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Images of the desert, religious renewal and the eremitic life in late-medieval Italy: a thirteenth-century tabernacle in the National Gallery of Scotland Vol. II

Amelia Hope-Jones

PhD History of Art The University of Edinburgh 2019

1 List of Illustrations

Introduction

Figure 1. ‘Master of the Edinburgh Tabernacle’, c.1295. Scenes from the Lives of the Hermits; The Passion and Resurrection of Christ; Redeemer and Angels (The Edinburgh Tabernacle). National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh. [Source: National Gallery of Scotland]

Figure 2. Monastic funeral (detail of figure 1)

Figure 3. Requiescat in Pace (detail of figure 1)

Figure 4. Beatus vir (detail of figure 1)

Figure 5. Adiutorium meum intende (detail of figure 1)

Chapter One

Figure 6. Hermit fishing (detail of figure 1)

Figure 7. Elderly monks travelling to the funeral (detail of figure 1)

Figure 8. Desert landscape (detail of figure 1)

Figure 9. Soul carried to heaven by four angels (detail of figure 1)

Figure 10. Two demons (detail of figure 1)

Figure 11. Demon presenting effigy of a woman to a hermit (detail of figure 1)

Figure 12. Visitation of an angel (detail of figure 1)

Figure 13. Hermits near summit witnessing ascent of saint’s soul (detail of figure 1)

Figure 14. Lion breathes life into its cubs (detail of figure 1)

Figure 15. Hermit reaches out towards boar (detail of figure 1)

Figure 16. Hunt scene (detail of figure 1)

Figure 17. Group of grieving hermits (detail of figure 1)

67 Chapter Two

Figure 18. Flagellation of Christ (detail of figure 1)

Figure 19. Grifo di Tancredi (attr.) c.1295-1300. Flagellation of Christ (detail of Virgin and Child with saints and scenes from the Passion of Christ.) Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 20. Cimabue (attr.) c.1280. Flagellation of Christ. The Frick Collection, New York. [Source: Meiss 1957]

Figure 21. The Mocking and Trial of Christ (detail of figure 1)

Figure 22. Coppo di Marcovaldo, 1261 (signed). The Trial of Christ (detail of painted Crucifix.) Museo Civico, San Gimignano. [Source: Marques 1987]

Figure 23. Coppo di Marcovaldo, 1261 (signed). The Mocking of Christ (detail of painted Crucifix.) Museo Civico, San Gimignano. [Source: Marques 1987]

Figure 24. ‘Master of the Capture of Christ’, 1288-1290. The Betrayal and Capture of Christ. Upper Church of San Francesco, Assisi. [Source: Malafarina (ed.) 2005]

Figure 25. Grieving angels (detail of figure 1)

Figure 26. The Crucifixion (detail of figure 1)

Figure 27. Cimabue, c.1280. The Crucifixion. Upper Church of San Francesco, Assisi. [Source: Malafarina (ed.) 2005]

Figure 28. Crusader artist, Acre, c. 1250-75. The Crucifixion. Fol. 182v, The Perugia Missal, Ms. 6., Museo capitolare di San Lorenzo, Perugia. [Source: Evans (ed.) 2004]

Figure 29. Cimabue, c.1280. Crucifix. Church of Santa Croce, Florence. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 30. Descent into Limbo (detail of figure 1)

Figure 31. ‘Master of Crucifix 432’, late twelfth century. Descent into Limbo (detail of Crucifix with scenes from the Passion and Resurrection of Christ.) Gallerie degli Uffizi, Florence. [Source: author]

Figure 32. The Holy Women at the Tomb (detail of figure 1)

Figure 33. Pacino di Bonaguida, c.1310. The Holy Women at the Tomb. Leaf from the Laudario of Sant’Agnese, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. [Source: Sciacca 2012]

Figure 34. Christ Redeemer with six angels (detail of figure 1)

68 Figure 35. Duccio di Buoninsegna, 1311-1318. The Crucifixion; the Redeemer with Angels; Saint Nicholas; Saint Gregory. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Source: Boston Museum of Fine Arts]

Figure 36. Scenes from the Lives of the Hermits (detail of figure 1)

Figure 37. Giotto (?) and workshop, after 1296. The Death of St Francis. Upper Church of San Francesco, Assisi. [Source: Malafarina 2005]

Figure 38. Umbrian, c.1290. Christ Mounting the Cross and the Funeral of St Clare. Davis Museum, Wellesley College, Massachusetts. [Source: Davis Museum]

