DOCSLIB.ORG

Occlusal Wear Pattern Analysis of Functional Morphology in Neanderthals and Early Homo Sapiens Dentition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Occlusal Wear Pattern Analysis of Functional Morphology in Neanderthals and Early Homo Sapiens Dentition Occlusal Wear Pattern Analysis of Functional Morphology in Neanderthals and Early Homo sapiens Dentition Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften Vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Luca Fiorenza aus Rom Frankfurt 2009 (D30) Von Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe – Universität als Dissertation angenommen. Dekan: Prof. Dr. A. Starzinski-Powitz Gutachter: Prof. Dr. F. Schrenk and Prof. Dr. G. Weniger Datum der Disputation: 09-11-2009 ii Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the encouragement and support of many people. I wish first to thank Ottmar Kullmer, the supervisor of my doctoral studies, for involving me in this project, for continuously motivating me and giving me precious and useful advice for the past three years. I would like also to thank my dissertation advisors, Prof. Friedemann Schrenk and Prof. Gerd-Christian Weniger for their time and participation. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the following curators for access to comparative and fossil specimens: Almut Hoffmann (Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Berlin, Germany), Maria Teschler Nicola (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria), Marta Dočkalová (Moravské Zemské Muzeum, Anthropos Institute, Brno, Czech Republic), Bence Viola (Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria), Yoel Rak (Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, University of Tel Aviv, Israel), Fabio Parenti (Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, Rome, Italy), Chris Stringer and Rob Kruszynski (Natural History Museum of London, England), Angiolo del Lucchese (Museo Preistorico dei Balzi Rossi, Ventimiglia, Italy), Loretana Salvadei (Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico ―Luigi Pigorini‖, Rome, Italy) and Erik Trinkaus (Department of Physical Anthropology at Washington University in Saint Louis, USA). I need also to express all my gratitude to the people of the Department of Paleoanthropology and Messel Research at the Senckenberg Research Institute, and in particular to Christine Hemm-Herkner for the pleasant company during the numerous trips around the world for collecting data; to Birgit Denkel-Oswalt for her incredible patience and kindness and because without her I would be probably lost in the German bureaucracy; to Ulrike Menz for her great helpfulness and copy-editing the German thesis summary; to Tim Schikora for his help with German proofreading and to Elke Pantak-Wein for her precious assistance. Moreover I give special thanks to Jeremy Tausch for his friendship and patience for copy-editing this manuscript and to Stefano Benazzi for his important contribution in improving the quality of the OFA method and, of course, for his friendship. I would not be able to make any mould or cast without the support and advice from Olaf Vogel and from all the people of the Geological Preparation Lab and the Zoological Taxidermy Lab of the Senckenberg Museum. Bence Viola deserves another special thank-you for his advice in dental moulding/casting, for helping me in surface-scanning the original fossils in Brno and for providing me with the dental casts of Bushmen, Fuegians and Australian aborigines. I owe all my gratitude to iii Emiliano Bruner where beyond his friendship, he helped me throughout my scientific career since university, giving me precious advice, motivating and encouraging me to improve. I will never stop to thank Matthew Westwood who helped me to copy-edit this manuscript. I feel really sorry for him since I have almost forced him to read pages and pages full of technical and ―strange‖ scientific terms. It must be really boring. Thanks mate! I also owe a debt to the PAST (Palaeontological Statistics) community and to Prof. Brooks Ferebee (Department of Mathematics, University Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University of Frankfurt) for their precious support, which helped me to solve statistical problems I faced during my PhD. I would also like to express my gratitude for being a part of EVAN (European Virtual Anthropology Network) which gave me the opportunity to participate in interesting scientific events where I met many great people. This research was supported by EU Marie Curie Training Network MRTN-CT-2005-019564 EVAN. Last but not least, I have to thank all my friends and especially my family that despite 1000 km of distance between us, are always with me. I am also indebted to my girlfriend Iva who always left a hot meal on the table, understanding and supporting