Health Habits and Behaviour of Adolescent Schoolchildren, Taif, Saudi Arabia A.H
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Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2009 1525 Health habits and behaviour of adolescent schoolchildren, Taif, Saudi Arabia A.H. Abou-Zeid,1 T.M. Hifnawy 2 and M. Abdel Fattah3 العادات والسلوكيات املحفوفة باملخاطر لدى أطفال املدارس املراهقني يف الطائف، اململكة العربية السعودية عﻻء أبو زيد، تامر حفناوي، معتز عبد الفتاح اخلﻻصـة: هدفت الدراسة إىل تقديم معلومات حول العادات والسلوكيات واملشكﻻت واﻻحتياجات املتعلقة بصحة املراهقني واﻷطفال الذين يعيشون يف جمتمع عسكري يف اهلدا والطائف، اململكة العربية السعودية، وهي معلومات يمكن أن تقدم توجيهات لربامج الصحة املدرسية. شملت هذه الدراسة 21.3 284 َالع ْرضية ً يفطالبا املدارس اﻻبتدائية واﻹعدادية. وقد كان معدل انتشار التدخني بني الذكور، و4.9% بني اﻹناث. أما معدل البدانة فقد كان 20.8%، وأبلغ 68.8% من الطﻻب أهنم يقودون السيارات بدون رخصة وأن %82.3 منهم ﻻيربطون أحزمة اﻷمان. وقد سجل الباحثون معدﻻت إمجالية مرتفعة للنشاط البدين بلغت %75. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to provide data regarding habits, behavior, problems and needs regarding health in adolescent children from a military community at Al Hada and Taif, Saudi Arabia which could guide school health programmes. We carried out a cross-sectional study on 284 pre- paratory and secondary school students. Prevalence of smoking was 21.3% among males and 4.9% among females. The rate of overweight was 20.8%. Driving without a license was reported by 68.8% of students, and 82.3%said they didn’t fasten seat belts. However, we recorded a high rate of physical activity, 75.0% overall. Habitudes et comportements sanitaires des adolescents scolarisés à Taëf (Arabie saoudite) RÉSUMÉ Cette étude avait pour objectif de fournir des données sur les habitudes, le comportement, les problèmes et les besoins en matière de santé des adolescents d’une communauté militaire d’Al Hada et de Taëf (Arabie saoudite), afin d’orienter des programmes de santé scolaire. Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale sur 284 élèves des cycles préparatoire et secondaire. La prévalence du tabagisme s’élevait à 21,3 % chez les garçons et à 4,9 % chez les filles. Le taux de surpoids était de 20,8 %. La conduite sans permis concernait 68,8 % des élèves et 82,3 % ont déclaré ne pas attacher leur ceinture de sécurité. En revanche, nous avons constaté un taux global d’activité physique de 75,0 %, ce qui représente un chiffre élevé. 1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (Correspondence to A.H. Abou-Zeid: [email protected]). 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt. 3Department of Preventive Medicine, Al Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Received: 21/03/07; accepted: 31/05/07 املجلة الصحية لرشق املتوسط، منظمة الصحة العاملية، املجلد اخلامس عرش، العدد 6، ٢٠٠9 1526 La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale, Vol. 15, N° 6, 2009 Introduction proaches were used to enable reliable and comprehensive data collection. Data collec- The Saudi Arabian population is character- tion was conducted over 3 months starting ized by rapid growth and a large cohort of February 2005. youth [1]. This rapid growth along with the We selected our sample from students lack of information about Saudi Arabian ad- enrolled in the schools of Al-Hada and Taif olescents prompted the study of the health Armed Forces Hospitals Programme, Taif, profile of adolescents in Saudi Arabia with Saudi Arabia. This programme is served by the aim of gaining a better understanding of 7 preparatory schools, 4 for boys (with 716 the youth in Saudi Arabia today. students) and 3 for girls (with 498 students) Smoking is a major worldwide public and 4 secondary schools, 2 for boys (with health problem. It is now by far the largest 414 students) and 2 for girls (with 510 preventable cause of death in the industrial- students). The expected age for prepara- ized world [2]. Although there is a health tory school students is 12–16 years and for warning on every packet of cigarettes in- secondary school students 16–19 years. Ac- dicating that smoking is the main cause of cordingly, the age of the study population lung cancer, lung diseases and heart and was 12–19 years. artery diseases, and despite the fact that Of the 11 schools serving Al-Hada and antismoking clinics are distributed all over Taif Armed Forces Community, 6 were the country, smoking is increasing rapidly selected using a simple random sampling in Saudi Arabia among the young, partly technique: 1 preparatory school and 2 sec- due to the aggressive marketing methods of ondary schools for boys and similar number tobacco companies [3]. for girls. The aim of this study was to determine From each school, a systematic random the habits, behaviour, problems and needs sample of students were interviewed con- with regard to health of adolescent school- sidering equal male to female ratio and the children in order to provide data which total student