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History of

Genetics

Courses and Syllabi

Biology 36: History of

Dartmouth College Fall 2007

Michael Dietrich 113I Centerra Biolabs Office Hours: T,Th 1-1:45 in 214 Gilman Hall

Course Description: In this course we will survey major developments in the from Mendel to the Project. Drawing upon a mix of primary and secondary sources, we will consider how choices of problems and shaped genetic research programs, how genetics reflects its wider social context, especially in its association with , how different techniques defined the limits of genetic research, and how the rise of molecular transformed genetics’ core concepts.

Texts:

Diane Paul, Controlling Human . (Humanities International, 1996). Robert Kohler, Lords of the : Genetics and the Experimental . (Chicago University Press, 1994). Michel Morange, A History of (Harvard University Press, 1998). Additional articles

Evaluation:

Midterm Short essay format --Time take 30% Examination home Research Paper 30% 15-20 pages -- Assigned topics PAPER ASSIGNMENT

Primary Source Explication -- Presentation 10% Sign up in class PRESENTATION SCHEDULE Final Examination 30% Short Essay Format

Webpage: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~bio70/syllabus.html

http://blackboard.dartmouth.edu

Disability Notice: Students with disabilities enrolled in this course and who may need disability-related classroom accommodations are encouraged to make an appointment to see me before the end of the second week of the term. All discussions will remain confidential, although the Student Accessibility Services office may be consulted to discuss appropriate implementation of any accommodation requested.

Religious Observances: Some students may wish to take part in religious observances that occur during this academic term. If you have a religious observance that conflicts with your participation in the course, please meet with me before the end of the second week of the term to discuss appropriate accommodations.

Schedule (Subject to Change):

9/27 Th Introduction

10/2 T

Reading: Vitezslav Orel (1996)"Heredity Before Mendel" from Gregor Mendel: The First , (Oxford University Press). http://www.mendelweb.org/MWorel.intro.html

*Gregor Mendel (1865)"Experiments in Hybridization." Originally published in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr 1865, Abhandlungen, 3-47. http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html

Daniel L. Hartl and Vítezslav Orel (1992)"What Did Gregor Mendel Think He Discovered?" Genetics 131: 245-253. http://www.mendelweb.org/MWhartl.intro.html

10/4 Th The Rise of Mendelism: Was Mendel a Mendelian?

Reading: (1997) "Mendel, Mendelism, and Genetics" http://www.mendelweb.org/MWolby.intro.html

*Carl Correns (1900) "Mendel's law concerning the behavior of progeny of varietal hybrids," First published in English as: Correns, C., 1950. G. "Mendel's law concerning the behavior of progeny of varietal hybrids." Genetics, 35(5, pt 2): 33-41. Originally published as: Correns, C. 1900. G. "Mendels Regel über das Verhalten der Nachkommenschaft der Rassenbastarde." Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 18: 158-168. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/c/ cc-00.pdf * (1900) "Concerning the law of segregation of hybrids." First published in English as: De Vries, H.. 1950. Concerning the law of segregation of hybrids. Genetics, 35(5, pt 2): 30-32. Originally published as: De Vries, H. 1900. Sur la loi de disjonction des hybrides. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des (Paris), 130: 845-847. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/v/ hdv-00.pdf

10/9 T The Mendelian-Biometrician Controversy

Reading: * (1901), "Problems of Heredity as a Subject for Horticultural Investigation," Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 25: 54-61. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/wb-1.pdf

* (1898) "A diagram of heredity," , 57:293. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/fg-98.pdf

James Crow (1993)"Francis Galton: Count and Measure, Measure and Count," Genetics 135: 1-4. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/135/1/1

10/11 Th From Breeders to : and Professionalization

Reading: Diane Paul and Barbara Kimmelman, "Mendel in America: Theory and Practice, 1900-1919," in The American Development of Biology, R. Rainger, K. Benson, and J. Maienschein, eds. (Rutgers University Press, 1988),pp. 281- 310. http://www.mendelweb.org/MWpaul.intro.html

Donald N. Duvick (2001) " in the 1920s: The Development of ," 2, 69-74. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v2/n1/full/nrg0101_069a_f s.html

*D. F. Jones (1924) "The Attainment of Homozygosity in Inbred Strains of Maize," Genetics 9: 405-418. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/9/5/405

10/16 T T. H. Morgan and the Drosophila Breeder Reactor

Reading: Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpts 1-6

*T. H. Morgan (1910) "Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila," 32: 120-122. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/thm-10a.pdf

10/18 Th Eugenics and Social Reform

Reading: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpts 1-4

*Albert Edward Wiggam (1922) "The New Decalogue of Science," The Century Magazine, 1-16. http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/view_image.h tml?1349

10/23 T and Genetics in the United States

Reading: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 6

*A.H. Estabrook and I.E. McDougle (1926) Virginians: The Win Tribe (The Williams and Wilkins Company). Introduction of Estabrook's copy with added keys to pseudonyms. http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/image_header.pl?i d=1341&printable=1&detailed=0

10/25 Th Nazi Eugenics and the Racial State

Reading: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 5.

