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Amartya Sen : Un Économiste Du Développement ?

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Amartya Sen : Un Économiste Du Développement ? Amartya Sen : un économiste du développement ? Sous la direction de Valérie Reboud Agence Française de Développement Département de la Recherche © AFD 2006 . Remerciements Ce travail a voulu opérer un dialogue entre des connaissances issues de recherches en choix social et économie normative et des préoccupations pragmatiques en matière de politiques de développement. Je remercie en premier lieu les chercheurs et praticiens qui ont apporté une contribution écrite à ce travail : Parul Bakshi, Meriem Bouamrane, Isabelle Droy, Jean-Luc Dubois, Camille Fertel, Anna-Maria Hoffmann, 3 Lamine Kane, Christine Le Clainche, Harold Levrel, Maria-Laura di Tommaso et Jean-François Trani. Ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans l’implication des membres de l’Agence Française de Développement. Je tiens à remercier l’ensemble des personnes qui, par leurs conseils et aides, m’ont permis de réaliser ce travail : Jean-Francis Benhamou, Hervé Bougault, Olivia Dabbous, Alexandre Kolev, Sarah Marniesse, Jean-David Naudet, Robert Peccoud, Véronique Sauvat, Martha Stein-Sochas, Jean-Bernard Véron et Alain Widmaier. © AFD 2006 Amartya Sen : un économiste du développement ? . Sommaire RÉSUMÉ / ABSTRACT ...................................................................................9/11 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................13 PREMIÈRE PARTIE AMARTYA SEN, QUEL « MODÈLE ÉCONOMIQUE » ?.....................................19 1. SI LA DÉFINITION DU NIVEAU DE VIE AVAIT DES PRÉSUPPOSÉS ÉTHIQUES… ...................................................21 5 1.1. La notion de bien-être individuel ...............................................................21 1.2. Les critiques du welfarisme.......................................................................25 1.3. L’approche par les capabilités : une alternative au welfarisme ? ................28 1.4. Conclusion................................................................................................39 2. APPROCHE PAR LES CAPABILITÉS ET DÉVELOPPEMENT ......................41 2.1. Présentation de l’approche par les capabilités .........................................41 2.2. Prolongements et interprétations critiques de l’approche par les capabilités...............................................................58 2.3. Conclusion................................................................................................65 © AFD 2006 Amartya Sen : un économiste du développement ? Sommaire SECONDE PARTIE L’APPROCHE PAR LES CAPABILITÉS : UN GUIDE POUR LES POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES DE DÉVELOPPEMENT ? ..............................................................67 3. INTRODUCTION ET RÉSUMÉS DES CONTRIBUTIONS ............................69 4. THE CAPABILITY APPROACH AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES: EFFECTIVE LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Anna-Maria HOFFMANN..................................................................................79 5. POLITIQUES DE SANTÉ ET APPROCHE PAR LES CAPABILITÉS Christine LE CLAINCHE...................................................................................93 6. THE CAPABILITY APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING DISABILITY: INCREASING COMPARABILITY, DEFINING EFFICIENT PROGRAMS Parul BAKSHI et Jean-François TRANI ..........................................................109 6 7. QUEL APPORT DE L’APPROCHE PAR LES CAPABILITÉS POUR L’ANALYSE DES INÉGALITÉS DE GENRE ? Isabelle DROY................................................................................................125 8. MEASURING THE WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN USING A CAPABILITY APPROACH: AN APPLICATION TO INDIAN DATA Maria-Laura DI TOMMASO ............................................................................147 Amartya Sen : un économiste du développement ? © AFD 2006 Sommaire 9. LA CO-CONSTRUCTION DE SYSTÈMES D’INFORMATION SUR LES INTERACTIONS ENTRE DÉVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN ET CONSERVATION DE LA BIODIVERSITÉ : L’EXEMPLE D’UN PROGRAMME MAB MENÉ DANS LA RÉSERVE DE BIOSPHÈRE DU NIOKOLO-KOBA Harold LEVREL, Meriem BOUAMRANE et Lamine KANE. .............................163 10. CAPABILITÉS ET ÉTUDES D’IMPACT : DE L’ÉVALUATION DES RÉSULTATS À L’ÉVALUATION DES EFFETS Camille FERTEL .............................................................................................185 11. APPROCHE PAR LES CAPABILITÉS ET DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE : LA TRANSMISSION INTERGÉNÉRATIONNELLE DES CAPABILITÉS Jean-Luc DUBOIS .........................................................................................199 CONCLUSION DE LA SECONDE PARTIE : QUELS ENSEIGNEMENTS TIRER DE CES HUIT EXEMPLES ? .................................................................213 CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE QU’EST-CE QU’UN « BON » PROGRAMME DE DÉVELOPPEMENT ?..........217 7 Utilitarisme et politique de développement .....................................................219 Équité et politique de développement ............................................................222 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ...............................................................................................227 © AFD 2006 Amartya Sen : un économiste du développement ? . Résumé Ce travail présente les travaux d’Amartya Sen qui ont nourri la réflexion sur le développement et ses moyens d’action. Une place centrale est donnée à « l’approche par les capabilités » et à ses interprétations. Ce travail se décompose en deux parties. La première rappelle les aspects 9 théoriques de travaux de Sen. Le premier chapitre examine la question de l’évaluation du bien-être individuel, préalable pour comprendre l’approche par les capabilités, examinée dans le deuxième chapitre. La seconde partie invite à considérer ces travaux dans l’optique de l’aide publique de développement. Elle rassemble différentes contributions d’auteurs, chercheurs et praticiens, qui se sont interrogés sur les implications de l’approche par les capabilités en termes de politiques publiques de développement. En conclusion, une synthèse des chapitres précédents invite à s’interroger sur les implications des orientations éthiques sous-jacentes aux politiques publiques de développement. © AFD 2006 Amartya Sen : un économiste du développement ? . Abstract This book aims at presenting Amartya Sen’s works. They deeply influenced the way objectives and methods of development have been conceived. The Capability Approach and its interpretations are given a central place. 11 This book is divided in two parts. The main theoretical aspects of Sen’s work are presented in the first part. Chapter one deals with the assessment of individual well-being. It paves the way for understanding the Capability Approach presented in chapter two. Aid policy making is the viewpoint from which Sen’s works are examined in the second part. Several authors, researchers and practitioners, explore the implications of the Capability Approach for providing guidelines to public action in developing countries. The conclusion examines the underlying ethical conceptions of development programmes and their implications. © AFD 2006 Amartya Sen : un économiste du développement ? . Introduction Le rapport 2006 de la Banque mondiale s’intitule « Equité et développement ». Après la mode du développement humain et du développement durable, serait-ce celle du « développement équitable » ? De plus en plus de rapports ou de programmes de développement soulignent l’importance de prendre en compte l’équité ou, plus généralement, les jugements éthiques pour concevoir l’aide publique au développement. Est-ce une évidence ? Certes non. Pour beaucoup, le développement est un enjeu 13 économique et, par conséquent, tout jugement éthique constitue une intrusion de valeurs morales non pertinentes pour juger de l’efficacité du marché. Dès lors, un développement équitable serait un oxymore qu’il s’agirait d’admettre comme nouveau dogme. Une telle interprétation reviendrait à se méprendre sur les statuts de l’éthique comme sur ceux de l’économie. Qu’est-ce que l’éthique ? L’éthique élabore un discours sur ce qui doit être. Elle relève ainsi de jugements de valeur et non de jugements de fait (ce qui est). Elle invite © AFD 2006 Amartya Sen : un économiste du développement ? Introduction à s’interroger sur le comportement de l’individu – « comment doit-on vivre ? » – aussi bien que sur l’organisation des comportements humains et sur les fins ultimes de l’homme ou d’une société. Les réponses apportées à ce qui doit être doivent être cohérentes : un discours éthique doit énoncer explicitement et simplement les principes qui unifient nos jugements moraux dans des situations différentes. « Ne peuvent s’en déduire que des jugements auxquels nous adhérons sans réserve, ainsi que des jugements face à des actions ou des situations moralement moins évidentes, dont ils peuvent dès lors guider l’action » (Arnsperger et Van Parijs, 2000, p. 10). Par conséquent, on peut porter des jugements de valeur, dès lors que l’on est en mesure de les justifier et cela, dans tous les domaines, y compris celui des institutions sociales. Deux questions très différentes peuvent alors être envisagées : qu’est-ce qu’une société bonne ? Qu’est-ce qu’une société juste ? La seconde question est plus récente et formulée par ce qui est souvent appelé les théories modernes de la justice. Leur projet est en profonde rupture avec celui des théories précédentes. En effet, les théories « anciennes » de la justice répondaient à la question de ce qu’est une société bonne en utilisant des conceptions morales de la vie bonne, le plus souvent religieuses.
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