A Seemingly Impossible Task

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Disarmament A SEEMINGLY IMPOSSIBLE TASK

FEATURED P.10 UNITED NATIONS P.16 UNITED NATIONS P.34 Nuclear Interview with Giving back, disarmament Executive Secretary sharing and and the legacy of the UNECE committed to

780 – JUNE 2018 of Hiroshima the SDGs O N Think Healthcare without BORDERS

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Disarmament A SEEMINGLY IMPOSSIBLE TASK

FEATURED P.10 UNITED NATIONS P.16 UNITED NATIONS P.34 Nuclear Interview with Giving back, ALEXANDER MEJIA disarmament Executive Secretary sharing and and the legacy of the UNECE committed to

780 – JUNE 2018 of Hiroshima the SDGs O N

ÉDITORIAL / EDITOR’S NOTE 3 After many years of political hindrance, Après de nombreuses années d'obstacles the Conference on Disarmament is back at politiques, la Conférence du désarmement FEATURED / À LA UNE work in full force in 2018. This is an issue est de retour en 2018. C'est un sujet qui nous A race to peace 5 close to our hearts as we have many col- tient à cœur, vu les nombreux collègues qui Can Geneva become again leagues working at this venerable institution travaillent dans cette vénérable institution the city of disarmament? 8 at the Palais and its Secretary General is du Palais et dont le Secrétaire général est le Nuclear disarmament the UNOG Director General. In this edition Directeur général de l'ONUG. Dans cette édi- and the legacy of Hiroshima 10 we offer you an overview of the institution, tion, nous vous offrons une vue d'ensemble The liability issues related the process and several perspectives on the de l'institution et de plusieurs perspectives to the use of Lethal Autonomous future of disarmament. After all, this has sur l'avenir du désarmement. Après tout, Weapons Systems 12 been, it certainly is, and it will continue to cela a été, est et continuera d'être l'une des UN SG’s Disarmament Agenda: be, one of humanity’s highest aspirations. aspirations les plus élevées de l'humanité. Action Now 14 On this subject, you will hear from Hiroshi- Sur le même sujet, vous pourrez lire sur ma’s Governor Hidehiko Yuzaki about the le rôle d'Hiroshima dans la promotion UNITED NATIONS / NATIONS UNIES role of Hiroshima to promote a world free d'un monde sans armes nucléaires, ainsi UNECE, a Do-Tank committed from nuclear weapons and from Ambassa- qu’une contribution de l'ambassadeur to do good things better 16 dor and permanent representative of Sri et représentant permanent du Sri Lanka Bicycles and SDGs: Right on Target! 30 Lanka Mr. A.L.A. Azeez. M. A.L.A. Azeez. Giving back, sharing and committed In this edition you will also find an inter- Dans cette édition, vous trouverez égale- to the SDGs 34 view of UNECE Executive Secretary Ms. ment une interview de la Secrétaire exécu- Monitoring, evaluating… and then what? 36 Olga Algayerova, who shares her views tive de la CEE-ONU, Mme Olga Algayerova, and the projects of this important regional qui parle des projets de cette importante GLOBAL AFFAIRS / AFFAIRES GLOBALES Commission. You will also read about the commission. Vous lirez aussi sur la contri- International engagement of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field Republic of Tajikistan’s contributions to bution de la République du Tadjikistan à la of water cooperation 20 International Decade for Action “Water for Décennie internationale d'action « L'eau au Transparency and competitiveness: Sustainable Development”. service du développement durable ». Brazil’s fight against corruption 22 Additionally, you will read about the De plus, vous lirez sur la vie du général The future of work 32 extraordinary life of Polish General polonais Kosciuszko, défenseur de la liberté Kosciuszko who fought for freedom and et les droits de l'homme. General Kosciuszko, a man ahead of his time 44 human rights. Plusieurs autres articles sont d’intérêt pour Several other articles are relevant to UN le personnel de l'ONU, tel que celui sur la Fake news, Fake history, Fake law 46 staff, including an exploration of the value valeur et contraintes des descriptions d'em- WHO / OMS and constraints of job descriptions, the ploi et l'avenir du travail. The ‘End Polio Now’ tulips back! 23 issue of monitoring and the future of work. D'autres sujets incluent diverses initiatives, Other topics include various initiatives, telles que les tulipes ‘End Polio Now’, le Can We Achieve Real Accountability in the UN Common System and Truly such as the ‘End Polio Now’ tulips, the Geneva bike2work et Greycells, une Protect Whistleblowers? 26 Geneva bike2work and Greycells, an asso- association de retraités de l'ONU pour le Internship at the United Nations: ciation UN retirees for development. développement. A comparative perspective 28 Finally, we hope our readers will enjoy Enfin, nous espérons que nos lecteurs It is in your interest to regularly update the first installment of travel stories about apprécieront le récit de voyage sur les vol- your post description 38 volcanos, as well as a glimpse of 1816, the cans, ainsi qu'un aperçu de 1816, « l’année so called “Year Without a Summer”. sans été ». ARTS & CULTURE Happy reading! n Bonne lecture ! n Gothic Geneva and the year without a summer 42 Sur les volcans du monde (1re partie) 44 The official magazine of the international La revue officielle des fonctionnaires civil servants of the United Nations at internationaux des Nations Unies à Genève Geneva and of the Word Health Organization et de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé

UN Special – June 2018 | 3 Ramin et Leili Varembé FEATURED / À LA UNE © Shutterstock A race to peace

Disarmament, the act of reducing, SEBASTIAN HOFBAUER, UNITAR and disarmament, we should be able to pay in full for the limiting, or abolishing weapons, is a A costly burden global fight against poverty and cornerstone for human development as The world spent US$1.69 tril- actually keep some change. I lion on military expenditures am an optimist but I am doubt- enshrined in the letter and the spirit of in 2016, or the equivalent of ful that many of us will see this the Charter of the United Nations (UN). US$227 per person that year. in their lifetime. To put this in perspective, US$227 is one third of the Strength in the 21st century annual income a poor person Why is that? The answer is Consequently, our organization has in the developing world needs rather simple. Armament long been at the forefront of attempting to receive to merely eat, if you remains the most tangible tool consider that since 2015 the of power of short-sighted polit- this seemingly impossible task. It is World Bank defines the inter- ical leaders, in both the devel- time to reflect on the socio-economic national extreme poverty line oped and the developing world. at US$1.90 per day. Another Armies and their weapons are Ramin et Leili burden of armament, what we are way to understand how offen- still seen as a means to pro- sive this amount is, relates to ject power to the world, to your Varembé doing against it today, and what keeps the ongoing discussion on the neighbours, and perhaps more the scales tilted towards peace, rather financing for the Agenda 2030. importantly, to the citizens that According to The Guardian, it is you govern. It takes a lot of guts than nuclear devastation. estimated that US$1,4 trillion to get rid of your military power per year are needed to pay for if you are a progressive leader. all the projects, programmes, And even if you attempt do that, and initiatives involved in you would always be accused national development plans of a lack of patriotism and of and the like. So, in the hypo- being irresponsible towards thetical, utopian, unrealistic, the future of your nation. It is and highly unlikely scenario in a natural reaction of societies which the world governments to feel protected by the ability would decide to embrace peace to use force and the capacity to

