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Morphostructural Variability in the Pastoreña Goat in Different Regions of the Mixteca of México: a Phenotypic Study to Establish the Racial Profile

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Morphostructural Variability in the Pastoreña Goat in Different Regions of the Mixteca of México: a Phenotypic Study to Establish the Racial Profile Rev. FCA UNCUYO. H.2020. R. Villarreal-Arellano 52(2): 360-375. ISSN et (en al. línea) 1853-8665. Morphostructural variability in the Pastoreña goat in different regions of the Mixteca of México: A phenotypic study to establish the racial profile Variabilidad morfoestructural en la cabra Pastoreña en diferentes regiones de la Mixteca de México: Un estudio fenotípico para establecer el perfil racial Héctor R. Villarreal-Arellano ¹, Gisela Fuentes-Mascorro ², J. Efrén Ramírez-Bribiesca ¹*, 3 Glafiro Torres-HernándezRecepción: 08/09/2018 ¹, Carmina - Aceptación:Ricardi-De-la-Cruz 26/11/2019 ², Samuel Vargas-López Originales: Abstract In the present study, we evaluated the morphostructural variability of the Pastoreña goat (PG) in Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. This study was carried out to evaluate five qualitative ranges and thirteen morphometric characteristics of 249 animals (185 females and 64 males) from 2 to 5 years old. Descriptive statistics analysis was performed on the qualitative (QV) morphometric (MV) variables, and variance analysis and Tukey test by sex. The Pearson correlations were calculated for MV, determining the morphostructural harmonic model. The canonical discriminant analysis and analysis of principal coordinates were made for QV and principal component analysis for MV. The- results of QV indicated some features in the racial profile of the PG. MV showed sexual dimorphism (p<0.05). The coefficient of variation indicated morphostructural homoge neity. The correlations in MV suggest harmonic-morphostructural and harmonic-median models for females and males, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed similarities in the sampled localities. In conclusion, the qualitative and quantitative variables demonstrated in the PG characterize as a unique goat breed in the Mixteca of México andKeywords justify further conservation efforts. native goat • transhumance •pastoralism 1 Programa de Ganadería. Posgrado en Recursos Genéticos y Productividad. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo. Km. 36.5 Carr. México-Texcoco. 56230 Texcoco. Edo. de México. México. * [email protected] 2 Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria. Av. Universidad s/n. Ex-Hacienda 5 Señores. 68120 Oaxaca. Oaxaca. México. 3 Colegio de Postgraduados - Campus Puebla. Apartado Postal 2-12. Col. La Libertad. 72130 Puebla. Puebla. México. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias 360 Pastoreña goat: A phenotypic study Resumen En el presente estudio, evaluamos la variabilidad morfoestructural de la cabra Pastoreña (CP), en la región de la Mixteca, Oaxaca, México. El estudio se realizó para evaluar cinco rangos cualitativos y trece características morfológicas de 249 animales (185 hembras y 64 machos) de 2 a 5 años de edad. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de las variables cualitativas (VQ) y morfométricas (VM), análisis de varianza y la prueba de Tukey por sexo. Las correlaciones de Pearson se calcularon para VM,- determinando el modelo armónico morfoestructural. El análisis canónico discriminante y el análisis de las coordenadas principales se realizaron para QV y análisis de compo nentes principales para VM. Los resultados de las VQ indicaron algunas características en el perfil racial de la CP y las VM mostraron dimorfismo sexual (p <0,05). El coeficiente de variación indicó homogeneidad morfoestructural. Las correlaciones en VM sugieren modelos armónicos-morfoestructurales y armónicos-medianos para las hembras y machos, respectivamente. El análisis multivariado mostró similitudes en las localidades muestreadas. Como conclusión, las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas demostradas en la CP se caracterizan como una raza única de cabra en la Mixteca de México y justifican mayoresPalabras esfuerzos clave de conservación. cabra nativa • trashumancia • pastoralismo Introduction resources (AnGR) of FAO (2007) is an The data bank for animal genetic the Mixteca region in the states of Puebla and Oaxaca. Historical data indicate that essential source of information necessary the breeding of these goats’ dates from for maintaining appropriate conservation stratum:around 1560, señorios subsequently, nobles establishingmacules. programs and provides a framework for Inthree the 17groupsth of herds known as sincethe management 1960 to countries of livestock to characterizebiodiversity. , and In this context, FAO has provided support -century, livestock husbandry intensified with goat herds being raised and conserve native livestock breeds. They on communal lands abundant in shrubs or have committed