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Special Conference on Strategic Environmental Assessment, IAIA SEA Prague II, 21 - 23 September 2011

Strategic Environmental Assessment as a tool for limiting consumption

Aldo Treville PhD in Territorial Design and Government (GPT), Department of Architecture and Planning (DiAP), Politecnico di Milano, p.le Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milan, Italy

15 Oct. 2011 ABSTRACT

Keywords: The value of "" is poorly taken into consideration in Italian SEA of urban and regional planning, reflecting the low awareness of the many functions and vital services to human Land activities and ecosystem survival, and the misconception of soil degradation impact on water, consumption, human health, , nature, , protection, and food safety. Recently enhanced planning practices account for soil protection objectives, but they are still not sustainable properly justified, assessed, and compared to different alternatives; and consequently not development, respected due to lack of adequate monitoring. The paper focuses on exploring the potential of SEA, land take, SEA as an effective tool for improving urban and regional planning processes, in respect to land consumption, soil degradation and . Some SEA of Italian and foreign cases planning are presented, underlining how they were able to create more awareness of soil as a resource, and how this new awareness can lead to the integration of often neglected environmental considerations into the planning process.

1. The value of soil demonstrated a fundamental contribution to several functions: Soil has a generally underestimated value in land - climate change/CO2 sequestration, use planning, and it should be considered as - ecology system and biodiversity, important as other resources in the pursuit of - groundwater recharge, . - food and , - landscape. Studies from the last 50 years have provided lots of references to the soil/land value as a Despite its value, soil and landscape have been “common”, and its intrinsic fragility, bringing up the poorly taken into consideration in Italian planning issue of a consequent need for protection. in recent decades, and more specifically by Italian Hardin's article is an example (Hardin, 1968): citizens. In fact, as underlined by Settis, in the last herders sharing a common parcel of land, with decades “mountains, countryside, coasts, are interest to put the next cows, even if the quality of being less and less taken into consideration as a the common is damaged through , treasure of the citizens, instead they are seen as and the common is depleted or even destroyed, to an easy hunting reserve for who is cynically the detriment of all. destroying the commons for their interest” (Settis, Diamond wrote about how societies collapse 2010). because of the disregard for increasing (Diamond, 2005), providing several examples of the contribution of 2. Impact of land consumption environmental components, such as soil problems (, salinization, and soil fertility losses). As currently defined1, soil is “the top layer of the earth’s crust, formed by mineral particles, organic In order to avoid “tragedy” or “collapse”, soil matter, water, air and living organisms. It is the should be acknowledged among the other interface between earth, air and water and hosts commons to have a tremendous value for the most of the biosphere”; for the purpose of this community. It is a direct consequence the need of paper, soil can be referred to the rural land, not governing the commons, in order to save them yet urbanized, and its intrinsic value. Land, and manage their use for the community; “governing the commons” in the sense as Ostrom 1 ENVASSO Project: ENVironmental masterfully presented on her book (Ostrom, ASsessment of Soil for monitoring 2006). (www.envasso.com) 2 Oxford dictionary, Oxford University Soil clearly has a strong social and cultural value, Press, 2011 but also from an environmental point of view it has 3 OECD DAC SEA Guidance, 2006 4 SEA Directive, 2001/42/EC 5 page 1 of 8 In fact, in Italy limits and targets, where existing, are usually defined at the Special Conference on Strategic Environmental Assessment, IAIA SEA Prague II, 21 - 23 September 2011

somehow confused with soil, instead is generally 3. The objective of soil protection defined2 as “the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water”; for the purpose of this Given the evidence of the need for governing land paper, land includes territorial and spatial consumption while preserving soil value, it has dimensions, and it is considered as the object of consequently made soil protection an increasingly land use planning. Furthermore in this paper, soil important objective. consumption refers to the concept of “land take”, From this perspective, the European Commission also known as "", "increase of artificial adopted a “Soil Thematic Strategy” (COM 231, surfaces" and represents an increase of 2006) and a proposal for a “Soil Framework settlement areas (or artificial surfaces) over time, Directive” with the objective to protect soil across usually at the expense of rural areas; this process the EU, acknowledged its socio-economic as well results in an increase of scattered settlements in as environmental importance for the community rural regions or in an expansion of urban areas (COM 232, 2006). around an urban nucleus (urban sprawl).

