DOCSLIB.ORG

Landscapes of Settlement in South-East Cyprus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Landscapes of Settlement in South-East Cyprus LANDSCAPES OF SETTLEMENT IN SOUTH-EAST CYPRUS THE LATE BRONZE AGE ORIGINS OF A PHOENICIAN POLITY INCORPORATING THE RESULTS OF FIELDWORK BY THE AUTHOR AT PYLA-KOKKINOKREMOS 2007-2009 MICHAEL GARETH BROWN THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D. SCHOOL OF HISTORY, CLASSICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 2011 ii I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed entirely by myself and, except where explicitly acknowledged, represents my own work. Its contents have not previously been published, nor submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. ………………...……………………………………………………………… “Journeys, like artists, are born and not made. A thousand differing circumstances contribute to them, few of them willed or determined by the will—whatever we may think.” Lawrence Durrell, Bitter Lemons (1957, 15) iii ABSTRACT The origins of Early Iron Age polity in south-east Cyprus have traditionally been attributed to the formal imposition of Phoenician dominion over Kition in 707 BC. It is proposed that this paradigm fails adequately to acknowledge local agency in the preceding development of relations with Canaan and the Nile Delta from c.1650 BC onwards. Longue durée trends in settlement and societal development suggest that Late Bronze Age communities became pre-adapted to incorporation into wider Levantine spheres of interaction through participation in 'orientalizing' exchange. An emphasis is placed upon the significance of bulk commodity industry as a catalyst for social innovation, including the adoption of urbanism, concurrent with secondary state formation. Three case studies examine the development of regional settlement landscapes within the environs of Ayios Sozomenos, Pyla, and Hala Sultan Tekke. Discussion chiefly incorporates the results of new fieldwork conducted by the author [2007-2009] at the site of Pyla-Kokkinokremos. This involved pedestrian, geophysical and remote sensing survey combined with trial excavation. Several previously unknown archaeological features were identified, providing significant new information concerning the character and intramural composition of this important maritime centre. These findings complement those of previous missions, and reflect an established community rooted in its surroundings. A dominant trend of continuity in settlement and societal development, most clearly apparent through successive episodes of synoecism, is proposed for south-east Cyprus as a whole across the Bronze-to-Iron Age transition. Changes in occupation throughout the eastern Mediterranean at this time have conventionally been attributed to successive waves of migration and colonisation. This thesis constitutes an attempt at a pre-colonial narrative for Phoenician Cyprus, and by extension a conceptual framework to structure investigation of Levantine diaspora communities elsewhere in the Mediterranean. iv CONTENTS Declaration iii Abstract iv Illustrations vi Acknowledgements x PREFACE 1 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Bronze-to-Iron 5 1.2 Phoenician Identity 9 1.3 Landscape Perspectives 14 2 ALAŠIYA AND THE FOREST 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Woodland Industry 22 2.3 Riverine Settlement 28 2.4 Alašiya 41 2.5 Summary 46 3 KOKKINOKREMOS AND THE MARITIME LANDSCAPE OF PYLA 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Techniques of Archaeological Survey 53 3.2.1 Pedestrian Survey 53 3.2.2 Remote Sensing 54 3.2.3 Geophysical Prospecting 55 3.2.4 Trial Soundings 56 3.3 Architecture and Landscape Features 57 3.3.1 The 'Fortification' Wall 57 3.3.2 Intramural Diversity 68 3.3.3 Extramural Occupation 74 3.4 Surface Collection and Material Culture 80 3.5 Discussion 84 4 KITION AND THE LEVANT 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Ecological Niche 96 4.3 Hala Sultan Tekke and Kition 99 4.4 'Orientalizing' Artefacts and Merchant Firms 113 4.5 Summary 127 5 CONCLUSIONS 131 5.1 General Summary and Conclusions 131 5.2 Priorities for Future Research 138 5.3 Phoenician Cyprus 143 Bibliography 151 v ILLUSTRATIONS (Prepared by the author unless otherwise stated) FIGURES 1.1 Map of Late Bronze Age settlement on Cyprus with principle sites in the south-east 3 of the island. 