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In the Hashemite Kingdom (The Effects of Identity Precariousness on the Participation of Palestinian-Jordanians)

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In the Hashemite Kingdom (The Effects of Identity Precariousness on the Participation of Palestinian-Jordanians) “We Are All Jordan”: The Dynamic Definition of “We” in the Hashemite Kingdom (The Effects of Identity Precariousness on the Participation of Palestinian-Jordanians) by Ezra Karmel BA, University of Victoria, 2009 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History © Ezra Karmel, 2014 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee “We Are All Jordan”: The Dynamic Definition of “We” in the Hashemite Kingdom (The Effects of Identity Precariousness on the Participation of Palestinian-Jordanians) by Ezra Karmel BA, University of Victoria, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Martin Bunton, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Gregory Blue, Department of History Departmental Member iii Supervisory Committee Dr. Martin Bunton, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Gregory Blue, Department of History Departmental Member Abstract This thesis analyses the hirak movements that emerged in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 2011. Amalgamating literature from studies of identity and defensive democratization, the thesis places two central questions into historical context: why did the hirak movements emerge in the rural tribal strongholds of the Hashemite monarchy before spreading into urban centers? And why did the founders of more urban and demographically heterogeneous hirak collectively agree in the nascent stages of their movements’ geneses to underrepresent the presence of Palestinian-Jordanians? iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ....................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Illustrations ............................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vii Note on Transliterations .................................................................................................. viii Note on Sources ................................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of Study ............................................................................................................. 1 The Arc of Palestinian-Jordanian Participation: From Inclusion to Exclusion .............. 5 Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 8 Using the Literature in the Post-Democratization, Post-Disengagement Context ........ 14 Structure of Thesis ........................................................................................................ 19 Chapter 1: The Hashemite Balancing Act Part I: Transjordan (1920-1948) .................... 21 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 21 Britain Searches for a Means of Indirectly Ruling Transjordan ................................... 23 Coopting the Tribes: The Politics of the Notables ........................................................ 28 Developing the State before the Nation ........................................................................ 34 Nation Building as a Byproduct of State Building ....................................................... 39 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 2: The Hashemite Balancing Act Part II: Jordan on the Two Banks (1948-1988) ........................................................................................................................................... 50 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 50 Expanding the Balancing Act ....................................................................................... 52 Learning from Past Successes: “Creeping Annexation” ............................................... 55 Jordan: Between Iraq, a Hard Place, and Its Inhabitants .............................................. 58 Juridical Jordanization, Not Transjordanization ........................................................... 62 Integration, But Not Representation ............................................................................. 69 The Shortcomings of Partial Integration ....................................................................... 72 Hashemite Priorities: Downsizing the Balancing Act .................................................. 76 Al-Aks: Inverting Policies, Cutting the Kingdom in Half ............................................ 80 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 3: From Rentierism to Defensive Democratization (1989-2012) ........................ 87 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 87 The Crisis of Jordan’s Rentier Economy ...................................................................... 89 Defensive Democratization ........................................................................................... 97 Controlling the Legislature ......................................................................................... 100 Reining in the Façade .................................................................................................. 103 2011: The Conflicts of Defensive Democratization ................................................... 109 2012 Reform Package: A More Inclusive Parliament? ............................................... 114 The Power of the Rentier Elite .................................................................................... 116 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 118 Chapter 4: The Growing Precariousness of Palestinian-Jordanians ............................... 120 v Introduction ................................................................................................................. 120 Latent East Bank Nationalism .................................................................................... 120 Divergent Interpretations of Disengagement .............................................................. 126 The Extension of “East Bank First” into Civil Society ............................................... 134 Fractured Frames ........................................................................................................ 137 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................................... 144 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 148 vi List of Illustrations Illustration 1 Map of Transjordan 48 Illustration 2 Map of North Tribes 48 Illustration 3 Map of Center Tribes 49 Illustration 4 Map of South Tribes 49 vii Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Martin Bunton, who has not only guided me through the production of this thesis and shaped every single one of my thoughts on Middle East history, but has also endured my constant questions since I was an undergrad. I would also like to thank Dr. Gregory Blue for his comments on the thesis and for having prepared me historiographically to write it. In addition, I want to thank Dr. Kristin Semmens, whose encouragement motivated me to start studying history and to stick with it. Of course, I also have to thank the history department secretaries, particularly Heather Waterlander, without whom I, like the department, would be completely lost. Throughout the writing process, I was also blessed by my fellowship at the Centre for Global Studies. Aside from furnishing me with solitude in which to write, the centre also provided me with a forum through which to learn what to write from my much more experienced colleagues. So, Jodie Walsh, J.P. Sapinski, and Astrid Pérez Piñán, thank you! viii Note on Transliterations Arabic used within this thesis has been transliterated according to a modified form of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES) system. Ain is marked by ‘, and hamza by ’. In contrast to the IJMES system, I omit under-dots and special diacritical marks for long vowels. For instance, this thesis uses “hirak” instead of “ḥirak”, and “Ma‘an” instead of “Ma‘ān.” Moreover, in referring to names and places commonly used in English, I have used the standard English spellings. This is most conspicuous in my use of “Hussein,” “Abdullah,” and “Feisal,” for the Hashemite rulers rather than “Hussayn,” “ ‘Abdullah,” and “Faysal.” Similarly, I have not changed the transliterations that Arabic authors have chosen to use for their own names.
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