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Home , Agathiphaga, Anaea andria, Anartia amathea, Aphrodite fritillary, Arawacus sito, Archonias

Index

NB: numbers in italics refer to photos and illustrations

A Amauris albimaculata Apatura irus (), 219 clyton Ackery, Philip (1984), 54 (Nymphalidae), 293 Aphantopus hyperantus (Nymphalidae), 129, 151, Acraea leucographa Amauris niavius (Nymphalidae), (Nymphalidae), 282 161 (Nymphalidae), 86 293 . See Asterocampa leilia Acraeinae (subfamily), 78, 79, American coppers. See Lycaena aphrodite (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae), 224, 234– 87, 95 phleas () aphytophagy, 73, 118 235, 235 Actinote anteas (Nymphalidae), 99 American painted ladies. See Apocynaceae, 81, 175 Asterocampa sp. (Nymphalidae), Actinote ozomene (Nymphalidae), 78 Vanessa virginiensis apollos. See Parnassiinae 220 Adelpha melanthe (Nymphalidae) subfamily; apollo Atlides balesus (Lycaenidae), 301 (Nymphalidae), 33 American snout. See Libythea (Papilionidae) Australian skippers, 87 adult , 21–22, 36–38 bachmanii (Nymphalidae) Aporia crataegi (), 140, see also Trapezitinae alternative food sources of, Anaea andria (Nymphalidae), 190, 200, 230 (subfamily) 192–196 215, 215, 218, 219, 220 aposematicism, 134–135, 155; See automimicry, 182 crypsis in, 155, 166–168 amathea (Nymphalidae), also warning coloration awl king. See benjaminii eclosure of, 150–152 73 apricot sulphur. See Phoebis (Hesperiidae; ) food of, 190–198 Anartia jatrophe (Nymphalidae), argante mating behavior in, 215–221 149 Araschnia levana (Nymphalidae), B predators of, 156–166 Anclyoxypha numitor 18, 247 Bacillus thuringiensis. See Bt reproduction, 152–155 (Hesperiidae), 296 sito (Lycaenidae; (Bacillus thuringiensis) survival of, 152–155 androgeus swallowtail. See Riodininae), 168, 169 Baltimore. See Euphydryas aestivation, 109–110 Papilio androgeus Archaeolopsis, 50–51 phaeton (Nymphalidae) Africa, 87 (Papilionidae) Archonias eurytele (Pieridae), 99 banded hairstreak. See Satyrium African mocker swallowtail. See Anetia briarea (Nymphalidae), Archonias tereas (Pieridae), 99 calanus (Lycaenidae) Papilio dardanus 204 arctic grayling. See Hipparchia banded peacock. See Anartia (Papilionidae) anglewings. See Polygonia sp. autonoe (Nymphalidae) amathea (Nymphalidae) African wanderer. See Danaus (Nymphalidae) arctics. See Oenis sp. Baronia brevicornis (Papilionidae), chrysippus (Nymphalidae) Anolis sp. (Squamata; (Nymphalidae) 51, 64 Agathiphaga, 50 Iguanidae), 129, 130–132, Argiope aurantia (Araneidae), 154 Baroniinae (subfamily), 64 aggregation, 199–204 164 /Argynninae (tribe/ Basking. See thermoregulation Aglais urticae (Nymphalidae), ant larvae, 75, 118 subfamily), 77, 87, 129 batch layers, 118 208 Antarctica, 87 paphia (Nymphalidae), Bates, Henry W., 179, 290 Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae), antennae, 34, 36, 38, 151-152, 15, 230 Batesian mimicry, 179–180 129, 130, 141, 147, 153, 163, 227, 229 Arhopala pseudocentaurus Battus philenor (Papilionidae), 175, 215, 261 Anteos maerula (Pieridae), 67 (Lycaenidae), 137 135, 182, 183, 184–188, 185, Aiello, Annette, 57 Anteos sp. (Pieridae), 216 Aristolochiaceae, 64, 65, 277 186 alcon blue. See Maculinea alcon Anthocharis cardamines (Pieridae), Ascia monuste (Pieridae), 31, 127, Battus polydamus (Papilionidae), (Lycaenidae) 132, 142 206, 206 174 alfalfa butterfly. See Colias (Pieridae), 33, Asclepiadaceae, 81, 158, 175, Battus sp. (Papilionidae), 175 eurytheme (Pieridae) 108 178, 192, 282, 286, 300 bay checkerspot. See Euphydryas alternative food sources, 192–196 anti-aphrodisiac, 241–242 Asia, 87 editha bayensis amateur lepidopterist, 290 ants, 75, 118, 120, 137, 138-139, aster (Asteraceae), 79; See also (Nymphalidae) Amathusinae (subfamily), 79 139, 152, 270, 271 Compositae beaks. See Libythea bachmanii 317 A WORLD FOR