1.2 Chronology and relative occupation of principle Late Bronze-to-Early Iron Age 4 settlement sites in south-east Cyprus mentioned in the text. 2.1 Map of Late Bronze Age settlement in the region of Ayios Sozomenos 21 (Background image OpenStreetMap.org). 2.2 Modern pine forest in the Troodos foothills. 22 2.3 Wall relief from the palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad depicting the transport of 29 timber along a river (Vigneau 1936, Plate 4). 2.4 Progression siltation of the Gialias-Pedieos Delta. a) c.5000 yrs B.P.; b) c.3500 yrs 31 B.P. (Devillers 2008, 155). 2.5 Model boat fragment from Sinda tomb I (Furumark and Adelman 2003, Plate 39:14) 33 [scale 2:3]. 2.6 a) "Assyrian soldiers towing a boat during a campaign against Merodachbaladan" 33 (Loud et al 1936, fig. 72); b) Boatman towing a sailboat upstream along the Ganges River in modern Bangladesh (photograph BBC Worldwide). 2.7 Early Bronze Age Red Polished Ware pack animal figurine from Pyla district (Morris 34 1985, 204) [scale 1:2]. 2.8 Ayios Sozomenos-Ambellia. Late Bronze Age graves and well visible in section facing 35 north-east from the Alykos River bed (Devillers 2008, 110). 2.9 Ayios Sozomenos-Glyka Vrysis plan and reconstruction of MCIII first 'fortress' 36 (Åström 1972a, 31 after Gjerstad 1926, 39). 2.10 Dhali-Kafkallia tomb G bronze belt and axe [scale 1:3] (Overbeck and Swiny 1972, ill. 38 5). 2.11 Wall relief from the palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad depicting longshoremen loading 40 timber onto riverboats (Botta and Flandin 1849, Plate 35; for description of relevant scenes see Linder 1986, 273-274). 3.1 Map of Late Bronze Age settlement in the region of Pyla (Background image 52 OpenStreetMap.org). vi 3.2 Northern sections of settlement boundary (or 'fortification') wall on Kokkinokremos 58 photographed in 1976 but no longer visible in 2007. a) Wall segment facing north- west [Plan I, feat. 6]; b) Wall segment facing south-west [Plan I, feat. 7]; c) Wall segment facing west [Plan I, feat. 8]. Photographs courtesy of Michel Fortin [all scales 50cm]. 3.3 View from south-east promontory of Kokkinokremos looking south-west towards 59 Larnaca Port. 3.4 a) In situ Cypriot pithos abutting exterior of 'fortification' wall segment on south-east 60 promontory of Kokkinokremos. Scale 1m (Plan I, feat. 4); b) Stone channelling recovered during Kokkinokremos surface survey. Scale 10cm [no. 1305gb]. 3.5 Kokkinokremos sounding EU10 facing north-east. 62 3.6 Plaster floor applied to bedrock at western end of EU10 showing recycled door socle 63 on interior face of western boundary wall [scale 20cm]. 3.7 Kokkinokremos sounding EU11 facing north-east. 64 3.8 N-S baulk across centre of EU11 during excavation showing spatial relationship 65 between segment of LCIIC boundary wall and overlying accumulation of modern field clearance along plateau edge. a) Facing north-east; b) Facing south-west. Scale 1m. 3.9 Kokkinokremos from the air in June 2007 with line of shallow bedrock terrace visible as 67 right-angled soil mark across centre of plateau. 3.10 a) 3D projection of Kokkinokremos geophysical mapping transect GT3 [length 68 40m/width 20m]; b) W-E tomographic section across Kokkinokremos shallow bedrock terrace feature [length 16m]. 3.11 Kokkinokremos sounding EU3 facing west. 69 3.12 Distribution and density of Kokkinokremos survey units relative to shallow bedrock 71 terrace (artefact plot courtesy of W. Caraher pers. comm 2009). 