me despite the fact I have ―preferred‖ to spend my time with my computer in writing and re-writing my thesis instead to be with her. iv Summary Very little is known about the occlusal wear pattern in the Neanderthal posterior dentition. Usually dental wear is closely related to the physical properties of the ingested food, and consequently can be used to obtain information about diet. Neanderthal dietary reconstructions have been mostly based on the analysis of accompanying faunal remains and isotopic signatures of bones and tooth enamel, suggesting that they exploited larger portions of animal proteins from large and medium-sized herbivores. Probably these studies may do not reflect the bulk diet, tending to underestimate plant consumption and to overestimate meat consumption. In the present work the occlusal wear pattern of maxillary molars of Homo neanderthalensis (N=19) and early Homo sapiens (N=12)have been analyzed, applying non-destructive methods based on virtual three-dimensional polygonal models generated from surface scanning of dental casts. The sample groups occupied different geographical areas at different chronological times. The 3D digital tooth models were analyzed using the ―Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis‖ (OFA) method (Kullmer et al. 2009), describing and quantifying the occlusal wear pattern derived from two wear facet angles (dip and dip direction), wear facet area and occlusal relief index (ORI). The OFA method provides information about the dynamics of the occlusal relationships and their function, permitting the reconstruction of the mandibular movements responsible for the contacts created during the chewing cycle. Since jaw movements and diet are closely related, the results obtained, can be used to interpret the diet of the two Pleistocene hominin species. In order to evaluate how dietary differences influence the occlusal wear pattern, upper molars of modern hunter-gatherers (N=42) with known diet and different dietary habits, have been included in the sample and compared with those of Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens. Results show that within the modern hunter-gatherers sample, the occlusal wear pattern of carnivorous populations differs from those who relied on a mixed-diet. In particular, the study of relative facet areas clearly distinguish meat-eaters from mixed-diet hunter-gatherers, while ORI results and wear facet inclinations (dip angle) seem to reflect directly the abrasiveness of the diet, including the influence of exogenous materials during food preparation. The Neanderthal occlusal wear pattern is characterized by an ecogeographic variation, suggesting the exploitation of different food resources. In particular Neanderthals who inhabited relatively warm environments of southern Europe and the Near East exhibit an occlusal wear pattern different from those of meat-eaters hunter-gatherers from tempered and v cooler regions, displaying some features similar to those of Bushmen. These results suggest the exploitation of a broad variety of food sources. The analysis of the occlusal wear pattern in Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens who inhabited Europe during the cooler Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (OIS3) shows many similarities between the two hominid species. These results indicate the exploitation of similar and low-diversified food sources, based mostly on the consumption of animal proteins, as suggested through the clear similarities with the wear patterns found in modern meat-eaters hunter-gatherers. In both studied groups, Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens the occlusal wear pattern is characterized by high ORI and dip angle values, suggesting the intake of a low-abrasive diet, probably due to the absence of sophisticated food preparation techniques introducing external silica grains, e.g. from soil (grinding of seeds) or plant cells, as those, seen in modern hunter-gatherer populations. The analysis of the occlusal fingerprints in Neanderthal and early European Homo sapiens upper molars suggests that both species followed very similar adaptive dietary strategies, based on a distinctive versatility and flexibility in the daily diet, depending on availability of resources according to environmental circumstances. vi Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iii Summary ............................................................