Soil consumption has negative effects and impact 4. Soil protection and SEA on environmental, social, economic resources. Soil is in fact an extremely complex, variable and Different European policies are contributing to soil living medium; the interface between the earth, protection (for instance on water, , the air and the water, soil is a non-renewable chemicals, industrial prevention, nature resource which performs many vital functions: protection, pesticides, agriculture) but there is a food and other biomass production, storage, lack of an integrated strategic policy. As these filtration and transformation of many substances policies have other aims and scopes of action, including water, carbon, nitrogen. Soil has a role they might not be sufficient to ensure an adequate as a and gene pool, serves as a platform level of protection for all soil in Europe. for human activities, landscape and heritage and Given the complexity of the soil consumption acts as a provider of raw materials (European impact, an integrated policy and planning tool is Commission, 2006; EAA 2006; European JRC, needed to cope with soil protection issues. 2008). Soil should be seen as a public service, a public Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) refers right, like other resources such as water and air. to a range of "analytical and participatory approaches that aim to integrate environmental Land use planning effects all soil threats and its considerations into policies, plans and impact need to be taken into account when programmes and evaluate the inter-linkages with planning the sustainable use of the land, such as economic and social considerations"3. According impact on: to SEA Directive4, competent planning authorities - soil sealing, are obliged to accomplish a systematic - soil erosion, assessment of all significant environmental - decline in Soil Organic Matter (SOM), impacts of regional land use plans (Art. 3 para. 2 - , SEA Directive). - , The procedure of SEA suits the purpose of an - decline in soil biodiversity, integrated assessment of land use issues, and it - soil salinization, can be effective being inextricably linked to - landslides, decision-making. SEA, by law (SEA Directive): - . - evaluates the likely significant effects on the environment, including issues such as soil, Many studies show that European soil water, air, landscape; degradation is accelerating, with a variety of - integrates environmental considerations and negative effects on human health, natural evaluates the inter-linkage with economic and ecosystems and climate change, as well as on the social considerations (soil as a ‘common’); economy; individual ecosystem services that are - includes monitoring (i.e. on land consumption) affected by land use transition also include the Additionally, the SEA report, being a decision- production of food, regulation of energy and support instrument aimed at providing as detailed matter flows, water supply, supply of recreational a picture as possible of the environmental impact space, biodiversity or natural aesthetic values related to the implementation of a land use plan, (Nuissl et al. 2008). must contain sufficient information to assess the

2 acceptability of the impact of soil consumption, Oxford dictionary, Oxford University and consequently to propose suitable Press, 2011 3 OECD DAC SEA Guidance, 2006 4 SEA Directive, 2001/42/EC