3.13 a) Rock-cut architecture on south-west flank of Kokkinokremos facing east [scale 1m] 74 (Plan I, feat. 1); b) Exposed segment of wall on south-west flank of Kokkinokremos slope facing west [scale 20cm] (Plan I, feat. 2). vii 3.14 Geological section at northwest base of Kokkinokremos facing north-east. Marl 75 sediments (strata A-C) forming colluvial cover of stable terrace soil deposits (strata D- F). A = Pinkish Grey exposed top-soil. Abundant small angular limestone fragments and occasional diabase pebbles (7.5YR 6/2); B = Light brown marl with occasional medium angular limestone fragments (7.5YR 6/3); C = Brown marl-calcarenite composite with few stones (5YR 6/4); D = Pale pinkish grey silty clay marl. Dense fabric with few cracks and occasional calcium carbonate concretions (7.5YR 7/2); E = Pink compacted coarse clay marl (5YR 7/3); F = Pink very firm marl-calcarenite matrix with abundant calcium carbonate fissures and occasional Pleistocene microfossil inclusions (5YR 8/3). 3.15 Mavrospilios-Kokkinokremos gully facing north-west. Geo-section [fig. 3.14] top right. 76 3.16 Pyla-Steno architecture under excavation in 1956 facing south-east, "structures west of 78 L.C. cemetery" (Photograph courtesy of Dept. of Antiquities, Cyprus) [scale approximate]. 3.17 Chronology of Steno and Koukoufouthkia tomb assemblages (Åström and Åström 1972, 79 828). 3.18 Proportional composition of Kokkinokremos site surface assemblage by gross ware 81 category (utility/bulk/fine). 3.19 Pyla-Steno incised potmarks. a) Detail of incised “ladder pattern” pot-mark on neck-to- 82 shoulder handle of Black Slip IV ware globular jug [tomb 2, 61] (Åström 1972a, 78- 79) [scale approximately 1:2]; b) Plain White Hand-made ware jug, almost biconical with handle from just below rim to shoulder, short narrow concave neck and ring base. Detail of incised pot-mark on handle from SCE IV:1C fig. 45.7 [tomb 4, 9] (Åström 1972a, 229, 231, 251); c) Plain White Hand-made ware piriform jug with handle from just below rim to shoulder, narrow concave neck and flat base. Detail of incised two sign inscription on handle [tomb 4, 19] (Åström 1972a, 229, 231). Photographs courtesy of Dept. of Antiquities, Cyprus.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History of Egypt Under the Ptolemies
    UC-NRLF $C lb EbE THE HISTORY OF EGYPT THE PTOLEMIES. BY SAMUEL SHARPE. LONDON: EDWARD MOXON, DOVER STREET. 1838. 65 Printed by Arthur Taylor, Coleman Street. TO THE READER. The Author has given neither the arguments nor the whole of the authorities on which the sketch of the earlier history in the Introduction rests, as it would have had too much of the dryness of an antiquarian enquiry, and as he has already published them in his Early History of Egypt. In the rest of the book he has in every case pointed out in the margin the sources from which he has drawn his information. » Canonbury, 12th November, 1838. Works published by the same Author. The EARLY HISTORY of EGYPT, from the Old Testament, Herodotus, Manetho, and the Hieroglyphieal Inscriptions. EGYPTIAN INSCRIPTIONS, from the British Museum and other sources. Sixty Plates in folio. Rudiments of a VOCABULARY of EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS. M451 42 ERRATA. Page 103, line 23, for Syria read Macedonia. Page 104, line 4, for Syrians read Macedonians. CONTENTS. Introduction. Abraham : shepherd kings : Joseph : kings of Thebes : era ofMenophres, exodus of the Jews, Rameses the Great, buildings, conquests, popu- lation, mines: Shishank, B.C. 970: Solomon: kings of Tanis : Bocchoris of Sais : kings of Ethiopia, B. c. 730 .- kings ofSais : Africa is sailed round, Greek mercenaries and settlers, Solon and Pythagoras : Persian conquest, B.C. 525 .- Inarus rebels : Herodotus and Hellanicus : Amyrtaus, Nectanebo : Eudoxus, Chrysippus, and Plato : Alexander the Great : oasis of Ammon, native judges,
    [Show full text]
  • Pyla-Koutsopetria I Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town American Schools of Oriental Research Archeological Reports
    PYLA-KOUTSOPETRIA I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF AN ANCIENT COASTAL TOWN AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH ARCHEOLOGICAL REPORTS Kevin M. McGeough, Editor Number 21 Pyla-Koutsopetria I: Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town PYLA-KOUTSOPETRIA I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF AN ANCIENT COASTAL TOWN By William Caraher, R. Scott Moore, and David K. Pettegrew with contributions by Maria Andrioti, P. Nick Kardulias, Dimitri Nakassis, and Brandon R. Olson AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH • BOSTON, MA Pyla-Koutsopetria I: Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town by William Caraher, R. Scott Moore, and David K. Pettegrew Te American Schools of Oriental Research © 2014 ISBN 978-0-89757-069-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Caraher, William R. (William Rodney), 1972- Pyla-Koutsopetria I : archaeological survey of an ancient coastal town / by William Caraher, R. Scott Moore, and David K. Pettegrew ; with contributions by Maria Andrioti, P. Nick Kardulias, Dimitri Nakassis, and Brandon Olson. pages cm. -- (Archaeological reports ; volume 21) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-89757-069-5 (alkaline paper) 1. Pyla-Kokkinokremos Site (Cyprus) 2. Archaeological surveying--Cyprus. 3. Excavations (Archaeology)--Cyprus. 4. Bronze age--Cyprus. 5. Cyprus--Antiquities. I. Moore, R. Scott (Robert Scott), 1965- II. Pettegrew, David K. III. Title. DS54.95.P94C37 2014 939’.37--dc23 2014034947 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. For Our Parents, Fred and Nancy Caraher Bob and Joyce Moore Hal and Sharon Pettegrew Introduction to A Provisional Linked Digital Version of Pyla-Koutsopetria I: Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town We are very pleased to release a digital version of Pyla-Koutsopetria I: Archaeological Survey of an Ancient Coastal Town (2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis-Cyprus.Final
    MORTUARY PRACTICES IN LC CYPRUS A Comparative Study Between Tombs at Hala Sultan Tekke and Other LC Bronze Age Sites in Cyprus Marcus Svensson Supervisor: Lovisa Brännstedt Master’s Thesis in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History Spring 2020 Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Lund University Abstract This thesis investigates differences and similarities in the funerary material of Late Bronze Age Cyprus in order to answer questions about a possible uniqueness of the pit/well tombs at the Late Bronze Age harbour city of Hala Sultan Tekke. The thesis also tries to explain why these features stand out as singular, compared to the more common chamber tomb, and the reason for their existence. The thesis concludes that although no direct match to the pit/well tombs can be found in Cyprus, there are features that might have had enough similarities to be categorised as such, but since the documentation methods of the time were too poor one cannot say for certain. The thesis also gives an explanation of why not more of these features appear in the funerary material in Cyprus, and the answer is simply that the pit/well tombs were not considered to be tombs but wells. Furthermore, direct parallels to the pit/well tombs can be found on mainland Greece, first and foremost at the south room of the North Megaron of the Cyclopean Terrace Building at Mycenae but also at the Athenian Agora. Key Words Hala Sultan Tekke, Late Cypriote Bronze Age, pit/well tombs, chamber tombs, shaft graves, Mycenae. Acknowledgements This thesis is entirely dedicated to the team of the New Swedish Cyprus Expedition, especially Jacek Tracz who helped me restore the assembled literature in a time of need, and to Anton Lazarides for proofreading.