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. xi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... xv Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Journal of Human Evolution 60 (2011) 618e636 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol On the evolution of diet and landscape during the Upper Paleolithic through Mesolithic at Franchthi Cave (Peloponnese, Greece) Mary C. Stiner a,*, Natalie D. Munro b a School of Anthropology, P.O. Box 210030, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0030, USA b Department of Anthropology, Unit 2176, 354 Mansfield Rd., University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA article info abstract Article history: Franchthi Cave in southern Greece preserves one of the most remarkable records of socioeconomic change Received 1 July 2010 of the Late Pleistocene through early Holocene. Located on the southern end of the Argolid Peninsula, the Accepted 17 December 2010 area around the site was greatly affected by climate variation and marine transgression. This study examines the complex interplay of site formation processes (material deposition rates), climate-driven Keywords: landscape change, and human hunting systems during the Upper Paleolithic through Mesolithic at Zooarchaeology Franchthi Cave based on the H1B faunal series.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-0874-4 326 Index
    Index A Bajloni’s calotte BAJ, 17, 19–20 Accretion model of Neanderthal evolution, 29 Balanica Acculturation, 164–165, 253 BH-1, 15, 24–29, 309 Acheulean, 80, 148, 172, 177, 201, 205, 306, 308, 310 hominin, 15–17, 29 large flake, 129, 132, 218 Mala, vi, 16, 24, 30, 139–140, 144–145, lithic artifacts, 80 148, 309–311 Lower, 308 Velika, 24, 36, 139–140, 144–145, 148 Middle, 308 Balıtepe, 214, 223–224 Admixture, vi, 29, 258 Balkan, v, 3, 139, 159, 171, 187, 218, 229, 274, 282, 303 Neanderthal, 51–64 and Anatolia, 308–310 Adriatic, 46, 154, 157, 162, 164–166 Central, vi, 3, 15–30, 139–150 Aegean, 29–30, 74–76, 116, 119, 121–122, 134–135, 148, 213, implications for earliest settlement of Europe, 220–221, 261, 283, 305, 316 187–210 Aizanoi, 221 Mountains, 69, 187 Akçeşme, 214, 223–224 and neighbouring regions, 229–261 Aktaş, 214, 217 Peninsula, 51, 70, 74, 119, 134, 150, 187, 201, 208 Alluvial plain, 125, 314 Southern, 3, 12, 47, 275 Alykes, 270, 272 Bañolas mandible, 28 Amărăști, 176–177, 181 Basalt, 201, 217–218, 220, 284 Anatolia (Asia Minor), 3, 79–80, 308–310 Basins, 51, 74, 99, 119, 139, 213, 281, 303 Central (Region), 128, 132, 134, 213, 217–218, 220, 223, 313 Anagni, 306 Eastern (Region), 217 Apennine, 310, 314 and hominin dispersals, 213–225 Beni Fouda, 307 North, 120 Čačak-Kraljevo, 140 Southeastern (Region), 215, 217, 220, 223 Carpathian, 51, 148 west, 119, 121 Denizli, 83 Anatomically modern human, 23, 36, 41, 44, 46, 55–56, 62, 70, 72, evolution on archaeological distributions, 313–317 76, 95, 111, 153, 165–166, 229 Grevena, 269, 272 Apidima, 4, 7–8, 11–12, 96, 310–311 Kalloni, 121–122 Apolakkia, 270–271 Megalopolis, 9, 12, 134–135, 298 Apollonia, 74, 270, 273, 276–277, 286–287 Mygdonia, 12, 273 Arago, 10, 25, 29, 56, 59, 87–90, 149, 312 Niš, 139, 146 Archaeological pattern, 303, 305 Pannonian, 15, 23, 319 Areopolis, 97 Thessalian, 310 Asprochaliko, 95, 148, 238–239, 253, 260 Venosa, 306 Assimilation model, 162 Belen Tepe, 221–222, 225 Atapuerca, 28, 276, 285, 287, 312, 318 Benkovski, 187, 205–209, 309 Sima de los Huesos, 27–29, 304, 306–307 BH-1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of Obsidian in the Eastern Mediterranean As Indication of Early Seafaring Practices in the Area a Thesis B
    The Distribution Of Obsidian In The Eastern Mediterranean As Indication Of Early Seafaring Practices In The Area A Thesis By Niki Chartzoulaki Maritime Archaeology Programme University of Southern Denmark MASTER OF ARTS November 2013 1 Στον Γιώργο 2 Acknowledgments This paper represents the official completion of a circle, I hope successfully, definitely constructively. The writing of a Master Thesis turned out that there is not an easy task at all. Right from the beginning with the effort to find the appropriate topic for your thesis until the completion stage and the time of delivery, you got to manage with multiple issues regarding the integrated presentation of your topic while all the time and until the last minute you are constantly wondering if you handled correctly and whether you should have done this or not to do it the other. So, I hope this Master this to fulfill the requirements of the topic as best as possible. I am grateful to my Supervisor Professor, Thijs Maarleveld who directed me and advised me during the writing of this Master Thesis. His help, his support and his invaluable insight throughout the entire process were valuable parameters for the completion of this paper. I would like to thank my Professor from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Nikolaos Efstratiou who help me to find this topic and for his general help. Also the Professor of University of Crete, Katerina Kopaka, who she willingly provide me with all of her publications –and those that were not yet have been published- regarding her research in the island of Gavdos.