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modifications and mitigations. application and effectiveness. Regarding the limitation of the land consumption objective, the monitoring plan includes indicators like: 5. Land consumption in Italian SEA - land fragmentation because of “artificialized” surface; In the last few decades in Italy, there has been - land use, change in soil consumption, soil massive urbanization disproportionate to the sealing. demographic increase, and mostly in the Po The case study is interesting for its explicit Valley (area including Regions Lombardy, Emilia acknowledgment of the problem of land take, and Romagna, Veneto, Piedmont), where each day for the objective determined, but its SEA shows a 200.000 m2 are urbanized, “about 30 soccer lack of justification, assessment, and comparison fields” (Legambiente Report, 2011) of different alternatives, even if monitoring can Italy, unlike most European countries, does not help further action. have a national spatial development plan, nor a definition of soil sealing limits and targets (like in At a local level (Provinces and Municipalities) land Germany, UK, Austria). consumption and its impact have been taken into consideration in all the recent spatial planning6; Regional Territorial Plans are the planning tools ii that rule land use in Italy and therefore they have SEA of territorial plans like the PTCP , and their the most important role in limiting land sectorial part (Water, PTA; , PIAE; consumption. Energy, etc.) include evaluation of land Emilia –Romagna and Lombardy, the two Regions consumption, and propose its limitation through that cover the main part of the Po Valley, recently several compulsory regulations, such as: approved their Territorial Plans. - maximum amount of urbanization of new areas, while promoting , Regional Territorial Plan of Emilia Romagna brownfield redevelopment, etc.; (Italy), limitation of land consumption - further limitation (targets and threshold The new Regional Territorial Plan (2010) of Emilia values) for new urbanization in – Romagnai, includes an evident objective on the “groundwater protection zones” limitation of land consumption. (introduction of the “sealing balance”, Starting from the analysis of the soil etc.); “artificialization” of the region territory (land - limitation of new sites while consumption due to new urbanized areas, allowing only existing sites extension; commercial areas, industrial areas, - limitation on setting new photovoltaic , mining areas, landfills increased power plant on ground, while promoting by 74% compared to thirty years ago, especially in roof systems. the timeframe between 1994 and 2003), the Plan Those examples show the importance of the and its SEA explicitly reject the past developing integration of different sectorial policies in a model, and its consequent negative effects, such common spatial plan (PTCP); SEA was the as the urban sprawl generated, that caused an common field where different aims converged in a exponential increase of public costs for unique view that evaluated and consequently infrastructures and management of the services promoted the objective of limitation of land needed. consumption. Monitoring will show the One of the clear objectives of the Plan addresses effectiveness of the planning process. the limitation of land consumption: “it is possible to consume new land only if there is no alternative Regional Territorial Plan of Lombardy (Italy), SEA deriving from the substitution of existing urbanized and land use planning: lesson learned texture, or from its re-organization, re-zoning or The present scenario in Lombardy shows the regeneration”. strong reduction of open spaces and spread of However, no target is fixed, due also to the fact urban areas increasing the ecological that Italy, unlike most European countries, does fragmentation and the habitat erosion. More tools not have a higher level spatial plan, such as a and coordinated policies to discipline the urban national spatial development plan, that would growth are needed to limit land consumption. influence or govern the regional plans for a Even more urgent tools are needed to increase defined period5. the awareness of policy makers and planners (Pileri, 2010). SEA includes information about the monitoring iii plan, that has the aim to control the Plan SEA of the Regional Territorial Plan of Lombardy (2010) neglects some contributions given by the 5 In fact, in Italy soil sealing limits and targets, consultation phase (such as the need for a where existing, are usually defined at the specific study on land consumption, and a municipality level, unlike in other EU countries 6 (Germany, UK, Austria, etc.). See EC, 2011. See PTCP Reggio Emilia, PTCP Piacenza, PTCP Modena, PTCP Bolognaii

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proposal about ecological compensation) while a with public land use assessment and planning general objective of “land consumption reduction having been informed by a series of independent and promotion of brownfields regeneration” is bodies since 1970. These SEA bodies have included. played a major role in mediating environmental More interesting cases of the effectiveness of conflict over public land use, and have SEA and soil protection in Lombardy can be found significantly contributed to the increased size and at a local level: some recent municipal plans have coverage of Victoria’s protected area system included assessment of land consumption, and (from 205.000 ha in 1970 to 3.121.520 ha in their SEA have foreseen mitigations and 2005). It may reflect the high degree of compensation (i.e. Cernusco sul Naviglioiv 2010, consultation and analysis undertaken, with etc.). advices supported by clear processes and informed by assessments of social, economic, From the experience of SEA application in Emilia and environmental considerations (Coffey et al., – Romagna (2000-2011) and Lombardy Region 2010). (2005-2011) some limits of its application in land The SEA approach adopted is considered to be a use planning can be underlined: systemic, transparent and long-lasting example of - SEA process is not always taken into serious SEA, useful in managing land use conflict and consideration by decision makers, and often promoting more ecologically sustainable land use SEA analysis, recommendations and (e.g. with the systematic establishment of a parks information are neglected; and reserves system). The case study remarks - some themes, such as land consumption, the importance of having an independent statutory should be governed, evaluated and analyzed body model for SEA of public land use planning, by external bodies removed from the municipal as it provides a robust and yet flexible approach level (often closer to local interest instead of by which to deliver independent advice to global environmental matters); government on contentious matters. - land use change, and land take in particular, has many side effects that should be estimated Chengnan New District of Jintan County, Jiangsu and evaluated, as they involve several issues Province (China), integration of SEA and (sealing, erosion, etc.); ecological planning - in Lombardy, SEA in not required for “Piano The Urban Conceptual Plan of Chengnan, New delle Regole”, which is the component of a District of Jintan County, planned to be built as an Municipality Plan that includes quantitative eco-district with residential communities, limitations and constraints (such as land administrative centers and entertainment areas; consumption limitations); the planning organization invited - existing plans are often neglected, and their environmentalists and SEA experts to guide old decisions are hardly questioned and construction activity, ensure protection of the changed in a more sustainable point of view in ecological sensitive zone for urban sustainability, the new plan. and meet requirements stipulated in environmental protection laws and regulations (He et al., 2010). 6. Land consumption in foreign SEA Under SEA frame, ecological principles guided and arguments between planners International case studies showed the same and SEA experts at an initiative stage; the positive results for SEA as a tool for limiting land concept and detailed plan were modified consumption. This section briefly highlights according to the findings of SEA, through which a different case studies which demonstrate preferred option to build eco-district was formed. interesting results on: The effectiveness of this process demonstrated - evidence of effectiveness of using SEA in land that rather than separate ecological planning and use planning, as importance of an independent land use planning, common objectives can merge SEA body (Victoria, Australia); into an integrated process. The “competitive” - proposal of reinforcing integration of SEA and relationship between these two parts can be “ecological” planning (Chengnan, China); changed into a “collaborative” and “mutually - need for the use of SEA in land use change of supportive” one, regulated by the SEA process. Brazilian sugarcane ethanol. - examples of suitable indicators for SEA in Brazil land use change, need of a SEA approach regional land use planning (Germany); Brazil is not still experiencing SEA process in its policy and planning procedures; the following Victoria (Australia), land use planning and case study shows the limits of having individual independent SEA body assessments on projects that require land The experience of SEA processes in Victoria has consumption, instead of a strategic assessment been somewhat different than within Australia, approach. Brazil is experiencing a surge in planting of sugar