(Nymphalidae) C Charaxes eupale (Nymphalidae), icarus (Lycaenidae) Berger’s clouded yellow. See cabbage. See Cruciferae 74 common names, 54 Colias australis (Pieridae) cabbage white. See Pieris rapae Charaxes jasius (Nymphalidae), common ringlet. See Aphantopus Binomial Nomenclature, 52–54 (Pieridae) 193 hyperantus (Nymphalidae) biogeography, 82–84 Calephelis virginiensis (subfamily), 74 commonness, 103–106 bird of paradise plant. See (Lycaenidae), 69 checkered white. See Pontia Compositae, 68, 187, 192, 192, Caligo atreus (Nymphalidae), 76, protodice (Pieridae) 232, 234, 299, 299, 301 birds, 178–179 170 checkerspot butterflies. See Compton’s tortoiseshell. See black swallowtail. See Papilio Caligo sp. (Nymphalidae), 169– Euphydryas sp. Nymphalis vaualbum polyxenes (Papilionidae) 170 (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae) black-veined white. See Aporia Calycopis cecrops (Lycaenidae), 68 chemical signals, 152 confusion displays, 202, 203–204 crataegri (Pieridae) Camberwell beauty. See children, teaching of, 302 conservation, 45–47, 93, 102, 115, Blue Mountain/John Crow Nymphalis antiopa Chlorostrymon simaethis 262–265, 288–289 Mountain National Park, (Nymphalidae) (Lycaenidae), 171 and alien , 249 275 Camouflage. See crypsis Chlosyne lacinia (Nymphalidae), and habitat loss, 252, 253-256 blues. See Lycaenidae (family) Canadian tiger swallowtail. See 136 and protective measures in, body-basking, 210–211 Papilio canadensis Choaspes benjaminii (Hesperiidae; 262-265 body fluid. See haemolymph (Papilionidae) Coeliadinae), 61 continental drift, 85, 86–88 body form and structure, 29–38 cannibalism, 124 chrysalis, 21, 27, 33, 34–36, 40, continuous dispersers, 112 body temperature, 206–215 Capparidaceae, 67 49, 117, 141–149, 141, 142, Convention on International titania (Nymphalidae), Caribbean yellow angles sulfur. 143 Trade in Endangered 199 See Anteos maerula CITES. See Convention on Species (CITES), 258, 263, bordered patch. See Chlosyne (Pieridae) International Trade in 273 lacinia (Nymphalidae) Carnivory, 71, 118 Endangered Species coppers. See Lycaenidae (family) Bowers, Deane, 173 carrots. See Rutaceae (CITES) copulation, 238–243; See also Brassolinae subfamily, 76, 79 Carterocephalus palaemon Cithaerias menander courtship, reproduction Brephidium exilis (Lycaenidae), (Hesperiidae; (Nymphalidae), 215 coral hairstreaks. See 70 Heteropterinae), 63 classification, 51–56 Harkenclenus titus Brewer, Jo, 41–42 Caryophyllaceae, 190 clipper. See Parthenos sylvia (Lycaenidae) bronze copper. See Lycaena hyllus case studies (Nymphalidae) corn, Bt, 257–258 (Lycaenidae) butterfly farming, 275–277 Clossiana selene (Nymphalidae), cosmopolitan butterfly. See Brower, Lincoln, 178 extirpation of Karner blue, 296 Vanessa cardui brushfooted butterflies. See 266–271 clouded yellow. See Colias erate (Nymphalidae) Nymphalidae (family) extirpation of large blue, 271– (Pieridae) , 59 Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), 251– 273 cloudless sulphur. See Phoebis coupling mechanism, 50 253, 257 global warming and butterfly sennae (Pieridae) courtship, 222, 223, 225–235 Bt corn, 258, 288 range, 277–280 Coeliadinae (subfamily), 61 pheromones and, 225, 228 buckeye. See Junonia coenia Homerus swallowtail, 273-275 Coenonympha arcania rejection posture and, 229, (Nymphalidae) monarch migration, 280–289 (Nymphalidae), 283 230 Buddleia sp., 300 Castnia licus (), 57 Coenonympha inornata species-specific behaviors, butterflies Castniidae/Castnioidea (family/ (Nymphalidae), 192, 209, 228-230 classification of, 51-56 superfamily), 40, 56, 57–59, 296 success in, 225, 238 geographic distribution of, 84- 87, 89 Coleoptera, 48 cracker. See Hamadryas amphycloe 85, 89 caterpillar, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 31– Coliadinae (subfamily), 67–68 (Nymphalidae) observation of, 291-294 33, 49, 116, 123–140 Colias australis (Pieridae), 230 Crassulaceae, 65 origin of, 50-51 Catopsilia florella (Pieridae), 111 Colias cesonia (Pieridae), 216 crepuscular, 40 as predators of plants, 106– Celastrina ladon (Lycaenidae), Colias christina (Pieridae), 294 Cruciferae, 67, 102 107 212 Colias erate (Pieridae), 234 crypsis, 145–147, 155, 166–168, rearing of, 294-297 Celastrina sp. (Lycaenidae), 145 Colias eurytheme (Pieridae), 31, 169–173 range of, 105, 275-277, 278-280 centaur oak blue. See Arhopala 46, 257 Cupido minimus (Lycaenidae), 258 study of, 291-294; See also pseudocentaurus Colias