; S. Francesco a Rachel, 38 Ripa, 446; Collegio San Isidoro, 107–8;St Ralph of Rheims, br, 204, 215 John Lateran, 65, 73, 283, 293, 326, 351, 421, Raphael, St, archangel, 315, 353 428, 434, 442, 443, 444, 446–52; in Cycle, Raymond Gaufridi, br, Minister General, 432, 434, Colour Plate 7, 381, 382, 392; ‘caput et mater’, 444 65; Lateran Palace, 434; S. Maria in Aracoeli, Rebecca, 422 419, 442, 445–6; Savelli chapel and tomb in, relics, 57; of St Francis, 164; and see Francis, St;of 416, 445; S. Maria Maggiore, 420, 439, 442, the True Cross, 63; reliquaries, monstrance, 451, 448–52; S. Niccolo` in Carcere, 351, 417; 200 S. Paolo fuori le mura, 289, 350, 365, 366, Religiosi viri (manifesto before Council of Vienne), 417; St Peter’s, Vatican basilica, 65, 73, 337, 445 348, 351, 365, 366, 417, 431, 439; obit book, Revelation, Book of, 356, 412 428–34; pilgrims to, 224, 474; Boniface VIII’s Rheims cathedral (France), 69 tomb, 449; Vatican palace, 351; image of Rhineland (Germany), 14, 342 Francis in, 165, 176, 205–12, 441, 442;S. Rhone,ˆ river (France), 310 Pudenziana, 439; S. Sabina, 70; Sancta Riccuccio son of Puccio, 424–6 Sanctorum, 335, 351–2, 365–78, 418, 421; Richard of St Victor, 241 motifs in, 345 Ricobaldo de Ferrara, 426 Church of, Holy See, papacy, 53, 73, 86, 89, 99; Rieti, 36, 114, 240, 392, 444; bishop’s palace, 49; in Francis’ Testament, 24; and canonisation, doctor of, 114 36, 38; conclave (1287), 439; (1293), 428; Rimini, 426, 437 Curia, 36, 90, 270, 351; doctrinal claims, 215; Rinaldi, Stefano, OFM Conv., 469 papal chancery, 90; papal treasure, 430 Ristoro, OP, 66, 351, 425 cardinals, 82; college of, 85 Rivotorto, 33–44, 388, 415 Lateran Council, Fourth, 399 Robert, br, 279 popes, see Alexander III, IV, Benedict XI, XIV, Robert of Arbrissel, St, 10 Boniface VIII, Celestine IV, V, Clement V, Robert of La Bassée, br, 79 Eugenius IV, Gregory I, IX, X, Innocent III, IV, Robert of Molesme, St, 3 V, John XXII, Leo I, Martin IV, Nicholas III, IV, Robert the Englishman, bishop of Olomone, 166 Paul V, Pius VII Robson, Dr M., OFM Conv., 430, 454, 467 City, 346, 350, 362; citizens, 193, 196–8; papal Roger, br, 128 signoria in, 348; Senate, 350; Senators, Roger, canon of Potenza, 165, 166 346–8; see Colonna; places in, 320; Capitoline Roger of Helmarshausen, 337 Hill, 392; Castel Sant’Angelo, 348–51; Roger of Wendover, monk of St Albans, Leonine Wall, 351; Pantheon, 348 192–202 Romulus, 348