Figure 39. St Cecilia Master, c.1300. St Margaret Beheaded (detail of St Margaret of Antioch with scenes from her Life). Santa Margherita, Montici. [Source: Corpus III.I ]

Figure 40. Master of the Bardi St Francis, c.1265. The death of St Francis (detail of St Francis with scenes from his Life [the Bardi dossal]). Bardi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence. [Source: Cook 2005]

Figure 41. Magdalene Master, c.1280. Mary Magdalene visited by an angel (detail of Mary Magdalene with scenes from her Life). Accademia, Florence. [Source: SCALA]

Figure 42. Umbrian, c.1280. The Temptation of Christ (detail of Virgin and Child enthroned with scenes from the Life and Passion of Christ). Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia. [Source: Author]

Figure 43. Margarito d’Arezzo (signed), 1263-64. St Benedict rolls in thorns to overcome temptation (detail of The Virgin and Child Enthroned, with scenes of the Nativity and Lives of the Saints). National Gallery, London. [Source: Arstor]

Figure 44. Cimabue, late thirteenth century, and restorers. The young St John the Baptist leaves for the Wilderness. Baptistery of St John the Baptist, Florence. [Source: Corpus I.II]

Figure 45. Cimabue, 1280-1290. The prophets Abraham and David (detail of Maestà). Gallerie degli Uffizi, Florence. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 46. Bolognese, c.1270. Hunter and Parrot. Marginal illumination, Vat. Lat. 1434, 134r. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City. [Source: Conti 1981]

Figure 47. Bolognese, c. 1265-70. Frieze with lion and lamb. Marginal ilumination, BN. Lat.22, 201r. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. [Source: Conti 1981]

Figure 48. Bolognese, early fourteenth century. Daniel between the lions. Illuminated initial A, Vat. Lat. 22, fol. 326v. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City. [Source: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana]

Figure 49. Two figures beyond the mountain (detail of figure 1)

69 Figure 50. ‘Miniatore di Gerona’, c.1275. Lamentation of Christ. Manuscript illumination from a Psalter, Biblioteca Universitaria cod. 346, 308v., Bologna. [Source: Conti 1981]

Figure 51. Lunette above doorway of building (detail of figure 1)

Figure 52. Giotto (attr.) c.1300. Chapel at La Verna (detail of Stigmatisation of St Francis). Louvre, Paris. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 53. Voussoirs above doorway of hermit’s hut (detail of figure 1)

Figure 54. Master of the Corsi Crucifix, c.1310-1320. The last Meeting of St Peter and St Paul (detail of Scenes from the Lives of St Peter and St Paul). Museo Bardini, Florence. [Source: Corpus III, IX]

Figure 55. Florentine, c.1300. Nehemiah. Illuminated initial. Biblioteca Mediceo- Laurenziana, Cod. Plut. V dex. I [the Santa Croce Bible] fol.162v. Florence. [Source: Marques 1987]

Figure 56. Stylite saint (detail of figure 1)

Figure 57. Bonaventura Berlinghieri, 1235. The Stigmatisation of St Francis (detail of St Francis with scenes from his life [the Pescia panel]) Church of San Francesco, Pescia. [Source: Cooper and Robson 2013]

Figure 58. Giotto, c.1300. The Stigmatisation of St Francis. Louvre, Paris. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 59. Base-block of Edinburgh Tabernacle showing inscription (detail of figure 1)

Figure 60. Drawing showing surviving letters of tabernacle inscription [Source: author]

Figure 61. Reverse of Edinburgh Tabernacle, showing uneven alignment of restored headpiece. [Source: author]

Figure 62. The Edinburgh Tabernacle, wings closed. [Source: National Galleries of Scotland]

Figure 63. Magdalene Master, c.1270. Madonna and Child; St Peter and St Paul; Annunciation; Redeemer and five scenes from the Life of Christ. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. [Source: Tartuferi and Scalini (eds.) 2013]

Figure 64. Grifo di Tancredi (attr.), 1290s. The Virgin and Child with four Saints [the San Gaggio Madonna]. Accademia, Florence. [Source: SCALA]

Figure 65. Magdalene Master and Grifo di Tancredi (attr.) c.1300-05. Madonna and Child with twelve scenes from the Passion [the ‘Timken dossal’]. Putnam Foundation, Timken Museum of Art, San Diego. [Source: Timken Museum of Art]

70 Figure 66. Grifo di Tancredi (attr.), 1290-1300. Virgin and Child with saints and scenes from the Passion of Christ. Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 67. Florentine, c.1300. Nine Scenes from the Passion of Christ. Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford. [Source: Christ Church Picture Gallery]