    [Show full text]
  • Capítulo VIII Consideraciones Finales
    Capítulo VIII Consideraciones Finales 431 VIII. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES Entre finales del V milenio y principios del IV, parece ser que las sociedades del noreste de la Península Ibérica son testigos de un conjunto de transformaciones paulatinas que se reflejan en los patrones de asentamiento, así como en la organización social (Molist et alii, 1995). Desde nuestro objeto de estudio, el material lítico, también hemos querido acercarnos al conocimiento de tales transformaciones. Para ello, hemos analizado el utillaje lítico de varios contextos arqueológicos de este periodo. A este respecto, hemos explicado como durante el V milenio, los habitantes de lugares como Sant Pau del Camp, u otros contemporáneos como Hort d'en Grimau, Cova del Frare o Cova de l'Avellaner, explotaban aquellas rocas que tenían a su alrededor. El aprovisionamiento de litologías como el sílex, el jaspe o el cuarzo se realizaba en zonas cercanas al asentamiento. Aunque los métodos y las técnicas de talla estaban dirigidas a conseguir básicamente lascas, cuando las condiciones de los bloques y la materia prima lo permitían, se intentaban obtener soportes de mayores dimensiones como son las láminas. A partir de inicios del IV milenio la situación cambia sustancialmente, la utilización de las materias locales disminuyó considerablemente y empezaron a aprovecharse rocas de mejor calidad, que no parecían provenir de Catalunya. Entre éstas sobresale el sílex melado y esporádicamente la obsidiana. Si bien los sistemas técnicos no variaron demasiado con respecto a la talla de las rocas de origen local, los procesos imbricados en la explotación del sílex melado fueron totalmente diferentes. En este caso, los núcleos pasaban por una cuidadosa preparación dirigida a obtener, mediante presión, láminas de manera estandarizada.