521

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Rossi, Dr G., 464 Sheba, queen of, 311 Rossignoli, G., OFM Conv., 456 Sicilian Vespers, 216 Rouen, archbishop of, see Eudes Rigaud Sicily, 22, 272, 274; friars in, 64 Round Table, 15 Sidonius Apollinaris, 40 Rufino, Rufinus, St, 74, 436; and see Assisi Siena, 48, 85, 139; cathedral pulpit, 285; image of Rufino, br: and his reminiscences, 27, 34, 92, 103, Francis at, 165; podest`a, see Annibaldi 104–5, 111, 128, 138, 141, 147–8, 315; and see Silas, 387 Leo; at La Verna, 113, 200, 401; his burial, 74 Simeon, St (Stylites), 20 Rumwold, St, 2 Simon, St, apostle, 300, 301, 308 Russia, 168 Simon Magus, 362 Rusuti, Filippo, 433 Simon, br, Provincial Minister of Saxony, 49 Rusuti, Giovanni, 433 Sinai, Mount, 168, 238; St Catherine’s monastery, Ruth, 219 176 Sion, see Jerusalem Sabatier, P., 42, 51, 53, 104, 106, 136, 137, 157, 246, Sisto, OP, 66, 351, 425 397; and Cycle no. twenty-three, 377 Sitz im Leben, 115, 139, 258 Sabbatino, br, 131 Skokholm, 414 Sacrum Commercium, 157–9 Solomon, 227, 311, 372 St Albans abbey (Herts.), 192, 193; and see Paris, Song of Songs, 14, 359 Matthew, Roger of Wendover Southern, Sir Richard W., 2, 40 St Cecilia Master, 437, 445 Sopoçani, 452 Salimbene, br, 60, 61, 389; on Hugh of Digne, Soriano, 97, 288, 351 82–3, 85, 96; and Joachism, 321; and John of Spain, 44, 45, 269; friars in, 64 Parma, 216; on lay brothers, 12; on Nicholas Speculum Perfectionis, Mirror of Perfection, 47, 104, 105, III, 287; and Thomas the Greek, 204 106, 111, 157, 246, 397 Salimbene, br (another), 216 Speculum Vitae, 104, 106, 246 Salisbury (Wilts.), friars’ dormitory at, 80 Spello, 305–6 Salzburg (Austria), art in, 311 Speyer (Germany), 40, 49 Samaritans, 196 Spiritual Franciscans, 100, 106, 190–1, 246, 248, Samson, 38 250, 356, 482; and Boniface VIII, 432; and Samuel, in UC, 311 Hugh of Digne, 81, 84; and Raymond San Bonifacio, count of, 323, 325 Gaufridi, 444; and Council of Vienne, San Clemente, abbey (not identified); abbot, see 426 James Spoleto, 14, 36, 130, 151, 278; archbishop of, 4; San Gemini, 212 bishop of, 458; cathedral, Capella delle Sanguonio di Uffreduccio, 470 Reliquie, 4; Franciscan house of S. Simone, 4 San Salvatore de Colpersito, 142 Spoleto, duke of, 21 San Sebastiano (near Alatri), 291; Poor Clares at, Spoleto, Valley of, 10, 21, 44, 49, 56, 171, 194, 259, 291 305, 389 San Severino, 142 SPQR, 347–8 Saracens, 15, 22, 44, 45, 137, 198, 221, 238, Stefaneschi, Giacomo Gaetani, cardinal, 434 259 Stein, J. E., 190–1 Sarah, 315 Stephen, St, 372, 421 Savelli, Luca, 416; family, chapel, 445; and see stigmata and vision of seraph, 4, 21, 29, 46, 47, Honorius IV 48–9, 98, 113, 137, 332, 363; in Bonaventure, Savia, widow of Tomassus, 154 187, 232, 236–9, 267, 385; in Elias’ letter, 47, Savona, 456 49; in John of La Rochelle, 230; Leo’s note on, Sawley abbey (Yorks.), 201 109, 356; and Pacifico, 143; and St Edmund, Scandinavia, friars in, 64 160; in Visconti sermon, 225; supposed Sclavonia, Francis’ miracles in, 274 uniqueness, 34 screen in LC and Cycle no. thirteen, 389, 390 discussion of authenticity, 166, 234–5, 404; Scrovegni, E., 433 witnesses to, 167–8, 233, 234; later Segni, counts of, 442 meditation on, 454 Seitenstretten Missal, 311 images of, as emblem or symbol of Francis, 161, Sempringham (Lincs.), priors of, see Gilbert, St, 277; image which disappeared, 165; in altar Roger panels, 382; in Assisi panel, 173; in Bardi Seneca, Pseudo-, see Pseudo-Seneca panel, 176, 182, 189, 191; in Basilica LC, 281–3, seraph, see stigmata 293, 325–6;inUC,325–6; and see Assisi, UC, sermons, 70, 218–42; and see Bonaventure, St, Cycle; on chalice, 441; in Matthew Paris, 192, Eudes Rigaud, Guiard de Laon, John of La 198, 200; in Mont St-Michel, 161; in Pescia Rochelle, Matthew of Acquasparta, Visconti, panel, 169–71; in Portiuncula panel, 299 Frederick side wound, 34, 35, 164, 198–200, 201, 287, 301, Sforza, Francesco, 470 313, 385, 474; in seraph, 201 Shadrach, 315, 326 Stow (Lincs.), 169 Shakespeare, W., 22 Strasbourg cathedral (France), 342 522