    [Show full text]
  • The Carthaginians Free
    FREE THE CARTHAGINIANS PDF Dexter Hoyos | 288 pages | 09 Aug 2010 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780415436458 | English | London, United Kingdom Carthage - Wikipedia But who were the people of Carthage? Pitted as the original hero of Rome and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus, Aeneas came close to marrying Dido, before being forced to leave after divine intervention. Historians today question the veracity of the Dido legend, but it is clear that Carthage was founded as a trading outpost by the Phoenicians — a maritime civilisation originally from The Carthaginians region that today forms part of Lebanon. The city gradually grew to become a major centre of Mediterranean trade, and controlled a network of dependencies in North Africa, Spain, and Sicily. Specialising in the production of fine textiles, perfumes, and household goods such as furniture and cooking implements, in its heyday Carthage was the dominant metropolis in the western Mediterranean, and profited hugely from the merchants passing through its port. The city also served as a hub for the trading of metal, and tin mined in the Middle East was brought to Carthage to be forged into bronze. Carthage was also famous for its highly sophisticated agricultural practices. One of the earliest centres of wine production, evidence of Carthaginian goods, including wine amphorae, have been excavated as far away as the British Isles and the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Ancient sources, most notably the Greek The Carthaginians Polybius, reported that the Carthaginian military was predominantly a mercenary- based force. Rather than develop a fully militarised society akin to that of ancient Sparta, the Carthaginians largely relied on others to fight on their behalf.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastwards Via Cyprus? the Marked Mycenaean Pottery of Enkomi, Ugarit and Tell Abu Hawam
    Trinity University Digital Commons @ Trinity Classical Studies Faculty Research Classical Studies Department 2004 Eastwards via Cyprus? The Marked Mycenaean Pottery of Enkomi, Ugarit and Tell Abu Hawam Nicolle E. Hirschfeld Trinity University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/class_faculty Part of the Classics Commons Repository Citation Hirschfeld, N. (2004). Eastwards via Cyprus? The marked Mycenaean pottery of Enkomi, Ugarit and Tell Abu Hawam. In J. Balensi, J.-Y. Monchambert, & S. M. Celka (Eds.), Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée: Vol. 41. La ceŕ amique mycenienné de l'Egeé au levant: hommage a ̀ Vronwy Hankey (pp. 97-104). Maison de l'Orient et de la Mediterŕ anee-Jeań Pouilloux. This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Classical Studies Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Studies Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Trinity. For more information, please contact [email protected]. La ceramique mycenienne de l'tgee au Levant TMO 41, Maison de !'Orient, Lyon, 2004 EASTWARDS VIA CYPRUS? THE MARKED MYCENAEAN POTTERY OF ENKOMI, UGARIT, AND TELL ABU HA WAM Nicolle HIRSCHFELD * ABSTRACT Based on her study of distribution patterns, Vronwy Hankey suggested that Cyprus or Cypriots played some role in the trade of Mycenaean pottery eastwards to the Levant. She also noted that some of the Mycenaean pottery which reached both Cyprus and the Near East can-ied marks incised on handles or painted on bases. This paper examines the possible relationships between the marks, Mycenaean pottery, Cyprus, and the trade in Late Bronze Age ceramics.
    [Show full text]
  • Larnaka's New Face
    Larnaka’s new face as a prominent tourist destination The New Face of Larnaka The pretty coastal region of Larnaka is truly the Mediterra- nean destination for all seasons, and it is impossible not to fall in love with Cyprus’s oldest town. With a history of 10.000 years, Larnaka is the gateway to Cyprus and a magical blend of old and new. From its traditional architecture, authentic taverns and local handicrafts to its cultural sites and religious monuments, old Larnaka is an evocative glimpse into a Cy- prus past. New and modern Larnaka harmoniously intertwines with these elements of ancient Kition, and offers the cosmo- politan visitor beautiful beaches, a bustling promenade lined with cafés and restaurants, brand-name shopping, advanced infrastructure and every conceivable amenity. Although Larnaka has always offered plenty to both its resi- dents and visitors, this has been further enhanced with a host of changes the town has recently un- dergone. Big investments such as the new international airport and the creation of three town squares - amongst others - have been a welcome addition, but Larnaka has even bigger plans for the next five years, most of which are described in this brochure. Thanks to these changes, Larnaka’s future has never looked brighter. Larnaka Tourism Board The Larnaka Tourism Board was established in 2008 to promote Larnaka as a tourist destination, offer new initiatives to attract visitors to the region and solve any issues that may directly or indirectly impact on Larnaka and its potential as a holiday destination. The Board is a collaboration of all stakeholders of tourism in Larnaka, which include the Larnaka Cham- ber of Commerce and Industry, the Cyprus Tourism Organisation, the Municipality of Larnaka and Lefka- ra, the Local Authorities of Voroklini and Pyla, the hoteliers and travel agents of the region, the Larnaka District Development Agency and the Cyprus Agrotourism Company.
