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The Attic the St The Attic The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Fall 2019, Volume 6, Number 1 The Attic The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Table of Contents Fall 2019 Volume 6, Number 1 3 A Note from the Editor 4 Editorial Statement of Purpose 5 The Effect of Meditation on Reducing Hypertension and Anxiety Sneha Bashyal, Psychology 11 Gender Inequality Within the Workplace in Relation to Utilitarianism Stephanie Bauer, Philosophy (Ethics) 25 Transgender Washrooms and Utilitarianism Kyrie Bouscal, Philosophy (Ethics) 37 Marx versus Mill on the Meaning of Individual Liberty and the Significance of Human Freedom in Their Vision of the Community and Human History Cara-Leigh Casavant, History 200 43 John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism: The Ethics of Pornography Richard Gowan, Philosophy (Ethics) 53 Discipleship and the Christian Life: The New Evangelization as a Response to the Call for Active Participation and Universal Holiness from Vatican II Emily Grant, Religious Studies/History 63 Turning Oral Tradition into Public Art: Bill Reid’s The Spirit of Haida Gwaii Tracy Iverson, History 1 The Attic: The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Fall 2019, Volume 6, Number 1 The Attic The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Table of Contents 71 Object and Depth Perception Amy Johnson, Psychology 89 The Unmanning of Abercrombie Smith: Loss of English Identity in “Lot No. 249” Daniel Melvill Jones, English 97 Women of the Plains Barbara Telford, History 105 Quiz Development for the Introductory Organic Chemistry Laboratory Dylon Thompson, Chemistry 129 On Tolerance and Intolerance Samantha Thompson, Education 133 Moving Towards Complexity Brooke-Lynn Vandenberg, History 200 143 Contributors 2 The Attic: The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Fall 2019, Volume 6, Number 1 The Attic The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers A Note from the Editor b I am pleased to announce this year’s edition of The Attic! Once again, we have made the journal available not only in print but also online (stmu.ca) so that we can serve the broadest possible audience. I’d like to thank all of you who responded to the call for papers. We received many excellent submissions and published essays that represent a diverse array of topics and disciplinary fields. I’d like to encourage you to continue to submit your most outstanding work for inclusion in upcoming issues. I would also like to sincerely thank my intrepid associate editor and StMU graduate, Barbara Telford (B.A. History, 2019), who so generously committed her time, formidable editing skills, and considerable efforts to help ensure the successful release of this edition. On a personal note, I’d like to express my appreciation for your support of The Attic. This is my final issue as Attic editor and I’m incredibly proud of the student work that we have published since the inception of the journal in F2010. I regard The Attic as a valuable outlet and platform for undergraduate research originating at St. Mary’s University. Welcome to The Attic! Warm wishes, Dr. Gayle Thrift, Associate Professor of History Editor of The Attic Barbara Telford, B.A. Associate Editor of The Attic 3 The Attic: The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Fall 2019, Volume 6, Number 1 The Attic: The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Editorial Statement of Purpose b Attic: the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and its principal city, Athens; Attic purity: special purity of language; Attic style: a style pure and elegant; Attic faith: inviolable faith; Attic salt/Attic wit: a poignant, delicate wit. The Attic: The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers is a journal devoted to the publication of exceptional undergraduate papers. By providing students a public forum for expressing their intellectual pursuits, The Attic promotes increased student engagement in research and scholarship, while also fostering a scholarly community of emerging researchers. The Attic has undergone significant change since its first publication in 2008. Three volumes were published under its former name, Salvia. A revised mandate reflects our intent to be inclusive by publishing submissions from across the disciplines. In recognition of St. Mary’s undergraduates’ varied scholarly explorations, the journal welcomes submissions of all kinds such as essays, laboratory assignments, field notes, reviews, and explications.The Atticstrives to encourage students’ interest in the pursuit of excellence in research and scholarship throughout their undergraduate careers. Standards of Publication The papers adhere to the scholarly and stylistic expectations of the respective field, with a minimal amount of grammatical and mechanical errors. The writers present compelling and timely material in the ideas themselves and in the manner in which they present them. Submissions subscribe to the citation format assigned to each discipline. 