philodice (Pieridae), 296 lepidopterology (Lycaenidae) Colias sp. (Pieridae), 233 D The Butterflies of Costa Rica, 138– diona (Nymphalidae), dirce (Nymphalidae), Damora sagana (Nymphalidae), 139 181 169 28/29 Butterfly Conservation, 262 Ceratinia fenestella colonies, 204–206 (subfamily), 80, 80–81 butterfly (Nymphalidae), 181 color, 130–135, 151-152; See also Danaus chrysippus aegyptius farming of, 275–277 Ceratinia tutia (Nymphalidae), warning coloration (Nymphalidae), 293 gardening for, 297-301 33 Committee for the Protection of Danaus chrysippus dorippus butterfly-, 40, 56, 59–60 Cercyonis pegala (Nymphalidae), British , 262 (Nymphalidae), 293 296 common blue. See Polyommatus Danaus chrysippus

318 INDEX

(Nymphalidae), 180, 251 Ehrlich, Paul, 174 European . See Thymelicus (Nymphalidae) Danaus eresimus (Nymphalidae), emetic response, 178–179 lineola (Hesperiidae) geographic distribution of 182 empress leilia. See Asterocampa European wood white. See butterflies, 84–85 Danaus gilippus (Nymphalidae), leilia (Nymphalidae) Leptidea sinapsis (Pieridae) giant skippers. See 31, 175, 179, 182, 199, 230– endangered-species legislation, Eurytides euryleon (Papilionidae), Megathyminae (subfamily) 233, 232, 233, 255, 301 263–265 99 giant swallowtail. See Papilio Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae), endangerment Eurytides marcellus cresphontes (Papilionidae) 81, 107, 112, 175–176, 177, causes of, 250–253 (Papilionidae), 33, 64, 261, Gilbert, Larry, 204, 242 178, 178, 179, 198, 204, 204, natural threats, 250-251 264 Gillette checkerspot. See 205, 237, 258, 261, 280–289, Enodia anthedon (Nymphalidae), Euschemon rafflesia (Hesperiidae), Euphydryas gilletti 285, 286, 288, 291, 299 222, 223 50 (Nymphalidae) Dentaria diphylla (Cruciferae), environmental mortality Euthalia dirtea (Nymphalidae), glaciation, 88, 94 102 sources, 147 31 Glanville fritillary. See Melitaea DeVries, Phil, 138 Epargyreus clarus (Hesperiidae), Everes comyntas (Lycaenidae), cinxia (Nymphalidae) Diaethria cemdrera 131, 299 297 glassywing skipper. See Pompeius (Nymphalidae), 40 pronoe (Nymphalidae), Eversman’s parnassian. See verna (Hesperiidae) diana fritillary. See Speyeria diana 194 Parnassius eversmanni Glaucopsyche alexis (Lycaenidae), (Nymphalidae) Eresia coela (Nymphalidae), 99 (Papilionidae) 280 diapause, 23, 109–113 Eresia mechanitis (Nymphalidae), exoskeleton, 33 Glaucopsyche lygdamus nesimachus 99 eyepots, 169–172, 170, 172 (Lycaenidae), 296 (Nymphalidae), 192 Eresia philyra (Nymphalidae), eyes, 36, 151-152 Glaucopsyche xerces (Lycaenidae), Dicotyledons, 60–61 181 257, 262 Diptera, 48 Eriocranioidea, 50 F global warming, 277–280 Dismorphia amphiona (Pieridae), olympia (Pieridae), 66, Fabaceae, 68 goatweed butterfly. See Anaea 99 122, 123, 296 falcate orangetip. See Anthocharis andria (Nymphalidae) Dismorphia eunoe (Pieridae), 99 Euides isabella (Nymphalidae), midea (Pieridae) gold-banded forester. See Dismorphia praxinoe (Pieridae), 166 Feniseca tarquinius (Lycaenidae), neophron 181 Euides zorcaon (Nymphalidae), 71, 118, 118 (Nymphalidae) Dismorphia theucharila (Pieridae), 181 Fish and Wildlife Conservation Gondwanaland, 85, 87 99 Eumaeus atala (Lycaenidae), 16, Act, 264 Graphium antiphates Dismorphiinae (subfamily), 68, 31 five-bar swallowtail. See (Papilionidae), 201 99, 181 Euphaedra neophron Graphium antiphates gray hairstreak. See Strymon dispersal, 107, 109–113 (Nymphalidae), 197 (Papilionidae) melinus (Lycaenidae) diurnal living, 39–40, 50 Euphorbiaceae, 219 Fixsenia favonius (Lycaenidae), grayling. See Hipparchia semele diversity, 54–56 Euphydryas editha bayensis 217 (Nymphalidae) and conservation, 47 (Nymphalidae), 105, 244– Flacourtiaceae, 79 great purple hairstreak. See and continental drift, 86–88 247, 280, 285 flash and conceal, 167–168 Atlides balesus (Lycaenidae) and island biogeography Euphydryas gilletti flight great southern white. See Ascia theory, 89–93 (Nymphalidae), 119 during courtship, 227-228, monuste (Pieridae) and rainforest refugia, 93–99 Euphydryas maturna 230-233 green-underside blue. See study of, 42, 96-97 (Nymphalidae), 194 forward, 212 Glaucopsyche alexis of wing