to establish the Domestic trees. From 1585 to 1595, the production informationAnimal Diversity about nativeInformation races to facilitateSystem of sheep and goatsth was approximately (DAD-IS) as a mechanism to exchange 150,000 animals, remaining stable throughout the 19 century up to the the management of the AnGR. The system agricultural livestock census of 1970 (7). creates access to a database that facilitates RamirezThe etresearch al. in the Mixteca the efficient distribution of guidelines and goats are few, a study conducted by documents worldwide. (2014) indicates the México has a population of native goats presence of 2 production systems, the first known in Spanish as "Pastoreña goat (PG)" is the transhumant, with herds formed by that are bred by shepherds who inhabit more than 800 animals, predominantly Tomo 52 • N° 2 • 2020 361 H. R. Villarreal-Arellano et al. the white phenotype and feeding only with preserve them as a race free of crosses with continuous grazing given in large regions. exotic breeds. Therefore, the objective of this- The second is a system. The second system- study was to document the variability that is heterogeneous; the phenotypes of goats occurs in the Mixteca regions on the quali are brown, black, white and their combi tative and quantitative traits of PG. nations. The herds are fed with grazing Material and methods and agricultural supplements, and there is the nocturnal confinement in pens. Animals and Location Particularly in the Mixteca of Oaxaca, the research by our research group focused on the first system, predominantly pastoral México has a population of 8,754,204 goats with individual herds from 900 to goats (6), with 1,251,734 found in state 1500 animals. The study was conducted in- of Oaxaca, concentrated mainly in the flocks with around 1000 PG with uniform Mixteca region, where there are herds of phenotypic characteristics in the transhu PG that are mostly of a specific lineage, mance system. characterized by white or cream color, The phenotypic characterization of robust physique, thin63 limbs and capable animals in a specific25 region, 31), butidentifies there of grazing in rocky, inaccessible terrain the attributes of a race in the production (figure 1, page 3 ). Individual herds system environment ( include 100 to 1500 animals. All graze on is only one study describing the breed communal lands, but the large herds are limitedly (26). Therefore, it is necessary to raised in a transhumance system, while demonstrate that the study population can the small herds are taken out to feed be categorized as a homogeneous group during the day and at night confined to (5). In this context, it is essential to define pens. Their primary zootechnical function a set of qualitative and morphometric is meat production; the adult males and variables that characterize the phenotype old females areChito commercializedMole de Cadera from. fromof the other AnGR races population (30, 32). Whileunder molecular study to July to October to be prepared in a native establish standards that distinguish it dish known as and Milk production is not the main activity,- genetic characterization provides a better but occasionally the shepherds who care definition of race, phenotypic variables are for and are living with herds in the trans also important (17). Therefore, multivariate humance system, drink milk and make analysis that includes the discriminant cheese for self-consumption. method, analysis of principal coordinates, The study was conducted during the main components, cluster analysis and summer of 2017, in the Mixteca63 of Oaxaca, correlations could provide data to establish México and included 9 places in 3 regional AnGRidentity (1, traits 31) of essential a race (16, for 20, conservation 22, 24), both districts (figure 2, page 3 ) with the as a descriptive tool and to form models of following characteristics: Region 1: Huajuapan de León is at programs of a breed. coordinates 17°48'00" N 97°46'00" W. The study was motivated under the Region 2: Silacayoapan is at coordinates hypothesis that the phenotypic values of PG- 17°30'00" N 98°08'00" W. may be unique, giving a total adaptation of Region 3: Santiago Juxtlahuaca is at breeding in the adverse environmental condi coordinates 17°43'00" N 97 ° 19'00" W. tions of the Mexican Mixteca. The shepherds Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias 362 Pastoreña goat: A phenotypic study Figure 1. Figura 1. A flock of goat pastoreña in the Mixteca of Oaxaca, México. Rebaño de la cabra pastoreña en la Mixteca de Oaxaca, México. SJ1 = Santiago Juxtlahuaca 1, SJ2 = Santiago Juxtlahuaca 2, SAY = San Andrés Yutatío, SMA = San Marcos Arteaga, SMT = San Miguel Tlacotepec, YDJ = Yucuñuti de Juárez, IN = Ixpantepec Nieves, Figure 2. SMTi = Santa María Tindú, SJD = San Juan Diquiyú. Figura 2. Geographical map of the sampling places in the Mixteca of Oaxaca, México. Mapa geográfico de los lugares de muestreo en la Mixteca de Oaxaca, México.
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