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Country Gender Profile: Hachemite Kingdom of Jordan Final Report

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Country Gender Profile: Hachemite Kingdom of Jordan Final Report Country Gender Profile: Hachemite Kingdom of Jordan Final Report January 2016 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. EI JR 16-094 This study was conducted between August 2015 to January 2016 by Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd., based on a review of existing literature and a field survey in Jordan. This report was produced as a reference material for the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for implementation of its development assistance in the country. The views, analysis and recommendations presented here do not necessarily reflect the official views and opinions of JICA. Summary Gender Situation and Government Policy on Gender Current Gender Situation in Jordan (1) The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Jordan) is a Kingdom with a King who has great authority. It is a country with a young and growing population, hosting many refugees from neighbouring countries including Syria and Palestine. As the economy has recently slowed down, its persistent and high unemployment rate is a social and economic concern. (2) The gender situation in Jordan is characterized by its culture and tradition: the Arab tribal system and Islamic religion has nourished the so-called culture of ‘honour’ and ‘shame’, which in practice results in gender inequality and women’s scarce access to, and control of, strategic resources. This has hindered the empowerment of women despite their high attainment in education. (3) While women’s participation in decision making has recently advanced, partly thanks to quota systems, it is still low when compared internationally. Female labour force participation is very low at approximately 17%, and as the social norm for women is to marry and have children, many women stay home (willingly or unwillingly). The working women concentrate in the ‘female appropriate’ jobs including those in education and healthcare. (4) Women in Jordan do not have much access to, and control of, assets, with few opportunities to build assets themselves. This results in their lack of bargaining power that hinders their empowerment. Governmental Commitment on Gender (1) The current gender strategy, “National Strategy for Jordanian Women 2013-2017”, incorporates 3 (three) areas as its Axes: Human Security and Social Protection, Political Empowerment of Women and Participation in Public Life, and Economic Empowerment of Women. (2) The legal system has not achieved gender equality, although the situation has improved in recent years. Legal stipulations in areas of personal life such as marriage and divorce, inheritance, work and nationality do not provide the same rights to men and women. (3) Internationally, Jordan commits to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and to the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Jordan is in preparation of a National Action Plan for UN Security Council Resolution 1325. National Machinery (1) The national machinery, Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW) was established in 1992 in line with the government’s decision to ratify CEDAW. (2) JNCW has been active in formulating national gender strategies and mainstreaming gender in government. It has succeeded in incorporating gender considerations in several sector strategies and increasing the electoral quota for seats held by women. (3) However, JNCW is a very small organisation and it struggles to keep up with mounting tasks. Being a policy advisory agency, it does not have means to secure actual implementation of policies including gender policy. (4) Many governmental organisations have gender departments, sections, and/or officer(s), whose level of authority and achievements vary greatly. Current Gender Situation in Selected Sectors Peacebuilding/Syrian Refugee Crisis Response (1) As a result of the ongoing Syrian crisis, since 2011, Jordan has observed an influx of refugees from Syria. The country currently hosts 630,000 Syrian Refugees across the country, with a high concentration in its northern region. (2) Syrian Refugees are very vulnerable, with more than 80% living under Jordanian poverty line. While both men and women refugees struggle to survive, the women—especially those who head households—have great difficulty to keep themselves and their families safe and fed. (3) Notably in the northern region, where many of the Syrian Refugees reside, health services, along with other public services, are under tremendous pressure due to the increased demand. In reproductive health services, deterioration of both the quality and quantity of care has resulted in health problems and discontent in both Refugee and host community women. (4) Due to overstretched public services, price increase, and intensified job competition, amongst other reasons, tensions have risen in both host and refugee communities, as well as between them. This has led to negative impact on gender situations including less freedom of movement for women. (5) Early marriage is of concern. Anecdotally, many Syrian girls are being married off due to poverty and insecurity. However, the actual situation, including the number and trend, is unclear. Peace-building/Palestinian Refugees Support (1) Jordan has long hosted Palestinian Refugees; currently, 2.1 million Palestinian Refugees reside in the country, accounting for nearly 40% of Palestinian Refugees in the region. (2) Palestinian Refugees who live in Refugee Camps tend to be poorer than those living outside the Camps. According to sources, more than 30% of those in Camps live under the Jordanian poverty line. Despite this, women’s labour participation is very low in the Camps. (3) It is widely thought that Palestinian Refugee Camp communities are more ‘conservative’ and adhere to stronger gender norms that dictate women to marry early, have many children, and take care of the house and the family. This norm likely affects women’s low labour participation. (4) Women in Palestinian Refugee Camps experience more violence than those outside the Camps. Control of women by their husbands is more stringent in the Camps than outside them. (5) Early marriage in Palestinian Refugee communities occurs more frequently than the Jordanian average. Reasons likely include poverty and related social/economic anxiety. Person(s) with Disabilities (1) Since 2007, Jordan has put in effort to build a support system for persons with disabilities (PWDs). Currently, the “National Strategy for Persons with Disabilities Phase II” is being implemented. (2) Social inclusion of PWDs has only begun. Traditionally, disability has been a social stigma, and PWDs have hardly been able to participate in the society. (3) Due to the social stigma, reliable data on PWDs are scarce and thus their actual situation is unclear. (4) PWDs, both men and women, are deprived of educational opportunities. In a country with 98% literacy rate, more than 35% of PWDs are illiterate. Illiteracy rate of female PWDs is as high as 40%. (5) In employment, although there is a quota for PWDs for enterprises, finding employment is still very difficult for PWDs. While the economically inactive population of male PWDs is very high, at 74%, the female rate is immense, at 94%. Although the detailed circumstances are unknown, it is thought that PWDs, especially female PWDs, have long been ‘hidden’ from the outside world, making them unable to act on their own. Social Protection (1) [Health] The total fertility rate (TFR) for Jordanian women is currently 3.5 births per woman. TFR in Jordan has not notably decreased in recent years. (2) [Health] Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are of social concern. Women die more from diabetes than men do. Obesity is specifically problematic for women in Jordan, with more than 40% of all women being obese. (3) [GBV] Gender-based violence (GBV) is a social taboo, thus the actual situation is unclear. However, it is thought to be very serious. Gender norms that allow men to express masculinity through violence, together with social and economic unrest and anxiety, are likely to formulate a spiral of violence. (4) [GBV] The protection and support system for GBV survivors is still weak. Moreover, due to social taboos, not many survivors try to seek outside help. (5) [GBV] Early marriage is widespread, with no hint of decrease. While Syrian and Palestinian Refugee girls are more likely to marry early, rate of early marriages for Jordanian girls is still high at 12-14%. One important factor here is that females, including the girls themselves and their mothers, usually do not have decision-making power over marriage. (6) [Poverty] Approximately 14% of the population is in poverty. While it is widely said that many female-headed households suffer from severe poverty, the details are unknown. (7) [Poverty] The National Aid Fund (NAF) is the major actor in financial support for poor households. While NAF understands female-headed households tend to be in severe poverty, it does not have a specified programme targeting poor women. Challenges and Considerations for Gender Mainstreaming in Development Assistance Consolidation and Sharing of JICA’s Know-How and Lessons Learned in the Involvement of Community Men in Jordan Involvement of community men in gender-related development activities has recently been vigorously discussed in the international development community. As this is relatively a new topic, while all seem to agree this is important, international actors have not necessarily established know-how in a practical sense. Here, JICA has advantage through accumulated first-hand experiences
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