pattern, 21, 36 Euphydryas phaeton fuel for, 116, 192 (Lycaenidae) by zoogeographic regions, 89 (Nymphalidae), 137 temperature for, 207-208 gregrariousness, 125, 135–138, dogbane. See Apocynaceae Euphydryas sp. (Nymphalidae), time available for, 189-190 136, 140 Dorcas copper. See Lycaena dorcas 112, 138 floaters, 224 Greta diaphana (Nymphalidae), (Lycaenidae) claudia (Nymphalidae), food, 124, 125–128, 190–198 245 dormancy, 109–110 120, 128, 128 alternative sources, 192-196, gulf fritillary. See Agraulis Douglas, Matt, 123, 150 Euptoieta hegesia (Nymphalidae), 193-195, 197, 198, 203, 245 vanillae (Nymphalidae) Dynastor darius (Nymphalidae), 22, 23, 23–28, 26, 27, 30, 53, flowers, 190-192 gypsy . See Lymantria dispar 31 121, 124, 132, 133, 138, 152, fossils, 50-51 (Lycaenidae) Dysschemia jansonius (Arctiidae; 167, 176, 298 foxglove, 176 Pericopinae), 99 Eurema lisa (Pieridae), 222, 233 frass, 129 H Eurema mexicana (Pieridae), 216 frosted elfin. See Incisalia irus habitat E Eurema nicippe (Pieridae), 15 (Lycaenidae) fragmentation of, 93, 105, 274 eastern tailed blue. See Everes Eurema sp. (Pieridae), 230 fruit fly, 195 loss of, 253–256 comyntas (Lycaenidae) European comma. See Polygonia management of, 271-272 ectothermic, 206 c-album (Nymphalidae) G preference for, 82, 105, 113- egg(s), 21–26, 29-30, 30, 49, 116, European map butterfly. See Galbula ruficauda (Galbulidae), 115 117–123, 119, 143 Araschnia levana 163 restoration of, 268, 297-301 red-egg syndrome in, 123, 132 (Nymphalidae) gatekeeper. See Pyronia tithonus hackberries. See Ulmaceae

319 A WORLD FOR BUTTERFLIES

haemolymph, 28, 37 Hipparchia autonoe diaphana (Nymphalidae) archippus hairstreaks. See Lycaenidae (Nymphalidae), 213 Jamaican pygmy fritillary. See (Nymphalidae), 145, 177, (family) Hipparchia semele (Antillea) proclea 178, 179 Hamadryas amphycloe (Nymphalidae), 145, 156, (Nymphalidae) Limenitis arthemis arthemis (Nymphalidae), 165 229 Japanese constable. See (Nymphalidae), 188, 188 Hamadryas sp. (Nymphalidae), odius (Nymphalidae), 221 Dichorragia nesimachus Limenitis arthemis astyanax 166 holometabolous, 21–22 (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae), 31, 186, Handbook for Butterfly Watchers, Homerus swallowtail. See Papilio Japanese skipper. See Parnara 188 291 homerus (Papilionidae) guttata (Hesperiidae) Limenitis populi (Nymphalidae), Harkenclenus titus (Lycaenidae), human intervention in butterfly Japanese swallowtail. See 194 300 lives, 256–261 Sericinus montela Linnaeus, Carolus, 52 harvester. See Feniseca tarquinius human population growth, 256 (Papilionidae) Linnean system of binomial (Lycaenidae) Hylephila phyleus (Hesperiidae), Juditha molpe (Lycaenidae), 139 nomenclature, 52–54 haustellum. See proboscis 59 Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae), little blue. See Cupido minimus Hedylidae/Hedyloidea (family/ Hymenoptera. See ants, paper 176, 177, 228, 295 (Lycaenidae) superfamily), 40, 56, 59–60 wasps little yellow. See Eurema lisa Heliconia, 49 Hypoleria cassotis (Nymphalidae), K (Pieridae) (subfamily), 79–80, 79 Kallima inachus (Nymphalidae), The Lives of Butterflies, 123 95, 176, 182–183 Hypolimnas misippus 166 Loganiaceae, 300 charithonia (Nymphalidae), 180 Karanasa regeli (Nymphalidae), long dash skipper. See Polites (Nymphalidae), 32, 33, 34, Hypothyris euclea 82 mystic (Hesperiidae) 35, 148, 149, 173, 173, 205, (Nymphalidae), 99 Karner blue. See Lycaeides Lathyrus sp. (Leguminosae), 67 261 melissa samuelis lupine, 266, 267 Heliconius erato (Nymphalidae), I (Lycaenidae) Lycaeides melissa samuelis 95, 96, 98, 225, 242 Idea leucone (Nymphalidae), 80 (Lycaenidae), 106, 263, 264, Heliconius ethilla (Nymphalidae), Imago/imagine. See adult L 266–271, 297 244–247 butterfly Labiatae, 192 Lycaena dorcas (Lycaenidae), 102 Heliconius hecalasia immobility, 145 large blue. See Maculinea arion Lycaena hyllus (Lycaenidae), 70 (Nymphalidae), 240 Incisalia irus (Lycaenidae), 114, (Lycaenidae) Lycaena phleas (Lycaenidae), 300 Heliconius hecale (Nymphalidae), 267 /larvae, 26–27, 135-137; see Lycaenidae/Lycaeninae (family/ 99 Indian leaf butterfly. See Kallima also caterpillar subfamily), 62, 63, 68–75, Heliconius hewitsoni inachus (Nymphalidae) larvae, gregarious, 135–137 137, 142, 145, 212, 220, 238 (Nymphalidae), 99, 127 information sharing, 206 larval stages, 27; see also instar Lycorea atergatis (Nymphalidae; Heliconius ismenius inornate ringlet. See Coenonympha Lauraceae, 64, 185 Danainae), 181 (Nymphalidae), 99 inornata (Nymphalidae) Laurasia, 85, 87 Lycorea cleobaea (Nymphalidae), Heliconius melpomene Conservation Biology, 45–47 laurel. See Lauraceae 228 (Nymphalidae), 95, 97, 98, Instar, 27, 35 legumes. See Fabaceae; Lymantria dispar (Lycaenidae), 209, 240, 245 intermediate skippers. See Leguminosae 250, 252 Heliconius numata Heteropterinae (subfamily) Leguminosae, 192, 266 (Nymphalidae), 77 International Code of Zoological Lepidoptera, 20–22, 48, 50 M Heliconius pachinius Nomenclature, 53 lepidopterology, 13, 21, 41–44 Macoun’s arctic. See (Nymphalidae), 99 International Unions for the Leptidea sinapsis (Pieridae), 67 macounii (Nymphalidae) Heliconius sp. (Nymphalidae), Conservation of Nature Leptotes perkinsae (Lycaenidae), Macrosoma heliconiaria 206, 238 and Natural Resources 90 (Castniidae), 58 Heliconius telchinia (IUCN), 262, 273 lesser spotted fritillary. See Macrosoma sp., 59 (Nymphalidae), 181 isabella heliconian. See Euides Melitaea trivia Maculinea alcon (Lycaenidae), Hemiargus isola (Lycaenidae), 270 isabella (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae) 239 Hemiptera, 48 island biogeography theory, 89– Libellula sp. (Odonata; Maculinea arion (Lycaenidae), Heppner, John B., 54 93 Libellulidae), 161 118, 269, 271, 271–273 Hernandia sp. (Hernandiaceae), lathonia (Nymphalidae), Libythea bachmanii Magnoliaceae, 64 273 229 (Nymphalidae), 81, 108, magnolias. See Magnoliaceae Hesperia sp. (Hesperiidae), 145 Ithomiinae (subfamily), 79, 79, 234 Malacosoma sp. (), Hesperiidae/Hesperioidea 80, 227 Libytheana bachmanii 253 (family/superfamily), 21, (Nymphalidae), 107, 233– male-male interactions, 235–238 38, 56, 60–62, 62, 128 J 234 Malvaceae, 302 Hesperiinae (subfamily), 60-62 Jacamar. See Galbula ruficauda Libytheidae/Libytheinae Maniola jurtina (Nymphalidae), Heterocera, 21 (Galbulidae) (family/subfamily), 63, 81 293 Heteropterinae (subfamily), 61, Jalmenus evagorus (Lycaenidae), life cycle, 22–29 Marden, James, 215 62 145 life-history studies, 294–297 mates hibernation, 109–110 Jamaican clearwing. See Greta Limenitini (tribe), 78 patrolling for, 217-218, 219,

320 INDEX

227 mimicry, 95-96, 289 binomial, 52-54 perching for, 215, 218, 220- automimicry, 182 common names, 54 P 221, 227 Batesian, 179-180, 180 Linnean system, 52-54 painted lady. See Vanessa cardui mating behavior geographic-limited, 184, 188 North America, 87 (Nymphalidae) mate-carrying, 238–239 monarch- system, 281- Nymphalidae (family), 62, 63, Pangea, 85, 86–87 mate-location, 217–221 282 75–81, 169, 212, 238 Papaveraceae, 65 mate-discrimination, 221 Müllerian, 182 / paper wasps. See Polistes sp. of pupae, 148, 225, 238, 240, pipevine swallowtail system, (subfamily/tribe), 73, 77, (Hymenoptera) 242 178-188 78, 95 Papilio androgeus (Papilionidae), signal-chain response, 225 sex-limited, 184, 186, 187 Nymphalis antiopa 200 and sperm precedence, 241- mineral salts, 196, 199–204, 200- (Nymphalidae), 54, 110, Papilio canadensis (Papilionidae), 243 202 207, 208, 211, 261 170, 250, 264, 296 meadow brown. See Maniola misdirection, 169–173 Nymphalis milberti Papilio cresphontes (Papilionidae), jurtina (Nymphalidae) Miss Perkins’ blue. See Leptotes (Nymphalidae), 110 133, 223, 261 Mechanitis doryssus perkinsae (Lycaenidae) Nymphalis vaualbum Papilio dardanus (Papilionidae), (Nymphalidae), 181 Misumena vatia (Nymphalidae), 110, 195 293 Mechanitis sp. (Nymphalidae), (Araneae;Thomisidae), 156 Papilio glaucus (Papilionidae), 145, 145–147 Mitoura grynea (Lycaenidae), 31, O 172, 184–185, 185, 186, 251 meconium, 28, 147, 152, 176 33 observation of butterflies, 291– Papilio homerus (Papilionidae), Megathyminae (subfamily), 61– mobility, 147–148 294 272, 273, 273–275, 274 62 molt, 27, 33, 142 Odocoileus virginianus (Cervidae; Papilio machaon (Papilionidae), Megathymus streckeri monarch butterfly. See