Index NB: numbers in italics refer to photos and illustrations A Amauris albimaculata Apatura irus (Nymphalidae), 219 Asterocampa clyton Ackery, Philip (1984), 54 (Nymphalidae), 293 Aphantopus hyperantus (Nymphalidae), 129, 151, Acraea leucographa Amauris niavius (Nymphalidae), (Nymphalidae), 282 161 (Nymphalidae), 86 293 aphrodite fritillary. See Speyeria Asterocampa leilia Acraeinae (subfamily), 78, 79, American coppers. See Lycaena aphrodite (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae), 224, 234– 87, 95 phleas (Lycaenidae) aphytophagy, 73, 118 235, 235 Actinote anteas (Nymphalidae), 99 American painted ladies. See Apocynaceae, 81, 175 Asterocampa sp. (Nymphalidae), Actinote ozomene (Nymphalidae), 78 Vanessa virginiensis apollos. See Parnassiinae 220 Adelpha melanthe (Nymphalidae) subfamily; Parnassius apollo Atlides balesus (Lycaenidae), 301 (Nymphalidae), 33 American snout. See Libythea (Papilionidae) Australian skippers, 87 adult butterfly, 21–22, 36–38 bachmanii (Nymphalidae) Aporia crataegi (Pieridae), 140, see also Trapezitinae alternative food sources of, Anaea andria (Nymphalidae), 190, 200, 230 (subfamily) 192–196 215, 215, 218, 219, 220 aposematicism, 134–135, 155; See automimicry, 182 crypsis in, 155, 166–168 Anartia amathea (Nymphalidae), also warning coloration awl king. See Choaspes benjaminii eclosure of, 150–152 73 apricot sulphur. See Phoebis (Hesperiidae; Coeliadinae) food of, 190–198 Anartia jatrophe (Nymphalidae), argante mating behavior in, 215–221 149 Araschnia levana (Nymphalidae), B predators of, 156–166 Anclyoxypha numitor 18, 247 Bacillus thuringiensis. See Bt reproduction, 152–155 (Hesperiidae), 296 Arawacus sito (Lycaenidae; (Bacillus thuringiensis) survival of, 152–155 androgeus swallowtail. See Riodininae), 168, 169 Baltimore. See Euphydryas aestivation, 109–110 Papilio androgeus Archaeolopsis, 50–51 phaeton (Nymphalidae) Africa, 87 (Papilionidae) Archonias eurytele (Pieridae), 99 banded hairstreak. See Satyrium African mocker swallowtail. See Anetia briarea (Nymphalidae), Archonias tereas (Pieridae), 99 calanus (Lycaenidae) Papilio dardanus 204 arctic grayling. See Hipparchia banded peacock. See Anartia (Papilionidae) anglewings. See Polygonia sp. autonoe (Nymphalidae) amathea (Nymphalidae) African wanderer. See Danaus (Nymphalidae) arctics. See Oenis sp. Baronia brevicornis (Papilionidae), chrysippus (Nymphalidae) Anolis sp. (Squamata; (Nymphalidae) 51, 64 Agathiphaga, 50 Iguanidae), 129, 130–132, Argiope aurantia (Araneidae), 154 Baroniinae (subfamily), 64 aggregation, 199–204 164 Argynnini/Argynninae (tribe/ Basking. See thermoregulation Aglais urticae (Nymphalidae), ant larvae, 75, 118 subfamily), 77, 87, 129 batch layers, 118 208 Antarctica, 87 Argynnis paphia (Nymphalidae), Bates, Henry W., 179, 290 Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae), antennae, 34, 36, 38, 151-152, 15, 230 Batesian mimicry, 179–180 129, 130, 141, 147, 153, 163, 227, 229 Arhopala pseudocentaurus Battus philenor (Papilionidae), 175, 215, 261 Anteos maerula (Pieridae), 67 (Lycaenidae), 137 135, 182, 183, 184–188, 185, Aiello, Annette, 57 Anteos sp. (Pieridae), 216 Aristolochiaceae, 64, 65, 277 186 alcon blue. See Maculinea alcon Anthocharis cardamines (Pieridae), Ascia monuste (Pieridae), 31, 127, Battus polydamus (Papilionidae), (Lycaenidae) 132, 142 206, 206 174 alfalfa butterfly. See Colias Anthocharis midea (Pieridae), 33, Asclepiadaceae, 81, 158, 175, Battus sp. (Papilionidae), 175 eurytheme (Pieridae) 108 178, 192, 282, 286, 300 bay checkerspot. See Euphydryas alternative food sources, 192–196 anti-aphrodisiac, 241–242 Asia, 87 editha bayensis amateur lepidopterist, 290 ants, 75, 118, 120, 137, 138-139, aster (Asteraceae), 79; See also (Nymphalidae) Amathusinae (subfamily), 79 139, 152, 270, 271 Compositae beaks. See Libythea bachmanii 317 A WORLD FOR BUTTERFLIES (Nymphalidae) C Charaxes eupale (Nymphalidae), icarus (Lycaenidae) Berger’s clouded yellow. See cabbage. See Cruciferae 74 common names, 54 Colias australis (Pieridae) cabbage white. See Pieris rapae Charaxes jasius (Nymphalidae), common ringlet. See Aphantopus Binomial Nomenclature, 52–54 (Pieridae) 193 hyperantus (Nymphalidae) biogeography, 82–84 Calephelis virginiensis Charaxinae (subfamily), 74 commonness, 103–106 bird of paradise plant. See (Lycaenidae), 69 checkered white. See Pontia Compositae, 68, 187, 192, 192, Heliconia Caligo atreus (Nymphalidae), 76, protodice (Pieridae) 232, 234, 299, 299, 301 birds, 178–179 170 checkerspot butterflies. See Compton’s tortoiseshell. See black swallowtail. See Papilio Caligo sp. (Nymphalidae), 169– Euphydryas sp. Nymphalis vaualbum polyxenes (Papilionidae) 170 (Nymphalidae) (Nymphalidae) black-veined white. See Aporia Calycopis cecrops (Lycaenidae), 68 chemical signals, 152 confusion displays, 202, 203–204 crataegri (Pieridae) Camberwell beauty. See children, teaching of, 302 conservation, 45–47, 93, 102, 115, Blue Mountain/John Crow Nymphalis antiopa Chlorostrymon simaethis 262–265, 288–289 Mountain National Park, (Nymphalidae) (Lycaenidae), 171 and alien species, 249 275 Camouflage. See crypsis Chlosyne lacinia (Nymphalidae), and habitat loss, 252, 253-256 blues. See Lycaenidae (family) Canadian tiger swallowtail. See 136 and protective measures in, body-basking, 210–211 Papilio canadensis Choaspes benjaminii (Hesperiidae; 262-265 body fluid. See haemolymph (Papilionidae) Coeliadinae), 61 continental drift, 85, 86–88 body form and structure, 29–38 cannibalism, 124 chrysalis, 21, 27, 33, 34–36, 40, continuous dispersers, 112 body temperature, 206–215 Capparidaceae, 67 49, 117, 141–149, 141, 142, Convention on International Boloria titania (Nymphalidae), Caribbean yellow angles sulfur. 143 Trade in Endangered 199 See Anteos maerula CITES. See Convention on Species (CITES), 258, 263, bordered patch. See Chlosyne (Pieridae) International Trade in 273 lacinia (Nymphalidae) Carnivory, 71, 118 Endangered Species coppers. See Lycaenidae (family) Bowers, Deane, 173 carrots. See Rutaceae (CITES) copulation, 238–243; See also Brassolinae subfamily, 76, 79 Carterocephalus palaemon Cithaerias menander courtship, reproduction Brephidium exilis (Lycaenidae), (Hesperiidae; (Nymphalidae), 215 coral hairstreaks. See 70 Heteropterinae), 63 classification, 51–56 Harkenclenus titus Brewer, Jo, 41–42 Caryophyllaceae, 190 clipper. See Parthenos sylvia (Lycaenidae) bronze copper. See Lycaena hyllus case studies (Nymphalidae) corn, Bt, 257–258 (Lycaenidae) butterfly farming, 275–277 Clossiana selene (Nymphalidae), cosmopolitan butterfly. See Brower, Lincoln, 178 extirpation of Karner blue, 296 Vanessa cardui brushfooted butterflies. See 266–271 clouded yellow. See Colias erate (Nymphalidae) Nymphalidae (family) extirpation of large blue, 271– (Pieridae) Cossoidea, 59 Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), 251– 273 cloudless sulphur. See Phoebis coupling mechanism, 50 253, 257 global warming and butterfly sennae (Pieridae) courtship, 222, 223, 225–235 Bt corn, 258, 288 range, 277–280 Coeliadinae (subfamily), 61 pheromones and, 225, 228 buckeye. See Junonia coenia Homerus swallowtail, 273-275 Coenonympha arcania rejection posture and, 229, (Nymphalidae) monarch migration, 280–289 (Nymphalidae), 283 230 Buddleia sp., 300 Castnia licus (Castniidae), 57 Coenonympha inornata species-specific behaviors, butterflies Castniidae/Castnioidea (family/ (Nymphalidae), 192, 209, 228-230 classification of, 51-56 superfamily), 40, 56, 57–59, 296 success in, 225, 238 geographic distribution of, 84- 87, 89 Coleoptera, 48 cracker. See Hamadryas amphycloe 85, 89 caterpillar, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 31– Coliadinae (subfamily), 67–68 (Nymphalidae) observation of, 291-294 33, 49, 116, 123–140 Colias australis (Pieridae), 230 Crassulaceae, 65 origin of, 50-51 Catopsilia florella (Pieridae), 111 Colias cesonia (Pieridae), 216 crepuscular, 40 as predators of plants, 106– Celastrina ladon (Lycaenidae), Colias christina (Pieridae), 294 Cruciferae, 67, 102 107 212 Colias erate (Pieridae), 234 crypsis, 145–147, 155, 166–168, rearing of, 294-297 Celastrina sp. (Lycaenidae), 145 Colias eurytheme (Pieridae), 31, 169–173 range of, 105, 275-277, 278-280 centaur oak blue. See Arhopala 46, 257 Cupido minimus (Lycaenidae), 258 study of, 291-294; See also pseudocentaurus Colias philodice (Pieridae), 296 lepidopterology (Lycaenidae) Colias sp. (Pieridae), 233 D The Butterflies of Costa Rica, 138– Ceratinia diona (Nymphalidae), Colobura dirce (Nymphalidae), Damora sagana (Nymphalidae), 139 181 169 28/29 Butterfly Conservation, 262 Ceratinia fenestella colonies, 204–206 Danainae (subfamily), 80, 80–81 butterfly (Nymphalidae), 181 color, 130–135, 151-152; See also Danaus chrysippus aegyptius farming of, 275–277 Ceratinia tutia (Nymphalidae), warning coloration (Nymphalidae), 293 gardening for, 297-301 33 Committee for the Protection of Danaus chrysippus dorippus butterfly-moths, 40, 56, 59–60 Cercyonis pegala (Nymphalidae), British Lepidoptera, 262 (Nymphalidae), 293 296 common blue. See Polyommatus Danaus chrysippus 318 INDEX (Nymphalidae), 180, 251 Ehrlich, Paul, 174 European skipper. See Thymelicus (Nymphalidae) Danaus eresimus (Nymphalidae), emetic response, 178–179 lineola (Hesperiidae) geographic distribution of 182 empress leilia. See Asterocampa European wood white. See butterflies, 84–85 Danaus gilippus (Nymphalidae), leilia (Nymphalidae) Leptidea sinapsis (Pieridae) giant skippers. See 31, 175, 179, 182, 199, 230– endangered-species legislation, Eurytides euryleon (Papilionidae), Megathyminae (subfamily) 233, 232, 233, 255, 301 263–265 99 giant swallowtail. See Papilio Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae),