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Title: Chemical Fungal Taxonomy Author: Frisvad, Jens C. Publisher title: Chemical Fungal Taxonomy author: Frisvad, Jens C. publisher: CRC Press isbn10 | asin: 0824700694 print isbn13: 9780824700690 ebook isbn13: 9780585158143 language: English subject Fungi--Chemotaxonomy. publication date: 1998 lcc: QK603.2.C48 1998eb ddc: 579.5/01/2 subject: Fungi--Chemotaxonomy. Page i Chemical Fungal Taxonomy edited by Jens C. Frisvad Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark Paul D. Bridge International Mycological Institute Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom Dilip K. Arora Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK BASEL HONG KONG Page ii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publica- tion Data Chemical fungal taxonomy / edited by Jens C. Frisvad. Paul D. Bridge, Dilip K. Arora. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8247-0069-4 (alk. paper) 1. Fungi--Chemotaxonomy. I. Frisvad. Jens C. II. Bridge, Paul D. III. Arora, Dilip K. QK603.2.C48 1998 579.5'01'2--dc21 98-8044 CIP This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000: fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 44-61-261-8482; fax: 44-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright © 1998 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be repro- duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including pho- tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Page iii Preface A large volume of literature is available on basic and applied mycology, covering aspects such as taxonomy and phylogeny, physiology, biochem- istry, comparative morphology, genetics and mo- lecular biology, pathology, and fungal metabol- ites including mycotoxins and ecology. Myco- logy is also often a significant component in studies of foods, biodeterioration, and health publications. A stable, reliable taxonomy for the fungi is a prerequisite for workers in all of these disciplines, to facilitate communication and to allow comparisons to be made between different subject areas. But until now, the various aspects of chemical fungal taxonomy had never been covered in one book. Historically, fungal taxonomy has developed from classical botanical approaches, and most taxonomic characters are based on morphologic- al attributes or associations with particular hosts. However, chemical methods have played an im- portant role in the taxonomy of yeasts, where there are few morphological features, and in the taxonomy of lichens and some lichen-associated fungi. Chemical taxonomy, in its broadest sense, has often been limited to a small number of fila- mentous microfungi, although the application of some chemical and physiological characters in wider taxonomic schemes is becoming more common. For example, immunological methods are widely used for the diagnosis of fungal dis- eases in animals and are now considered for the diagnosis of a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi. Recent developments in molecular biology have resulted in new techniques, such as restriction site mapping, becoming widely available in bio- logical laboratories. The incorporation of such methods in systematics has revolutionized many taxonomic schemes, allowing the characteriza- tion of individual isolates while also permitting phylogenetic and other evolutionary inferences to be made. One disadvantage to the adoption of new tech- niques is that they have often been undertaken by specialists. As a result, chemical and molecular biology approaches in systematics have been ap- plied independently, so comparisons between such schemes, and with those based on classical characters, are difficult Page iv to make. Similarly, important publications in these fields have been published in a wide range of specialist journals and books. It is therefore timely and important to present a broad range of information on these techniques, and their applications in systematic mycology, in a single volume. We have asked the authors of individual chapters to give a full and critical ac- count of the use of particular methods in fungal systematics and hope that this volume will then serve as a valuable reference source. The book will be of particular value for university and in- dustrial scientists actively involved in many ap- plied mycological disciplines, but especially hu- man and plant pathology, food quality, industrial mycology including screening for strains, applic- ations or production of stereospecific transform- ations, fermentations of enzymes, and production of pharmacological products. It will be of partic- ular value for interdisciplinary scientists and for mycologists, botanists, soil microbiologists, mo- lecular biologists, microbial ecologists, biotech- nologists, agriculturalists, and graduate school students in microbiology, mycology, botany, plant pathology, microbial ecology, and biotech- nology. We would like to thank the authors for their con- tributions and for all their effort. We would also like to thank Ms. Sandra Beberman for her ded- icated editorial assistance. JENS C. FRISVAD PAUL D. BRIDGE DILIP K. ARORA Page v Contents Preface iii Contributors vii 1. Chemical Fungal Taxonomy: An Overview 1 Jens C. Frisvad, Paul D. Bridge, and Dilip K. Arora 2. Numerical Analysis of Fungal Chemotaxonomic Data 19 Paul D. Bridge and Gerald S. Saddler 3. Use of PCR and RFLP in Fungal Systematics 51 Véronique Edel 4. Proteins in Fungal Taxonomy 77 Grégoire L. Hennebert and Marc Vancanneyt 5. Use of Isozymes in Fungal Taxonomy and Population Studies 107 Søren Rosendahl and Søren Banke 6. Fungal Immunotaxonomy 121 S. H. W. Notermans, M. A. Cousin, G. A. De Ruiter, and F. M. Rombouts 7. Taxonomic Applications of Polysaccharides 153 J. Antonio Leal and Manuel Bernabé 8. Chemotaxonomy of Fungi by Unsaponifiable Lipids 183 R. Russell Monteith Paterson 9. Fatty Acids in Fungal Taxonomy 219 J. L. F. Kock and A. Botha Page vi 10. Carbohydrates and Their Impact on Fungal Taxonomy 247 Gaby E. Pfyffer 11. Volatiles in Fungal Taxonomy 263 Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen 12. Role and Use of Secondary Metabolites in Fungal Taxonomy 289 Jens C. Frisvad, Ulf Thrane, and Ole Filtenborg 13. Special Metabolites in Relation to Conditions of Growth 321 J. M. Frank 14. Taxonomic Use of Metabolic Data in Lichen-Forming Fungi 345 Helge Thorsten Lumbsch Index 389 Page vii Contributors Dilip K. Arora, M.Sc. Professor of Microbiology and Mycology, Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, In- dia Søren Banke, M.Sc. Research Assistant, Depart- ment of Mycology, Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Den- mark Manuel Bernabé, Ph.D. Senior Research Scient- ist, Departamento de Química Orgánica Bioló- gica, Instituto de Química Orgánica, Grupo de Carbohidratos, Centro de Investigaciones Bioló- gicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain A. Botha, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Paul D. Bridge, B.Sc., Ph.D. International Myco- logical Institute, Egham, Surrey, United King- dom M. A. Cousin, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafay- ette, Indiana G. A. De Ruiter, Ph.D. Hercules European Re- search Center, Barneveld, The Netherlands Véronique Edel, Ph.D. Researcher, Department of Plant Pathology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France Ole Filtenborg, M.Sc. Associate Professor, De- partment of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark J. M. Frank, Ph.D. Research Fellow, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guild- ford, Surrey, United Kingdom Page viii Jens C. Frisvad, Ph.D., M.Sc. Associate Profess- or of Food Mycology, Department of Biotechno- logy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Grégoire L. Hennebert, Ph.D. Professor Emerit- us, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain- la-Neuve, Belgium J. L. F. Kock, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen, Ph.D. Assistant Pro- fessor, Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark J. Antonio Leal, Ph.D. Research Scientist, De- partment of Molecular Microbiology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Helge Thorsten Lumbsch Botanical Institute, University of Essen, Essen, Germany S. H. W. Notermans, Ph.D. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands R. Russell Monteith Paterson, Ph.D. Senior Bio- chemist, Department of Environmental and In- dustrial Development, International Mycological Institute, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom Gaby E. Pfyffer, Ph.D. Head, Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland F. M. Rombouts, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Food Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Søren Rosendahl, Ph.D. Associate Professor, De- partment of Mycology, Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Den- mark Gerard S. Saddler, Ph.D. Department of
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