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Households, Populations & Complex Socio-Ecological Systems in The Households, Populations & Complex Socio-Ecological Systems in the Amazon Eduardo S. Brondizio Department of Anthropology Center for the Analysis of Social Ecological Landscapes (CASEL) The Ostrom Workshop in Policy Analysis and Political Theory Indiana University Bloomington, United States SESYNC – University of Maryland Anthropology Immersion Workshop Feb 29-March 3, 2016 Illustrative research examples Households change and urbanization Territorial governance and collective action Connectivity and emergent regional complexity The Great Global Acceleration … and its regional manifestations . Steffen et al et 2015 Steffen Brondizio 2013 Accelerated Inter-Connections 2010 Costa, Brondizio 2010 S. Costa, UNIVAP 2013 Urban Centers Cell-phone Towers - 1994-2012 L. Eloy et al 2014 Road network Reserves and protected areas A history of STRUCTURAL DETERMINISM: [Military] Central geopolitical planning Land use decisions National Development Deforestation rates programs External factors factors External – Infrastructure Demographic trends Global/external Economic development markets Urbanization trends National & global Structural determinants determinants Structural conservation agenda “State shift”: Changing regional context 1988 Constitutional reform Re-democratization 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Municipal code changes Geopolitical/national integration Territorial recognition Indigenous and local populations Infrastructure grid Economic stabilization Structured colonization International pressures and agreements Socio-demographic Mining expansion Deforestation policies Credit incentives Sustainable development subsidies Commodity expansion Multiculturalism and social movements Cash transfer programs .Connectivity of transportation Sectoral [economic] organization/Lobbying .Mobility Conservation territories .Communications Forest code .Energy .Social movements REDD+ programs .Individual expectations Theoretical tools at different levels Examples of specific research topics: Political Ecology and critique of development Urbanization and inter-urban networks global - World system theory Inter Dependency theory Connectivity in social-ecological systems IPAT - Regional National Impact of global markets Landscape patterns & Agrarian settlements Demographic transition Urban - ‘Kuznets’ & development theories Central place Institutional Analysis Ethnic Ethnic Inter – Commodity chains - Von thunem Communal regional regional ‘Boserup’ intensification - Land use and cover change Barth Generative model Sub Adaptation to climate change - Territorial Cultural ecology Collective action Agricultural intensification Symbolic ecology Kinship - Institutional arrangements & social capital Kinship – segmentary Family life cycle Individual ‘Chayanov’ model Household socio-demography and life cycles Household Household – Household economy ‘Bourdieu’ Practice and habitus Bounded rationality Family Family Ethnobiology / Cognitive models Ethnobotanical and forest knowledge … Theoretical tools at different levels Ex. Theoretical perspectives global Complex systems theories - World system theory Inter Dependency theory IPAT - Giddens Structuration Regional National Sewell’s theory of structures Demographic transition Barth’s Generative model Urban - ‘Kuznets’ & development theories Central place Ethnic Ethnic Inter Steward’s Levels of social integration – - Von thunem Communal regional regional ‘Boserup’ intensification - Barth Generative model Ex. Analytical frameworks Sub - Socio-Ecological Systems (SES) Territorial Cultural ecology Collective action Symbolic ecology Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Kinship - Urban teleconnections Kinship – segmentary Family life cycle Individual ‘Chayanov’ model Land Use & Cover Change (LUCC) frameworks Household Household – ‘Bourdieu’ Practice and habitus Institutional Analysis & Development (IAD) Bounded rationality Family Family Ethnobiology / Cognitive models Research Sites Comparative research Longitudinal Cross-sectional Nested sampling Collaborative Illustrative research examples Households change and urbanization Historical and cultural differences, common problems Longitudinal Research … 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 1989 2008 2014 Culture ecology and adaptation Political ecology of land rights & resource tenure Liberation theology interventions Sustainable development projects Intensification and market networks Conditional Cash Transfers and consumption Decline of annual crop agriculture Multi-locality and access to urban services Changing intergenerational expectations Urban growth, violence, pollution Land Tenure, Liberation Theology, Agricultural “Modernization” Marajo Island 1989 Social Processes and Land Change Cooperative Riverine