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cane crops driven by internal markets and and urban sprawl. At the same time, especially external policy drivers for biofuels. Despite the within an Italian context, there is big space to evidence of GHG savings, some global concerns improve the effectiveness of this tool, from have arisen from the net expansion of land use different point of view. change affecting impact on biodiversity, and having implications encompassing economic, Soil as a common social and environmental impact (Figueireo SEA and spatial planning have to consider land Gallardo et al., 2011). consumption as use of a common good, like The analysis of environmental studies on sugar- water, air and forests, with consequent cane crops (Environmental Impact Assessment, responsibility for protecting it. Soil is one of the EIA Reports) showed that the main global non-renewable resources, and it needs to be concerns identified in the literature in relation to saved and protected for the global sustainability of the expansion in this sector are not adequately planning processes. It has to be seen as a addressed: global, synergistic, indirect and fundamental common, that affects social, cumulative impacts are not appropriately economic and environmental issues for the considered and thus mitigated. EIA studies mainly community. address issues connected to localized and direct Better awareness of soil value environmental impacts largely ignoring any socio- In public participation and consultation of SEA economic impacts or any strategic consideration processes, a better awareness of soil value must typically involved in SEA processes. be carried out. Knowledge regarding the crucial role of soil in the ecosystem and its vulnerability is Germany, indicators for SEA in regional land use a prerequisite for responsible soil management. planning Objective of land consumption limitation German Government set a national target of The soil fulfills vital functions in the ecosystem. reduction of land consumption to 30 ha/day by For this reason, only sustainable, careful and year 2020 (on the basis of the newly consumed sparing use – in terms of surface area, quantity area in 1990); this objective has to be and quality – is permissible. operationalized to the regional planning level, so Soil protection and limitation on land consumption that in the future, German regional planners will must be included in all planning processes and have to be responsible for an ever stricter land consequently in every SEA reports, with an effort use management (Helbron et al., 2009). in fixing specific targets. Several studies presented examples of indicators Soil as the main resource, need of policy for SEA in regional land use planning, like LUCCA integration project, elaborating indicators such as “land SEA reports instead of studying plan effects on consumption” (soil abstraction, soil sealing, soil different separate sector (typically: air, water, degradation/excavation) and “land use change” waste, energy, biodiversity, etc.), should consider (change of function of the area without soil soil as the main resource and evaluate the effect removal or sealing: e.g. afforestation, recreation). of its transformation. Land use change should According to this study, SEA cannot guarantee an always be estimated and assessed with its effect ‘environmentally friendly planning’ and on several sectorial activities, like agriculture, ‘appropriate decisions’, but can make the region’s , etc. There is a need of a convergence of potential for adaptation and ‘adaptation- different interests, and SEA should support the constraining decisions’ transparent (Helbron et al., integration, cooperation and coherence of 2009). different policies involved. SEA and assessment of land use change SEA reports should include an assessment of 7. SEA as a tool for limiting land land use change, its effect and impact in an consumptions environmental/ecological, social and economic point of view. Sustainable development has been highlighted as For this purpose, spatial GIS tools need to be an an essential principle in spatial planning, with essential part of SEA report, because of their increasing recognition that uncontrollable ability to encompass several multilayer urbanization and land consumption give rise to information and for their capacity of considering various issues such as of natural the cumulative and synergistic impact of different resources, ecosystem destruction, environmental land use change in a plan. pollution and large-scale climate change. SEA and alternative land use options SEA report, by law, includes assessment of Case studies highlight some good results different alternatives. Considering land obtained from SEA methodology as a tool for consumption, SEA should encompass an improving urban and regional planning processes, assessment on different steps: in respect to land consumption, soil degradation - evaluation of different land use options, and the soil loss; alternatives with less land

