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Manual De Diagnóstico Microbiológico De Moraxella Catarrhalis

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Manual De Diagnóstico Microbiológico De Moraxella Catarrhalis UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES ZARAGOZA Manual de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Moraxella catarrhalis TESIS Para obtener el título de Químico Farmacéutico Biólogo PRESENTA: Yaravid Rosales Morales Director: M. en C. Roberto Cruz González Meléndez No. Cuenta: 40804701-4 Área del proyecto: Microbiología Médica Lugar de desarrollo: Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Opción de titulación: Actividad de apoyo a la docencia México, D.F. Noviembre 2013 Manual de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Moraxella catarrhalis AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi familia, por brindarme las herramientas para lograr mis metas, por su apoyo, comprensión, cariño y palabras de aliento, por acompañarme día a día, por sus consejos y la gran felicidad que infunden en mí, simplemente gracias por existir. A Cris, mi ángel de la guarda, por que llego en el momento que más lo necesitaba, por sus enseñanzas, por creer en mí, por brindarme su compañía en los buenos y malos momentos, por las palabras correctas dichas en el momento preciso, pero principalmente por el amor que incondicionalmente me ofrece. A mis amigos, profesores, compañeros de trabajo y pacientes que han dejado huella en mi vida, por compartir sus conocimientos y experiencias, por sus buenos deseos, por su amistad y por los grandes momentos compartidos. 1 Manual de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Moraxella catarrhalis ¡Sé tú misma! Sé suave. No permitas que el mundo te haga dura. No permitas que el dolor te haga odiar. No permitas que la amargura robe tu dulzura. Y siéntete orgullosa porque aun cuando el resto del mundo no esté de acuerdo… Tu SABES que éste es un lugar maravilloso. 2 Manual de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Moraxella catarrhalis ÍNDICE Resumen ............................................................................................................................. 5 Introducción ........................................................................................................................ 6 Marco teórico...................................................................................................................... 8 1. Historia taxonómica ....................................................................................................... 8 2. Características generales de Moraxella catarrhalis ........................................................ 8 2.1. Morfología ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Antígenos de superficie ......................................................................................... 9 2.3. Patogenicidad y virulencia de Moraxella catarrhalis ............................................ 10 2.4. Factores de inmunidad .......................................................................................... 10 2.5. Epidemiología ........................................................................................................ 11 2.6. Moraxellas de importancia médica ....................................................................... 11 3. Enfermedades por Moraxella catarrhalis ....................................................................... 12 3.1. Otitis media aguda ................................................................................................. 12 3.1.1. El oído y su funcionamiento ........................................................................ 12 3.1.2. Definición y cuadro clínico .......................................................................... 13 3.1.3. Etiología ....................................................................................................... 13 3.1.4. Patogenia ..................................................................................................... 13 3.1.5. Diagnóstico .................................................................................................. 14 3.1.6. Tratamiento ................................................................................................. 14 3.2. Sinusitis maxilar aguda .......................................................................................... 14 3.2.1. Cavidades sinusales ..................................................................................... 14 3.2.2. Definición y cuadro clínico .......................................................................... 14 3.2.3. Etiología ....................................................................................................... 15 3.2.4. Patogenia ..................................................................................................... 15 3.2.5. Diagnóstico .................................................................................................. 15 3.2.6. Tratamiento ................................................................................................. 15 3.3. Infección broncopulmonar .................................................................................... 16 3.3.1. Los pulmones............................................................................................... 16 3.3.2. Definición y cuadro clínico .......................................................................... 16 3.3.3. Etiología ....................................................................................................... 16 3.3.4. Patogenia ..................................................................................................... 17 3.3.5. Diagnóstico .................................................................................................. 18 3.3.6. Tratamiento ................................................................................................. 18 3 Manual de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Moraxella catarrhalis 3Otros síndromes .................................................................................................. 18 4. Procedimiento de diagnóstico para Moraxella catarrhalis ............................................ 18 4.1. Examen microscópico ............................................................................................ 18 4.2. Cultivo .................................................................................................................... 19 4.3. Pruebas de identificación ...................................................................................... 19 5. Tratamiento .................................................................................................................... 20 Problema de investigación .................................................................................................. 21 Objetivos ............................................................................................................................. 23 Diseño de la investigación .................................................................................................. 24 Resultados ........................................................................................................................... 25 Discusión ............................................................................................................................. 123 Conclusión ........................................................................................................................... 126 Perspectivas ........................................................................................................................ 127 Referencias .......................................................................................................................... 128 4 Manual de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Moraxella catarrhalis RESUMEN Moraxella catarrhalis es una bacteria cuya clasificación taxonómica y su potencial patógeno se ha cuestionado mucho. Esta bacteria ha emergido ocupando un tercer lugar entre los agentes etiológicos más importantes de otitis media en niños después de Streptococcus pneumoniae y Haemophilus influenzae; afectando el tracto respiratorio de niños de corta edad y ancianos con alguna enfermedad concomitante. Sin embargo, debido a su estrecha similitud morfológica microscópica y colonial y de origen con las especies de Neisseria sp. (ambas forman parte de la biota comensal del tracto respiratorio superior) ha sido limitada su identificación en el laboratorio clínico, por lo que se abordan en el presente manual las técnicas de identificación de Moraxella catarrhalis. El objetivo es apoyar el aprendizaje del módulo de Microbiología Médica impartido en la Licenciatura de Química Farmacéutico Biológica para que el estudiante sea capaz de realizar un diagnóstico adecuado y relacionar lo aprendido. Para lo cual, se realizó un estudio monográfico de la bacteria a través de una investigación teórica y selección de libros, artículos científicos e ilustraciones. Tras la búsqueda, se encontró que recientes estudios, no demostraron cambios significativos en cuanto a la epidemiologia, patogenia y pruebas de identificación para Moraxella catarrhalis comparado con los primeros estudios realizados. En cuanto a su diagnóstico, existe una gran similitud especialmente con la especie de Neisseria cinerea, por lo cual se pueden diferenciar mediante las pruebas de reducción de nitrato, hidrólisis de la tributirina y la prueba de la DNasa, todas positivas para Moraxella catarrhalis. De esta manera, el trabajo final, consiste en un Manual de Diagnóstico Microbiológico de Moraxella catarrhalis, que permitirá al Químico Farmacobiologo relacionar cada etapa del proceso de diagnóstico mediante información estructurada e ilustraciones
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