index

Striker, C. L., 207, 212, 216 Legenda ad usum Chori, 147, 156, 480; Legenda Subiaco: abbey, 162; abbot of, 162; Sacro Speco, liturgica based on Celano, 243 161, 163 Thomas of Eccleston, 45, 46, 62, 113, 124, 261, 331; Suessa, 433, 435, 436 on English province, 193 Suetonius, 40 Thomas of Spalato, archdeacon, 160 Sulpicius Severus, Life of St Martin, 40 Thomas the Greek, lector of Franciscan house at Sultan (el-Kamil), 14, 44, 45, 179, 181, 182, 184, Constantinople, 204, 216 191, 205, 241; in Cycle, 387, 394, 395, 452 Thuringia, 49 Sybilla, queen of Jerusalem, 205 Tivoli, 273; bishop of, in Francis Cycle, 392; and see Sylvester, br, 128, 133, 258–9, 264, 388; in Cycle, Colonna 392, 394; and see Basilica, UC, Cycle; death Tobias, 315 and tomb, 74, 130, 303 Tobit, 209 Syria, 19, 44, 45, 64, 392 Tommaso di Uffreduccio, 470 Syrophenician woman, 149 Torriti, Jacopo, 351, 431; in Assisi, 420, 420–1, 443, 446–7; in Rome, 443; in Lateran Basilica, 444, Tau cross, 4, 73, 109, 142, 239, 335, 356 446–7; in Sancta Sanctorum, 352, 421;in Tebaldi, U., OFM Conv., 455, 459, 460, 470 S. Maria Maggiore, 420, 451, 449–52 Templars, Knights, 86, 109 Transfiguration, 186, 311, 333, 335, 337, 353 Terni, 24; bishop of, 24 travel, and friars, 64 Terra di Lavoro (S. Italy), Provincial Minister of, Trinity Apocalypse (MS in Trinity College, 392, 404, 407 Cambridge), 196 Theophilus, 337 Trinity, Holy, and Angela of Foligno, 474 Thomas, St, apostle, 34, 308; doubting Thomas, Tuscany: Francis’ miracles in, 274; Provincial 312, 385, 408 Minister of, see Philip of Perugia Thomas, St, Aquinas, see Aquinas Tusculum (Frascati), cardinal bishop of, see Eudes Thomas, St, of Canterbury, see Becket of Chˆateauroux Thomas de Papia (Pavia),br, Dialogus, 128 twelfth-century renaissance, 9 Thomas de Raynerio, chamberlain of Assisi, 168 Thomas of Capua, cardinal, 392 Ubaldini de Mugello, Octavian, 37 Thomas of Celano, br, 230, 397; his career, 39–40; Ubertino da Casale, 106, 107, 185, 191, 446;and and Angela of Foligno, 481; and Assisi; and Angela of Foligno, 307, 482; and Bardi panel, 182, 191; and book on Francis’ Bonaventure, 250, 251, 260; and Council of life, 172; on Francis in Rome (1220–1), 399; Vienne and Declaratio, 125, 246, 427; and on Francis as ‘alter Christus’, 73; on Francis Hugh of Digne, 84; and John of Parma, 253; and fire, 112; on Francis and the Passion, 372; and Leo’s writings, 125, 246, 251, 261; and on canonisation, 37, 38, 129; imagery and Sacrum Commercium, 158 style, 46–7, 245; and images of Francis, Umbria, 11, 22, 49, 274, 383; cities of, 22; 164–5; and learning, 322; on miracles, 175; hermitages in, 482 miracle of book, 271, 276; and see below; on Umbrian Master, anon, 477; scriptorium, MS the Portiuncula, 84; on the seraph and the from, Colour Plate 2 stigmata, 47, 169–71, 200, 283; on