History of Genetics Courses and Syllabi Biology 36: History of Genetics Dartmouth College Fall 2007 Michael Dietrich 113I Centerra Biolabs Office Hours: T,Th 1-1:45 in 214 Gilman Hall Course Description: In this course we will survey major developments in the history of genetics from Mendel to the Human Genome Project. Drawing upon a mix of primary and secondary sources, we will consider how choices of problems and organisms shaped genetic research programs, how genetics reflects its wider social context, especially in its association with eugenics, how different techniques defined the limits of genetic research, and how the rise of molecular biology transformed genetics’ core concepts. Texts: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity. (Humanities International, 1996). Robert Kohler, Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life. (Chicago University Press, 1994). Michel Morange, A History of Molecular Biology (Harvard University Press, 1998). Additional articles Evaluation: Midterm Short essay format --Time take 30% Examination home Research Paper 30% 15-20 pages -- Assigned topics PAPER ASSIGNMENT Primary Source Explication -- Presentation 10% Sign up in class PRESENTATION SCHEDULE Final Examination 30% Short Essay Format Webpage: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~bio70/syllabus.html http://blackboard.dartmouth.edu Disability Notice: Students with disabilities enrolled in this course and who may need disability-related classroom accommodations are encouraged to make an appointment to see me before the end of the second week of the term. All discussions will remain confidential, although the Student Accessibility Services office may be consulted to discuss appropriate implementation of any accommodation requested. Religious Observances: Some students may wish to take part in religious observances that occur during this academic term. If you have a religious observance that conflicts with your participation in the course, please meet with me before the end of the second week of the term to discuss appropriate accommodations. Schedule (Subject to Change): 9/27 Th Introduction 10/2 T Gregor Mendel Reading: Vitezslav Orel (1996)"Heredity Before Mendel" from Gregor Mendel: The First Geneticist, (Oxford University Press). http://www.mendelweb.org/MWorel.intro.html *Gregor Mendel (1865)"Experiments in Plant Hybridization." Originally published in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr 1865, Abhandlungen, 3-47. http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html Daniel L. Hartl and Vítezslav Orel (1992)"What Did Gregor Mendel Think He Discovered?" Genetics 131: 245-253. http://www.mendelweb.org/MWhartl.intro.html 10/4 Th The Rise of Mendelism: Was Mendel a Mendelian? Reading: Robert Olby (1997) "Mendel, Mendelism, and Genetics" http://www.mendelweb.org/MWolby.intro.html *Carl Correns (1900) "Mendel's law concerning the behavior of progeny of varietal hybrids," First published in English as: Correns, C., 1950. G. "Mendel's law concerning the behavior of progeny of varietal hybrids." Genetics, 35(5, pt 2): 33-41. Originally published as: Correns, C. 1900. G. "Mendels Regel über das Verhalten der Nachkommenschaft der Rassenbastarde." Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 18: 158-168. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/c/ cc-00.pdf *Hugo de Vries (1900) "Concerning the law of segregation of hybrids." First published in English as: De Vries, H.. 1950. Concerning the law of segregation of hybrids. Genetics, 35(5, pt 2): 30-32. Originally published as: De Vries, H. 1900. Sur la loi de disjonction des hybrides. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), 130: 845-847. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/v/ hdv-00.pdf 10/9 T The Mendelian-Biometrician Controversy Reading: *William Bateson (1901), "Problems of Heredity as a Subject for Horticultural Investigation," Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 25: 54-61. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/wb-1.pdf *Francis Galton (1898) "A diagram of heredity," Nature, 57:293. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/fg-98.pdf James Crow (1993)"Francis Galton: Count and Measure, Measure and Count," Genetics 135: 1-4. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/135/1/1 10/11 Th From Breeders to Geneticists: Agriculture and Professionalization Reading: Diane Paul and Barbara Kimmelman, "Mendel in America: Theory and Practice, 1900-1919," in The American Development of Biology, R. Rainger, K. Benson, and J. Maienschein, eds. (Rutgers University Press, 1988),pp. 281- 310. http://www.mendelweb.org/MWpaul.intro.html Donald N. Duvick (2001) "Biotechnology in the 1920s: The Development of Hybrid Maize," Nature Reviews Genetics 2, 69-74. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v2/n1/full/nrg0101_069a_f s.html *D. F. Jones (1924) "The Attainment of Homozygosity in Inbred Strains of Maize," Genetics 9: 405-418. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/9/5/405 10/16 T T. H. Morgan and the Drosophila Breeder Reactor Reading: Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpts 1-6 *T. H. Morgan (1910) "Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila," Science 32: 120-122. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/thm-10a.pdf 10/18 Th Eugenics and Social Reform Reading: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpts 1-4 *Albert Edward Wiggam (1922) "The New Decalogue of Science," The Century Magazine, 1-16. http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/view_image.h tml?1349 10/23 T Race and Genetics in the United States Reading: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 6 *A.H. Estabrook and I.E. McDougle (1926) Mongrel Virginians: The Win Tribe (The Williams and Wilkins Company). Introduction of Estabrook's copy with added keys to pseudonyms. http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/image_header.pl?i d=1341&printable=1&detailed=0 10/25 Th Nazi Eugenics and the Racial State Reading: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 5. *Paul Popenoe (1934) "The German Sterilization Law," Journal of Heredity 25: 257-261. http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/image_header.pl?i d=2308&printable=1&detailed=0 10/30 T The Problem of the Gene: Muller, Stadler and X-ray Mutagenesis Reading: *H. J. Muller (1922) "Variation due to change in the individual gene," The American Naturalist 56:32-50. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hjm-22.pdf *H. J. Muller (1927) "Artificial Transmutation of the Gene," Science 66: 84- 87. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hjm- 1927a.pdf James Crow and Seymour Abrahamson (1997) "Mutation Becomes Experimental," Genetics 147: 1491-1496. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/147/4/1491 David Stadler (1997) "Ultraviolet-Induced Mutation and the Chemical Nature of the Gene," Genetics 145: 863-865. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/145/4/836 11/1 Th Not Drosophila: Different Organisms, Different Genetics Reading: *Harriet B. Creighton and Barbara McClintock (1931), "A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing-Over in Zea mays," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 17: 492-497. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/m/hc-bm- 31.pdf *Barbara McClintock (1953) "Induction of Instability at Selected Loci in Maize," Genetics 38: 579-599. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/38/6/579 Nathaniel Comfort (1995) "Two Genes, No Enzyme: A Second Look at Barbara McClintock and the 1951 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium," Genetics 140: 1161-1166. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/140/4/1161 11/6 T Big Bands: Cytogenetics and Salivary Chromosomes Reading: *T. S. Painter (1934), "A New Method for the Study of Chromosome Aberrations and the Plotting of Chromosome Maps in Drosophila melanogaster," Genetics 19: 175-188. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/19/3/175 Helmut Zacharias (1995) "Emil Heitz: Chloroplasts, Heterochromatin, and Polytene Chromosomes," Genetics 141: 7-14. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/141/1/7 Oren S. Harman (2005) "Cyril Dean darlington: The Man Who "Invented" the Chromsome," Nature Reviews Genetics 6: 79-85. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n1/full/nrg1506_fs.html 11/8 Th Inventing Human Genetics Reading: Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity, Chpt 7. *James V. Neel, Hiroo Kato, and William J. Schull (1974) "Mortality in the Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors and Controls," Genetics 76: 311-326. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/76/2/311 M. Susan Lindee (2000) "Genetic Disease Since 1945," Nature Reviews Genetics 1: 236-241. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v1/n3/full/nrg1200_236a_fs.html James Crow (1995) "Quarreling Geneticists and a Diplomat," Genetics 140: 421-426. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/140/2/421 11/13 T Better than Darwin: Evolutionary Genetics and Neo- Darwinism Reading: Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpt 8. *Sewall Wright (1931) "Evolution in Mendelian Populations," Genetics 16: 97-159. http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/w/sw- 31.pdf William Provine (2004) "Ernst Mayr: Genetics and Speciation, Genetics 167: 1041-1046. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/167/3/1041 11/15 Th The Problem with Pathways: Genes In Action Reading: Robert Kohler, The Lords of the Fly, Chpt 7 *G. W. Beadle and E. L. Tatum (1941), "Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 27: 499-506. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprtint/27/11/499 Maxine Singer& Paul Berg (2004) "George Beadle: From Genes to Proteins," Nature Reviews Genetics 5: 949-954. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v5/n12/full/nrg1494_fs.html 11/20 T From the Double Helix to the Central Dogma Reading: *James Watson and Francis Crick (1953), "A Structure for Deoxyribonucleic Acid," Nature 737-738. *Francis Crick (1970) "The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology ," Nature 227: 561-563. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5258/full/227561a0.html Michel Morange, A History of Molecular Biology 11/22 Th Thanksgiving -- No Class 11/27 T The RNA Revolution Reading: Michel Morange, A History of Molecular Biology 11/29 Th The Human Genome Project Reading: Leslie Roberts, "Controversial from the Start," Science (2001) 291: 1182- 1188.