    [Show full text]
  • Struggle of Titans: Book 1
    From 538 BC to 231 BC, Carthage began as a dominant power along with the Etruscans and the Greeks. By 231 BC, Rome was the dominant power, and Carthage had taken major steps to conceal from the Romans, their buildup of forces in preparation to combat and overcome Rome. STRUGGLE OF TITANS: BOOK 1 by Lou Shook Order the complete book from the publisher Booklocker.com http://www.booklocker.com/p/books/9489.html?s=pdf or from your favorite neighborhood or online bookstore. Copyright © 2017 Lou Shook ISBN: 978-1-63492-606-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Published by BookLocker.com, Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida. Printed on acid-free paper. This is a work of historical fiction, based on actual persons and events. The author has taken creative liberty with many details to enhance the reader's experience. BookLocker.com, Inc. 2017 First Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE - BEGINNING OF CARTHAGE (2800-539 BC) ................. 9 CHAPTER TWO - CARTHAGE CONTINUES GROWTH (538-514 BC) ....................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER THREE - CARTHAGE SECURES WESTERN MEDITERREAN (514-510 BC) ............................................................. 32 CHAPTER FOUR - ROME REPLACES MONARCHY (510-508 BC) ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • House (Detached) in Dromolaxia, Larnaca for Sale
    House (Detached) in Dromolaxia, Larnaca for Sale €360,000 +VAT Web Reference: #28750 Plot Area: 210m2 Covered Area: 193m2 Bedrooms: 4 Bathrooms: 4 Toilets: 4 Parking Spaces: 2 Uncovered Area: 32 Floors: 2 Completion Year: 2022 Kitchen En-Suite Amathountos 32, Zana Complex, Shop 5, Ayios Tychonas, Limassol 4532, Cyprus t: +357 7000 0889 - fax: +357 25 312073 w: www.1stclass-homes.com - e: [email protected] House (Detached) in Dromolaxia, Larnaca for Sale Amathountos 32, Zana Complex, Shop 5, Ayios Tychonas, Limassol 4532, Cyprus t: +357 7000 0889 - fax: +357 25 312073 w: www.1stclass-homes.com - e: [email protected] House (Detached) in Dromolaxia, Larnaca for Sale Property Description Complex is the location for 21, three/four bedroom homes that come with options for custom home designs which range from 150-200m2 internal area. This modern style complex is situated 3km from Larnaca and offers easy access to the highway network with Limassol and Nicosia and is set on elevated ground offering unobstructed views of the coastline and surrounding country With private parking and optional swimming pool, rich design elements are to be seen throughout this residential development with each residence featuring spacious bedrooms, three/four bathrooms, laundry, exterior gardens, private gates with driveway and garage, within a private community. SPECIFICATIONS Options for custom home designs Three and four bedroom detached villas Three and four bathrooms Open plan kitchen En-suite shower for the main bedroom Kitchens, wardrobes and internal
    [Show full text]
  • Study of the Geomorphology of Cyprus
