Universidade Do Algarve Faculdade De Ciências Do Mar E Do Ambiente

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Universidade Do Algarve Faculdade De Ciências Do Mar E Do Ambiente Universidade do Algarve Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente The life cycle of Engraulis encrasicolus sensu lato in the Guadiana estuary: Ecology, Ecohydrology and Biology Doutoramento em Ecologia, especialidade Ecologia das Populações Pedro Miguel Coutinho Victorino Borges Morais Faro 2007 Universidade do Algarve Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente The life cycle of Engraulis encrasicolus sensu lato in the Guadiana estuary: Ecology, Ecohydrology and Biology Doutoramento em Ecologia, especialidade Ecologia das Populações Pedro Miguel Coutinho Victorino Borges Morais Faro 2007 _ Aos meus pais “Não faças do pensamento blocos de duro cimento” (inscrição numa parede dum prédio no Porto) Resumo _ NOME: Pedro Miguel Coutinho Victorino Borges Morais FACULDADE: Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente ORIENTADOR: Maria Alexandra Anica Teodósio Chícharo CO-ORIENTADOR: Luís Manuel Zambujal Chícharo DATA: 07/2007 TÍTULO DA TESE: O ciclo de vida de Engraulis encrasicolus sensu lato no estuário do Guadiana: Ecologia, Ecohidrologia e Biologia RESUMO: O estuário do Guadiana é o segundo estuário português mais bem conservado, mas também o segundo mais vulnerável aos impactes antropogénicos. As barragens são uma das principais fontes de impactes na bacia do Guadiana. Uma visão holística é então necessária para a melhor gestão deste ecossistema, a qual tem vindo a ser alcançada com uma abordagem ecohidrológica. Os objectivos principais deste trabalho foram compreender a dinâmica do estuário do Guadiana e da zona costeira adjacente, durante o primeiro ano de enchimento da barragem de Alqueva; estudar o ciclo de vida do biqueirão Engraulis encrasicolus sensu lato neste estuário e integrar a informação da abundância e distribuição dos ovos num modelo hidrodinâmico do estuário, para a criação duma ferramenta de gestão ecohidrológica. Durante o enchimento desta barragem, o caudal foi preponderante na definição das alterações abióticas e bióticas na área de estudo. As principais mudanças foram o deslocamento do máximo de turbidez do estuário para montante, a alteração da dinâmica de nutrientes nas secções médias e altas do estuário e o aumento do fornecimento de nutrientes ao estuário para níveis apenas registados durante anos hidrológicos com caudais elevados. Uma descarga não controlada da barragem de Alqueva provocou a advecção dos estados larvares de biqueirão para a zona costeira. A desova deste peixe é feita no interior do estuário por espécimens residentes. Em condições de caudal reduzido (Q< 3.2 ± 0.1 m3.s-1), a transição entre o baixo e o médio estuário constitui o local ideal para a desova. A zona de transição entre o médio e o alto estuário é o local de desenvolvimento das larvas e juvenis. Os adultos encontram-se predominantemente a jusante destes locais. Biqueirões adultos foram capturados na zona terminal do estuário e na pluma apenas durante períodos de cheia (Q> 3000 m3.s-1). O biqueirão presente no estuário do Guadiana era geneticamente idêntico ao da zona costeira adjacente, podendo ser a espécie que foi recentemente descrita- Engraulis albidus. As análises isotópicas de carbono e oxigénio aos otólitos indicaram que são duas populações. A concentração de Sr, ao longo dos otólitos de espécimens da população costeira, indicou que esta é formada maioritariamente por indivíduos provenientes de estuários. O modelo ecohidrológico permitiu avaliar os impactos sobre a permanência dos ictioplanctontes no estuário, quando o caudal é gerido de forma a prevenir ou mitigar situações de eutrofização no alto estuário do Guadiana. Dos vários perfis de caudal testados, apenas os de caudais máximos de 20 m3.s-1 e 50 m3.s-1 não comprometem a presença de ictioplanctontes no interior do estuário. Esta ferramenta tem o potencial para ser aplicada noutros ecossistemas e deve ser desenvolvida e melhorada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: biqueirão, ciclo de vida, estuário do Guadiana, caudal, barragem de Alqueva, modelação hidrodinâmica. Abstract NOME: Pedro Miguel Coutinho Victorino Borges Morais FACULDADE: Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente ORIENTADOR: Maria Alexandra Anica Teodósio Chícharo CO-ORIENTADOR: Luís Manuel Zambujal Chícharo DATA: 07/2007 TÍTULO DA TESE EM INGLÊS: The life cycle of Engraulis encrasicolus sensu lato in the Guadiana estuary: Ecology, Ecohydrology and Biology ABSTRACT: The Guadiana estuary is the second more ecologically preserved portuguese estuary, but also the second most vulnerable to antropogenic impacts. Dams are one of the main sources of impacts to the Guadiana basin. An ecohydrological approach is needed to efficiently manage this ecosystem. The main objectives of this work were to understand the dynamics of the Guadiana estuary and adjacent coastal area during the filling of the Alqueva dam; to study the life cycle of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus sensu lato in this estuary; and to integrate the information on the abundance and distribution of eggs in a hydrodynamic model of the