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consumption must be always taken into data is available, in Italy there is neither a national consideration, besides the “business as usual” framework nor a database on land use despite the option, making an estimate of the value of high number of territorial IT systems (Pileri, 2009). preserving soil from urbanization (or other land The only data available is from the project Corine transformation); Land Cover (1990 and 2000). - impact prediction of the preferred option in alternative future scenarios (pessimist SEA can help planning processes if data is scenario, optimistic scenario, etc.); available to evaluate the status quo on land In comparing alternatives, the consequent impact consumption and make proposals for future of the planned transformation can be assessed, in development. An integrated system of information order to support the decision makers avoid a bias and data is necessary to understand the themes which usually undervalues soil concerns. addressed by the territorial planning; land SEA and mitigation measures/compensation consumption data must be included, in order to Once impacts are assessed, SEA should be the reach a comprehensive evaluation of the proper place where technical measures to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats mitigate soil sealing should to be discussed and (the so called SWOT) involved in land use defined (in terms of best practice, legal planning. requirements and incentives, etc.). Moreover, in SEA processes, forms of A methodological approach that should be used compensation, if necessary, should be discussed for the purpose mentioned above, is the collection and defined (such as compensation payments, of data on land use/land cover and the compiling compensation measures, trading systems, etc.). of the table called “the transition matrix” (Pontius Link between theoretical and practical land use et al., 2004). planning The matrix is based on flows in change in land While at a more general formal level, land use/land cover that a certain area had over a consumption concept has spread around specific amount of time (from t0 to t1), bearing in academics, decision makers and planners, at a mind the “triangle of transformation” (Pileri, 2009). more practical level it seems to be neglected. This The transition matrix makes it possible to organize is reflected in the usually missing link between data so that it produces an interpretation for regional and urban planning: while recent evaluating the environmental effects as well as territorial plans and their SEA all include objective the planning strategies; some transformations of land consumption limitation, at a local scale have a different environmental impact than others. they are hardly put in practice. There is a need of a stronger link between the two The SEA Environmental Report, part of the Plan planning level, and a deeper awareness of soil official documents, must include the “monitoring value at the urban scale. plan” (Article 10, SEA Directive7). Need of better quality SEA In order to have control on the potential effects of Poor SEA usually reflects poor planning the Plan, including land consumption, evaluation processes and vice versa; increased effectiveness indicators are needed. Among the others, the of SEA is showed when it is transparent and it evaluation of the land use/cover transition can be serves the community objectives. Detailed SEA represented by indicators that measure: report better helps decision makers, and when it is - land use at different times (i.e. every year); overseen by an external, third-party entity, this - change of land use (different timeframe); clearly increases its success. - land take Monitoring - rapidity of the transformation; As specified in the next paragraph, effective soil - the incidence of the transformation compared to protection requires coordinated and to some the original land cover stock. extent long- term observation and monitoring of the soil. Appropriate indicators should be selected in SEA reports in order to monitor land change 9. Conclusion and calculate the matrix of transitions. It can be stated that SEA has the potential to be an effective tool for preserving land consumption; 8. Monitoring land consumption in it is a fertile field that integrates different policies SEA 7 “Member States shall monitor the The availability of data on soil/land consumption is significant environmental effects of the the starting point for any further consideration and implementation of plans and programmes in assessment on land use policy. order, inter alia, to identify at an early stage While land consumption is on the agenda of unforeseen adverse effects, and to be able to various European governments and integrated undertake appropriate remedial action”.