witnesses Uppsala, MS at, 111 to the stigmata, 234; on the side wound, 301; Urban IV, pope, 216, 225, 287, 288, 418 on the Tau cross, 73; on Francis’ body Uriel, archangel, 353 returned to Assisi, 377; and Jordan of Giano, 49; superseded, 242 Van Ortroy, E., SJ, 147 Works: used by Bonaventure, 245, 256 Vasari, G., 59, 69, 176, 413, 426, 433–4, 437 1 Cel., 39–49, 92, 158, 256; commissioned, 31–2, Vatatzes, Byzantine Emperor, 204, 216 138–40; completed, 401; compared with AP, Velletri, see Alexander IV 131, 134, 156; and Matthew Paris, 194; 3Soc., Veneto, and Venice, 332, 333, 465 127, 147–8, 149–50, 156; details in, 39–40, Verna, La, near Arezzo: mount of Francis’ vision of 138, 207, 212; description of Francis, 414;on seraph and of the stigmata, 4, 20, 47, 86, 109, Francis as evangelist, 412; MSS of, 107, 185, 111, 112, 171–2, 187, 200, 237, 326, 412, 474; 243; miracles in, 269–79; used in panels, 169, and Bonaventure, 252, 286, 401; and Leo, 356; 182, 190; quoted, 12, 103; on Francis’ last two as Sinai of the Order, 239; and Ubertino, years, 116; on posthumous miracles, 466–7 251 2 Cel., 128, 132, 136, 137, 138–47, 158, 288; Verona, 22, 323 commissioned, 102–3; prologue, 102–3, 104, V´ezelay abbey (Burgundy), 265, 317, 336 138, 141, 269; image of Francis in, 146;on Vienne, 216; Council of, 106, 246, 427, 433 Francis’ early life, 149–50, 156; on Francis’ eye Visconti, Alfonso, Cardinal Protector of the illness, 49–50; on Innocent III’s dream, 283; Conventuals, 454 MSS of, 107; in (P), 105; fragments of the Rule Visconti, Frederick, archbishop of Pisa, 173, in, 92; and 3 Soc., 147, 148 223–8 3 Cel.(Miracles), 34, 73, 146, 164–5, 240, 269–79; Vita of Lucca, br, 391 date of, 269; and Kalenderhane Camii, 207; Viterbo, 246, 287, 321, 346 and Pisa panel, 173 Volturno, river, 277 523

index

Waldensians, 10 Wise Men, and Epiphany, 311 Waldo, 10 Wolfram von Eschenbach, 14 Walter of Brienne, 13 women: feminine sanctity, see Angela of Foligno, war, concept of just war, 14 Clare, St; place in church, 305; women Warin of Sedenefeld, br, 113, 200, 401 religious in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Wells cathedral, 64 Frauenfrage, 11 White, J., 343, 344, 428 Worcester cathedral library, 92 William of Canterbury, 274 workshops, artistic, 437 William of Melton, br, 246 Worms, 40, 49 William of Montferrat, OP, 269 William of Nogaret, 432 Zabberoni, Bonaventura, OFM Conv., 458, William of Nottingham, br, Provincial Minister of 469 England, 68, 80, 87; and see Augustine Zacharias, 8; in UC glass, 315 William of Rome, br, 442–3 Zanardi, B., 343, 344, 423–4, 433, 434, 438, 439, William of Rubruck, br, 184 445 William of St Amour, 83, 190, 231, 250 Zebedee, sons of, 364, and see James, St, William the Englishman, br, 74, 192, 201, 303, John, St 458 Zillis (Switzerland), 366

524