Merchandising God: The Pope Tart Jesus on a tortilla? The Virgin Mary on a cheese sandwich? The “Nun Bun”? With eBay’s emergence, there has been a fervent resurgence of pseudoreligious pareidolia. One author posted her own joke-hoax “Pope Tart” on eBay and watched the results. KAREN STOLLZNOW he following scene about religious relics appeared in the British comedy The Black Adder.1 TBALDRICK: Moving on to relics, we’ve got shrouds from Turin; wine from the wedding at Cana; splinters from the cross [his finger gets a sliver from one of the splinters]; and, of course, there’s stuff made by Jesus in his days in the carpentry shop: pipe racks, coffee tables, coat stands, bookends, crucifixes, a nice cheeseboard, fruit bowls, waterpoof sandals . [picks up a piece of wood that’s partly carved] Oh, I haven’t finished that one yet. PERCY: But this is disgraceful, My Lord! All of these are obviously fake! EDMUND: Hah, yes! PERCY: But, but how will people be able to tell the difference between these and the real relics? EDMUND: Well, they won’t! That’s the point! PERCY: Well, you won’t be able to fool everyone! Look [he takes a red cloth from his sleeve]: I have here a true relic. SKEPTICAL INQUIRER May / June 2008 45 EDMUND: What is it? merchant who offered to sell him the skull of John the Baptist. The monk was dumbfounded. Hadn’t he just seen the skull PERCY: [unwraps the cloth] It is a bone from the finger of of St. John in a church during a recent visit to France? “That Our Lord. It cost me 31 pieces of silver. was the skull of St. John when he was a child,” explained the merchant. “This is his skull when he was an adult.”3 EDMUND: Good lord. Is it real? This reads like skepticism, but Serafin still believes in the PERCY: It is, My Lord. Bald rick, you stand amazed. existence of “legitimate relics” and is a self-professed “Knight of BALDRICK: I am—I thought they only came in boxes the Last Crusade for Holy Relics.” Their quest is “attempting to of ten. revive the Cult and veneration of Holy Relics” (through exhib- its, retreats, and conferences) and “rescuing and protecting Holy From holy handkerchiefs to sacred socks, relics are artifacts that are attributed to deceased religious figures. The label cov- Relics from profanation and neglect.” They seek to “continue to ers a broad range of memorial articles, usually classified into help locate and rescue genuine relics that have fallen into pawn three groups. First Class Relics include physical remains, such shops and occult stores and bring to the attention of the local as the bones or hair of a saint. Second Class Relics are the pos- Ordinary (Bishop) any Catholics selling relics in stores, mail sessions of an iconic figure, the objects intimately associated order, or the internet.” with them. For example, the “Veil of Veronica” is a sacrosanct Many churches still house supposedly “legitimate” rel- scarf, supposedly used to wipe the sweat from Jesus’ brow as ics, and in these surroundings, they hold credibility for the he carried the cross, imprinting his image on the cloth. Third believer. These churches are unwilling to authenticate their Class Relics are do-it-yourself relics, items that are sanctified relics using dating methods; not because this would discredit when they have touched a deceased saint; or items that have their claims, but because it would damage the fragile goods! a homeopathic holiness, having been brought to the shrine of While the Vatican still tacitly approves of the display of relics, a saint. Many churches still venerate relics as commemorative they oppose the sale of sacred items; so much so that they have objects, and like talismans, they are often credited with mirac- a name for the act: simony. But this rule only extends to First ulous powers, such as the ability to heal or to bring good luck. and Second Class relics. So, with these restrictions in mind, Thousands of alleged relics are in existence. A veritable how is God merchandised today? Frankenchrist could be resurrected from all of the Jesus relics Religious apparitions seem to form a Fourth Class Relic alone: bones, hair, teeth, tears, blood, umbilical cords, clothes, category, replacing the Holy Grail as a modern-day beacon and shrouds (with interesting implications for modern-day for the faithful. In popular usage, apparition refers to a broad cloning). The Vatican is reluctant to validate relics, and who range of miraculous phenomena, including physical “material- can blame them when there are often multiple claimants? izations,” i.e., reported visions of Jesus or the Virgin Mary (but There are at least three Holy Prepuces in existence . yes, the never God). An apparition can also be the manifestation of an foreskin of Jesus. Although, this