population weight with a ratio could guide school health programmes in of 1:2 for preparatory:secondary schools. the Taif region specifically, and in Saudi More students were interviewed from sec- Arabia in general. ondary schools because secondary school students were expected to understand the objectives of the study better and give more Methods reliable data. The study was conducted at Al-Hada and Headmasters/teachers (7–10 from each Taif areas. Al-Hada is located in the Taif school), selected by simple random sam- Mountains (Western region of Saudi Ara- pling, were also interviewed. The student bia) at an altitude of 1800 m. population selected for this study repre- sented > 13% of the total preparatory and Study design secondary student population enrolled in We carried out a cross-sectional descriptive Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospitals Pro- study to assess the health habits and health gramme (284/2138 students); 141 were problems of adolescent students through males and 143 were females, 101 (35.6%) structured interviews with the students and from preparatory stage and 183 (64.4%) semi-structured interviews with school- from secondary schools. For each school, teachers. Quantitative and qualitative ap- the sample was divided equally between املجلة الصحية لرشق املتوسط، منظمة الصحة العاملية، املجلد اخلامس عرش، العدد 6، ٢٠٠9 Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2009 1527 the 3 grades. From within each grade, equal were entered into Excel and the frequency numbers of students from each class were of replies was calculated. SPSS, version 11, randomly chosen using a systematic ran- was used for the statistical analysis in this dom technique. study. A pre-tested, structured questionnaire was used covering the students’ health Ethical considerations habits and health status. The student ques- Administrative approval was obtained from tionnaire comprised around 100 questions the General Director of Education in Taif including personal and demographic data, District. Ethical approval was obtained faulty health habits, psychological and sex- from the ethics committee at Al-Hada Hos- ual health, accidents and injuries, chronic pital. Informed consent was obtained from illnesses and utilization of and satisfaction parents and an assent was obtained in writ- with health care services delivered through ing from each participating student. Access the military medical facilities. to collected data was restricted to the prin- The teachers’ questionnaire comprised cipal investigator only. 20 questions on personal data and their opinion about common illnesses and faulty habits which may be the cause of health- Results related problems affecting their community and asking them to prioritize these topics Father’s level of education was mainly up to from their point of view. We also asked secondary schooling (93.0%). Most of the about their utilization of and satisfaction fathers were soldiers (61.6%), some were regarding health care services delivered by officers (27.2%) and 11.2% were civilians the military medical facilities. working as clerks and technicians. Salary Body mass index (BMI) and the cor- was the only source of income for 90.9% of responding BMI-for-age percentile were the participants. Mean family size was 4.7 estimated using the CDC child and teen [standard deviation (SD 3.1; range 2–13] calculator [4]. This can be used for children persons and crowding index was ≤ 2 in and teenagers up to 19 years old. 94.4% of cases. Smokers were defined as anyone who Body measurements indicated that had smoked all or part of a cigarette during 16.9% of students were of abnormal weight the past 30 days or reported that he/she was for age, being either underweight or over- still smoking. weight. Stunted growth affected 10.2% of Health problems mentioned by the stu- students. Abnormal BMI for age was found dents were revised by reviewing their medi- in 38.4% of students, mainly related to cal records for confirmation. overweight (20.8%). Female students were more frequently Statistical analysis underweight (14.0%) and stunted (12.6%) The data from the in-depth interviews were than male students (9.9% and 7.8% re- analysed using a qualitative approach. The spectively) although the difference was not data were extracted into a common pool statistically significant. Male students were and a descriptive analysis was done accord- more likely to be obese based on weight-for- ing to prevalence. Prioritization of health age and BMI-for-age. Again, this difference problems was done. For the quantitative was not statistically significant (Table 1). data from the students’ interviews, the data املجلة الصحية لرشق املتوسط، منظمة الصحة العاملية، املجلد اخلامس عرش، العدد 6، ٢٠٠9 1528 La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale, Vol. 15, N° 6, 2009 Table 1 Demographic characteristics and body measurements of adolescent students in Taif Variable Males (n = 141) Females (n = 143) Total (n = 284) P-value No.