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and the right place to deal with social, economic - Figueiro Gallardo A. L. C., Bond A. “Capturing and environmental issues. From this perspective, the implication of land use change in Brazil SEA can strengthen soil protection objectives through environmental assessment: time for a thereby improving the sustainability of land use strategic approach?”, Environmental Impact planning. Assessment Review, 2011, 31: 261-270; A future investigation in order to improve SEA - Geneletti D. et al. “Spatial decision support for effectiveness on planning process in the pursuit of strategic environmental assessment of land soil protection could be the introduction of use plans. A case study in southern Italy”, simplified methodology of estimating and Environmental Impact Assessment Review, assessing land use alternatives and their impact, 2007, 27: 408-423; together with the definition of a few appropriate - Hardin G (1968), The tragedy of commons, indicators suitable for the monitoring plan. Science, Vol. 162, no. 3859, pp. 1243-1248; - He J. et al. “Framework for integration of urban Even if there are positive conclusions, what if planning, strategic environmental assessment these changes would not be enough? Some and ecological planning for urban sustainability deeper concerns arise. within the context of China”, Environmental Do we maybe need new practical tools in spatial Impact Assessment Review, 2010, article in planning? press; Or perhaps, do we need a new institutional - Helbron H et al. “Indicators for strategic framework, reforms in the legislative structure and environmental assessment in regional land use change in land use regulations, with major planning to assess conflicts with adaptation to importance to land consumption? Would the global climate change”, Ecological Indicators introduction of legal standards ensure soil 2011, 11: 90-95; integrity? - Legambiente, INU, CRCS, DiAP PoliMI, And finally, is it possible to think at a next step Rapporto sul consume di suolo, 2011; SEA of land use planning, with soil perceived as - Maggi M., Pileri P., (2008), Oltre il bilancio the main non-renewable resource? forestale: aumenti e diminuzioni dei boschi in Lombardia, in Sherwood 147/2008; - Nuissl H, Haase D, Lanzendorf M, Wittmer H. 10. References Environmental impact assessment of urban land use transitions - A context - sensitive - Bonora P., Camagni R., Gibelli M. C., approach. Land Use Policy 2009; 26: 414-424; "Territory as a common", seminar proceedings, - Ostrom E. (1990), Governing the Commons. Bologna 15 April 2011; The Evolution of Institutions for Collective - Coffey B. et al. “Strategic public land use Action, Cambridge, Cambridge University assessment and planning in Victoria, Australia: Press; four decades of trailblazing but where to from - Pileri P. (2007), Compensazione ecologica here?”, Land Use Policy, 2011, 28: 306-313; preventiva, Carocci; - Diamond J. (2005), Collapse: How Societies - Pileri P. (2008), Lombrichi, uomini e campi, Choose to Fail or Survive, Viking Press, New Urbanistica Informazioni 222; York ; - Pileri, P., (2009), Quattro paesi, sei esperienze - European Commission, Communication from per una sola preoccupazione: contenere the Commission to the Council, the European l'urbanizzazione, in Urbanistica, n. 138, pp. 81- Parliament, the Economic and Social 85; Committee and the Committee of the Regions, - Pileri P. Maggi, M. (2010), 'Sustainable Towards A Thematic Strategy For Soil planning? First results in land uptakes in rural, Protection, COM(2006) n. 231; natural and protected areas: the Lombardia - European Commission, Proposal for a case study (Italy)', Journal of Land Use Directive of the European Parliament and of Science, 5: 2, 105 — 122; the Council establishing a framework for the - Pontius, R. G. Jr., Shusas E., McEachern M, protection of soil and amending Directive Detecting important categorical land changes 2004/35/EC, COM(2006) n. 232; while accounting for persistence, in - European Commission, Report on best Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 101 practices for limiting soil sealing and mitigating (2004) 251–268 its effects, Technical Report - 2011 – 050; - Settis S. (2010), Paesaggio, costituzione - European Environmental Agency, Urban cemento. Einaudi sprawl in Europe. The ignored challenge, EEA - Siedentop S. (2009), Verso uno sviluppo Report no. 10/2006; sostenibile in Germania: politiche e strumenti - European Joint Research Center, di contrasto all’urbanizzazione incontrollata, Environmental Assessment of Soil for Urbanistica 138, 86-89. Monitoring, Vol. I-VI, 2008;

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Websites: i www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/ptr ii www.provincia.re.it, www.provincia.pc.it, www.provincia.mo.it, www.provincia.bo.it iii www.territorio.regione.lombardia.it iv pgt.comune.cernuscosulnaviglio.mi.it

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