Figure 68. Grifo di Tancredi (attr.) c.1280. St. Peter (panel of a polyptych). National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Source: National Gallery of Art]

Figure 69. Florentine, c. 1270. The Deposition of Christ. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. [Source: Rijksmuseum]

Figure 70. Florentine, c.1300. Virgin and Child with saints and the Crucifixion. Samuel H. Kress Foundation, Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, Memphis. [Source: Memphis Brooks Museum of Art]

Figure 71. Grifo di Tancredi (attr.) c.1280-90. Painted chest with three female saints and the Man of Sorrows. Private Collection, Italy. [Source: Tartuferi 1994]

Figure 72. Grifo di Tancredi (attr.) c.1300. Adam and his descendants. Illuminated initial A, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. V dex. I [the Santa Croce Bible] fol. 138r. Florence [Source: Labriola 2004]

Figure 73. Grifo di Tancredi (attr.) c.1290. St Francis. Illuminated initial from a Gradual. Worcester Art Museum n.1989.170. Worcester, Massachusetts. [Source: Labriola 2004]

Figure 74 a. St John the Baptist (detail of figure 64)

74 b. Christ descends into Limbo (detail of figure 1)

Figure 75 a. Female Saints (detail of figure 71) 75 b. Female Saints (detail of figure 66) 75 c. Holy Women at the Tomb (detail of figure 1)

Figure 76 a. Flagellation of Christ (detail of figure 1) 76 b. Flagellation of Christ (detail of figure 66) 76 c. Crucifixion (detail of figure 66) 76 d. Crucifixion (detail of figure 1)

Figure 77 a. Florentine Miniaturist, c.1290. Christ and David the Psalmist. Illuminated Initial B, Museo di San Marco Ms.624, fol. 1r. Florence [Source: Battaglia 2011] 77 b. The High Priests Caiaphas and Annas (detail of figure 1)

Figure 78 a. The Redeemer (detail of figure 1)

71 78 b. Grifo di Tancredi (attr.) c.1280. Redeemer, (panel of a polyptych). National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Source: National Gallery of Art] Figure 79 a. Figures from the Mocking and Trial of Christ (detail of figure 1) 79 b. Hermits travelling to the funeral (detail of figure 1) Figure 80. Monk carried on the back of his brethren (detail of figure 1)

Figure 81 a. Angels carrying soul (detail of figure 1) 81 b. Grieving angels (detail of figure 1) Figure 82 a. Infra-red reflectograph showing overpainting of tree, with hermit beneath [Source: National Galleries of Scotland] 82 b. Photograph showing overpainting of tree, with hermit beneath (detail of figure 1) Figure 83. Venetian? c.1310. Tavola di Sant’Agata. Church of Sant’Agata, Cremona. [Source: Milanesi 2012]

Figure 84. Workshop of Duccio di Buoninsegna, c.1280-1285. Virgin and Child. Illuminated initial V, Antiphonary, Corale E, fol. 185v. Santa Maria Novella, Florence. [Source: Cannon 2014]

Figure 85. Umbrian, c.1280. Virgin and Child with scenes from the Life and Passion of Christ. Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia. [Source: Marques 1987]

Figure 86. First half of thirteenth century. Madonna and scenes from the New Testament. Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Alatri. [Source: Belting 1994]

Figure 87. Umbrian, c.1280. Virgin and Child with scenes from the Passion of Christ [the Madonna dei Crociati]. Convent of Santa Chiara, Assisi. [Source: Santa Chiara]

Figure 88. Umbrian, last quarter of thirteenth century. The Virgin and Child; St Anne and the Virgin; Crucifixion; Agony in the Garden; twelve standing saints. Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia. [Source: Santi 1969]

Figure 89. Duccio di Buoninsegna, c.1311-1318. The Virgin and Child with Sts Dominic and Aurea. National Gallery, London. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 90. Guido da Siena (signed), 1271. Maestà with Redeemer and Angels [the Palazzo Pubblico Madonna]. Church of San Domenico, Siena. [Source: Artstor]

Chapter Three

Figure 91. Emanuele Tzanfournari (signed), first half of seventeenth century. The funeral of St Ephraim. Pinacoteca, Vatican City. [Source: Malquori (ed.) 2013]

72 Figure 92. Byzantine, fifteenth century. The funeral of St Ephraim. Collection of Y. Petsopoulos, AXIA Gallery, London. [Source: Malquori (ed.) 2013]

Figure 93. Byzantine, thirteenth century. The funeral of St. Arsenius (?). Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai. [Source: Malquori (ed.) 2013]