    [Show full text]
  • Sourcing Epi-Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic
    Marginal Perspectives: Sourcing Epi-Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic Obsidian from the Öküzini Cave (SW Turkey) Tristan Carter, François-Xavier Le Bourdonnec, Metin Kartal, Gérard Poupeau, Thomas Calligaro, Philippe Moretto To cite this version: Tristan Carter, François-Xavier Le Bourdonnec, Metin Kartal, Gérard Poupeau, Thomas Calligaro, et al.. Marginal Perspectives: Sourcing Epi-Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic Obsidian from the Öküzini Cave (SW Turkey). Paléorient, CNRS, 2011, 37 (2), pp.123 - 149. 10.3406/paleo.2011.5427. hal-01743167 HAL Id: hal-01743167 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01743167 Submitted on 21 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. PART À MARGINAL PERSPECTIVES: SOURCING TIRÉS - EPI-PALAEOLITHIC TO CHALCOLITHIC OBSIDIAN FROM THE ÖKÜZINI CAV E ÉDITIONS (SW TURKEY) CNRS • T. CARTER, F.-X. LE BOURDONNEC, M. KARTAL, G. POUPEAU, T. CALLIGARO PART À and P. MORETTO TIRÉS - Abstract: Fifty-six pieces of obsidian from the Öküzini Cave in SW Anatolia were elementally characterised using particle induced X-ray emission [PIXE], the artefacts coming from strata that span the early Epi-Palaeolithic to Late Chalcolithic. The obsidian comes from two sources in southern Cappadocia, East Göllü Dağ and Nenezi Dağ (380 km distant), representing the earliest evidence for these sources’ use at distance.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Edible Land Snails in the Circum-Mediterranean : the Archaeological Evidence
    PETITS ANIMAUX ET SOCIÉTÉS HUMAINES. DU COMPLÉMENT ALIMENTAIRE AUX RESSOURCES UTILITAIRES XXIVe rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes Sous la direction de J.-P. Brugal et J. Desse Éditions APDCA, Antibes, 2004 Prehistoric edible land snails in the circum-Mediterranean : the archaeological evidence David LUBELL* Résumé Les escargots comestibles sont souvent abondants dans les gisements du Pléistocène final et de l’Holocène (c. 10000 à 6000 BP) partout en région méditerranéenne. Cette étude, la première à essayer de résumer sommairement ces données, soutient la thèse que la plupart de ces incidences représentent les déchets des repas préhistoriques. Abstract Edible land snails are often abundant in late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites (c. 10000 to c. 6000 BP) throughout the Mediterranean region. This chapter, the first attempt to summarize the evidence, argues that in almost every instance the land snails found in occupational deposits are the remains of prehistoric meals. * Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 0N8, Canada. <[email protected]> Department of Anthropology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada 77 [email protected] David LUBELL [land snails] together with a few other similar mollusks,... have – or ought to have – an honored placed in the history of food. For they represent the key and perhaps the solution to one of the greatest mysteries of our story : why and how did the human animal begin to herd and breed other animals for food ? (Fernández-Armesto, 2002, p. 56). Land snails are a frequent, often abundant, component in Late Pleistocene and early- to mid-Holocene archaeological sites throughout the circum- Mediterranean region (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • LAMPEA-Doc 2013 – Numéro 26 Vendredi 19 Juillet 2013 [Se Désabonner >>>]
    Laboratoire méditerranéen de Préhistoire (Europe – Afrique) Bibliothèque LAMPEA-Doc 2013 – numéro 26 vendredi 19 juillet 2013 [Se désabonner >>>] Suivez les infos en continu en vous abonnant au fil RSS http://sites.univ-provence.fr/lampea/spip.php?page=backend 1 - Actu - Fouille d'un important habitat néolithique à Vernègues – Cazan (Bouches- du-Rhône) 2 - Appel à candidatures - La Maison des Sciences de l’Homme de Montpellier lance un appel à programmes 3 - Congrès, colloques, réunions - 1839ème Réunion scientifique de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris - Cinquième Rencontre sur la Valorisation et la Préservation du Patrimoine Paléontologique (RV3P5) - 3rd annual meeting of the European Society for the study of Human Evolution (ESHE) 4 - Emplois, bourses, prix - La Ville de Lyon recrute un-e archéologue - Mise au concours d’un poste à Tübingen ... sur la Bourgogne - Mosaïques Archéologie recherche un(e) responsable d'opération néolithicien(ne) - Assistant Ingénieur en Humanités Numériques - Vu sur le site de la Bourse interministérielle des Emplois publics ... - Junior scientist position in luminescence dating (OSL) 5 - Expositions & animations - Randonnées-Découvertes « Sur les chemins de Cro-Magnon » 6 - Acquisitions bibliothèque DomCom/19.07.2013 Ce soir ! Séminaire, conférence La grotte ornée et sépulcrale de Cussac : premier bilan de 4 années de recherche par Jacques Jaubert http://sites.univ-provence.fr/lampea/spip.php?article2313 vendredi 19 juillet à 18 heures 30 Les Eyzies-de-Tayac La semaine prochaine Voir « Les manifestations » http://sites.univ-provence.fr/lampea/spip.php?article630 1 - Actu Fouille d'un important habitat néolithique à Vernègues – Cazan (Bouches-du- Rhône) http://sites.univ-provence.fr/lampea/spip.php?article2319 À Cazan, sur la commune de Vernègues et en bordure de la nationale 7, une fouille archéologique qui a duré trois mois vient de s'achever le 31 mai dernier.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: Prehistoric Art in Europe in This Chapter You Will... in This
    1 Chapter 1: Prehistoric Art in Europe Art History 1 2 In this Chapter You Will... • Be able to examine the origins of art in the prehistoric past. • Discover the location and motifs of Paleolithic cave art and assess the range of scholarly interpretations for them. 3 In this Chapter You Will... • Investigate the early use of architecture in domestic and sacred contexts, including megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge. 4 In this Chapter You Will... • Explore the use and meaning of human figurines in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. 5 In this Chapter You Will... • Be able to trace the emergence of pottery making and metalworking and examine the earliest works made of fired clay and hammered gold. 6 What is Prehistory? • Prehistory includes all of human existence before the emergence of writing; long before that, however, people were carving objects, painting images, and creating shelters and other structures 7 Discovering Ancient Art • In the Chauvet Cave in southeastern France we find images of horses, deer, mammoths, aurochs, and other animals that lived 30,000 years ago covering the walls and ceilings. 8 What’s so special about ancient art? • It is important to realize that 30,000 years ago our ancestors were not making “works of art” • Things we view as “art” today, may have only been tools of necessity or survival for their ancient makers. 9 Learning from the Past: • Art historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists use ancient art- along with fossils, pollen and artifacts- to help understand early human life and culture
    [Show full text]
  • Organização E Variabilidade Gravetense No S
    Universidade do Algarve Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais Organização e variabilidade das indústrias líticas durante o Gravetense no Sudoeste Peninsular Dissertação Doutoramento em Arqueologia João Manuel Figueiras Marreiros Faro, Dezembro de 2013 Imagem da capa: Ponta de dorso duplo biapontada (Vale Boi) Ilustração de Júlia Madeira Escala 1:2 (Marreiros et al. 2012) II UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS Organização e variabilidade das indústrias líticas durante o Gravetense no Sudoeste Peninsular (Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de doutor no ramo de Arqueologia) João Manuel Figueiras Marreiros Orientadores: Prof. Doutor Nuno Gonçalo Viana Pereira Ferreira Bicho FCHS, Universidade do Algarve Doutor Juan Francisco Gibaja Bao Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-IMF. Cataluña, España III O presente trabalho, redigido em português, não segue o novo (des)acordo ortográfico IV Agradecimentos Esta dissertação representa seis anos de investigação que, iniciada durante o Mestrado, fica marcada pela colaboração profissional e pessoal de um número alargado de pessoas e instituições, sem as quais grande parte do trabalho não teria sido possível e cujo agradecimento é eterno. Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer aos meus orientadores que me têm encaminhado ao longo destes últimos anos, Nuno Bicho e Juan Gibaja. Ainda que qualquer erro neste trabalho seja de minha única e exclusiva responsabilidade. O meu agradecimento para o Nuno é infindável e imperecível! O seu apoio como investigador, orientador, professor e amigo ao longo destes anos, desde os tempos de licenciatura, tem sido inexcedível. O Nuno reúne em si, na sua maneira de estar, pensar e ser, todas as qualidades de um excelente professor e orientador.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Pigs Reveal a Near-Complete Genomic Turnover Following Their Introduction to Europe
