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Index NB: numbers in italics refer to photos and illustrations A Amauris albimaculata Apatura irus (Nymphalidae), 219 Asterocampa clyton Ackery, Philip (1984), 54 (Nymphalidae), 293 Aphantopus hyperantus (Nymphalidae), 129, 151, Acraea leucographa Amauris niavius (Nymphalidae), (Nymphalidae), 282 161 (Nymphalidae), 86 293 aphrodite fritillary. See Speyeria Asterocampa leilia Acraeinae (subfamily), 78, 79, American coppers. See Lycaena aphrodite (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae), 224, 234– 87, 95 phleas (Lycaenidae) aphytophagy, 73, 118 235, 235 Actinote anteas (Nymphalidae), 99 American painted ladies. See Apocynaceae, 81, 175 Asterocampa sp. (Nymphalidae), Actinote ozomene (Nymphalidae), 78 Vanessa virginiensis apollos. See Parnassiinae 220 Adelpha melanthe (Nymphalidae) subfamily; Parnassius apollo Atlides balesus (Lycaenidae), 301 (Nymphalidae), 33 American snout. See Libythea (Papilionidae) Australian skippers, 87 adult butterfly, 21–22, 36–38 bachmanii (Nymphalidae) Aporia crataegi (Pieridae), 140, see also Trapezitinae alternative food sources of, Anaea andria (Nymphalidae), 190, 200, 230 (subfamily) 192–196 215, 215, 218, 219, 220 aposematicism, 134–135, 155; See automimicry, 182 crypsis in, 155, 166–168 Anartia amathea (Nymphalidae), also warning coloration awl king. See Choaspes benjaminii eclosure of, 150–152 73 apricot sulphur. See Phoebis (Hesperiidae; Coeliadinae) food of, 190–198 Anartia jatrophe (Nymphalidae), argante mating behavior in, 215–221 149 Araschnia levana (Nymphalidae), B predators of, 156–166 Anclyoxypha numitor 18, 247 Bacillus thuringiensis. See Bt reproduction, 152–155 (Hesperiidae), 296 Arawacus sito (Lycaenidae; (Bacillus thuringiensis) survival of, 152–155 androgeus swallowtail. See Riodininae), 168, 169 Baltimore. See Euphydryas aestivation, 109–110 Papilio androgeus Archaeolopsis, 50–51 phaeton (Nymphalidae) Africa, 87 (Papilionidae) Archonias eurytele (Pieridae), 99 banded hairstreak. See Satyrium African mocker swallowtail. See Anetia briarea (Nymphalidae), Archonias tereas (Pieridae), 99 calanus (Lycaenidae) Papilio dardanus 204 arctic grayling. See Hipparchia banded peacock. See Anartia (Papilionidae) anglewings. See Polygonia sp. autonoe (Nymphalidae) amathea (Nymphalidae) African wanderer. See Danaus (Nymphalidae) arctics. See Oenis sp. Baronia brevicornis (Papilionidae), chrysippus (Nymphalidae) Anolis sp. (Squamata; (Nymphalidae) 51, 64 Agathiphaga, 50 Iguanidae), 129, 130–132, Argiope aurantia (Araneidae), 154 Baroniinae (subfamily), 64 aggregation, 199–204 164 Argynnini/Argynninae (tribe/ Basking. See thermoregulation Aglais urticae (Nymphalidae), ant larvae, 75, 118 subfamily), 77, 87, 129 batch layers, 118 208 Antarctica, 87 Argynnis paphia (Nymphalidae), Bates, Henry W., 179, 290 Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae), antennae, 34, 36, 38, 151-152, 15, 230 Batesian mimicry, 179–180 129, 130, 141, 147, 153, 163, 227, 229 Arhopala pseudocentaurus Battus philenor (Papilionidae), 175, 215, 261 Anteos maerula (Pieridae), 67 (Lycaenidae), 137 135, 182, 183, 184–188, 185, Aiello, Annette, 57 Anteos sp. (Pieridae), 216 Aristolochiaceae, 64, 65, 277 186 alcon blue. See Maculinea alcon Anthocharis cardamines (Pieridae), Ascia monuste (Pieridae), 31, 127, Battus polydamus (Papilionidae), (Lycaenidae) 132, 142 206, 206 174 alfalfa butterfly. See Colias Anthocharis midea (Pieridae), 33, Asclepiadaceae, 81, 158, 175, Battus sp. (Papilionidae), 175 eurytheme (Pieridae) 108 178, 192, 282, 286, 300 bay checkerspot. See Euphydryas alternative food sources, 192–196 anti-aphrodisiac, 241–242 Asia, 87 editha bayensis amateur lepidopterist, 290 ants, 75, 118, 120, 137, 138-139, aster (Asteraceae), 79; See also (Nymphalidae) Amathusinae (subfamily), 79 139, 152, 270, 271 Compositae beaks. See Libythea bachmanii 317 A WORLD FOR BUTTERFLIES (Nymphalidae) C Charaxes eupale (Nymphalidae), icarus (Lycaenidae) Berger’s clouded yellow. See cabbage. See Cruciferae 74 common names, 54 Colias australis (Pieridae) cabbage white. See Pieris rapae Charaxes jasius (Nymphalidae), common ringlet. See Aphantopus Binomial Nomenclature, 52–54 (Pieridae) 193 hyperantus (Nymphalidae) biogeography, 82–84 Calephelis virginiensis Charaxinae (subfamily), 74 commonness, 103–106 bird of paradise plant. See (Lycaenidae), 69 checkered white. See Pontia Compositae, 68, 187, 192, 192, Heliconia Caligo atreus (Nymphalidae), 76, protodice (Pieridae) 232, 234, 299, 299, 301 birds, 178–179 170 checkerspot butterflies. See Compton’s tortoiseshell. See black swallowtail. See Papilio Caligo sp. (Nymphalidae), 169– Euphydryas sp. Nymphalis vaualbum polyxenes (Papilionidae) 170 (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae) black-veined white. See Aporia Calycopis cecrops (Lycaenidae), 68 chemical signals, 152 confusion displays, 202, 203–204 crataegri (Pieridae) Camberwell beauty. See children, teaching of, 302 conservation, 45–47, 93, 102, 115, Blue Mountain/John Crow Nymphalis antiopa Chlorostrymon simaethis 262–265, 288–289 Mountain National Park, (Nymphalidae) (Lycaenidae), 171 and alien species, 249 275 Camouflage. See crypsis Chlosyne lacinia (Nymphalidae), and habitat loss, 252, 253-256 blues. See Lycaenidae (family) Canadian tiger swallowtail. See 136 and protective measures in, body-basking, 210–211 Papilio canadensis Choaspes benjaminii (Hesperiidae; 262-265 body fluid. See haemolymph (Papilionidae) Coeliadinae), 61 continental drift, 85, 86–88 body form and structure, 29–38 cannibalism, 124 chrysalis, 21, 27, 33, 34–36, 40, continuous dispersers, 112 body temperature, 206–215 Capparidaceae, 67 49, 117, 141–149, 141, 142, Convention on International Boloria titania (Nymphalidae), Caribbean yellow angles sulfur. 143 Trade in Endangered 199 See Anteos maerula CITES. See Convention on Species (CITES), 258, 263, bordered patch. See Chlosyne (Pieridae) International Trade in 273 lacinia (Nymphalidae) Carnivory, 71, 118 Endangered Species coppers. See Lycaenidae (family) Bowers, Deane, 173 carrots. See Rutaceae (CITES) copulation, 238–243; See also Brassolinae subfamily, 76, 79 Carterocephalus palaemon Cithaerias menander courtship, reproduction Brephidium exilis (Lycaenidae), (Hesperiidae; (Nymphalidae), 215 coral hairstreaks. See 70 Heteropterinae), 63 classification, 51–56 Harkenclenus titus Brewer, Jo, 41–42 Caryophyllaceae, 190 clipper. See Parthenos sylvia (Lycaenidae) bronze copper. See Lycaena hyllus case studies (Nymphalidae) corn, Bt, 257–258 (Lycaenidae) butterfly farming, 275–277 Clossiana selene (Nymphalidae), cosmopolitan butterfly. See Brower, Lincoln, 178 extirpation of Karner blue, 296 Vanessa cardui brushfooted butterflies. See 266–271 clouded yellow. See Colias erate (Nymphalidae) Nymphalidae (family) extirpation of large blue, 271– (Pieridae) Cossoidea, 59 Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), 251– 273 cloudless sulphur. See Phoebis coupling mechanism, 50 253, 257 global warming and butterfly sennae (Pieridae) courtship, 222, 223, 225–235 Bt corn, 258, 288 range, 277–280 Coeliadinae (subfamily), 61 pheromones and, 225, 228 buckeye. See Junonia coenia Homerus swallowtail, 273-275 Coenonympha arcania rejection posture and, 229, (Nymphalidae) monarch migration, 280–289 (Nymphalidae), 283 230 Buddleia sp., 300 Castnia licus (Castniidae), 57 Coenonympha inornata species-specific behaviors, butterflies Castniidae/Castnioidea (family/ (Nymphalidae), 192, 209, 228-230 classification of, 51-56 superfamily), 40, 56, 57–59, 296 success in, 225, 238 geographic distribution of, 84- 87, 89 Coleoptera, 48 cracker. See Hamadryas amphycloe 85, 89 caterpillar, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 31– Coliadinae (subfamily), 67–68 (Nymphalidae) observation of, 291-294 33, 49, 116, 123–140 Colias australis (Pieridae), 230 Crassulaceae, 65 origin of, 50-51 Catopsilia florella (Pieridae), 111 Colias cesonia (Pieridae), 216 crepuscular, 40 as predators of plants, 106– Celastrina ladon (Lycaenidae), Colias christina (Pieridae), 294 Cruciferae, 67, 102 107 212 Colias erate (Pieridae), 234 crypsis, 145–147, 155, 166–168, rearing of, 294-297 Celastrina sp. (Lycaenidae), 145 Colias eurytheme (Pieridae), 31, 169–173 range of, 105, 275-277, 278-280 centaur oak blue. See Arhopala 46, 257 Cupido minimus (Lycaenidae), 258 study of, 291-294; See also pseudocentaurus Colias philodice (Pieridae), 296 lepidopterology (Lycaenidae) Colias sp. (Pieridae), 233 D The Butterflies of Costa Rica, 138– Ceratinia diona (Nymphalidae), Colobura dirce (Nymphalidae), Damora sagana (Nymphalidae), 139 181 169 28/29 Butterfly Conservation, 262 Ceratinia fenestella colonies, 204–206 Danainae (subfamily), 80, 80–81 butterfly (Nymphalidae), 181 color, 130–135, 151-152; See also Danaus chrysippus aegyptius farming of, 275–277 Ceratinia tutia (Nymphalidae), warning coloration (Nymphalidae), 293 gardening for, 297-301 33 Committee for the Protection of Danaus chrysippus dorippus butterfly-moths, 40, 56, 59–60 Cercyonis pegala (Nymphalidae), British Lepidoptera, 262 (Nymphalidae), 293 296 common blue. See Polyommatus Danaus chrysippus 318 INDEX (Nymphalidae), 180, 251 Ehrlich, Paul, 174 European skipper. See Thymelicus (Nymphalidae) Danaus eresimus (Nymphalidae), emetic response, 178–179 lineola (Hesperiidae) geographic distribution of 182 empress leilia. See Asterocampa European wood white. See butterflies, 84–85 Danaus gilippus (Nymphalidae), leilia (Nymphalidae) Leptidea sinapsis (Pieridae) giant skippers. See 31, 175, 179, 182, 199, 230– endangered-species legislation, Eurytides euryleon (Papilionidae), Megathyminae (subfamily) 233, 232, 233, 255, 301 263–265 99 giant swallowtail. See Papilio Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae),
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  • The Endangered Butterfly Charonias Theano (Boisduval)(Lepidoptera

    The Endangered Butterfly Charonias Theano (Boisduval)(Lepidoptera

    Neotropical Entomology ISSN: 1519-566X journal homepage: www.scielo.br/ne ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS The Endangered Butterfly Charonias theano (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): Current Status, Threats and its Rediscovery in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil AVL Freitas1, LA Kaminski1, CA Iserhard1, EP Barbosa1, OJ Marini Filho2 1 Depto de Biologia Animal & Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Univ Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil 2Centro de Pesquisa e Conservação do Cerrado e Caatinga – CECAT, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Brasília, DF, Brasil Keywords Abstract Aporiina, Atlantic Forest, endangered species, Pierini, Serra do Japi The pierid Charonias theano Correspondence (Boisduval), an endangered butterfly André V L Freitas, Depto de Biologia Animal & species, has been rarely observed in nature, and has not been recorded Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Univ in the state of CSão. theano Paulo in the last 50 years despite numerous efforts Estadual de Campinas, CP6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil; [email protected] to locate extant colonies. Based on museum specimens and personal information, was known from 26 sites in southeastern Edited by Kleber Del Claro – UFU and southern Brazil. Recently, an apparently viable population was recorded in a new locality, at Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, with Received 26 May 2011 and accepted 03 severalsince this individuals site represents observed one of during the few two large weeks forested in April, protected 2011. areas The August 2011 existence of this population at Serra do Japi is an important finding, São Paulo, but within its entire historical distribution. where the species could potentially persist not only in the state of Introduction In the last Brazilian red list of endangered fauna (Machado intensively sampled from 1987 to 1991, resulting in a list et al of 652 species (Brown 1992).
  • INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch

    INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch

    ZOOLOGÍA-TAXONOMÍA www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm Caldasia 31(2):407-440. 2009 HACIA UNA SÍNTESIS DE LOS PAPILIONOIDEA (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a historical sketch JOSÉ LUIS SALINAS-GUTIÉRREZ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] CLAUDIO MÉNDEZ Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos, Ciudad Universitaria, Campus Central USAC, Zona 12. Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] MERCEDES BARRIOS Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas (CECON), Universidad de San Carlos, Avenida La Reforma 0-53, Zona 10, Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] CARMEN POZO El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Apartado Postal 70-399, México D.F. 04510; México. [email protected]. Autor responsable. RESUMEN La riqueza biológica de Mesoamérica es enorme. Dentro de esta gran área geográfi ca se encuentran algunos de los ecosistemas más diversos del planeta (selvas tropicales), así como varios de los principales centros de endemismo en el mundo (bosques nublados). Países como Guatemala, en esta gran área biogeográfi ca, tiene grandes zonas de bosque húmedo tropical y bosque mesófi lo, por esta razón es muy importante para analizar la diversidad en la región. Lamentablemente, la fauna de mariposas de Guatemala es poco conocida y por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio y análisis de la composición y la diversidad de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en Guatemala.
  • Butterflies and Pollination Welcome!

    Butterflies and Pollination Welcome!

    BUTTERFLIES AND POLLINATION Welcome! Welcome to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden! We ask that you please read the following rules to your group before you begin your visit. • Stay with your group during your entire visit. • Respect our wildlife; do not touch, chase, or feed the animals. • Walk only on designated paths or grass. • Do not climb trees or pick flowers or fruits from plants. • Keep your voices low to respect other guests. • Self-guided groups are not allowed at the Garden Cafe, in the Gift Shop or on the Tram. In your backpack, you will find the materials needed for this program. Before leaving the Garden, we ask you to please ensure that all the materials are back in this backpack. At the end of your visit, return this backpack to the Visitor Center. If any materials are lost or damaged, the cost will be deducted from your deposit. ACTIVITY SUPPLIES: • 3 Butterfly Program booklets Butterfly Background Information Activities • Comparing Butterflies and Moths pictures - 10 • Butterfly vs. Moth Venn Diagramworksheets - 10 • Butterfly Life Cycle worksheets - 10 • Butterfly Antomy worksheets - 10 Lisa D. Anness Butterfly Garden • Lepidopterist For A Day worksheets - 10 • South Florida Butterfly Guides - 10 Wings of the Tropics: Butterfly Conservatory • Wings of the Tropics Butterfly Guide - 6 • Exotic Butterflies in the Wings of the Tropics Conservatory - 6 • Butterfly Behavior Guide - 6 Whitman Tropical Fruit Pavilion • Pollination Match cards - 3 sets of 12 cards • Optional: clipboards - 10 Get Started 1. Review the Introduction, Vocabulary List, activity descriptions, and butterfly field guides included in the backpack. If you are going to the butterfly conservatory please review the Wings of the Tropics: Butterfly Conservatory Guidelines with your students before entering the butterfly conservatory.