UN Special – June 2018 | 5 © Wikimedia commons/A. Savin Topol-M, an intercontinental ballistic missile in preparation for Victory Parade in Moscow

deploy a traditional army. So is Charter. Indeed, our Secre- While tremendous progress has the current international con- this changing in the 21st Cen- tary-General recently reiterated been made, the Conference’s text of tensions and renewed tury? Perhaps it is, as more and that “the current international mission, as you will see, is not risk of use of nuclear weapons, more citizens are waking up security situation underscores a simple one. The fact that its tangible progress is a much- to the new reality of terrorism the vital need to restore disar- members represent all regions needed signal. The revitalized and (lack of) cybersecurity. The mament as an integral compo- of the world also means that work of the Conference gives concept of a traditional army is nent of our collective efforts to different positions, opinions, us reason to be optimistic. Now, changing rapidly but the finan- prevent armed conflict and to and interests are bound to to say it with the words of our cial requirements remain the maintain international peace collide. This makes reaching Secretary-General, “the most same. Now the strength of an and security.” Yet, while the compromise sometimes difficult difficult part lies ahead: […] the army is not measured in num- need for effective disarmament and renders progress suscep- resumption of negotiations”. ber of men, airplanes, tanks, or is clear, advancing towards it – tible to vetoing, when not all naval destroyers. Instead, it is let alone achieving it – remains interests can be met. In the field Nuclear peace assessed based on the capac- a challenge that often seems of nuclear non-proliferation, for The fear of a nuclear conflict ity to protect a country against overwhelming. Let us take a example, nuclear-armed states reached its peak during the a cyberattack, a terrorist act, closer look at the global instru- are resolved on remaining in Cold War when the conflict technological espionage, or ments in place that aim to take their position indefinitely. On between two nuclear super- unlawful surveillance. To keep this challenge on. the other side, a majority of powers threatened to escalate. you safe, defence ministries countries are determined to That it didn’t, ironically, can be are now focusing on master- A truly complicated agenda achieve prohibition and elim- attributed at least in part to ing asymmetric warfare and It is a sad reality that we are ination of nuclear weapons nuclear weapons themselves. embracing new tactics and reminded all too often of the sooner than later. Both the United States and weapons to fight a non-tradi- dire necessity of disarmament. the Soviet Union developed tional enemy. Should we simply accept that In recent years, this has limited and deployed hard-to-defend illegal arms flows undermine the progress of the Conference. ballistic missiles. The emphasis A necessary effort our fragile sustainable devel- In what has been termed an of their military strategy hence And so, while change seems opment efforts by feeding “unexpected achievement” became deterrence based on to be the only constant in this into conflict and diverting by members of the disarma- nuclear retaliation. If one of the admittedly still young 21st resources? Our organization ment community, recent weeks adversaries launched a nuclear century, it is rather safe to say already maintains an active however have seen progress attack, the other one was sure that the importance of disar- role, tackling the issue of dis- towards revitalizing the work of to respond with an equally dev- mament will not be diminished. armament on several fronts. the Conference and taking for- astating counter-measure. This On the contrary, the emergence Indeed, the UN created what ward multilateral disarmament stand-off played a significant of new technologies, empow- amounts to an extensive list of negotiations. After intensive role in keeping the war cold. ered actors and the threat of milestone frameworks on disar- consultations, the current Presi- While various nuclear arms a new nuclear arms race serve mament. The next article takes dent of the Conference, Ambas- control measures designed as a reminder. We must pur- a closer closer look at one of sador Ravinatha Aryasinha to maintain crisis stability sue global disarmament as a them, as it was put back in the of Sri Lanka, announced the also contributed to this, the foundation for international spotlight in recent weeks: the decision of the Conference to most important reason was security, as agreed in the UN Conference on Disarmament. re-start its substantive work. In the fear of mutually assured

6 | UN Special – Juin 2018 destruction (MAD). Thus, it 14,175 nuclear weapons world- in the realms of cyber, space, Weapons (NPT) is currently may be argued that nuclear wide, with the United States missile-defense, or autonomous holding its second session in weapons, if equipped with a and Russia accounting for 92 systems, threaten to completely our city. The NPT stipulates reliable retaliatory capability, percent of them. change the rules of the game. both the prevention of prolif- can function to prevent war. eration of nuclear weapons Unsurprisingly, things are not A threatened balance On the other hand, some argue and nuclear arms reduction. It that simple. While 14,175 nuclear weapons that nuclear weapons are losing has been under severe strain certainly sound chilling to any- strategic importance. Current for some time, largely due to Without delving too far into this one, if they have an intrinsic money-flows, unfortunately, the tension between nuclear issue, it must be noted that the characteristic to never be used, speak another language. As weapon states and non-nuclear unique characteristic of nuclear why then should we get rid of you read this, global nuclear weapons states. Nonetheless, weapons had another effect them? The short answer is that powers are investing immense the effect on stability of negoti- with detrimental consequences: they are simply too dangerous sums into the modernization ations and treaties, such as the a nuclear arms race. Each to allow them to spread. Their of their nuclear capabilities. At NPT, should not be overlooked. country’s nuclear deterrence effects, if used, are far too cruel the same time, other states are Recent events in Geneva give relied on the credible threat to be acceptable, as the world hard at work to join the coveted us reason to be hopeful. of deadly counter-attacks, witnessed first-hand when the club. The numbers are clear: thus requiring the building of bombs were dropped on Hiro- even in today’s world, nuclear During the Cold War, the world a credible retaliatory capabil- shima and Nagasaki. More than weapons retain a unique mil- narrowly escaped what would ity. A vicious circle resulted, that, the balance MAD brings itary and political merit that have been a global nuclear dis- where each country came is indeed a fragile one. For the other weapons cannot provide. aster. Then, MAD served as the under pressure to increase nuclear threat to remain cold, ultimate deterrent but one thing the number of their nuclear mutually deterrent relationships Tilting the scales is now certain: the balance warheads in anticipation of the are necessary and these are This brings us back to disar- this entails is indeed a fragile other country doing the same. hard to attain. We cannot hope mament and to current events one. Today, after two World Thankfully, direct conflict was to establish this fragile balance in Geneva. The Preparatory Wars and one barely avoided ultimately avoided. The fruits between a larger and larger Committee for the 2020 Review nuclear catastrophe, the scales of the arms race, however, are group of countries. What’s more, Conference of the Parties to the can tilt in either direction. It is still with us today: an estimated disruptive new technologies, Non-Proliferation of Nuclear in our hands. n

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UN Special – June 2018 | 7 FEATURED / À LA UNE Can Geneva become again the city of disarmament?

As the ‘city of peace’, Geneva has been after World War I and World War II the place where the most important disarmament agreements

have been negotiated. © REUTERS/Denis Balibouse Overview of the Conference on Disarmament at the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland May 16, 2017. Picture taken with a fisheye lens.