Figure 94. Byzantine, 1303 (dated), Funeral of St. Euthymius, Parecclesion of St Euthymius, basilica of San Demetrio, Thessaloniki. [Source: Malquori (ed.) 2013]

Figure 95. Byzantine, after 979. Funeral of St Ephraim. Menologion of Basil II, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Vat. gr. 1613 fol. 112r. [Source: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana]

Figure 96. Byzantine, eleventh century. The death of Eusebia (or Xenia) of Mylassa. ‘Imperial’ Menologion, Walters Ms. W521 fol. 228r. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. [Source: Walters Art Museum]

Figure 97. Byzantine, eleventh century. The death of a monk. ‘On the Remembrance of Death’, The Heavenly Ladder, Princeton Garrett 16 fol. 63v. [Source: Martin 1954]

Figure 98. Byzantine, eleventh century. The departure of the soul. Miniature illumination, Ps.102:16. British Library Add. Ms 19352 [Theodore Psalter] fol. 137r. [Source: British Library]

Figure 99. Byzantine, eleventh century. Monks approach John Climacus. ‘On Penitence’, The Heavenly Ladder, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana vat. gr. 394 fol.41r. [Source: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana]

Figure 100. A monk carried on the shoulders of his brethren and a monk carried in a litter (detail of figure 1)

Figure 101. A priest reaches out to assist a monk bent with age (detail of figure 1)

Figure 102. Byzantine, eleventh century. Monks at prayer. ‘On Wakefulness’, The Heavenly Ladder, Princeton Garrett 16 fol. 113v. [Source: Martin 1954]

Figure 103. Hermits at prayer (detail of figure 1)

Figure 104. Byzantine, eleventh century. Monk at prayer attacked by a demon. ‘On Pride’, The Heavenly Ladder, Princeton Garrett 16 fol. 121v. [Source: Martin 1954]

Figure 105. Sinai, thirteenth century. St Paul of Thebes, St Symeon Stylites, St Onuphrius (detail of Crucifixion with Deesis and Saints). Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai. [Source: Nelson and Collins (eds.) 2006]

Figure 106. Stylite saint (detail of figure 1)

Figure 107. Constantinople, twelfth century. Stylite and two anchorites. ‘On Solitude’, The Heavenly Ladder, Sinai cod. gr. 418. fol. 254r. Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai. [Source: Collins and Nelson (eds.) 2006]

73 Figure 108. Byzantine, eleventh century. Martyrdom of St. Gregory. Miniature from the Life of St Gregory, Metaphrastian Menologion, British Library Ms. Add. 11870, fol. 242v. [Source: British Library]

Figure 109. Constantinople?, eleventh century. Scenes of the Nativity. Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai. [Source: Collins and Nelson (eds.) 2006]

Figure 110. Sinai, late twelfth century. Icon of the Heavenly Ladder. Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai. [Source: Collins and Nelson (eds.) 2006]

Figure 111. Monk striking a semandron (detail of figure 1)

Chapter Four

Figure 112. Bonaventura Berlinghieri, 1235. The Stigmatisation of St Francis (detail of St Francis with scenes from his life [the ‘Pescia panel’]) Church of San Francesco, Pescia. [Source: Cooper and Robson 2013]

Figure 113. Giotto and workshop, after 1296. The Stigmatisation of St Francis. Upper Church of San Francesco, Assisi. [Source: Cook (ed.) 2005]

Figure 114. Florentine, c.1480. Scenes from the Lives of the Hermits (the smaller Lindsay panel). National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh. [Source: National Galleries of Scotland]

Figure 115. Stigmatisation of St Francis; St Paul and St Antony breaking bread (detail of figure 114)

Figure 116. Monastic Funeral (detail of figure 114)

Figure 117. Penitent St Jerome (detail of figure 114)

Figure 118. Flagellants (detail of figure 114)

Figure 119. Legend of the Three Living and Three Dead (detail of figure 114)

Figure 120. Paolo Uccello, c.1470. The Way of Perfection. Accademia, Florence. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 121. Fra Angelico and workshop, c.1423-1425. Eremitic landscape (fragment). Szépmüvészeti Múzeum, Budapest. [Source: Malquori (ed.) 2013]

Figure 122. Bonamico Buffalmacco, 1336-1342. The Triumph of Death. Camposanto, Pisa. [Source: Bellosi 1974]

Figure 123. Bonamico Buffalmacco, 1336-1342. The Last Judgement and Hell. Camposanto, Pisa. [Source: Bellosi 1974]

