DOCSLIB.ORG

The Structure of Chalk Grassland Communities and the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Structure of Chalk Grassland Communities and the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi The Structure of Chalk Grassland Communities and the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Roy Anthony Holm 2011 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Brighton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of the Environment and Technology University of Brighton Abstract Semi-natural chalk grassland is an internationally important habitat characterised by high species richness at a fine scale. In both the United Kingdom and other European Countries however, significant areas of chalk grassland have been lost to intensive agriculture practices. In the United Kingdom, conservation and expansion of existing chalk grassland sites has become a high priority. Research that leads to a better understanding of the processes that structure chalk grassland communities may aid these objectives. A number of field trials have been conducted to examine the role of grazing in structuring grassland plant communities, but the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)/plant symbiosis has received less attention. In this research project the structure (presence and abundance of species) of chalk grassland communities growing on the South Downs in the United Kingdom is defined. This is achieved by detailed analysis of extensive plant survey data collected in 1991. Analysis revealed strong patterns relating to species presence and abundance in the chalk grassland communities. In particular evidence of „nestedness‟ and a frequency abundance relationship was found. From these patterns it was deduced that AMF/ plant symbiosis may have a significant role in structuring chalk grassland communities. In the experimental component of this research project two separate, but connected, trials were conducted. In the first trial chalk grassland turf was sampled for study in the laboratory under controlled environmental conditions. The second trial was conducted on chalk grassland turf, in situ, at the same site from which the laboratory turf had been collected. In both trials the method adopted was to weaken AMF/plant symbiosis by apply increasing doses of the fungicide Iprodione. In the laboratory trial this was conducted over one growing season and in the field trial over two seasons. There was a good level of consistency between the two trials. At low levels of fungicide there was no discernible change in community structure. But at the higher fungicide dose rates (2gm-2 and 4gm-2), changes to community structure (presence and percentage cover were observed). The results from the field trial suggest that approximately 50% of plants i in the community benefited from the presence of AMF, around 25% were unaffected, whilst the remaining 25% benefited from the absence of AMF. The largest changes in cover were in the mycorrhizal grass Brachypodium pinnatum which declined in percentage cover with increased fungicide dose rates. This was associated with a corresponding increase in the cover of the non-mycorrhizal grass Bromus erectus. Examination of the roots of selected forbs and grasses suggests that in species that benefit from AMF/plant symbiosis the levels of root infection in individual plant species may be related to percentage cover in the community. The research suggests that restoration of species rich chalk grassland communities might be better achieved by a process involving several stages. Initially this would involve creating a community consisting of the most abundant grasses and forbs (core species). These would be established in the presence of a full compliment of mycorrhizal fungi species native to chalk grassland. When this matrix community is established less abundant including scarce species would be added in a sequential process. ii Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... i Contents ............................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................................. ixii List of Appendicies ........................................................................................................ xvii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... ixvii Declaration ....................................................................................................................... xx Chapter 1 - Introduction. ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General Introduction. ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Rationale ............................................................................................ 2 1.3 Research Aim .................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction ....................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Chapter 2 - Literature Review .............................................................. 4 1.4.3 Chapter 3 - The Research Site ............................................................. 6 1.4.4 Chapter 4 - The Structure of Chalk Grassland Communities .............. 6 1.4.5 Chapter 5 - Influence of AMF on Chalk Grassland Community Structure: Laboratory Trials ................................................................. 6 1.4.6 Chapter 6 - Influence of AMF on Chalk Grassland Community Structure: Field Trials .......................................................................... 7 1.4.7 Chapter 7 – Discussion ........................................................................ 7 1.4.8 Chapter 8 – Conclusions ...................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 - Literature Review. ........................................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction. ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2 The History and Defining Characteristics of Calcareous / Chalk Grassland .. 10 2.2.1 Historical perspective......................