MARC FINAUD1, GCSP With the establishment of the United nuclear weapons on the seabed; the 1977 In the last two decades, however, the paral- Nations, efforts were continued although Convention on the Prohibition of Military ysis of the Conference on Disarmament disarmament was considered not as an or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmen- (CD) has led the international community end in itself but a means of increasing tal Modification Techniques (ENMOD); to find alternative venues for new initiatives security. In the Cold war system of bal- the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons in this area. Will the new plan launched by ance of terror, both superpowers realized Convention (BTWC); the 1992 Chemical Secretary-General António Guterres revi- that they needed to work with the rest Weapons Convention (CWC); and the 1996 talise this crucial role for Geneva? Such an of the international community to reduce Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty opportunity should not be missed. armaments while preserving strategic sta- (CTBT). bility. With France and the United King- After the first devastating world con- dom, they initiated the Geneva-based During the same period, both the United flict, one of the pillars of the League of Ten-Nation Disarmament Committee in States and the Soviet Union and then Rus- Nations was disarmament as a means 1960, expanded to the Eighteen-Nation sia chose Geneva as the ideal venue for of making new wars impossible. Article Disarmament Committee in 1962 and then their bilateral negotiations on arms con- 8 of the Leagues’ Covenant outlined the to the Conference of the Committee on trol: the 1985 Reagan-Gorbachev summit goal of reducing armaments “to the low- Disarmament in 1968. The current Con- paved the way to the Intermediate-range est point consistent with national safety ference on Disarmament (CD) was formally Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF); the START and the enforcement by common action established in 1978 and enlarged to 65 Treaty signed in 1991 was the outcome of of international obligations”. The Geneva members in 1995. the Nuclear and Space Talks held in Geneva Protocol was adopted in 1925, prohibiting since 1982 and it resulted in a 35%-cut the use in war of chemical and bacteriolog- We may sometimes tend to forget it but in both countries’ strategic arsenals. In ical weapons. But the Conference for the the overall record of the Geneva-based 2009 the New START Treaty was also Reduction and Limitation of Armaments institution, mandated to negotiate multi- negotiated mostly in Geneva. On another that took place between 1932 and 1937 lateral disarmament agreements on behalf issue, the largest share of the 2015 inter- was unable to agree on the differences of the global community, is quite impres- national agreement on the Iranian nuclear between defensive and offensive weapons sive. It includes: the 1968 Treaty on the programme (JCPOA) was discussed and and failed to stop Hitler’s militarism that Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the formalised in Geneva by the so-called P5+1 caused a new cataclysm. 1971 treaty prohibiting the deployment of group and Iran.

8 | UN Special – Juin 2018 But after adopting the CTBT in 1996, the CD Demining, another host of the ‘Maison UN, and calls for action in all categories of became paralysed by a lack of consensus de la paix’, is the site of the Implementa- weapons, including new disruptive tech- about the negotiation of new agreements tion Support Units of the Ottawa and the nologies. Either the Conference seizes this related to items on its agenda: nuclear Oslo Conventions. To this concentration of opportunity to give impetus to its work, disarmament, prohibition of production expertise, the Geneva-based UN Institute in partnership with the other relevant of fissile material for nuclear weapons, for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) adds institutions in Geneva, and it meets the assurances of non-attack of non-nuclear its own recognized authority. international demands for a more secure weapon states with nuclear weapons, pre- world at a lower level of armaments of all vention of an arms race in outer space, etc. The new comprehensive disarmament plan types. Or it sentences itself to irrelevance launched by Secretary-General António and oblivion, while solutions will be found In the meantime, civil society organisa- Guterres on 24 May 2018 in Geneva is a elsewhere. n tions initiated new agreements aimed at challenge to all the Geneva-based insti- prohibiting or regulating categories of tutions, and especially the CD. Indeed it 1 Marc Finaud is a former French diplomat who has been seconded to the Geneva Centre for Security weapons that cause or may cause mass re-establishes an important link between Policy (GCSP) from 2004 to 2016 and now works casualties among civilians in conflict areas. disarmament, security, and conflict pre- for that foundation, teaching and researching about But those new treaties were negotiated and vention, one of the key missions of the arms proliferation and the Middle East. adopted outside Geneva, even if expertise from Geneva contributed to their success: antipersonnel landmines (1997 Ottawa Convention), cluster munitions (2008 Oslo Convention), small arms and light weapons (2001 UN Programme of Action), conven- NOUVEAU tional arms trade (2013 Arms Trade Treaty – ATT), and most recently the Treaty Pro- DÉCOUVREZ L’AFRIQUE hibiting Nuclear Weapons (negotiated and adopted in New York in 2017). AU DÉPART DE GENÈVE. In order to regain some relevance and Avec plus de 55 destinations credibility, the CD adopted in February 2018 a decision establishing subsidiary bodies to ascertain whether there would be common ground on some of its agenda items lending themselves to new negotiations. To date, no breakthrough took place, in an international context marked by rising tensions and the erosion of the taboo about any use of weapons of mass destruction, especially chemical weapons.

It is true that, in parallel, Geneva remained an active venue for other disarmament-related activities: it hosts regular meetings of states parties of the BTWC and that treaty’s Implementation Support Unit (ISU) is based within the UN Office for Disarma- ment Affairs; the Preparatory Commit- tee of the Review Conference of the NPT just concluded its two-week session in Geneva; expert meetings also work here on the 1980 Convention on Certain Con- ventional Weapons (or Inhumane Weap- ons Convention – CCW) and its additional protocols, also discussing possible regula- Avec trois départs par semaine, Ethiopian Airlines tion of the so-called ‘Lethal Autonomous vous propose des vols directs depuis Genève à destination de l’Afrique à bord du B787 Dreamliner. Weapon Systems’; the ATT Secretariat is www.ethiopianairlines.com also located in Geneva, and the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) offers regular training, among others, for officials implementing that treaty while the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian

UN Special – June 2018 | 9 FEATURED / À LA UNE Nuclear disarmament and the legacy of Hiroshima

The government of Alex Mejia, Editor-in-Chief, UN Special: If I can begin by asking you as the Governor of Hiroshima has a unique Hiroshima Prefecture, why is disarmament role to play in the important for you and your prefecture? Governor Yuzaki: In Hiroshima, we are the nuclear non-proliferation first place in human history to have been bombed by this nuclear weapon, and there movement and nuclear are so many people who died and who disarmament. suffered from it. It is our responsibility and our duty as their successors to promote a world free from nuclear weapons. SARAH BENCHERIF, UNOG Governor Hidehiko Yuzaki is the current Thank you. The government of Hiroshima governor of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. has a unique role to play in the nuclear As governor, he has developed new initia- non-proliferation movement. Please tives in the field of nuclear disarmament. describe some of the specific measures

