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UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE AND ROLE OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY GOVERNANCE IN CLIMATE ADAPTATION: CASES FROM UDIPUR, LAMJUNG A Dissertation Submitted to A Dissertation Submitted to CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Degree of M.Sc. in Environmental Science By Regan Sapkota T.U. Registration No: 5-2-37-719-2010 T.U. Exam Roll No: 333 October, 2017 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation is a genuine work done originally by me and has not been submitted anywhere for the award of any degree. All the sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by reference to the author(s) or institution(s). ……………………. Regan Sapkota Date: 27th August, 2017 ii Tel No: 4 332147 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY 4-332711 c Central Department of Environmental Science Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Date: 27th August, 2017 RECOMMENDATION This is to certify that Mr. Regan Sapkota has completed this dissertation work entitled “Understanding Climate Change and Role of Community Forestry Governance in Climate Adaptation: Cases from Udipur, Lamjung” as a partial fulfillment of the requirements of M.Sc. in Environmental Science under our supervision and guidance. To our knowledge, this research has not been submitted for any other degree, anywhere else. We therefore, recommend the dissertation for acceptance and approval. Supervisors: ……………………. ……………………. Bimal Raj Regmi, PhD Prof. Kedar Rijal, PhD Governance Specialist CDES, TU ICIMOD Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Lalitpur, Nepal iii Tel No: 4 332147 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY 4-332711 Central Department of Environmental Science Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Date: 27th August, 2017 LETTER OF APPROVAL On the recommendation of supervisors “Prof. Dr. Kedar Rijal” and “Dr. Bimal Raj Regmi”, this dissertation submitted by “Mr. Regan Sapkota” entitled “Understanding Climate Change and Role of Community Forestry Governance in Climate Adaptation: Cases from Udipur, Lamjung” has been approved for the examination and submitted to the Tribhuvan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of M.Sc. in Environmental Science. ……………………… Prof. Kedar Rijal, PhD Head of Department CDES, TU Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal iv TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Tel No: 4 332147 4-332711 Central Department of Environmental Science Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Date: 19th September, 2017 CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE This dissertation entitled “Understanding Climate Change and Role of Community Forestry Governance in Climate Adaptation: Cases from Udipur, Lamjung” submitted by “Mr. Regan Sapkota” has been examined and accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements of M.Sc. in Environmental Science. Evaluation Committee …………………….. …………………. Prof. Kedar Rijal, PhD External Examiner Supervisor and Head Keshab Gautam, PhD CDES, TU Under Secretary DFRS, MoFSC, GoN ……………………. ……………… Supervisor Internal Examiner Bimal Raj Regmi, PhD Narayan Babu Dhital Governance Specialist Lecturer ICIMOD Patan Multiple Campus v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors, Prof. Kedar Rijal, PhD and Bimal Raj Regmi, PhD for their support, guidance, and encouragements throughout the study. Both of their friendly attitude and regular suggestions helped me to make the study easier. I owe my sincere gratitude to ICIMOD and its HI-AWARE program for selecting me as its research fellow and supporting me with the financial and technical support to complete my study. My sincere thanks go to our semester coordinator Sudip Thakuri, PhD for his moral and technical support. I am indebted to my colleagues Tilak Babu Chapagain, Dipak Khadka for their help and contribution during field visit and data collections. I would like to thank my colleagues Aasish Tripathi, Anil Thapa, Bijay Shrestha, Deepesh Chaudhary, Suman Aryal from IAAS Campus, Lamjung who also helped me in data collection. I would also like to thank my friends Bijay Basyal, Parbati Pandey, Rubina Karki, Sabitri Shrestha, Sudip Acharya, Sunita Bhandari for their help in post field works. Moreover, my sincere gratitude goes to the all the respondents of all community forests of Udipur, without their time and response this study wouldn’t have been completed. Furthermore, I would like to thank all those people who directly or indirectly helped me in the course of this study. Last but the not the least, I would like to thank my parents and guardians whose love and affection helped me to complete my study effectively. Regan Sapkota [email protected] 27th August, 2017 vi Abstract Local communities are considered more vulnerable to climate change due to their low adaptive capacity. In Nepal, many adaptation practices have been carried out to reduce its impacts by different institutions, Community forestry (CF) is one of them. CF in Nepal is considered as one of the successful institutions of Nepal and good governance of it is considered as the pillar of its success. Limited research was done to assess the governance status of the CF but the role of CF governance in climate adaptation is rarely studied. Thus, this study is done in Udipur VDC of Lamjung district to assess the climate trend, status of the governance and its role in adaptation practices and to find the major facilitating and constraining factors for climate adaptation. Primary data were collected via HHs survey, FGD, KII, and DHM data were also used. A total of 230 HHs survey, seven FGD, and 10 KII were done in seven CFs of Udipur. Different statistical tools like Microsoft excel 2016, XLSTAS, SPSS, and NVivo 11 were used to analyze the data. The study found that precipitation pattern in Udipur has been erratic whereas temperature is on increasing trend. Winter months are getting less cold and summers are getting hotter. Analysis of people’s perception found that local people of Udipur have good understandings of major parameters of climate change. Meanwhile, a mathematical approach was developed to find the status of each CF in percentage. It was found that among seven CF of Udipur, Kalika CF had the best governance status (79.32%) while Manakidanda CF was among CF with the weakest governance status (58.70%). Similarly, Kalika had the highest number of adaptation activities (28) carried out on it, whereas Manankidanda (7) had the lowest. The study found that good governance had huge to play during climate adaptation process; better the governance higher was the adaptation practices. Moreover, the facilitating factors (good governance, access to adequate infrastructure, access to technology and others) and the constraining factors (poor awareness of adaptation among local people, inadequate support from government, inadequate budget of CF for adaptation, and others) identified by this study will help the policy makers and the practitioners to address climate change adaptation in more effective way in Nepal. Keywords: community based adaptation, local institutions, facilitating factors, constraining factors vii Table of Contents DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. ii RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................. iii LETTER OF APPROVAL .............................................................................................. iv CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE ............................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ vi Abstract .......................................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xii List of Photographs ...................................................................................................... xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Rationale ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research questions ................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Limitations ............................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 5 2.1 Climate change trends ............................................................................................ 5 2.2 Climate change impacts ......................................................................................... 5 2.3 Climate change responses

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