    STUDY OF THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF CYPRUS FINAL REPORT Unger and Kotshy (1865) – Geological Map of Cyprus PART 1/3 Main Report Metakron Consortium January 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1/3 1 Introduction 1.1 Present Investigation 1-1 1.2 Previous Investigations 1-1 1.3 Project Approach and Scope of Work 1-15 1.4 Methodology 1-16 2 Physiographic Setting 2.1 Regions and Provinces 2-1 2.2 Ammochostos Region (Am) 2-3 2.3 Karpasia Region (Ka) 2-3 2.4 Keryneia Region (Ky) 2-4 2.5 Mesaoria Region (Me) 2-4 2.6 Troodos Region (Tr) 2-5 2.7 Pafos Region (Pa) 2-5 2.8 Lemesos Region (Le) 2-6 2.9 Larnaca Region (La) 2-6 3 Geological Framework 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Terranes 3-2 3.3 Stratigraphy 3-2 4 Environmental Setting 4.1 Paleoclimate 4-1 4.2 Hydrology 4-11 4.3 Discharge 4-30 5 Geomorphic Processes and Landforms 5.1 Introduction 5-1 6 Quaternary Geological Map Units 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Anthropogenic Units 6-4 6.3 Marine Units 6-6 6.4 Eolian Units 6-10 6.5 Fluvial Units 6-11 6.6 Gravitational Units 6-14 6.7 Mixed Units 6-15 6.8 Paludal Units 6-16 6.9 Residual Units 6-18 7. Geochronology 7.1 Outcomes and Results 7-1 7.2 Sidereal Methods 7-3 7.3 Isotopic Methods 7-3 7.4 Radiogenic Methods – Luminescence Geochronology 7-17 7.5 Chemical and Biological Methods 7-88 7.6 Geomorphic Methods 7-88 7.7 Correlational Methods 7-95 8 Quaternary History 8-1 9 Geoarchaeology 9.1 Introduction 9-1 9.2 Survey of Major Archaeological Sites 9-6 9.3 Landscapes of Major Archaeological Sites 9-10 10 Geomorphosites: Recognition and Legal Framework for their Protection 10.1
    [Show full text]
  • This Pdf of Your Paper in Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy Belongs to the Publishers Oxbow Books and It Is Their Copyright
    This pdf of your paper in Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright. As author you are licenced to make up to 50 offprints from it, but beyond that you may not publish it on the World Wide Web until three years from publication (May 2015), unless the site is a limited access intranet (password protected). If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books (editorial@ oxbowbooks.com). An offprint from EAST E RN ME DIT E RRAN E AN ME TALLURGY AND ME TALWORK IN TH E SE COND MILL E NNIU M BC A conference in honour of James D. Muhly Nicosia, 10th–11th October 2009 edited by Vasiliki Kassianidou and George Papasavvas Organized by the Department of History and Archaeology and the Archaeological Research Unit of the University of Cyprus © OXBOW BOOKS 2012 ISBN 978-1-84217-453-1 www.oxbowbooks.com Contents Preface by V. Kassianidou and G. Papasavvas vii List of contributors xi Abbreviations xiv 1 Reminiscences: working with Jim Muhly 1 R. Maddin 2 Late Bronze Age copper production in Cyprus from a mining geologist’s perspective 4 G. Constantinou 3 Metallurgical production and trade on Bronze Age Cyprus: views and variations 14 A. B. Knapp 4 Pyrgos-Mavrorachi in Cypriot metallurgy 26 M. R. Belgiorno, D. Ferro and D. R. Loepp 5 Tinker, tailor, farmer, miner: metals in the Late Bronze Age economy at Kalavasos 35 A. K. South 6 Standing on ceremony: the metallurgical finds from Maroni-Vournes, Cyprus 48 R.