On November 2011, he announced a new your Prefecture has taken over the years to © UN Special plan to formulate a road map for nuclear promote nuclear disarmament. Mr. Hidehiko Yuzaki governor of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan at Palais des Nations, April 2018. abolition through the cooperation of former We formulated the “Hiroshima for Global government officials. The project is enti- Peace Plan”, with which Mr. Mejia kindly tled Hiroshima for Global Peace. Prior to helped us. In this Plan, Hiroshima's unique in North East Asia, and this is also tracked being elected governor in 2009, he served role and mission are clear. We have a com- to meeting with participants from Asia in the Ministry of International Trade and prehensive approach to peace issues: one Pacific. We also have a “World Business Industry of Japan. He earned his MBA from is to force nuclear disarmament and the Conference for World Peace” as an effort Stanford Graduate School of Business in other one is to build peace and recon- to involve business in peace issues. They 1995 and graduated in law from the Uni- struction in a comprehensive manner. have a big influence and there are a lot of versity of Tokyo in 1990. One initiative that we are taking in the things that they can do to promote peace. nuclear disarmament field, is to issue a These are some of the concrete initiatives UN Special met him when he came to Hiroshima report, which evaluates the that we are taking. Geneva last April to participate in the country’s actions according to 65 action 2018 Preparatory Committee for the 2020 items. Another one is a “Hiroshima Round As the year 1945 unfortunately recedes Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Table”where discussions are held mainly further into the past, do you worry about the Conference. on disarmament or deterrence, especially world’s collective memory fading? What can

The atomic nightmare the city, and radio stations broadcast a of ten miles and was felt as far away as On August 6, 1945, at approximately warning for people to take shelter, but 37 miles. To the crew of the Enola Gay, 2:00 a.m. an American B-29 bomber many ignored it. A T-shaped bridge near Hiroshima had disappeared under a thick named the Enola Gay left the island of downtown Hiroshima was the target. foam of flames and smoke. The co-pilot, Tinian for Hiroshima. This mission was Captain Robert Lewis, commented, piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets, who At 8:15 a.m., the atomic bomb, code- “My God, what have we done?” named the bomber after his mother. named Little Boy exploded, instantly killing 80,000 to 140,000 people About 30 minutes after the explosion, After 6:00, the bomb was fully armed on and seriously injuring 100,000 more. a heavy “black rain” began falling, board. Tibbets announced to the crew Crewmembers of the Enola Gay saw a full of dirt, dust, soot and highly that the plane was carrying the world's column of smoke rising fast and intense radioactive particles. first atomic bomb. fires springing up. The survivors, known as hibakusha, At 7:25, the Enola Gay was cruising In less than one second, the fireball sought relief from their injuries, but over Hiroshima. By 8:00, Japanese had expanded to 900 feet. The blast 90 percent of all medical personnel radar detected B-29s heading toward wave shattered windows for a distance were killed or disabled.

10 | UN Special – Juin 2018 ment, There couldbe anaccidentormisjudg that nucleardetonationhasnot happened. GY: Actually, their roletoplay in nucleardisarmament? about to UNdiplomatsandcivilservants messageimportant youwouldlike to convey In afewsentences, disarmament. review meetingandmovetowardsnuclear come upwithconcreteactionsforthe2020 ar-Weapon States can together work and Nuclear-Weapon StatesandNon-Nucle would liketocreateanenvironmentwhere So through this preparatory process, ment adoptedjustbecauseofthisgap. review conference, and between countries has been widening Again, the outcomessofar? What happensnext? Conference. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Committeeforthe2020 2018 Preparatory You cametoGeneva inthe toparticipate parties toadvanceonthenuclearissue. the involvementofallcountriesand communications havestalled. there hasbeenagapbetweenthemandthe of Nuclear Weapons, Ban Treaty (UN Treaty ontheProhibition those whoareproponentsmainlyofthe between the Nuclear-Weapon States and The GovernmentofJapanistryingtobrace ofJapan? theroleofGovernment terms CanyoutellusingeneralDisarmament? Nations, issuesattheUnited in disarmament How isyournationalgovernment engaged important. children isvery Congratulations onthat, our finalgoalofnuclearweaponabolition. will workondisarmamentandtowards nuclear disarmamentissues, weapons andalsohowweapproachthe young peopleregardingtheuseofnuclear kusha to heartestimoniesfromtheactual and peopleofthenextgenerationbeable efforts towardsthat. to the next generations. important forever, vors, It istruethatthe forgetting, from and mustbedonetokeep theworld this is areagingandtheywillnotbehere orotherways whichcouldleadto regarding and alsoconceptually:educating it includingintheUNConferenceon isan sopeopleremember? is to pass on those Inyouropinion, aserious issue. it merely is a strokeof luck

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element, having astablesocietyisveryimportant and thesetwogotogether. reconstruction We are working on disarmament issues and to invest in Afghanistan. At theUNweadmirethiscontinuouseffort investing in Afghanistan foralltheseyears? One morequestion: Why have youbeen very hard, and theearth, in thediplomats’hands to savehumankind governments candoalotofthingsbutitis beings andfortheearth. are used, the use of a nuclear weapon. hereIamtalkingaboutsecurity. itisacatastropheforallhuman itisanimportantmessage. sowehopetheywillwork and building peace Why doyouthis? NGOsandlocal du Muséedel’année du PrixEuropéen Lauréat 2017 And because Once they issues,

1 generosity. gratitude toyouandyourpeoplefor Indeed, together tobuildapeacefulsociety. like toshowthemhowpeoplecanwork tries in post-conflict situations. for people from Afghanistan or other coun struction andweholdasymbolicmeaning We wentthroughdestructionandrecon

the bombings. to peoplewhowere exposedtoradiationfrom “explosion-affected people”andisusedtorefer and Nagasaki.Thewordliterallytranslatesas victims ofthe1945atomicbombingsHiroshima Hibakusha andonbehalfoftheUNour istheJapanesewordforsurviving you. Thank UN Special –June2018

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Design: Saentys - Photo: © Fabrice Monteiro FEATURED / À LA UNE The liability issues related to the use of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)