matter was settled when sev- iconic figure through a statue or image, e.g., a weeping statue enteenth-century philosopher Leo Allatius convincingly argued of the Madonna, oil seeping from the image of a saint, or that the true Holy foreskin ascended into heaven with Jesus “bleeding” stigmata. An apparition can also be an illusion—an 2 and formed the rings of Saturn. object perceived to bear the likeness of a religious figure. For Reputedly, there are thousands of fake nails from the True example, the “Nun Bun,” a cinnamon bun that “resembles” Cross. There are so many alleged pieces of the crucifixion cross Mother Teresa (for an excellent metamorphosing image, visit: that sixteenth-century humanist Erasmus is credited with two www.indiana.edu/~jkkteach/P335/nunbun.html). Iron ically, impious punch lines: 1. Jesus must have been crucified on on Christmas day 2005, the Nun Bun was stolen from the a whole forest, and 2. There are enough pieces of the cross Nashville, Tennessee, coffee shop where it was displayed. The to build a ship (Noah’s Ark perhaps?). As Baldrick’s scheme bun and thief are still at large. suggests, the sale of fake relics was big business during the To the skeptic, this latter category is known as pareidolia. medieval era. Thomas Serafin, of the International Crusade This term refers to the phenomenon whereby a vague, ran- for Holy Relics, cites this little yarn: dom stimulus is perceived to resemble a specific, recognizable During the Middle Ages, a traveling monk hoping to pur- form, usually an animate or iconic figure. Whether we see chase a saint’s relic for his monastery found little success and a face in the clouds or a shape in tea leaves, our instinctive returned home disappointed. Luckily, he soon encountered a ability to respond to pareidolia is the whole basis of the Karen Stollznow has a PhD in linguistics and is associate editor Rorschach ink blot test (although it doesn’t necessarily reveal of The Skeptic (Australia) journal. She is a committee member of our deepest psyche. This psychological analysis is an interpre- the Australian Skeptics Inc. and a veteran investigator of the para- tation of an interpretation). normal and pseudoscientific. She is a lecturer, researcher, and con- Infamous examples such as the “Face on Mars,” the “Pete sultant living in the San Francisco Bay Area. Visit www.bad-lan Townshend potato,” and the “Bob Hope potato chip” con- guage.com to read more of Karen’s articles. This article was firm that this phenomenon is by no means restricted to reli- adapted from Karen Stollznow’s “Merchandising God: The Pope gious themes. Perceiving pareidolia is intuitive profiling, our Tart” The Skeptic. Vol. 26, No.1. pp. 28–34, 2006. Australian propensity to search for the familiar in the unfamiliar. Carl Skeptics Inc. Sagan links the facility to a survival mechanism.4 We recog- 46 Volume 32, Issue 3 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER nize similarities and often superimpose a mental image onto a visual image. We discover patterns in nature and match facial features with familiar faces. Think about the times you’ve tem- porarily mistaken a stranger as your boss in a crowded place after taking an illicit “sick day” from work. To illustrate the random nature of pareidolia, Phil Plait writes about his experience of having a shower with Vladimir Lenin. On an otherwise normal day, Phil was washing away his sins. Upon stepping out of the shower, his eyes were drawn to the shower curtain. What he saw sent a shiver down his spine: “There was a face in the shower curtain, looking directly at me.” Unbeknown to Phil, he’d had a voyeur during his shower, none other than the revolutionary Lenin. It was a communistic miracle! Did the Bolshevik leader bring a mes- sage of socialism to this consumerist society? Was he bringing the Iron Curtain to the shower curtain? Phil quickly admits that this was no paranormal event but a pattern formed by water droplets on the shower curtain. He vows not to set up a Lenin bathtub shrine but marvels over the uncanny likeness, “and let me tell you, my Lenin face is the best example of this phenomenon I have ever seen. Usually, the resemblance peo- ple see is vague at best.” For more of this tale, visit: www.bad The Nun bun. astronomy.com/bad/misc/lenin.html. While pareidolia is an intrinsic phenomenon, something foodstuffs throughout the U.S. But for awhile, the occur- we might be “hard-wired” for, the observer’s reactions can rences lessened, or at the least the media fascination ebbed. differ greatly. Bob Carroll states that “most people recognize However, with the emergence of eBay.com, religious parei- illusions for what they are, but some become fixated on the dolia has made a fervent resurgence.