Danaus Mammalia), 268 121 (Hesperiidae; plexippus (Nymphalidae) Oecophylla sp. (Hymenoptera; Papilio polyxenes (Papilionidae), Megathyminae), 62 monarch-viceroy mimicry Formicinae), 137; see also 31, 143, 144, 162, 183, 185, Megisto cymela (Nymphalidae), system, 181–182 ants 215–216, 216, 264 296 Monroe, Eugene, 93 Oeneis macounii (Nymphalidae), Papilio troilus (Papilionidae), 23, Melanargia russiae (subfamily), 78–79 108 24, 31, 134, 134–135, 135, (Nymphalidae), 73 cypris (Nymphalidae), Oeneis uhleri (Nymphalidae), 108, 185 Melinaea ethra (Nymphalidae), 220 109 Papilio xuthus (Papilionidae), 125 99 Morpho peleides (Nymphalidae), Oenis sp. (Nymphalidae), 108 Papilionidae/ Melinaea imitata (Nymphalidae), 75, 163 old world swallowtail. See Papilio (family/superfamily), 51, 181 Morpho sp. (Nymphalidae), 220 machaon (Papilionidae) 56, 62-81, 63–65, 142, 145, Melitaea cinxia (Nymphalidae), mortality rates, 155, 275 Oleria paula (Nymphalidae), 99 238 101 moths, 21, 38–40, 48, 49–50 olympia marblewing. See Euchloe Papilioninae (subfamily), 63–64 Melitaea trivia (Nymphalidae), mourning cloak. See Nymphalis olympia (Pieridae) parasitoids, 128–129, 128, 131, 211 antiopa (Nymphalidae) oocytes, 244 144 (tribe), 78 Müllerian mimicry, 182 Opsiphanes tamarindi arcas (Papilionidae; metalmarks. See Calephelis mustard white. See Pieris napi (Nymphalidae), 31, 33, 49 Papilioninae), 99 virginiensis (Lycaenidae); (Pieridae) orange sulfer. See Colias Parmesan, Camille, 280 Lycaenidae (family) mustards. See Cruciferae eurytheme (Pieridae) Parnara guttata (Hesperiidae), metamorphosis, 20, 21, 26, 35, Mylothria malenka (Pieridae; orange tip. See Anthocharis 158 110, 142 ), 181 cardamines (Pieridae) parnassians. See Papilionidae metapopulation, 101, 103 myrmecophily, 138; see also ants origin of butterflies, 50–51 (family) Mexican fritillary. See Euptoieta Myrmica sp. (Hymenoptera; orion. See Historis odius Parnassiinae (subfamily), 64–65 hegesia hoffimanni Formicidae), 118, 271; see (Nymphalidae) Parnassius actius (Papilionidae), (Nymphalidae); Euptoieta also ants Ornithoptera sp. (Papilionidae), 17 hegesia (Nymphalidae) 275 Parnassius apollo (Papilionidae), migration, 109–113, 280-289 N Ornithoptera victoria 106, 120, 256, 258 estimating size of, 107 Nabokov, Vladimir, 20 (Papilionidae), 277, 278, 279 Parnassius eversmanni Milbert’s tortoiseshells. See Napeogenes peredia Orthoptera, 48 (Papilionidae), 65, 242 Nymphalis milberti (Nymphalidae; osmeteria/osmeterium, 134–135, Parnassius sp. (Papilionidae), 242 (Nymphalidae) Ithomiinae), 99 135 Parthenos sylvia (Nymphalidae), Miletinae subfamily, 73 natural threats of endanger- outbreak populations, 107 44 milkweed. See Asclepiadaceae ment, 250–251 overcollection/overexploitation, sp. (Passifloraceae), 26, milkweed butterflies. See neotropical mosaic. See Colobura 106, 258-261, 264–265 79, 129, 139, 176 Danainae (subfamily) dirce (Nymphalidae) oviposition, 23, 116, 120, 122, passion vines. See Passiflora sp. Mimeresia libentina (Lycaenidae), nettles. See Urticaceae 123, 127, 174, 189, 244–247, (Passifloraceae) 71 nitrogen, 196; see also mineral 245, 247 patrolling, 218 mimic skippers. See Coeliadinae salts ova/ovum. See egg pattern, 130–135, 173–174 (family) nomenclaure, 36, 51–56 owl butterflies. See Brassolinae pearl crescentspots. See Phyciodes subfamily 321 A WORLD FOR BUTTERFLIES

tharos (Nymphalidae) 134, 166 (Nymphalidae), 131 sites, 204–206, 204-205, 286 pearly eye. See Enodia anthedon Polyommatinae (subfamily), 69, Pyrrhopyge araxes (Hesperiidae; Rutaceae, 64 (Nymphalidae) 70 Pyrrhopgyinae), 60 pearly heath. See Coenonympha Polyommatus icarus (Lycaenidae), Pyrrhopyginae (subfamily), 61 S arcania (Nymphalidae) 236 salt. See mineral salts pepper. See Capparidaceae Pompeius verna (Hesperiidae), 150 Q Samways, Michael, 45 perching, 218 Pontia protodice (Pieridae), 108 Queen Alexandra’s sulfur. See (subfamily), 51, 73, pheromones, 198, 199, 225, 227, poplar admiral. See Limenitis Colias christina (Pieridae) 77, 78, 127, 238 241–242 populi (Nymphalidae) queen butterflies. See Danaus Satyrium calanus (Lycaenidae), Phocides urania (Hesperiidae), 58 