With the evolution of technology, new Some countries such as the require an employee to pur- USA, UK, France, Israel and posefully produce a weapon weapons with increasing degrees of Canada have corporate crim- to violate IHL. autonomy and Artificial Intelligence are inal responsibility laws under which manufacturers can What about States? States have making their way to the battlefield, with be held criminally liable for the international obligation to lower – or no – levels of human control. illegal actions committed by ensure that their armed forces their employees. The perpe- respect IHL and can be held trator would have to commit liable for violating it. These an illegal action, with the violations must have been intent to benefit the company. conducted by an “organ” of the GUILLAUME FOURNIER, IIHL1 International Criminal Law The company would not be lia- state, such as the military. The Their use will raise important for IHL violations committed ble if an employee sabotaged hacking of LAWS by a State, accountability issues. Should by LAWS deployed under their some machines that would later or by a non-state group that they malfunction, get hacked, command? If these weapons malfunction. could be proven to have acted misjudge situations or deliver are truly autonomous com- on behalf of a State, and that excessive, or unjustified use of manders would not be able to Manufacturers could poten- would have resulted in such force, will there be a chain of predict – let alone stop – IHL tially be accountable under violations, would most likely accountability? Can the use of violations and therefore might civil product liability for vio- fall under the same rules. How- such weapons potentially create not be held accountable for lations committed by LAWS ever, the doctrine of sovereign accountability gaps? these violations. They cannot be that they produced; but only immunity which gives states considered subordinates since in cases of design or manu- immunity from prosecutions in Those taking part in hostili- they are machines with no will. facturing defects where there foreign courts, makes things ties must respect the funda- is a causal relationship between difficult for victims, although mental rules of International So, programmers? Obviously, the damage and the product. some countries have ruled that Humanitarian Law (IHL). If they they could be accountable if Manufacturers cannot be held this immunity cannot apply to willingly and actively commit they willingly programmed accountable for unforeseen out- international crimes and fun- violations, they can be held LAWS to commit war crimes. comes or alteration, modifica- damental human rights viola- accountable under Interna- Most likely, violations of IHL tion or use of the LAWS by the tions. This immunity of states tional Criminal Law. But LAWS will be the result of shortcom- military. Any lawsuits would be is extended to heads of states, are only machines, while the ings in programming, failures, lengthy, expensive and techni- heads of governments and ICC (The International Criminal systems breakdown, etc. Pro- cal, and would require proving government employees while Court) limits its jurisdiction to grammers could also possibly the company’s responsibility. acting within the scope of their natural persons. be held accountable if it can be functions. Some countries such proven that they did not take all Under International Criminal as the USA even extend this Would operators controlling precautionary measures to pre- Law, however, companies as immunity to weapons man- LAWS be individually liable? vent such events. But in most moral entities are not subjected ufacturer in cases involving They could be if they willingly cases, it will be difficult to hold to prosecution. Article 25(1) government contracts, and use weapons under their con- programmers accountable for of the Rome Statute makes it to the military for its policy trol to commit IHL violations. violations committed by weap- clear that the ICC has only juris- to choose weapons, for war- But if LAWS can target and ons they programmed. diction over natural persons. time combat activities, and shoot on their own without Only employees or agents of a for acts committed in foreign direct human control, then Would it be possible to hold company may be prosecuted, countries. The functional there is no operator to hold the weapons manufacturer and it must be proven that immunity of acting heads of accountable. What about accountable, under national the individuals assisted in the states and governments applies commanders? corporate criminal responsi- commission or the attempted even in cases of international bility, national corporate civil commission of the crime. This crimes. In case of IHL viola- Could they be held individ- liability or International Crim- requirement seems difficult to tions committed by LAWS, it ually accountable under inal Law? apply with LAWS as it would would be extremely difficult

12 | UN Special – Juin 2018 truly autonomous LAWS, could autonomous LAWS without prove challenging. human control. In a 2013 report Christof Heyns the UN As long as humans will remain Special Rapporteur on extra- somewhat involved in the over- judicial killings already argued all process, some form of final that if the nature of these weap- accountability may still be ons renders liability impossible, found, but as such weapons their use should be considered may become truly autonomous unethical and unlawful. and develop the capacity to learn, adapt and make choices 1 International Institute of Humanitarian Law other than those programmed, then it will be increasingly difficult to hold anyone accountable. The potential deployment of weapons the actions of which no longer involve human responsibility, and that no Vladivostok, Russia – October 5, 2015: Innovation Day of the Ministry of Defence longer create accountability for Russian Federation. Exhibition of military technology. the people who deploy them, would most likely encourage a for victims to pursue heads immune from prosecution, vic- feeling of impunity. of states. They could possibly tims would have little recourse. pursue other governmental As a result of this growing officials if their participation So, it seems that, in the current gap in liability issues, NGOs in an international crime can state of international laws, find- such as the Campaign to Stop be established, but since most ing anyone to hold accountable Killer Robots have called for senior level officials would be for IHL violations committed by a preemptive ban on fully

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UN Special – June 2018 | 13 FEATURED / À LA UNE UN SG’s Disarmament Agenda: Action Now

A.L.A. AZEEZ, AMBASSADOR AND its centrality being the failure of impression would be inescapa- and unqualified expression as PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF disarmament-not nuclear alone. ble that humanity is just sitting an integral aspect of the goal of SRI LANKA His sweep was broader, but it pretty at the tip of a nuclear vol- eventual elimination of nuclear Progress in Disarmament has struck at the crux of the prob- cano waiting to happen anytime, weapons. been held up for over 20 years, lem of insecurity, arising from a in the absence of a prevention specially since the UN Con- lack of progress in disarmament or prohibition regime. Translating all aspects of UN ference on Disarmament last in a broader sense, including Secretary-General’s disarma- adopted a Treaty – CTBT – in lapses in implementation of The blurring of lines between ment agenda into reality calls 1996. All efforts and initiatives obligations under the Conven- familiar arguments advanced for the active summoning of the aimed at making the eventual tion on Chemical Weapons or by states and the varied under- political will, accompanied by elimination of nuclear weapons other treaties. What constituted standing of the nature and scope a clear “commitment to move possible, including by adopting the core thread running through of confidence building measures forward” – something that is a programme of work, followed the fabric of the disarmament from one end of the spectrum currently in short supply. by negotiations within the Con- agenda was the elimination of to the other-one might call them ference on Disarmament (CD), all types of weapons, including negative security assurances-has In the CD, where inaction had have since failed. Procedural weapons of mass destruction. befuddled the pursuit of general almost become a ‘new normal’, wrangling and substantive and complete disarmament. the first reality test has been disorientation have consistently One cannot but hope that the provided by Decision 2119 marked the functioning of the UN Secretary-General’s disar- It is all but clear that the take- adopted in February 2018. Com- CD, making it a testing ground mament agenda would be taken home message from the UN plemented by Decision 2126, I take my role as a Glion of a different sort. Political will seriously and acted upon seri- Secretary-General’s disarma- this has led to the establishment and commitment, which are ously, as he very pithily put; it ment agenda is “Action Now”. of 5 Subsidiary Bodies to discuss DISCOVER OUR alumna very seriously among the foremost drivers not just impacts national security Work on general and complete and build consensus on the var- and think it’s important to of forward movement, are in and global security, but human disarmament cannot be left ied areas of what could possibly HOSPITALITY be a role model, showing short supply, and the inequali- security in particular, calling pending any longer while the constitute the work programme BUSINESS DEGREES recognition to the hotel ties inherent to the nuclear dis- them “indivisible”. It is evident reversal of norms has become and agenda, if agreed. school and how much armament discourse have only that the UN Secretary-General real. Disarmament to save IN LONDON we have learned. 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Interview with Executive Secretary of the UNECE Ms. Olga Algayerova UNECE, a Do-Tank committed to do good things betterLindegger_Ruswiss-59x84_Prod:Mise en page 1 16.