74 Figure 124. Bonamico Buffalmacco, 1336-1342. The Lives of the Anchorites. Camposanto, Pisa. [Source: Bellosi 1974]

Figure 125. St Mary of Egypt receives Communion from the Abbot Zosimus (detail of The Lives of the Anchorites). [Source: author]

Figure 126. A hermit tempted by a demon in disguise (detail of The Lives of the Anchorites). [Source: author]

Figure 127. The Burial of St Onuphrius (detail of The Lives of the Anchorites). [Source: author]

Figure 128. Florentine, last quarter of fourteenth century. The meeting of Paphnutius and Onuphrius; the burial of Onuphrius. Chiostro dei Morti, Convent of Santa Maria Novella, Florence. [Source: Malquori 2012]

Figure 129. Pietro Lorenzetti, 1329 (signed and dated). Carmelite Altarpiece (reconstruction). Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena. [Source: Frugoni (ed.) 2002]

Figure 130. Pietro Lorenzetti, 1329. The Fountain of Elijah (predella panel of Carmelite altarpiece). Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena. [Source: Artstor]

Figure 131. Pietro Lorenzetti, 1329. Carmelites Receiving the Rule of Albert of Vercelli (predella panel of Carmelite altarpiece). Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena. [Source: Frugoni (ed.) 2002]

Figure 132 a. Two hermits travelling (detail of figure 130) 132 b. Two figures beyond the mountain (detail of figure 1)

Figure 133. Sienese, c.1442. Hermits in Prayer and Penitence, Chiostro de’Beati, Hermitage of Lecceto, nr. Siena. [Source: author]

Figure 134. Lippo di Vanni (attr.) c.1341-1345. Scenes from the Lives of the Hermits (partial view). Ospedale di Santa Maria della Scala, Siena. [Source: author]

Figure 135. Lippo di Vanni (attr.) c. 1341-1345. Meeting between two hermits and two huntsmen. Ospedale di Santa Maria della Scala, Siena. [Source: Corsi 2016]

Figure 136. Lippo di Vanni (attr.) c. 1341-1345. Three hermits before a Chapel. Ospedale di Santa Maria della Scala, Siena. [Source: author]

Figure 137. Lippo di Vanni (attr.) c. 1341-1345. Monks working the land. Ospedale di Santa Maria della Scala, Siena. [Source: author]

Figure 138. Lorenzo Monaco, c.1422-1423. Scenes from the Life of Onuphrius. Museum of San Marco, Florence. [Source: Tartuferi and Parenti (eds.) 2006]

Figure 139. Lorenzo Monaco, 1408. Lamentation Over the Dead Christ. National Gallery, Prague. [Source: Tartuferi and Parenti (eds.) 2006]

75 List of Abbreviations

BLS: BUTLER, A.; BURNS, P. (ed.) (1998, first published 1956) Butler’s Lives of the Saints, 12 vols., Tunbridge Wells: Burns & Oats.

DEC: PARRY, K. (ed.) (1999) The Blackwell dictionary of Eastern Christianity, Oxford: Blackwell.

DBI: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (1925-), 92 vols. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.

DIP: PELLICCIA, G. and ROCCA, G. (eds.) (1974-2003) Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione, 10 vols., Roma: Edizione Paoline.

EAM: Enciclopedia dell’arte Medievale, 12 vols. (1991-2002) Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.

EC: Enciclopedia Cattolica, 12 vols. (1948-1954) Città del Vaticano: Ente per l’Enciclopedia e per il Libro Cattolico.

ED: TUGWELL, S. (ed.) (1982) Early Dominicans, London: SPCK.

EDP: Enciclopedia dei Papi, 3 vols. (1999-2000) Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.

FAED: ARMSTRONG, R.J., HELLMANN, J.A. and SHORT, W. (eds.) (1999) Francis of Assisi: Early Documents, 3 vols., New York: New City Press.

MCH: STARING, A. (ed.) (1989) Medieval Carmelite Heritage, Roma: Institutum Carmelitanum.

MFD: THOMAS, J. and CONSTANTINIDES HERO, A. (eds.) (2000) Byzantine monastic foundation documents: a complete translation of the surviving founders’ typika and testaments, 4 vols. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.

RB: ‘Rule of St Benedict’, ST BENEDICT; CHADWICK, O. (transl.) (1958) Western Asceticism: selected translations, London: Library of Christian Classics, 190-227.

RDI: GUIDI, P. (ed.) (1932) Rationes Decimarum Italiae, Tuscia, Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.

All biblical citations are taken from the Douay-Rheims version.

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