    [Show full text]
  • Larnaka Gastronomy Establishments
    Catering and Entertainment Establishments for LARNAKA 01/02/2019 Category: RESTAURANT Name Address Telephone Category/ies 313 SMOKE HOUSE 57, GRIGORI AFXENTIOU STREET, AKADEMIA CENTER 99617129 RESTAURANT 6023, LARNACA 36 BAY STREET 56, ATHINON AVENUE, 6026, LARNACA 24621000 & 99669123 RESTAURANT, PUB 4 FRIENDS 5, NIKIFOROU FOKA STREET, 6021, LARNACA 96868616 RESTAURANT A 33 GRILL & MEZE RESTAURANT 33, AIGIPTOU STREET, 6030, LARNACA 70006933 & 99208855 RESTAURANT A. & K. MAVRIS CHICKEN LODGE 58C, ARCH. MAKARIOU C' AVENUE, 6017, LARNACA 24-651933, 99440543 RESTAURANT AKROYIALI BEACH RESTAURANT MAZOTOS BEACH, 7577, MAZOTOS 99634033 RESTAURANT ALASIA RESTAURANT LARNACA 38, PIALE PASIA STREET, 6026, LARNACA 24655868 RESTAURANT ALCHEMIES 106-108, ERMOU STREET, STOA KIZI, 6022, LARNACA 24636111, 99518080 RESTAURANT ALEXANDER PIZZERIA ( LARNAKA ) 101, ATHINON AVENUE, 6022, LARNACA 24-655544, 99372013 RESTAURANT ALFA CAFE RESTAURANT ΛΕΩΦ. ΓΙΑΝΝΟΥ ΚΡΑΝΙΔΙΩΤΗ ΑΡ. 20-22, 6049, ΛΑΡΝΑΚΑ 24021200 RESTAURANT ALMAR SEAFOOD BAR RESTAURANT MAKENZY AREA, 6028, LARNACA RESTAURANT, MUSIC AND DANCE AMENTI RESTAURANT 101, ATHINON STREET, 6022, LARNACA 24626712 & 99457311 RESTAURANT AMIKOS RESTAURANT 46, ANASTASI MANOLI STREET, 7520, XYLOFAGOU 24725147 & 99953029 RESTAURANT ANAMNISIS RECEPTION HALL 52, MICHAEL GEORGIOU STREET, 7600, ATHIENOU 24-522533 RESTAURANT ( 1 ) Catering and Entertainment Establishments for LARNAKA 01/02/2019 Category: RESTAURANT Name Address Telephone Category/ies ANNA - MARIA RESTAURANT 30, ANTONAKI MANOLI STREET, 7730, AGIOS THEODOROS 24-322541 RESTAURANT APPETITO 33, ARCH. MAKARIOU C' AVENUE, 6017, LARNACA 24818444 RESTAURANT ART CAFE 1900 RESTAURANT 6, STASINOU STREET, 6023, LARNACA 24-653027 RESTAURANT AVALON 6-8, ZINONOS D. PIERIDI STREET, 6023, LARNACA 99571331 RESTAURANT B. & B. RESTAURANT LARNACA-DEKELIA ROAD, 7041, OROKLINI 99-688690 & 99640680 RESTAURANT B.B. BLOOMS BAR & GRILL 7, ATHINON AVENUE, 6026, LARNACA 24651823 & 99324827 RESTAURANT BALTI HOUSE TANDOORI INDIAN REST.
    [Show full text]
  • Watery Entanglements in the Cypriot Hinterland
    1 Article 2 Watery Entanglements in the Cypriot Hinterland 3 Louise Steel 1 4 1 Faculty of Humanities and Performing Arts, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter, Ceredigion 5 SA48 7ED; [email protected] 6 7 Abstract: This paper examines how water shaped people’s interaction with the landscape in Cyprus 8 during the Bronze Age. The theoretical approach is drawn from the new materialisms, effectively a 9 ‘turn to matter’, which emphasises the very materiality of the world and challenges the privileged 10 position of human agents over the rest of the environment. The paper specifically moves away from 11 more traditional approaches to landscape archaeology, such as central place theory and more 12 recently network theory, which serve to separate and distance people from the physical world they 13 live in, and indeed are a part of; instead it focuses on an approach that embeds humans, and the 14 social/material worlds they create, as part of the environment, exploring human interactions within 15 the landscape as assemblages, or entanglements of matter. It specifically emphasises the materiality 16 and agency of water and how this shaped people’s engagement with, and movement through, their 17 landscape. The aim is to encourage archaeologists to engage with the materiality of things, to better 18 understand how people and other matter co-create the material (including social) world. 19 Keywords: Cyprus; Bronze Age; water; materiality; new materialisms; entanglements; assemblages; 20 networks; central place theory 21 22 1. Introduction: A New Materialist Approach to Past Environments 23 This paper seeks to evaluate how the agency of water shaped the development of the Cypriot 24 landscape during the Bronze Age, focusing on how the natural world itself shaped peoples’ 25 engagement with their environment.
    [Show full text]