Ms. Olga Algayerova of Slovakia Shutterstock is since 1 June SARAH BENCHERIF, UNOG Before joining the UNECE, Ms. Algayer- 2017 the Executive Secretary of the United ova served as Permanent Representative Nations Economic Commission for SA - photo: Europe (UNECE). of Slovakia to the International Organi- sations in Vienna, Austria. She has pre- She brings to the position a combination of viously worked in the private sector and

leadership and diplomatic communication skills. for the Slovak government as President of the Slovak Millennium Development Goals

BOOSTER (2010-2012); and State Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2006-2010). UN Special Editor-in-chief Alex Mejia sat down with her to hear her opinion and views on UN reform, gender advancement, and private optometrysector engagement to achieve the SDGs. contact lenses optometryeyewear - contact lenses - instruments - eyewear - instruments

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16 | UN Special – Juin 2018 Alex Mejia, editor-in-chief, UN Special: in the new fit-for-purpose structure that guidelines. Of course, technical coopera- We know you have been realigning UNECE's you mention? tion, in close cooperation with UN country activities with Agenda 2030. In that light, I understand that you discussed this with teams, is key to help our member States can you give us your views on the strategic my dear colleague Alicia Bárcena from implement these norms and standards. And importance of UNECE within the UN System? ECLAC, and she must have given you the this is exactly what the Secretary General Olga Algayerova: For seven decades, same answers. and the Deputy Secretary General who lead UNECE has been providing policy advice the reform of the development pillar want to its member States as well as developing We, the five regional Commissions, are to achieve. In fact, UNECE is well posi- norms, standards, guidelines in various quite coordinated in this common approach tioned here because we are already very fields pertaining to sustainable develop- of what the regional commissions will look close to our country teams. ment, such as environment, transport, like after the reform. energy, housing and others. We hold twice a year a meeting of the UNECE endorses the proposal of the lead- Regional Coordination Mechanism for These outputs, such as our 58 transport ership of the UN Development System by Europe and Central Asia (RCM), which agreements, our 5 international environ- the Deputy Secretary-General, and the sep- coordinates the work of the organizations mental conventions or our trade facilita- aration of the Resident Coordinator system of the UN system at the regional level, and tion standards, for instance, help countries from UNDP. All five Regional Commissions we work together on the challenges that to translate global commitments such as have taken steps to restructure and realign our region is facing. The RCM works in the SDGs into practical action. We have a their programme of work to better support close cooperation with the Regional UN lot to offer, so we need to showcase the Member States in the implementation of Development Group, which focusses on strong practical impact and value-added the 2030 Agenda. programming, coordination and policy of our work. Today, we are reshaping and work at the country level. Of course, there improving our organisation and how we The Secretary General would like to see all is still space for improvement and this is collaborate with others to be fit for the regional commission as Think Tanks. I see the sense of the reform. purpose of Agenda 2030. the UNECE rather as a Do-Tank because our activities have such a practical impact From that perspective, how would a There is new impetus on UN reform that will on the people in our region. We gather revamped UNECE strengthen its focus on affect mostly the development pillar. What networks of about 10,000 experts who gender empowerment and on the reduction would be the role of the UN Commissions work to develop our standards, norms and of the pay-gap that still exists in your region?

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GTG1819_Ann_UNSpecial_Saison_93x130.indd 1 20.04.18 09:22 UN Special – June 2018 | 17 The international community has enshrined In our region, on average, women earn gender equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sus- 18,2 per cent less than men! This means tainable Development, most prominently that women in our region basically work in SDG 5. Now we have to strengthen our for free until 26 March every year! This efforts to achieve this goal. not only translates into large losses of earnings and worse living standards for At UNECE, we promote women’s economic women. It also means that, compared to empowerment and we mainstream gender men, women retire with far less savings equality in all our activities. For instance, and face a higher risk of poverty in retire- we have launched work to look at how gen- ment. For instance, the pay-gap is 22% © iStockPhoto der perspectives can be better integrated in Germany, 27% in Estonia and 62% in into the development of standards; we look Kyrgyzstan! It is something that we should the beginning of August. There are expec- at employment access with a gender lens in highlight and pay attention to. tations, and we are preparing ourselves our sectors of responsibility (trade, forests, to deliver, together with the road safety energy, transport); we build up capacity for Knowing that 1,3 million people die every community, to save lives. women entrepreneurs in Eastern Europe year because of traffic incidents, Road and Central Asia to improve women’s skills Safety remains a critical issue. We admire As you know, Agenda 2030 calls for and knowledge in Information and Com- the work of UNECE in helping set up the new increased private sector engagement. Can munication Technologies (ICTs). And to Global Road Safety fund. What is next? you give us examples of UNECE's work with monitor progress, we provide gender-disag- I was very pleased to see so much sup- industrial sectors in setting standards and gregated statistics for our countries, which port for the launch of the UN Road Safety fostering harmonization? How can more allows us to compare and take appropriate Fund that the Deputy Secretary-General people know about these efforts? How can policy measures. launched on behalf of the Secretary-Gen- we tell people about these efforts? eral on 12 April in New York. There was a We cannot be successful with Agenda 2030 But we can do more. For instance, we lot of engagement from member States, UN without the private sector. It is also our recently launched the UN Road Safety Trust and international organizations and NGOs. responsibility to bring the private sector Fund. It is for us a big responsibility and The first pledges include 2 large corpora- closer to our work, not just as a source of a challenge we are looking forward to. tions active in road transport. We expect funding but because they bring different Women’s role in road safety is not stressed that this will be an incentive for more to experiences and are more flexible in many enough. Who is educating children in the join and contribute. I am very pleased that regards. early age, on how to cross the street for our Fund brings together many UN system example? Mothers, women. I would like entities, including all five Regional Com- UNECE has a long tradition of engage- to bring this element into the Road Safety missions. The Fund’s bodies will determine ment with the private sector though the discussion. its strategy and operations, but it is clear development of norms, standards and reg- that priorities will have to include those ulations in many sectors (transport, trade It is also my strong personal belief that regions/countries with the highest mortality facilitation, UN/CEFACT, energy, agricul- we need to tackle gender inequalities in rates. It is no surprise therefore that we tural standards, housing and land man- all areas, on all levels. This is why I have have already received enquiries from NGOs agement & smart cities). These normative decided to become an International Gen- from Africa and Latin America. instruments impose quality, safety and/or der Champion. This is also why I have environmental requirements while ensur- committed to raise awareness for equal We are now working hard to make the ing a level playing field for the respective pay for work of equal value. In March, I Fund operational as soon as possible. We industries. The economies of scale from organized an event on the Gender Pay Gap, plan to convene the first meeting of the these instruments allow these industries to a problem that is still not fully recognised. steering committee and advisory board at save billions of dollars per year. They also

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18 | UN Special – Juin 2018 is not advancing as fast as expected for many years. It is therefore imperative in terms of emissions reduction, clean to reduce their environmental footprint. energy, sustainable consumption and Our work on this area addresses methane energy efficiency. How can UNECE support management, carbon capture and storage, the acceleration of the agreement's and clean electricity production. implementation? The Paris Agreement is very important. Finally, please tell us a little about yourself The current rate of improvement in energy and your successful career. What would be efficiency of 2.2 per cent per year is lower your message to young UN officers trying to than the 2.7 per cent per year needed to grow professionally and intellectually within meet the global target that Countries com- the UN system? mitted to achieve. I have spent 24 years in the private sec- UNECE is very relevant to this agenda and tor, then 2 years in the non-governmental has tools to offer, from our convention to sector and then 10 years in government, reduce air pollution to our regulations on as Deputy Minister and Ambassador. For vehicles’ emissions, or on fostering the role me, working means always trying to deliver of forests as carbon sinks. better because if you rely on what you achieved in your younger age, then your I was in New York on 18 April to partici- career might be flat. The change of working pate in the presentation of a set of Policy environment gives a more balanced view Briefs on SDG7, in support of the SDG7 on many issues.