Communities Communities (% area) (% area) Forest farmers of the Amazon estuary Brondizio 2008. The Amazonian Caboclo and the Acai palm: forest farmers in the global market. NYBG Press. Small scale management, large scale agroforestry intensification ~1985* 1990 2004 2012 Source: IBGE/SIDRA Production expansion of Acai Fruit Brondizio 2008; 2013 Views of Productive Land and the Political Ecology of Invisibility As ‘native’ forest as intensive agroforestry “Invisible producer” into most significant regional land use system! Brondizio et al. 1996, 2001, 2004; 2008, 2011 Commodity Chains: Follow that Thing Brondizio 2008 Brondizio, E. S. S. E. Brondizio, Value chain and product transformation away away transformation product and chain Value 2008 . The Amazonian Amazonian The . An estimated economy of US$2 Billion of economy estimated An Caboclo and the Acai Palm: Forest farmers in the Global Market. New York: NYBG NYBG York:Press.New Market. Global the in farmers Forest Palm: Acai the and Adding value, 1 hectare production of acai fruit 80000 70000 Main season Off-season 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 * 10000 0 production fruit of US$/ha from the region the from Retailer pulp Natal, RN Retailer juice Natal, RN Acaizal (fruit) Ilhas, PA Retailer pulp Brasilia, DF Retailer juice Brasilia, DF Açaí type A (thick) Belem Retailer pulp Sao Paulo, SP Retailer juice Sao Paulo, SP Açaizal (fruit) P. Pedras, PA Market (fruit) P. Pedras, PA Açaí type (thin)C Belem (h. Açaí type (medium)B Belem Retailer pulp California, USA Retailer juice California, USA Retailer pulp S. J. Campos, SP Retailer pulp R. de Janeiro, RJ Retailer juice S. J. Campos, SP Retailer juice R. de Janeiro, RJ Açaizal (fruit) Abaetetuba, PA Açaí type (thin)C Belem (low Retailer "cream" Sao Paulo, SP Açaí type (thin)C Macapa, AP Açaí type A (thick) Belem (low Açaí market, broker, Belem, PA Açaí type A (thick) Macapa, AP Açaí type (thin)C P. Pedras, PA Retailer "cream" S. J. Campos, SP Retailer "cream" R. de Janeiro, RJ Açaí type (medium)B Belem (low Açaí type A (thick) P. Pedras, PA Açaí type (medium)B Macapa, AP Industrialized açaí cream, Sao Paulo, Açaí type (medium)B P. Pedras, PA Açaí market, middlemen, Belem, PA Industry Belem/region, PA (type B/C Household economy and dependency, Marajo Island, Brazil Acai fruit economy Conditional Cash Transfers Retirement Fishing ‘insurance’ Other transfers Data: ACT, Indiana University MS. Thesis Gamez, L. 2013. Rural-Urban Connections and Multi-Sited Households Brondizio, E. S., N. Vogt, and A. Siqueira 2013 The Social Life of Forests. The University of Chicago Press. Padoch et al 2008. Ecology and Society Pinedo-Vasquez et al 2010. Cadernos do NAEA Cabrera et al 2010. ABM Modeling Eloy et al 2014 Urban expansion 1969-2010: Ponta de Pedras, Marajo Island, PA, Brazil 2011 Research group of Prof. Sandra Costa (UNIVAP, S.J.Campos, SP) Climate change: The face of urban vulnerability 60-90% population moderate to very high degree of vulnerability =[lack infrastructure, flood risk, income, social indicators] Mansur et al 2016., Brondizio et al 2016 Figure 6: Belem residents document flooding and spill of sewage drainage channels 2005 2014 2013 Photos by: José Alexandre de Jesus Costa and members of the "Frente dos Brondizio 2016. TNOC Moradores Prejudicados da Bacia do Una” Belem, PA, Brazil 2008 Linking Observed Hydrological Changes at the Basin Level to Local Knowledge in the Delta Vogt et al submitted PNAS Local Elevation Categories and Areas for Sensing Inter-Annual Variations in Flood Patterns Urbanization and the Changing Nature of Collective Action Problems Functional Inter-dependence: limits to local level responses Insolvent municipalities cannot respond to demand A Social-Ecological Perspective to Collective action problems: Urban Pollution-Local Fishing grounds Brondizio, E. S., S. Hetrick, N. Vogt, S. Costa, E. Anthony. 2016. A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Deltas as Coupled Social Ecological Systems: An example from the Amazon River Delta and Estuary. Sustainability Sciences Territorial governance and collective action Understanding community formation as a process • Region Household Community • Size and density • History of settlement • Institutional and land tenure • Kinship and social networks arrangement • Demographic history • Political leadership • Collective identity – Soccer • Conflict history – Religion • Public and private – Rituals and celebration infrastructure – Land Use and Economic – Transportation, water, identity school, health center Figure 1: Evolving institutional complexity in the lower Amazon Pará Brazil Legend % Municipal Capitals Municipality Limits Road and Trail Network - 2010 Primary Rivers Federal Conservation Unit Federal Land in Process of Land Tenure Regularization State Land in Process of Land Tenure Regularization
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