*Paul Popenoe (1934) "The German Sterilization Law," Journal of Heredity 25: 257-261. http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/image_header.pl?i d=2308&printable=1&detailed=0

10/30 T The Problem of the : Muller, Stadler and X-ray Mutagenesis

Reading: *H. J. Muller (1922) "Variation due to change in the individual gene," The American Naturalist 56:32-50. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hjm-22.pdf

*H. J. Muller (1927) "Artificial Transmutation of the Gene," Science 66: 84- 87. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hjm- 1927a.pdf

James Crow and Seymour Abrahamson (1997) " Becomes Experimental," Genetics 147: 1491-1496. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/147/4/1491 David Stadler (1997) "-Induced Mutation and the Chemical Nature of the Gene," Genetics 145: 863-865. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/145/4/836

11/1 Th Not Drosophila: Different Organisms, Different Genetics

Reading: *Harriet B. Creighton and Barbara McClintock (1931), "A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing-Over in Zea mays," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 17: 492-497. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hc-bm- 31.pdf

*Barbara McClintock (1953) "Induction of Instability at Selected Loci in Maize," Genetics 38: 579-599. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/38/6/579

Nathaniel Comfort (1995) "Two , No : A Second Look at Barbara McClintock and the 1951 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium," Genetics 140: 1161-1166. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/140/4/1161

11/6 T Big Bands: and Salivary

Reading: *T. S. Painter (1934), "A New Method for the Study of Aberrations and the Plotting of Chromosome Maps in ," Genetics 19: 175-188. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/19/3/175

Helmut Zacharias (1995) "Emil Heitz: Chloroplasts, , and Polytene Chromosomes," Genetics 141: 7-14. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/141/1/7

Oren S. Harman (2005) "Cyril Dean darlington: The Man Who "Invented" the Chromsome," Nature Reviews Genetics 6: 79-85. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n1/full/nrg1506_fs.html

11/8 Th Inventing Human Genetics

Reading: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 7.

*James V. Neel, Hiroo Kato, and William J. Schull (1974) "Mortality in the Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors and Controls," Genetics 76: 311-326. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/76/2/311

M. Susan Lindee (2000) "Genetic Disease Since 1945," Nature Reviews Genetics 1: 236-241. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v1/n3/full/nrg1200_236a_fs.html James Crow (1995) "Quarreling Geneticists and a Diplomat," Genetics 140: 421-426. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/140/2/421

11/13 T Better than Darwin: Evolutionary Genetics and Neo-

Darwinism

Reading: Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpt 8.

* (1931) " in Mendelian ," Genetics 16: 97-159. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/w/sw- 31.pdf

William Provine (2004) ": Genetics and , Genetics 167: 1041-1046. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/167/3/1041

11/15 Th The Problem with Pathways: Genes In Action

Reading: Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpt 7

*G. W. Beadle and E. L. Tatum (1941), "Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 27: 499-506. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprtint/27/11/499

Maxine Singer& (2004) ": From Genes to ," Nature Reviews Genetics 5: 949-954. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v5/n12/full/nrg1494_fs.html

11/20 T From the Double Helix to the Central Dogma

Reading: * and (1953), "A for Deoxyribonucleic Acid," Nature 737-738.

*Francis Crick (1970) "The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology ," Nature 227: 561-563. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5258/full/227561a0.html

Michel Morange, A History of Molecular Biology

11/22 Th Thanksgiving -- No Class

11/27 T The RNA Revolution

Reading: Michel Morange, A History of Molecular Biology

11/29 Th The Project

Reading: Leslie Roberts, "Controversial from the Start," Science (2001) 291: 1182- 1188. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5507/1182a

Rachel Ankeny (2003) " the genome from nematode to human: changing methods, changing science," Endeavour 27: 87-92

Henry T. Greely, Human Genome Diversity: What About the Other Human ?," Nature Reviews Genetics 2: 222-227. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v2/n3/full/nrg0301_222a_fs.html

Sean B. Carroll (2003) "Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens," Nature Apr 24 2003: 849 http://www.nature.com/cgi- taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v422/n6934/full/nature01495_fs.html

12/4 T Review and Discussion of Student Research