© UNECE review at the High-Level Political Forum Ms. Olga Algayereva, Executive Secretary of the United in July. The conclusion of these briefs is The UN system offers many opportunities. Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and Mr. Alex that efforts must be stepped up. Without It is the biggest organisation in the world, Mejia, UN Special Editor-in-Chief urgent action, the world will fall short of the most global and multicultural one. It achievement of SDG 7 and consequently gives a great opportunity to see the world benefit companies, countries, and people other SDGs. In our region the targets under not from a country perspective but from a by creating jobs, and increasing safety and SDG 7 will not be achieved by 2030, except global perspective that helps greatly once security. So, I am convinced it is mutually for the target on 100% access to electricity you can go back home and work on this beneficial for both the private sector and networks. Challenges remain on access to global common perspective. My advice to the UNECE to work together. heating, and on the reliability, affordability young people is to do good things better. n and quality of service. UNECE has tools We also work with the private sector on to offer there too, notably on sustainable People-first public-private partnerships resource management through the UN (PPPs). This has led in particular to the first Framework Classification for Resources standard launched by UNECE on a zero-tol- (UNFC); energy efficiency improvements erance approach to corruption in PPP pro- in buildings, industry, and transport and curement – corruption is of course a key market and systems integration; increasing disincentive for private sector investment. the uptake of renewable energy; and last but not least on reducing the environmental Very interesting and important indeed. footprint of fossil energy. Fossil fuels still Let us talk about the environment: It seems represent 80% of today’s energy mix and that the Paris Accord on Climate Change will continue to constitute a large share

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UN Special – June 2018 | 19 GLOBAL AFFAIRS / AFFAIRES GLOBALES International engagement of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of water cooperation

On 20-22 June this year, Tajikistan hosts a High-Level International Conference on the International Decade For Action “Water for Sustainable Development”, 2018-2028. © Press Service of the MFA of Tajikistan © Press Service of the MFA Palace of Nations, Dushanbe.

MR. KHAYRULLO IBODZODA1 “Water for Life” (2005-2015) Canada. Hydropower provides floods, mudslides, avalanches The objectives of the Dec- and the International Year of the basis for energy sources in and landslides have caused ade, specified in paragraph 4, Water Cooperation (2013). the country. Tajikistan's hydro- huge damage to the people include greater focus on: sus- power potential is three times and the national economy of tainable development and inte- These global events made a sig- higher than the current elec- the country every year. The nat- grated management of water nificant contribution to a deeper tricity consumption through- ural disaster rate in Tajikistan resources for the achieve- understanding of the importance out the whole region of Central has increased by approximately ment of social, economic and of water, both for socio-eco- Asia. The effective use of these 25% over the last 5–6 years. environmental objectives; the nomic growth and environ- resources will provide the Over this period, different dis- implementation and promotion mental sustainability, as well region with inexpensive and asters have claimed nearly 200 of related programmes and as for ensuring peace, stability green power. human lives and disrupted the projects; and the furtherance of and development. We intend living conditions of more than cooperation and partnerships to continue our efforts with a But despite this advantage, 100 thousand people, caus- at all levels in order to help to view to enhancing progress and Tajikistan still continues to face ing 600 million US dollars achieve internationally agreed achieving new outcomes. water-related problems. The of damage. Calamities have water-related goals and targets, processes of climate change been observed, particularly in including those contained in The water agenda is of crucial and natural disasters are sig- the mountainous areas of the the 2030 Agenda for Sustain- importance in Tajikistan. Tajik- nificantly complicating them. country, which cover 93% of able Development. It will also istan has huge water resources, the whole territory of Tajikistan highlight the importance of pro- accumulated in numerous gla- The observations and studies and where 80% of the popula- moting the efficiency of water ciers, rivers, lakes and under- of local experts over the years tion lives. usage at all levels, taking into ground water systems. About indicate the unprecedented account the water, food, energy, 60% of Central Asia’s water and growing impact of cli- Moreover, the negative impact environment nexus, and the resources take their sources mate change on nature and of a climate change has reduced implementation of national within the country. the socio-economic situation the quantity and quality of safe development programmes. of Tajikistan and Central Asia. drinking water. Over the last Tajikistan is endowed with According to studies and esti- decade, Tajikistan has expe- It worth mentioning that this rich hydropower resources; mations, the annual average rienced rapid and unprec- Decade was launched by the indeed, hydro potential is esti- temperature of air in Tajikistan edented ice melting. These United Nations at the initiative mated to be 527 billion kWh over the last 60 years has risen reserves are a vital source of of the Republic of Tajikistan. per year. In technical terms, by one degree Celsius and the life for all people and coun- Over the last two decades, the waterpower resources of number of days with heavy tries in Central Asia. Notable Tajikistan has been actively Tajikistan have good devel- precipitation resulting in more shifts in the hydrological cycle, promoting water issues on the opment prospects and con- hydro-meteorological phenom- while posing negative effect on global agenda. At the initiative sist of 317 billion kWh per ena, has greatly increased. water, energy and food security, of Tajikistan and a number of year, of which only 4-5% has provoke and entail the added other countries, the UNGA been used so far. Tajikistan's Destructive natural disasters risk and danger of flooding and launched the International hydropower potential ranks have become more frequent heavy drought. The areas and Year of Fresh Water (2003), the No.8 after China, Russia, the over the last years in the coun- volume of glaciers and snow- International Decade of Action USA, Brazil, Zaire, India and try. Natural disasters such as fields, which are the main