poppies. See Papaveraceae gilippus (Nymphalidae) 300 Phoebis argante (Pieridae), 200 population queen of Spain fritillary. See Saxifragaceae, 65 Phoebis philea (Pieridae), 33 biology, 82–84, 100–115 Issoria lathonia Schaus’ tawny skipper. See Phoebis sennae (Pieridae), 222, 302 dynamics, 106–109 (Nymphalidae) Pyrrhocalles jamiacensis Phoebis sp. (Pieridae), 216 human growth in, 256 Question Mark. See Polygonia (Hesperiidae) Phyciodes (Antillea) proclea outbreaks, 107-108 interrogationis Scoble, Malcolm, 54, 57 (Nymphalidae), 91 size, 105-108, 253-254 (Nymphalidae) Scrophulariaceae, 176 Phyciodes tharos (Nymphalidae), structure, 101–103 Seasonality, 108-109 201, 202, 296 postman. See Heliconius R sensory capabilities, 151–152 phylogenetic systematics, 57 melpomene (Nymphalidae) rainbow skipper. See Phocides Sericinus montela (Papilionidae), Phymata sp. (Hemiptera; Potentilla fruticosa (Rosaceae), urania (Hesperiidae) 13 Phymatidae), 158 102 rainforest refugia, 93–99, 94 , 59 Pieridae (family), 62, 65–68, 142, Praepapilio sp. (Papilionidae), 51 Rana pipiens (Anura; Ranidae), Shapiro, Art, 121 145, 238 predators 202 shivering, 208–209. See also Pierinae (subfamily), 66–67 avoidance of, 125, 130–139, rare thermoregulation Pieris napi (Pieridae), 105, 296 145–147, 155, 164, 170, 173 definitions of, 105 shrubby cinquefoil. See Potentilla Pieris rapae (Pieridae), 102, 103, of butterflies, 153-154, 156, in life history stages, 155 fruticosa (Rosaceae) 112, 158, 203, 257, 296 158, 160, 161, 162-163 rarity, 103–106 signal-response chain, 225 Pieris virginiensis (Pieridae), 102, foraging strategies of, 128 Raven, Peter, 174 signature scent, 225 210 of eggs, 120, 121 Reakirt’s blue. See Hemiargus silk, 130, 138, 142 pipevine swallowtail. See Battus kinds of, 106-107, 128-129, isola (Lycaenidae) silver-spotted skipper. See philenor (Papilionidae); 133, 155, 156-166, 178-179 rearing, 294–297 Epargyreus clarus Battus sp. (Papilionidae) of larvae, 130, 138 red admirals. See Vanessa atalanta (Hesperiidae) pipevine swallowtail mimicry and population size, 106 (Nymphalidae) silver-washed fritillary. See system, 184–188 prepupal stadium, 27, 143 red-banded hairstreak. See Argynnis paphia pipevines. See Aristolochiaceae proboscis, 36, 151, 151-152 Calycopis cecrops (Nymphalidae) plain tiger. See Danaus chrysippus prolegs, 32, 49 (Lycaenidae) size, 211–212 (Nymphalidae) Promachus binei (Diptera; Red Data Books, 262 skimmer dragonfly. See Libellula plants Asilidae), 163 red-egg syndrome, 123, 132 sp. (Odonata; Libellulidae) chemistry of, 174-176, 181- protection. See conservation red-spotted purple. See Limenitis sleepy orange. See Eurema nicippe 183, 184, 185 Protogonius cecrops arthemis astyanax (Pieridae) as food, 48-49, 125-128 (Nymphalidae; (Nymphalidae) small postman. See Heliconius as predators, 156, 156, 158 Nymphalinae), 181 reflectance-basking species, erato (Nymphalidae) sequestration from, 174-176 provence hairstreak. See Tomarus 210–211 small sulfur. See Eurema lisa Poanes viator (Hesperiidae), 296 ballus (Lycaenidae) refugia. See rainforest refugia (Pieridae) Polistes sp. Hymenoptera, 129, paradoxa (Pieridae), regal fritillary. See Speyeria idalia small tortoiseshell. See Aglais 162 68 (Nymphalidae) urticae (Nymphalidae) Polites mystic (Hesperiidae), 189 Pseudopontiinae (subfamily), 68 rejection posture, 229 small white. See Pieris rapae Polites peckius (Hesperiidae), 33 puddling, 199–204, 216-217 release of living butterflies, 261 (Pieridae) polydamas swallowtail. See pupa/pupae. See chrysalis reproduction, 150, 152–155, 225, snout butterfly. See Libytheana Battus polydamus pupal crypsis, 145–147 238-242; See also courtship bachmanii (Nymphalidae) (Papilionidae); pipevine purple emperor. See Apatura irus reproductive system, 28 Solanaceae, 245 swallowtail (Nymphalidae) Rhabdodryas trite (Pieridae), 200 soldier. See Danaus eresimus Polygonia c-album Pyle, Robert M., 291 Rhopalocera, 56–57 (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae), 198 Pyrginae (subfamily), 50, 60–61, (subfamily), 51, 68, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera; Polygonia comma (Nymphalidae), 62 138 Formicidae), 152 31 Pyronia tithonus (Nymphalidae), Ritland, David, 181 source/sink dynamics, 101 Polygonia interrogationis 154 Rondonia Rain Forest Reserve, South America, 87 (Nymphalidae), 45, 165, Pyrrhocalles jamiacensis 97 southern hairstreak. See Fixsenia 220 (Hesperiidae), 88 roost favonius (Lycaenidae) Polygonia sp. (Nymphalidae), Pyrrhogyra neaerea fidelity, 206 speciation, 88