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Distribution and importance of calcareous/ chalk grassland ............. 11 2.2.3 Abiotic conditions that affect chalk grassland communities ............. 13 2.2.3.1 Soil pH ............................................................................... 13 2.2.3.2 Nutrient levels .................................................................... 14 2.2.3.3 Site characteristics: Soil depth, aspect, slope, insolation and rainfall ................................................................................ 14 iii 2.2.4 Biotic factors that affect chalk grassland communities ..................... 15 2.2.4.1 Grazing ............................................................................... 16 2.2.4.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi/plant symbiosis .................. 18 2.3 Plant Community Structure ............................................................................. 18 2.3.1 Definition of plant communities ........................................................ 18 2.3.2 Species richness and diversity ........................................................... 19 2.3.3 Grain structure ................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 Mechanisms contributing to plant community structure ................... 21 2.3.4.1 The competitive exclusion principle .................................. 21 2.3.4.2 The niche concept .............................................................. 22 2.3.4.3 The regeneration niche ....................................................... 23 2.3.4.4 The carousel model ............................................................ 24 2.3.4.5 Mechanisms of plant competion with relevance to chalk grassland ............................................................................ 24 2.4 The Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)/Plant Symbiosis in Structuring Plant Communities ....................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 25 2.4.2 The types of mycorrhizal fungi .......................................................... 26 2.4.3 The components and functions of AMF ............................................ 27 2.4.3.1 Spores ................................................................................. 27 2.4.3.2 Hyphae ............................................................................... 27 2.4.3.3 Arbuscules ......................................................................... 27 2.4.3.4 Mycelium ......................................................................... 278 2.4.3.5 Vesicles .................................................................................. 2.4.4 The basis of the symbiotic relationship ............................................. 28 2.4.5 Variable characteristics of AMF/plant symbiosis .............................. 29 2.4.6 Competition for resources
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Catalogue2013 Web.Pdf
    bwfp British Wild Flower Plants www.wildflowers.co.uk Plants for Trade Plants for Home Specialist Species Wildflower Seed Green Roof Plants Over 350 species Scan here to of British native buy online plants 25th Anniversary Year Finding Us British Wild Flower Plants Burlingham Gardens 31 Main Road North Burlingham Norfolk NR13 4TA Phone / Fax: (01603) 716615 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.wildflowers.co.uk Twitter: @WildflowersUK Nursery Opening Times Monday to Thursday: 10.00am - 4.00pm Friday: 10.00am - 2.30pm Please note that we are no longer open at weekends or Bank Holidays. Catalogue Contents Contact & Contents Page 02 About Us Page 03 Mixed Trays Pages 04-05 Reed Beds Page 06 Green Roofs Page 07 Wildflower Seeds Page 08 Planting Guide Pages 09-10 Attracting Wildlife Page 11 Rabbit-Proof Plants Page 12 List of Plants Pages 13-50 Scientific Name Look Up Pages 51-58 Terms & Conditions Page 59 www.wildflowers.co.uk 2 Tel/Fax:(01603)716615 About Us Welcome.... About Our Plants We are a family-run nursery, situated in Norfolk on a Our species are available most of the year in: six acre site. We currently stock over 350 species of 3 native plants and supply to all sectors of the industry Plugs: Young plants in 55cm cells with good rootstock. on a trade and retail basis. We are the largest grower of native plants in the UK and possibly Europe. Provenance Our species are drawn from either our own seed collections or from known provenance native sources. We comply with the Flora Locale Code of Practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Studies of the South African Campanulaceae Sensu Stricto with an Emphasis on Generic Delimitations
    Town The copyright of this thesis rests with the University of Cape Town. No quotation from it or information derivedCape from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of theof source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non-commercial research purposes only. University Systematic studies of the South African Campanulaceae sensu stricto with an emphasis on generic delimitations Christopher Nelson Cupido Thesis presented for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Botany Town UNIVERSITY OF CAPECape TOWN of September 2009 University Roella incurva Merciera eckloniana Microcodon glomeratus Prismatocarpus diffusus Town Wahlenbergia rubioides Cape of Wahlenbergia paniculata (blue), W. annularis (white) Siphocodon spartioides University Rhigiophyllum squarrosum Wahlenbergia procumbens Representatives of Campanulaceae diversity in South Africa ii Town Dedicated to Ursula, Denroy, Danielle and my parents Cape of University iii Town DECLARATION Cape I confirm that this is my ownof work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. University Christopher N Cupido Cape Town, September 2009 iv Systematic studies of the South African Campanulaceae sensu stricto with an emphasis on generic delimitations Christopher Nelson Cupido September 2009 ABSTRACT The South African Campanulaceae sensu stricto, comprising 10 genera, represent the most diverse lineage of the family in the southern hemisphere. In this study two phylogenies are reconstructed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. A family-level phylogeny was estimated to test the monophyly and time of divergence of the South African lineage. This analysis, based on a published ITS phylogeny and an additional ten South African taxa, showed a strongly supported South African clade sister to the campanuloids.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Identification Works and Difficult and Under-Recorded Taxa