20 | UN Special – Juin 2018 Tajikistan on the improvement Tajikistan’s huge water of water cooperation. resources and its substantive mountain mass provide a great It is obvious that without com- opportunity for the produc- prehensive cooperation, it is tion of environmentally clean impossible to address water power, through which the challenges, particularly at the country will contribute in the transboundary level. Tajikistan implementation of this concept. has stated its firm approach to Mutually rewarding coopera- the difficult water and energy tion and coordinated efforts issues in the region several on the sound development of times by emphasizing that hydropower resources would cooperation is the only reason- definitely promote the achieve- able way to find solutions. For ment of the SDGs, not only on this very reason, Tajikistan’s water, but also on other goals Foreign Policy Concept pays and objectives. © Press Service of the MFA of Tajikistan © Press Service of the MFA particular attention to water Speech of the President of Tajikistan, H.E. Mr. Emomali Rahmon at the official launch of the International Decade for Action Water for Sustainable Development, diplomacy issues. Motivated by these convictions, 2018-2028, March 2018. Tajikistan stands for compre- The Central Asian region in hensive regional and interna- sources of the rivers, have To that end, the Water Sector turn has also been feeling tional cooperation in the water reduced significantly over the Reform Programme (2016- the negative consequences of sector and advocates for water last decades. Climate change 2025), approved by the Govern- climate change impact. The issues in the global arena. and difficult mountainous relief ment, includes a comprehensive countries in the region have are the causes of natural disas- and integrated approach, which been observing more frequent The High-level International ters and mudslides and floods can serve as the core principle instances of heavy precipitation Conference on the Interna- occur more frequently. They to achieve success in this area. or drought years, heat waves tional Decade for Action, “Water cause huge loss to the econ- This Programme is based on two in summer and longer frosts for Sustainable Development, omy annually by destroying main principles: a clarification in winter. As a result, of these 2018-2028” in Dushanbe infrastructure and flooding of policy and operational func- abnormal natural phenomena, intends to mobilize the efforts of large areas. tions and a transition to river the countries of the region have governments, UN institutions, basin principles of management. experienced huge economic international and non-govern- Such a situation requires act- losses and it is obvious that mental organizations, as well as ing appropriately to protect The introduction of integrated this trend will further continue. other stakeholders at all levels the country’s water sources water resources management for effective implementation of and the adaptation of existing (IWRM) and other objec- It is worth mentioning that the goals and objectives of the water use schemes to these tives included in the SDGs on water resources as renewable International Water Decade, as changes. The Government of water are also part of the 2030 sources of power generation well as water-related SDGs.s. n Tajikistan continuously focuses National Development Strategy are of particular importance 1 Head of the Commitee on the on issues related to the effective of Tajikistan. in the process of ensuring Environmental Protection under use of water resources, water the concept of green develop- the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. loss reduction, water quality In this context, it is worth high- ment, which foresees a gradual improvement and the reduction lighting the dedicated efforts deviation from dependence on of190x63.qxp_Droit water resources de Regardpollution. 24.05.18 made 15:40 by Page1 the Government of hydrocarbon resources.

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UN Special – June 2018 | 21 GLOBAL AFFAIRS / AFFAIRES GLOBALES Transparency and competitiveness: Brazil’s fight against corruption

For decades, Brazilian society has been living with the chronic problem of corruption. It has become a necessity to disseminate ethical behaviour among companies © Shutterstock

EDSON CAMPAGNOLO, and public agencies to direct and convicted of involvement As in previous forums, in 2013 PRESIDENT OF THE FIEP contracts to large contractors, in corruption. and 2016, the event is held in Diversion of resources is com- receiving, in return, bribes that partnership with the United promising the quality of public served to supply electoral cam- In this context, there has been Nations Institute for Train- services and infrastructure, as paigns and illicit enrichment. awareness that it is necessary ing and Research (Unitar) well as significantly undermin- to face the misconduct of the and CIFAL Curitiba. Bringing ing the business environment Adding up several other opera- private sector with serious- together businessmen, aca- and the competitiveness of the tions underway in the country, ness and without hypocrisy. demics and representatives country's productive sector. which have revealed similar An important step that the of national and international patterns of deviations, Brazilian country took in this direction entities, as well as public This harmful impact of corrup- society has a clear idea of the was the so-called Business agencies of supervision and tion on economic performance size of the losses caused by cor- Anti-Corruption Law, approved control, the intention is to dis- is evident when comparing the ruption. A survey by the Federal in 2013 and regulated in 2015. cuss the damage that corrup- results of some international Police's Office of Investigation It establishes the objective civil tion brings to companies and reports. In the Corruption and Fight against Organized and administrative responsibil- the economy, the tools that can Perceptions Index by Transpar- Crime estimates that the dam- ity of companies that carry out be used in prevention, and the ency International, Brazil ranks age caused by all corruption harmful acts against national or role of organizations to combat only 96th out of 180 surveyed cases that have been the target foreign public administrations. this practice. nations. At the same time, the of investigations in the last four Due to the instruments set forth Global Competitiveness Report years has reached no less than therein, Brazilian companies For the Fiep System, it is indis- by the World Economic Forum R $ 123 billion – approximately have awakened to the need to pensable that the corporate also puts the country far from US $ 37.2 billion. improve their internal control sector understands its high the top in 80th position among and compliance systems, in responsibility in this issue of the 137 evaluated. By looking If, on one hand, Lava Jato order to identify and combat corruption, either by adopting at which countries are the most and the other operations have possible corrupt practices. as a basic rule the ethical and competitive in the world, they increased society's discontent correct management of the are also among those where with the Brazilian class and Given this, it has become a business, or by pressing the corruption rates are consid- political system, on the other necessity to disseminate ethical public powers to find appro- ered low. hand it has become evident behaviour among companies, priate solutions to the prob- that there is a need to increase which is a key factor in creating lem. Thus, we contribute to the The depth of this problem in transparency and supervision a fairer competition scenario in search for efficient mechanisms Brazil has become even more over public contracts and order to improve the country's to minimize the impact of cor- evident in recent years, fol- expenditures – and to punish business environment. Willing ruption on the competitiveness lowing the launch of Oper- all those involved in corruption to contribute to this dissemi- of the Brazilian economy. After ation Lava Jato – the largest to set an example. Perhaps for nation, the Fiep System, an all, if we do not combat this evil anti-corruption mobilization the first time in our history, not institution that represents and efficiently, Brazil will continue in the country's history, which only influential politicians, but supports the industries of the to see its wealth and its enor- continues to unfold to this day. also businessmen and execu- state of Paraná, created the mous potential escape from Investigations have shown how tives at the helm of the coun- Transparency and Competitive- its hands. n political agents used the struc- try's largest contractors have ness Forum, which on May 21st For more info: http://www.fiepr.org.br/ ture of state-owned companies been investigated, arrested will hold its third sitting.

22 | UN Special – Juin 2018 WHO / OMS The ‘End Polio Now’ tulips back!

immunized and protected from end September (in time for lifelong polio paralysis. This is planting season in October). a fantastic achievement and Beautiful blooming season is thank you to all of you who again next Spring. With each participated in the campaign box sold, CHF 22 go towards

UN last year! the global polio eradication programme, an amount that The tulips planted last year is subsequently tripled by the

© Laetitia Menin, are now in full bloom all over Bill & Melinda Gates Founda- The specially-cultivated ‘End Polio Now’ tulip, blooming beautifully on the UN Palais Switzerland, including on the tion to CHF 66, resulting in des Nations grounds. grounds of the UN Palais des more than 100 children being Nations (see photos) and at the vaccinated and protected for OLIVER ROSENBAUER, ROTARY Morges Tulipes Festival. life against polio. This makes NATIONAL POLIOPLUS ADVOCACY UN’s polio eradication effort. this tulip even more beautiful! ADVISOR FOR SWITZERLAND/ It was a hugely successful The campaign is now being LIECHTENSTEIN campaign, with people from launched again, so these To order, please contact Oliver Last year, together with the across Switzerland, includ- beautiful tulips are again on Rosenbauer in WHO’s polio UN’s partners Rotary Inter- ing UN colleagues, purchas- offer at a special price of CHF eradication department, at national, a specially-culti- ing more than 26,000 tulips, 40 for a box of 25 tulip bulbs. [email protected]. vated ‘End Polio Now’ tulip resulting in almost CHF 70,000 These bulbs can be ordered was available for sale, with raised, through which more between now and end July, Thank you! And we hope you proceeds going towards the than 110,000 children were and will be delivered by enjoy these beautiful tulips! n

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24 | UN Special – Juin 2018