    This is a repository copy of Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/150689/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Frantz, Laurent A F, Haile, James, Lin, Audrey T et al. (97 more authors) (2019) Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. pp. 17231-17238. ISSN 1091-6490 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901169116 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: Anthropology 2 3 Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to 4 Europe 5 6 Authors 7 Laurent A.F. Frantz1,2,a,*, James Haile2,*, Audrey T. Lin2,3,*, Amelie Scheu4, Christina Geörg4, 8 Norbert Benecke5, Michelle Alexander6, Anna Linderholm2,7, Victoria E.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Neolithic Settlement Patterns and Exchange Networks in the Aegean
    reingruber.qxd 21/11/2011 11:11 Page 291 (Black plate) a l t e n Documenta Praehistorica XXXVIII (2011) Early Neolithic settlement patterns and exchange networks in the Aegean Agathe Reingruber The German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Eurasia Department, Berlin, DE [email protected] ABSTRACT – The Neolithisation process is one of the major issues under debate in Aegean archae- ology, since the description of the basal layers of Thessalian tell-settlements some fifty years ago. The pottery, figurines or stamps seemed to be of Anatolian origin, and were presumably brought to the region by colonists. The direct linking of the so-called ‘Neolithic Package’ with groups of people lea- ving Central Anatolia after the collapse of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B resulted in the colonisation model of the Aegean. This view is not supported by results obtained from natural sciences such as archaeobotany, radiocarbon analyses, and neutron activation on obsidian. When theories of social networks are brought into the discussion, the picture that emerges becomes much more differentia- ted and complex. IZVLE∞EK – Proces neolitizacije predstavlja enega glavnih vpra∏anj v okviru razprav v egejski arheo- logiji vsaj od opisa temeljnih plasti naselbin tipa tell v Tesaliji pred 50 leti. Za keramiko, figurine in pe≠atnike se je zdelo, da izvirajo iz podro≠ja Anatolije, in so jih na podro≠je Tesalije prinesli ko- lonisti. Neposredno povezovanje t.i. ‘neolitskega paketa’ s skupino ljudi, ki je zapustila centralno Ana- tolijo po padcu kulture predkerami≠nega neolitika B, je postalo osnova za egejski kolonizacijski mo- del. Ta vidik pa ne podpirajo rezultati iz naravoslovja kot so arheobotanika, radiokarbonske anali- ze in nevronska aktivacijska analiza obsidiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Ate the Birds: the Taphonomy of Sarakenos Cave, Greece
    Archaeol Anthropol Sci DOI 10.1007/s12520-017-0488-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Who ate the birds: the taphonomy of Sarakenos Cave, Greece Zbigniew M. Bochenski1 & Teresa Tomek 1 & Krzysztof Wertz1 & Małgorzata Kaczanowska2 & Janusz K. Kozłowski3 & Adamantios Sampson4 Received: 14 October 2016 /Accepted: 8 March 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The taphonomic analysis of avian remains from fourteenth century BC and permanently in the twentieth cen- Sarakenos Cave reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, tury AD. Sarakenos Cave is situated at an elevation of about many bird bones excavated there represent food remains of the 100 m above the level of the former lake; the entrance to the Eagle Owls rather than humans. The conclusion is based on cave, which is facing southwest, is 25 m broad and 3–4 m high the presence of traces of digestion, beak and claw punctures, and provides good light in the cave and an unobstructed view and indirect evidence that includes relative preservation of toward the Kopais basin (Kaczanowska et al. 2016b; Sampson particular elements, species composition, the lack of cut 2008a). In the recent past, the cave was used as a sheep pen, marks, and the absence of numerous traces of burning. which resulted in a layer of dung covering the floor. Specimens with medullary bone and traces of digestion indi- Archeological records indicate that Sarakenos Cave was cate that the owls killed breeding females in spring. Since it is visited sporadically by human groups during the Final unlikely that owls shared the cave with humans at the same Paleolithic, but it changed during the Mesolithic and time, it supports the notion based on archeological evidence Early Neolithic when human visits were more frequent that human groups did not inhabit it permanently.
    [Show full text]