    Notes on identification works and difficult and under-recorded taxa P.A. Stroh, D.A. Pearman, F.J. Rumsey & K.J. Walker Contents Introduction 2 Identification works 3 Recording species, subspecies and hybrids for Atlas 2020 6 Notes on individual taxa 7 List of taxa 7 Widespread but under-recorded hybrids 31 Summary of recent name changes 33 Definition of Aggregates 39 1 Introduction The first edition of this guide (Preston, 1997) was based around the then newly published second edition of Stace (1997). Since then, a third edition (Stace, 2010) has been issued containing numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes as well as additions and exclusions to taxa listed in the second edition. Consequently, although the objective of this revised guide hast altered and much of the original text has been retained with only minor amendments, many new taxa have been included and there have been substantial alterations to the references listed. We are grateful to A.O. Chater and C.D. Preston for their comments on an earlier draft of these notes, and to the Biological Records Centre at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology for organising and funding the printing of this booklet. PAS, DAP, FJR, KJW June 2015 Suggested citation: Stroh, P.A., Pearman, D.P., Rumsey, F.J & Walker, K.J. 2015. Notes on identification works and some difficult and under-recorded taxa. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol. Front cover: Euphrasia pseudokerneri © F.J. Rumsey. 2 Identification works The standard flora for the Atlas 2020 project is edition 3 of C.A. Stace's New Flora of the British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 2010), from now on simply referred to in this guide as Stae; all recorders are urged to obtain a copy of this, although we suspect that many will already have a well-thumbed volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Bees and Wasps of the East Sussex South Downs
    A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 Abstract For six years between 2003 and 2008, over 100 site visits were made to fifteen chalk grassland and chalk heath sites within the South Downs of Vice-county 14 (East Sussex). This produced a list of 227 bee and wasp species and revealed the comparative frequency of different species, the comparative richness of different sites and provided a basic insight into how many of the species interact with the South Downs at a site and landscape level. The study revealed that, in addition to the character of the semi-natural grasslands present, the bee and wasp fauna is also influenced by the more intensively-managed agricultural landscapes of the Downs, with many species taking advantage of blossoming hedge shrubs, flowery fallow fields, flowery arable field margins, flowering crops such as Rape, plus plants such as buttercups, thistles and dandelions within relatively improved pasture. Some very rare species were encountered, notably the bee Halictus eurygnathus Blüthgen which had not been seen in Britain since 1946. This was eventually recorded at seven sites and was associated with an abundance of Greater Knapweed. The very rare bees Anthophora retusa (Linnaeus) and Andrena niveata Friese were also observed foraging on several dates during their flight periods, providing a better insight into their ecology and conservation requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • European Glacial Relict Snails and Plants: Environmental Context of Their Modern Refugial Occurrence in Southern Siberia
    bs_bs_banner European glacial relict snails and plants: environmental context of their modern refugial occurrence in southern Siberia MICHAL HORSAK, MILAN CHYTRY, PETRA HAJKOV A, MICHAL HAJEK, JIRI DANIHELKA, VERONIKA HORSAKOV A, NIKOLAI ERMAKOV, DMITRY A. GERMAN, MARTIN KOCI, PAVEL LUSTYK, JEFFREY C. NEKOLA, ZDENKA PREISLEROVA AND MILAN VALACHOVIC Horsak, M., Chytry, M., Hajkov a, P., Hajek, M., Danihelka, J., Horsakov a,V.,Ermakov,N.,German,D.A.,Ko cı, M., Lustyk, P., Nekola, J. C., Preislerova, Z. & Valachovic, M. 2015 (October): European glacial relict snails and plants: environmental context of their modern refugial occurrence in southern Siberia. Boreas, Vol. 44, pp. 638–657. 10.1111/bor.12133. ISSN 0300-9483. Knowledge of present-day communities and ecosystems resembling those reconstructed from the fossil record can help improve our understanding of historical distribution patterns and species composition of past communities. Here, we use a unique data set of 570 plots explored for vascular plant and 315 for land-snail assemblages located along a 650-km-long transect running across a steep climatic gradient in the Russian Altai Mountains and their foothills in southern Siberia. We analysed climatic and habitat requirements of modern populations for eight land-snail and 16 vascular plant species that are considered characteristic of the full-glacial environment of central Europe based on (i) fossil evidence from loess deposits (snails) or (ii) refugial patterns of their modern distribu- tions (plants). The analysis yielded consistent predictions of the full-glacial central European climate derived from both snail and plant populations. We found that the distribution of these 24 species was limited to the areas with mean annual temperature varying from À6.7 to 3.4 °C (median À2.5 °C) and with total annual precipitation vary- ing from 137 to 593 mm (median 283 mm).
