UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE JUIZ DE FORA FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO Lucas Lisboa Peths

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE JUIZ DE FORA FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO Lucas Lisboa Peths UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE JUIZ DE FORA FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO Lucas Lisboa Peths A TENDÊNCIA À “PRESIDENCIALIZAÇÃO” NO PARLAMENTARISMO BRITÂNICO: a cobertura do The Times e do The Guardian nas eleições gerais do Reino Unido em 2015 e o processo de personalização da política Juiz de Fora 2016 Lucas Lisboa Peths A TENDÊNCIA À “PRESIDENCIALIZAÇÃO” NO PARLAMENTARISMO BRITÂNICO: a cobertura do The Times e do The Guardian nas Eleições Gerais do Reino Unido em 2015 e o processo de personalização da política Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Figueira Leal Juiz de Fora Fevereiro de 2016 Lucas Lisboa Peths A tendência à “presidencialização” no parlamentarismo britânico: a cobertura do The Times e do The Guardian nas Eleições Gerais do Reino Unido em 2015 e o processo de personalização da política Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação. Área de concentração: Comunicação e Sociedade Linha de Pesquisa: Comunicação e Poder Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Figueira Leal (UFJF) Aprovado pela banca composta pelos seguintes membros: __________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Figueira Leal (UFJF) - Orientador __________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Ademir de Oliveira (UFJF) - Convidado ___________________________________________________________ Profª. Dra. Gláucia da Silva Mendes Moraes (CEFET-RJ) - Convidada Juiz de Fora, 26 de fevereiro de 2016. Aos que lutam contra a ilusão da meritocracia; Aos mais pobres, que, cotidianamente, enfrentam e superam mais que mil dissertações, mas não puderam chegar até aqui. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço àqueles que acreditaram e que apoiaram, de perto, a conclusão desta jornada. Ao meu professor e orientador, Dr. Paulo Roberto Figueira Leal, exemplo de profissional e de ser humano, pelo privilégio do convívio desde a graduação. A ele, devo grande parte do que aprendi sobre humildade, consciência e humanidade. Ao professor Dr. Luiz Ademir de Oliveira, por sempre me ajudar a seguir em frente na conquista dos meus objetivos. À Dra. Gláucia da Silva Mendes, por ter aceitado, de imediato, o convite para participar da banca examinadora. Ao professor Dr. Márcio de Oliveira Guerra, pelas observações e contribuições dadas no Exame de Qualificação. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig), pela bolsa que possibilitou minha dedicação exclusiva ao mestrado. À minha família, que me apoiou dando as condições para que eu completasse mais esta etapa. À Renata, pelo companheirismo incondicional que me inspirou a superar todas as dificuldades e a concluir cada página escrita. Obrigado por tornar meus dias mais leves e felizes! Ao Gildo, pela amizade inquestionável e pelo incentivo dado em todas as decisões que tomei desde a graduação. Ao Guilherme, por estar sempre presente e disposto a conversar nos momentos mais difíceis. À Thaisa, pelo apoio psicológico fundamental dado a mim desde o início. Sem educação não há democracia real; Sem educação há apenas autocracia. (Serj Tankian) RESUMO A presente dissertação objetiva buscar e analisar evidências de personalização da política, ou seja, a valorização de características pessoais em detrimento de ideias ou ideologias partidárias, no contexto do parlamentarismo britânico. Apesar de não ser um conceito novo, a personalização se amplia na atualidade, em uma sociedade altamente mediada pelos meios de comunicação. O que vertebra o trabalho é a hipótese de que o parlamentarismo tende a uma “presidencialização”, assumindo, como já comprovado neste sistema de governo, características cada vez mais personalistas, contrariando sua essência de foco nas estruturas e na ordem partidárias. Neste contexto, é seguro dizer que fatores comunicacionais interferem e podem ser determinantes na condução de um processo eleitoral – mesmo no parlamentarismo – com os veículos de comunicação direcionando sua cobertura a elementos personalizados. Assim, os media se comportariam ora como palcos, ora como atores políticos, favorecendo a tendência de americanização das campanhas ao redor do mundo, com a desideologização das disputas e a declínio da identificação partidária como consequências comuns, elementos da chamada “nova ambiência eleitoral”. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise de conteúdo categorial, que englobou 66 publicações dos periódicos britânicos The Times e The Guardian durante a semana anterior às Eleições Gerais ao Parlamento britânico em 2015. As matérias foram classificadas em quatro categorias: ênfase em pessoas, com a personalização sendo evidenciada no lugar de outros conteúdos; ênfase nos partidos, destacando os textos que priorizaram tratar de temáticas partidárias e ideológicas; ênfase em políticas públicas, ressaltando notícias que abordaram tópicos de interesse geral da população, como saúde ou educação; por fim, foram agrupadas as matérias que tiveram ênfase na própria disputa eleitoral, com a publicação de resultados de pesquisas eleitorais ou possibilidades. Conjuntamente adotou-se a metodologia desenvolvida pelo Laboratório de Pesquisa em Comunicação Política e Opinião Pública (Doxa) do atual IESP-UERJ. O modelo leva em consideração a valência, ou seja, a orientação positiva, negativa ou neutra das coberturas jornalísticas, o que permitiu identificar o posicionamento de cada um dos jornais em cada categoria. Palavras-chave: poder; comunicação; política; personalização; parlamentarismo britânico. ABSTRACT This dissertation intends to seek and analyze evidences of personalization of politics, that is, the enhancement of personal characteristics rather than ideas or party ideologies, in the context of the British parliamentary system. Despite of not being a new concept, personalization is extended today in a highly mediated society by the media. What guides the work is the hypothesis that the parliamentary system tends to a "presidentialization", assuming, as already checked in this system of government, increasingly personalistic characteristics, contradicting its core focus on the structures and the party order. In this context, it is safe to say that communication factors interfere and can be decisive in the conduct of an electoral process – even in parliamentarism – with the media coverage targeting personalized elements. Thus, the media would behave sometimes as stages, sometimes as political actors, encouraging the americanization trend in campaigns around the world, with the lack of ideologization of disputes and the decline of party identification as common consequences, elements of the called "new electoral ambience". The methodology applied was the categorical content analysis, which included 66 publications of the British newspapers The Times and The Guardian during the preceding week to the general elections to the British Parliament in 2015. The publications were classified into four categories: emphasis on people, with customization being shown instead of other content; emphasis on the political parties, highlighting the texts that prioritized dealing with partisan and ideological issues; emphasis on public policies, highlighting news that address topics of general interest of the population, such as health or education; finally, the subjects who had an emphasis on the electoral dispute itself, with the publication of results of opinion polls or possibilities, were grouped. At the same time it was adopted the methodology developed by Research Laboratory of Political Communication and Public Opinion (Doxa) of the current IESP-UERJ. The model takes into account the valency, that is, positive, negative or neutral orientation of news coverage, which allowed us to identify the position of each of the newspapers in each category. Keywords: power; communication; politics; personalization; british parliamentarism LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1: Divisão dos distritos eleitorais do Reino Unido de acordo com o resultado das eleições de 2015 ................................................................................................................ 64 Gráfico 1: Enquadramento noticioso do The Guardian ......................................................... 93 Gráfico 2: Enquadramento noticioso do The Times ............................................................... 93 Gráfico 3: Enquadramento noticioso geral ............................................................................ 94 Gráfico 4: Distribuição geral das valências ........................................................................... 95 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1: Resultados das eleições para o Parlamento britânico – 2015 ................................ 66 Tabela 2: Modelos de governança da radiodifusão pública definidos por Hallin e Mancini ............................................................................................... 79 Tabela 3: Paralelismo partido-imprensa com base nos leitores dos jornais britânicos .......... 82 Tabela 4: Proporção de público telespectador ou leitor de notícias diariamente e proporção do consumo TV/Jornais em países europeus – 2001 ................................................................... 89 Tabela 5: Distribuição das valências positivas e negativas ..................................................
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