estuary, in order to create an ecohydrological management tool. During the filling of the dam, the river flow was preponderant in the definition of abiotic and biotic changes. An upstream displacement of the estuarine turbidity maximum region, changes in nutrient stoichiometry in the middle and upper estuary and the increase of nutrient load to the estuary, to levels only reach during years with high inflow, were observed. One uncontrolled discharge from the Alqueva dam caused the advection of anchovy larval stages to the coast. The spawning of anchovy is made by resident specimens. During periods of low inflow (Q< 3.2 ± 0.1 m3.s-1), the transition between the low and middle estuary was the ideal location for spawning. The transition area between the middle and upper estuary was the nursery area for larvae and juveniles, while the adults were predominantly downstream. Adults of anchovy were captured in the terminal area of the estuary and in the plume, only during flood events (Q> 3000 m3.s-1). The anchovies from the Guadiana estuary were genetically identical to those from the coastal area, being probably the new anchovy species- Engraulis albidus. Carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis to the otoliths revealed that they were two populations. The concentration of Sr, along the otoliths of coastal specimens, showed that the majority had migrated from an estuary. The ecohydrological model allowed evaluating the impacts on the permanence of ichthyoplankton in the estuary, when the river flow is managed to prevent or mitigate eutrophication in the upper Guadiana estuary. Between the tested river discharge scenarios, those with maximum discharges of 20 m3.s-1 and 50 m3.s-1 do not compromise the presence of ichthyoplankton inside the estuary. This tool has the potential to be applied in other ecosystems and must be developed and improved. KEY-WORDS: anchovy, life cycle, Guadiana estuary, river flow, Alqueva dam, hydrodynamic model. _ Esta tese de doutoramento foi financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, através da bolsa de doutoramento SFRH/BD/5187/2001 e do projecto de investigação FCT/P/MAR/15263/1999. Agradecimentos _ Escreve na areia aquilo que dás, grava sobre a rocha aquilo que recebes. Esta tese de doutoramento não se teria concretizado sem a colaboração, o empenho e a amizade de muitas pessoas. Gostaria de agradecer a todos aqueles que sempre se interessaram pelo decorrer deste trabalho, mas principalmente... ... aos meus orientadores, a Profª. Doutora Alexandra Chícharo e o Prof. Doutor Luís Chícharo, pois sem o seu empenho e dedicação de muitos anos nunca teria tido os meios materiais e humanos indispensáveis à prossecução desta tese. ... ao Eng. Alberto Brito, ao Prof. Doutor Alberto Teodorico Correia, à Dr. Ana Faria; à Engª Anabela Venâncio, ao Prof. Doutor Flávio Martins, ao Dr. Gonçalo Silva, ao Prof. Doutor Iain Campbell, ao Dr. João Janeiro; ao Prof. Eng. João Lopes, ao Doutor John Babaluk, à Mestre Marta Freitas, ao Dr. Peter Stephenson, à Drª Selma Gabriel e à Doutora Sophie Arnaud agradeço o esforço e empenho durante a realização das várias tarefas realizadas. ... às funcionárias da Reitoria da Universidade do Algarve, a D. Fernanda Sampaio, a D. Graça Guerreiro e a D. Sílvia Faísca, que sempre colaboraram, de modo eficiente, para que os meios técnicos estivessem sempre disponíveis para a eficaz realização do trabalho de campo. .... à Capitania de Vila Real de Santo António, nomeadamente ao Capitão de Fragata Joaquim Babaroca e Comandante Rodrigues Campos, por permitirem a realização deste trabalho na sua área de jurisdição e por terem colaborado na resolução das dificuldades logísticas e operacionais. Agradecimentos ... a todos os amigos que fiz em Vila Real de Santo António, mas principalmente ao Edgar, ao Paulinho, ao Sr. Manuel, à D. Isaura e à Ritinha. … aos colegas e amigos do Porto e do Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, ou seja, Alberto Sousa, Cláudia Escórcio, Filipa Gonçalves, Filipe Barros, Ronaldo Sousa, Sérgia Dias, Sónia Manso e Thaís Picanço. ... a todos os elementos do grupo de investigação EcoRecursos, destacando no entanto a amizade e profissionalismo de vários colegas, nomeadamente: Ana Amaral, Ana Faria, André Neves, Isabel Marques, José Carlos Mendes, Luís Cristóvão, Radhouan Ben-Hamadou e Rita Borges. … ao Luís Cristóvão por ser o amigo que é e por ter preenchido as intermináveis campanhas de amostragem com a sua boa disposição. ... à minha segunda família em Gambelas, ou seja, à D. Regina, ao sr. Carlos e à Neide, que sempre estiveram presentes nos bons e maus momentos. … ao António Sykes por ser o amigo de todas as horas. … aos amigos de sempre, ou seja à Ana Delgado, ao Joaquim Teodósio, à Isabel Afonso e ao Paulo Trindade. ... à Ana Faria, à Marta Freitas, à Rita Domingues e à Susana Cabaço pelas sugestões críticas e construtivas, com as quais melhoraram substancialmente esta tese, por serem as amigas e Agradecimentos _ cientistas que admiro, mas principalmente por serem quem são e por estarem sempre presentes quando mais precisei. … à Ester por ter estado comigo na fase final da tese, altura em que tudo me parecia intransponível e demasiado longe.
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