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogenetic Studies on the Determination of the Apical Meristem In
    Ontogenetic studies on the determination of the apical meristem in racemose inflorescences D i s s e r t a t i o n Zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Am Fachbereich Biologie Der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Kester Bull-Hereñu geb. am 19.07.1979 in Santiago Mainz, 2010 CONTENTS SUMMARY OF THE THESIS............................................................................................ 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.................................................................................................. 2 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 3 1.1 Historical treatment of the terminal flower production in inflorescences....... 3 1.2 Structural understanding of the TF................................................................... 4 1.3 Parallel evolution of the character states referring the TF............................... 5 1.4 Matter of the thesis.......................................................................................... 6 2 DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR TERMINAL FLOWER PRODUCTION IN APIOID UMBELLETS...................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Materials and Methods..................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Plant material....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Species-Rich Grassland and National Vegetation Classification Virtual Practical
    EDUCATION RESOURCE Species-rich Grassland and National Vegetation Classification Virtual Practical This virtual species-richness assessment and NVC practical uses real images that were taken through June, July and August. These are a record of species’ presence in 1x1m quadrats, but not percentage cover. Your task is to identify the species to determine if this is species-rich grassland and to classify the NVC community. You need to: • Identify the species in each image using the list below and on the next page and identification guides, for example The Wild Flower Key by Francis Rose or New Flora of the British Isles (fourth edition) by Clive Stace. • Play the video presentation and pause to examine every picture in each quadrat. Images are taken to emphasise one species, but sometimes they contain more than one. You can record all the species that you can identify from each image. • Use the data collection form to show species presence in each quadrat by putting a tick or a ‘P’ for presence in each quadrat where a species was present. • To determine whether the grassland classifies as ‘species-rich), add up the species richness of each quadrat (excluding negative indicator species as listed in the recording form) and find the mean. • To find the NVC classification, use British Plant Communities Volume 3 Grasslands and Montane Communities (Ed. J Rodwell) and the keys to the vegetation of calcicolous and mestrophic grasslands. Assess which community this sample fits into. Do you agree with this assessment and why? • Use the MAVIS software to classify the habitat type.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Phyteuma
    Preslia, Praha, 53: :!ll-238, 1981 Studies in Phyteuma Studie rodu Phyteuma Miloslav Kovanda Kov A~DA M. ( l 98 l): :::; tu dies in Phyteuma. - Presha., Pre.ha., 53 : 211- 238. Czechoslovak species of Phyteuma L. have been surveyed for chromosome numbers, variation patterns, reproductive biology and capability of hybridization. All material proved diploid, with n = 11. In addition to this number, n = 12 was also found in one sample of P. nigrum F. W. SCHMIDT. No evidence was obtained as to the possi­ bility of spontaneous autogamy, often referred to in the literature. Artificial autogamy is possible on a limited scale, resulting in poorly viable seed. Hybridization was suc­ cessful between any two of the three species in either direction and a triple hybrid, P. nigrum F. W. SCHMIDT x P. spicatum L. x P. orbiculare L., was also obtained. A taxonomic revision of the material studied confirmed the presence in Czechoslo­ vakia of the three species previously recognized, P. spicatum L., P. nigrum F. W. SCHMIDT and P. orbiculare L. The latter is subdivided into three subspecies differring in their morphology, ecological preferences and geographical distribution. The dis­ tinguishing characters of all these taxa have been re-evaluated and a determination key is provided. Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Botanical Institute, 252 43 Pruhonice, Czechoslovakia INTRODUCTION The genus Phyteuma L. is distinguished from the other genera in the Campanulaceae by its densely spicate or capitate inflorescence, curved flower buds, sessne or su bscssile flowers with linear corolla lobes which are connate in the upper part but become free during florescence, and capsule opening by lateral pore8.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Relationships Between Plant Functional Traits and Environment in Grasslands
    GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANT FUNCTIONAL TRAITS AND ENVIRONMENT IN GRASSLANDS EMMA JARDINE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Department of Animal and Plant Sciences Submission Date July 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all I am enormously thankful to Colin Osborne and Gavin Thomas for giving me the opportunity to undertake the research presented in this thesis. I really appreciate all their invaluable support, guidance and advice. They have helped me to grow in knowledge, skills and confidence and for this I am extremely grateful. I would like to thank the students and post docs in both the Osborne and Christin lab groups for their help, presentations and cake baking. In particular Marjorie Lundgren for teaching me to use the Licor, for insightful discussions and general support. Also Kimberly Simpson for all her firey contributions and Ruth Wade for her moral support and employment. Thanks goes to Dave Simpson, Maria Varontsova and Martin Xanthos for allowing me to work in the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, for letting me destructively harvest from the specimens and taking me on a worldwide tour of grasses. I would also like to thank Caroline Lehman for her map, her useful comments and advice and also Elisabeth Forrestel and Gareth Hempson for their contributions. I would like to thank Brad Ripley for all of his help and time whilst I was in South Africa. Karmi Du Plessis and her family and Lavinia Perumal for their South African friendliness, warmth and generosity and also Sean Devonport for sharing all the much needed teas and dub.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Seed Modification and Nitrogen Addition Affect Seed Germination of Pulsatilla Grandis?*
    ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DOES SEED MODIFICATION AND NITROGEN ADDITION AFFECT SEED GERMINATION OF PULSATILLA GRANDIS?* M. Bochenková1, P. Karlík2, M. Hejcman1, P. Jiras1 1 Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Czech Republic 2 Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology, Czech Republic Pulsatilla grandis is an endangered species in the Czech Republic and is protected in whole Europe because the number of its populations is declining. One of the possible causes is the deposition of atmospheric nitrogen. In our research, we investigated how nitrogen concentrations and seed appendage removal directly affect the species’ seed germination.Seeds were allowed to –1 germinate under laboratory conditions in water solutions of NH4NO3 ranging in concentration from 0 to 4239 mg N l . They were able to germinate up to the concentration of 848 mg N l–1 even when covered with mycelium, which supports the idea that they can tolerate being strongly infected by fungi. We also found a significant positive effect of seed appendage removal on seed germination. Seeds without appendages germinated, on the average, with 11% greater probability, compared to seeds with appendages. We conclude that the germination of P. grandis is not directly affected by high N concentrations in rain wa- ter, which can range from 10 to 13 mg N l–1 near large cities. Surprisingly, low concentrations of N (up to 34 mg N l–1) might even slightly support the seed germination of P. grandis. The negative effect of N deposition on seeds is indirect and acts in conjunction with the absence of management at localities.
    [Show full text]
  • Full AWS, Data Logger and Soil Moisture Data Sets Collected During This Study Are Presented on CD-ROM (Appendix 5)
    Durham E-Theses The ecological eects of slope and aspect in chalk grassland Bennie, Jonathan James How to cite: Bennie, Jonathan James (2003) The ecological eects of slope and aspect in chalk grassland, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4017/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. The Ecological Effects of Slope and Aspect in Chalk Grassland Jonathan James Bennie B.A. M.Sc. School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences University of Durham 2003 This thesis is submitted in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 7 'm- 11 Frontispiece: South-facing sward on Hambledon Hill. Ill Table of Contents List of figures
    [Show full text]
  • Annex 1. Systematic List of the Plants Identified in Roşia Montană Area
    S.C. Roşia Montană Gold Corporation S.A. - Report on Environmental Impact Assessment Study 4.6 Biodiversity Annex 1. Systematic List of the Plants Identified in Roşia Montană Area No. Scientific Name Author Distribution Life span Location Family Genus, Species Phylum BRIOPHYTA Class HEPATOPSIDA Order MARCHANTIALES 1 MARCHANTIALACEAE Marchantia polymorpha L. sporadic perennial moist places Class BRYOPSIDA Order BRYALES 2 Mniaceae Mnium punctatum Hedw. sporadic perennial moist places 3 Mnium ondulatum Hedw. sporadic perennial moist places 4 Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium campestre Mull. sporadic perennial moist places Order HYPNOBRYALES 5 Hypnaceae Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. sporadic perennial moist places Order BUXBAUMIALES 6 Buxbaumiaceae Buxbaumia aphylla Hedw. sporadic perennial moist places Order POLYTRICHALES 7 Polytrichaceae Polytrichum commune Hedw. sporadic perennial moist places 8 Polytrichum formosum Hedw. sporadic perennial moist places Order DICRANALES 9 Dicranaceae Dicranum scoparium Hedw. sporadic perennial moist places Order FUNARIALES 10 Funariaceae Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. sporadic perennial moist places Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA Class LYCOPODIOPSIDA Order LYCOPODIALES 11 LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & sporadic perennial Grassy, moist land, forests, bush, Mart. 12 Lycopodium annotinum L. sporadic perennial Moist places, wetlands, forests. Class EQUISETOPSIDA Order EQUISETALES 13 EQUISETACEAE Equisetum arvense L. frequent perennial Floodplains, sandy places,crop fields 14 Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.
    [Show full text]