322 INDEX

spermatophore, 196–198, 239 Mantidae), 158 two-tailed pasha. See Charaxes (Lycaenidae) Speryeria cybele (Nymphalidae), tent caterpillars. See Malacosoma jasius (Nymphalidae) White, Richard, 143 129 sp. (Lasiocampidae) white admiral. See Limenitis Speyeria aphrodite territoriality, 217, 218–219, 221– U arthemis arthemis (Nymphalidae), 203, 296 225, 238 Uhler’s arctic. See Oeneis uhleri (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae), and courtship, 234-235 (Nymphalidae) white peacocks. See Anartia 296 territory Ulmaceae, 81, 129, 235 jatrophe (Nymphalidae) Speyeria cybele (Nymphalidae), floaters, 224 unnatural causes of endanger- white-tailed deer. See Odocoileus 296, 299 holders, 224 ment, 251 virginianus (Cervidae; Speyeria diana (Nymphalidae), location of, 223-224 Urania leilus (), 39 Mammalia) 185, 187 and male-male interactions, Urbanus proteus (Hesperiidae), 31 whites. See Pieridae (family) Speyeria idalia (Nymphalidae), 235-238, 237 urine, 204 wing wave, 230 252 and mate-locating behavior, Urticaceae, 79 wing sphragis, 242, 243 217, 218-219 color and pattern of, 20, 21, spicebush swallowtail. See Papilio thermoregulation, 164, 206-215 V 36, 37, 39, 164 troilus (Papilionidae) basking, 207-211 Vanessa atalanta (Nymphalidae), coupling mechanism, 39, 50 spider webs, 138 and body size, 211-215, 213, 110, 254, 261 muscles, 208-209 spiracles, 32, 34, 37 215 Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae), position of, 39 spring azure. See Celastrina ladon heat gain/loss, 211-213 112, 147, 167, 168, 261 scales on, 20, 21, 37, 48 (Lycaenidae); Celastrina sp. shivering or thermogenesis, Vanessa virginiensis size of, 37 (Lycaenidae) 209 (Nymphalidae), 110, 128, veins of, 36, 37 St. Christopher’s hairstreak. See thyme. See Thymus sp. (Labiatae) 261, 301 wave, 230 Chlorostrymon simaethis Thymelicus lineola (Hesperiidae), variegated fritillary. See World Conservation Union, 262 (Lycaenidae) 160, 202, 249, 296 Euptoieta claudia stonecrops. See Crassulaceae Thymelicus sp. (Hesperiidae), 145 (Nymphalidae) X straight-line sulphur. See Thymus sp. (Labiatae), 118, 271 veined white. See Pieris napi Xerces blue. See Glaucopsyche Rhabdodryas trite tiger mimic queen. See Lycorea (Pieridae) xerces (Lycaenidae) Strymon melinus (Lycaenidae), cleobaea (Nymphalidae) Verbenaceae, 22, 180, 192, 300 Xerces Society, 262 172, 220 tiger swallowtail. See Papilio Vespula sp. (Hymenoptera), 129 Xochiqetzalpapalotl, 42 study of butterflies, 291–294 glaucus (Papilionidae) viceroy. See Limenitis archippus sugarcane-borer. See Castnia licus titania fritillary. See Boloria (Nymphalidae) Y (Castniidae) titania (Nymphalidae) yellow swallowtail. See Papilio sulfurs. See Pieridae (family) Tithorea hippothous W xuthus (Papilionidae) survival, 152–155 (Nymphalidae), 181 warning coloration, 134–135, swallowtails. See Papilionidae Tomarus ballus (Lycaenidae), 212 155, 167–168, 173–174; see Z (family); Papilioninae toothwort. See Dentaria diphylla also color itys (Nymphalidae), 31 (subfamily) touch, 152 water ringlet. See Erebia pronoe zebra longwing. See Heliconius Systema Naturae, 52 transgenic plants, 257 (Nymphalidae) charithonia (Nymphalidae) Trapezitinae (subfamily), 61, 62 weather, 189 zebra swallowtail. See Eurytides T tree nymph. See Idea leucone website: marcellus (Papilionidae) tawny emperor. See Asterocampa (Nymphalidae) www.aworldforbutterflies.com Zelus longipes (Hemiptera; clyton (Nymphalidae) Trichoptera, 50 West Virginia white. See Pieris Reduviidae), 130 , 51–56 Troides sp. (Papilionidae), 275 virginiensis (Pieridae) zoogeographic regions, 84, 84, 89 Tellervinae (subfamily), 80 Turnera ulmifolia (Turneraceae), Western pygmy blue. See , 59 Tenodera aridifolia (Orthoptera; 26, 160 Brephidium exilis

323