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Land Use Planning and Growth Management: Comparative Policy Perspectives on Urban Sprawl and Future Open Space Preservation

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Land Use Planning and Growth Management: Comparative Policy Perspectives on Urban Sprawl and Future Open Space Preservation RESEARCH Land Use Planning and Growth R E P O R T Management: Comparative Policy Perspectives on Urban Sprawl and Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Future Open Space Preservation Michigan State University May 2005 ■ Research Report 587 Foreword Future community well-being is significantly affected This challenge can be met most effectively by by current land use policies and planning decisions. collaborative planning that explicitly converts Many socioeconomic and biophysical aspects of statewide planning goals, objectives and priorities into quality of life are similarly influenced by viable regional growth strategies and local comprehensive economic development strategies and sustainable land plans that are mutually reinforcing. Such use practices that seek to maintain or enhance the interjurisdictional cooperation provides the basis for long-term productive capacity of our natural resource economic development scenarios that recognize the base. This includes the complex interactions between comparative advantage of locations and promote people and our land and water resources that sustain associated land uses that will optimally enhance long- biological productivity and amenity values, so critical term public benefits. in our agriculture, forestry, tourism and recreation This publication addresses various perspectives and sectors. approaches to land use and growth management. A key challenge in land use policy is to recognize both The authors hope to inspire land use planning the environmental capacities and limitations of our initiatives and collaboration among state, regional and resource base and seek land uses that enhance the local authorities that will help to improve land use long-term benefits of goods and services derived from policy and decision-making results and promote these resources. Therefore, long-term, comprehensive comprehensive, long-term planning that is both land use planning, including economic strategies that economically viable and environmentally sustainable. reinvest in central cities, is central to a balanced growth strategy that seeks to reduce the conversion Ger Schultink rate of prime farmlands and unique open space into Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation urbanized uses. Principally, this includes land use and Resource Studies guidelines that explicitly recognize land carrying Michigan State University capacity, productivity and suitability considerations in planning future land use. Land Use Planning and Growth Management: Comparative Policy Perspectives on Urban Sprawl and Future Open Space Preservation Ger Schultink, Ali Memon and Michael Thomas 2005 Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies Michigan State University Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 587 Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Leslie Johnson for assistance in the final preparation of this manuscript. In addition, suggestions from Kenneth Verburg, Eckhart Dersch, Eric Strauss, JoAnn Beckwith and Pat Norris are gratefully acknowledged. This research and publication of this research report were made possible through assistance from the Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station and the Victor Institute, Michigan State University and Lincoln University, New Zealand. Table of Contents Foreword . inside front cover 1. Introduction — Living Sustainably . 6 1.1 The Sustainable Development Challenge . 6 1.2 Land Resource Utilization . 7 1.3 Agricultural Land Use . 9 1.4 Urban Sprawl . 9 1.5 Is the Pattern of Current and Future Urban Growth in Michigan Sustainable? . 11 2. Urban Decentralization in the United States: An Overview . 11 2.1. Introduction . 11 2.2. Extensive Urban Development Natural Resources . 12 2.3 Impacts of Urban Sprawl on Natural Resources . 13 2.4 Environmental Impacts of Sprawl . 14 2.4.1 Wetland Impacts and Losses. 16 2.4.2 Construction of Impervious Surfaces . 17 2.4.3 Impacts of Wastewater and Stormwater Drainage . 18 2.4.4 Construction of Roads and Bridges . 18 2.4.5 Forest Resources . 18 2.4.6 Impacts on Natural Resource-based Tourism and Recreation. 19 2.4.7 Impacts on Extractive Industries . 19 3. Population, Land Use Trends and Policy Issues in The Great Lakes Region and Michigan. 19 3.1 The Great Lakes Region. 20 3.1.1 Agricultural Land Use . 20 3.1.2 Regional Land Use Trends . 20 3.1.3 Land Use Concerns. 21 3.1.3.1 Coastal Zone Development. 21 3.1.3.2 Urban Sprawl . 21 3.1.3.3 Farmland Conversion . 22 3.1.3.4 Brownfields . 22 3.1.3.5 Agricultural Management Practices . 22 3.1.3.6 General Landscape Impacts of Urbanization and Agricultural Development . 23 3.2 Michigan Population and Land Use Trends. 24 3.3 Public Perception of Land Use Issues . 26 3.4 Growth Management Initiatives. 28 3.5 Constraints on Planning in Michigan . 29 3.5.1 Outdated Institutional Structure . 30 3.5.2 Effectiveness of Local Government in Guiding Urban Development . 30 3.5.3 Lack of Proactive State Government Leadership . 32 3.5.4 Lack of County or Regional Initiatives . 33 4. Balancing Land Supply and Demand . 35 4.1 Introduction . 35 4.2 Need for Strategic Planning and Governance . 38 5. Regulatory Approaches to Land Use Planning . 43 5.1 Constraints on Regulation. 43 5.2 State Legislation within the National Context . 45 4 5.3 Zoning as a Regulatory Tool . 46 5.4 Other Regulatory Approaches . 46 6. Non-Regulatory Approaches to Land Use Planning . 47 6.1 Introduction . 47 6.2 Public Service Boundaries . 47 6.3 Purchase.
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