4 The Attic: The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Fall 2019, Volume 6, Number 1 The Effect of Meditation on Reducing Hypertension and Anxiety Sneha Bashyal b Stress is defined as a psychological and physiological reaction towards a stimulus which an individual appraises to be highly demanding of his or her potential, and resources to cope with the stress (Butler, 1993). Stress is a subjective experience, the severity of which depends on how demanding one finds the stimulus to be. If an individual believes that he or she does not have ample resources to address the stressful stimulus, then he or she may experience emotional distress and anguish. In terms of the organismal evolution, the stress response is a highly advantageous mechanism that helps the organism to overcome the environmental challenges and thus survive (Lundberg, 2005). However, the challenges of today’s society; the rapid pace of life, more strenuous work, high family demands, and the competition of resources between individuals, burdens the individual with numerous sources of stress and responsibilities (Lundberg, 2005). The frequent exposure to stress and inadequate coping mechanisms can damage cardiovascular and mental health of individuals, causing them to become hypertensive and anxious (Butler, 1993). Meditation is a therapeutic activity that can lower the emotional arousals to stressors and help attain a tranquil state of mind. Past research supports the critical role of meditation in slowing down the progression of hypertension and anxiety disorders (Lundberg, 2005; Levine, 2017; Steinhubl ,2015). This paper will focus specifically on the two roles of meditation: in lowering the blood pressure of hypertensive patients and in lowering the emotional arousals in patients with anxiety disorders. The effect of meditation on health is important to be studied because when practiced along with pharmacotherapy, meditation can provide optimal health benefits to patients. Literature Review Chronic stress plays a significant role in initiating and escalating the development of hypertension (James, 2008). Persisting stressful arousal over stimulates the production of white blood cells (James, 2008). These white blood cells can form deadly plaques in the blood vessels, limiting the flow of oxygen, blood and essential nutrients to the heart (James, 2008). Several studies have examined the effects of meditation on the blood pressure (bp) of hypertensive individuals who did or did not meditate. The study conducted by Manikonda et al. (2007) revealed that meditation therapy decreased the bp of hypertensive individuals while the study of Blom et al. (2013) revealed that meditation had no effect on the bp over a long period of time. 5 The Attic: The St. Mary’s University Journal of Undergraduate Papers Fall 2019, Volume 6, Number 1 Sneha Bashyal The Effect of Meditation on Reducing Hypertension A pilot study was conducted to determine the effects of contemplative meditation (CMBT), (Manikonda, 2007) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), (Blom, 2013) on the blood pressure (bp) of unmedicated hypertensive individuals. The studies screened for participants who were diagnosed with hypertension (Manikonda, 2007; Blom, 2013). Twenty- six participants were randomized to eight weeks of CMBT sessions, while the remaining twenty six participants were put in the control group (Manikonda, 2007). In the study of Blom et al. (2013), forty-six participants were enrolled in eight weeks of MBSR sessions while forty-one participants were put in the control group. In Manikonda et al. study (2007), the participants in the CMBT group practiced weekly instructor-led breathing focused meditation for eighty minutes. At the end of the eighth week, the bp of all participants were measured at 5 minute intervals. Prior to the measurements, the participants were refrained from partaking in bp alternating activities such as drinking coffee, smoking and exercising. In Blom et al. study (2013), the participants in the MBSR group practiced a form of meditation that focused primarily on the reflection of self-thoughts and emotions. The participants actively participated in eight, weekly 2.5-hour instructor-led meditation sessions in addition to forty-five minutes of independent, daily meditation. The bp of all participants were measured at 15-minute intervals on the eighth and twelfth week. The participants who meditated had a lower blood pressure (bp) than the participants in the control group (Manikonda, 2007; Blom, 2013). However, the data taken on the twelfth week revealed insignificant differences in bp of participants in the MSBR and control groups (Blom, 2013). The differential findings of these two studies result from variation in the style of meditation practiced and the methodologies used to record the bp. The participants in the CMBT group focused on their breathing to divert their attention from distracting thoughts while the participants in the MBSR group accepted and reflected on their recurring thoughts and emotions. Associating with past thoughts, especially those which elicited negative memories, can cause the participants to dwell excessively on their thoughts and remain disengaged from meditation.
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