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Nam Kading NBCA (NKD)

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Nam Kading NBCA (NKD) Nam Kading NBCA (NKD) 0GENERAL INFORMATION Name Nam Kading Translated Status Established by PM Decree 164, 29 October 1993 Location Latitude: 18o 11’ – 18o 39’ N Longitude: 103o 54’ – 104o44’ E Map Sheets Scale I: 50,000 5746-2 5846-3 5846-2 5745-1 5845-4 5845-1 5945-4 5845-3 5845-2 5945-3 Scale I: 100,000 E-48-53 E-48-54 E-48-65 E-48-66 Scale I: 200,000 E-48-15 Scale I: 500,000 E-48-A Province Bolikhamxai Districts Bolikham % Paksan % Pakkading % Khamkerd % Boundaries To the W and S follows the foot of the hills that rise abruptly from the Mekong lowlands. To the E follows the Nam Ao and Nam Xouang, and then foot of hills in the Nam Mouan valley, avoiding settled area on the valley floor. NW boundary follows the Nam Sun. Area 144,225 ha Proposed Extensions or Excisions Berkmüller's (1995) boundary excised the inhabited area in the Nam Pheung valley, which has been heavily degraded by shifting cultivation. In the NW, the boundary was extended about 10 km beyond the Nam Sun, into a lower area of forest. A sizeable extension was included in the SE, comprising the Nam Ao valley and part of the Nadi limestone massif. Forest corridors have been advocated to link NKD to the Khammouan Limestone - Nakai Nam Theun complex to the S and Nam Chouan PNBCA to the E. The KL corridor is proposed to include the NE fringe of the Nam Hai/Hinboun plain and forested ridges bordering the Nam Theun. Assessment of the best location for the Nam Chouan corridor awaits field surveys in that area. It is suggested that the cooridors would be managed as buffer areas, with sustainable local extractive uses permitted, but commercial logging forbidden. Reasons for Proposed Extensions or Excisions Berkmüller’s (1995) boundaries were drawn so as to maximise coverage of mature forest and minimise the inclusion of heavily degraded areas. Additionally, the Nam Ao valley was proposed for inclusion due to the differing faunal and floral character of its lower-lying forests, and the Nadi Limestone because high altitude karst is poorly represented elsewhere in the Lao PA system. The forest corridors are proposed to contribute towards an extensive complex of protected areas in Central Laos, maintaining gene flow between sub-populations of large vertebrates, and buffering against environmental change. It is hope that the habitat links to the KL and NNT will capture established Elephant migration roots. Access Route 13 (S) and route 8 skirt the S and SE boundaries. A dry season track runs from route 8 to villages on the SE boundary, and a logging road from Khamkerd district through Viengthong reaches the NE of the area. There are no roads within the NBCA itself, and the rivers are not navigable. Steep, often precipitous slopes mean that access to most areas is only by foot and arduous. Stakeholder Villages and Population District No. of Villages No. of Villages by type Population I II III IV TOTAL Note: No villages in main part of NBCA Principal Local Resource Uses Local people enter the area only occasionally for specific activities, such as to hunt or collect Mai Dam. Ethnic Composition 2 BRIEF HISTORY 1989 Two helicopter overflights to assess habitat (Nov./ Dec.) 1990 ‘Ground’ survey in June 1991 Selected for management planning and implementation during 1991-1995 by LSFCP and IUCN. This did not occur. 1992 Abandonment of Ban Donme – evacuation was requested by locals due to security concerns. 1993 NBCA declared. 1994/1995 WCS field surveys to assess impacts of planned Theun-Hinboun and Nam Theun 1 hydropower projects (late ‘94 – early ’95). 1998 Theun-Hinboun became operational (31.03.1998). 2008 Nam Theun 1 project suspended until this date, when its economic viability is due to be reviewed (Hydropower Office, verbally). 3 ECOLOGY Physical Features The Main body of Nam Kading is formed from a massif of steep, densely forested hills at altitudes mostly from 500-1200 m. The area is traversed by the Nam Kading river, which flows from the S to the W boundary, and the Nam Mouan, which enters the area from the E and joins the Nam Kading close to the centre of the NBCA. These major rivers generally form a steep valley system, except around the former settlement of Ban Donme, where the banks of the Nam Kading are gently sloping. The streams that feed these rivers from the surrounding hills are generally seasonal. Exposed rock faces are common, and are especially impressive along the SW border. The escarpment along the W boundary is formed by a major geological contact between the Mz1 and Mz2 units (difficult to make sense of this without more info on local geology – Mz2 are Cretaceous red sandstones, but Mz1, which forms the vast bulk of the NBCA, includes a large range of different facies). Berkmüller’s (1995) extensions include areas of lower hill forest to the NW and SE, and an area of high altitude limestone karst. Elevation 160m – 1600m. Climate On high rainfall finger which extends ENE from NNT to PKK. How is this formed? – air currents from central Thailand rising as it reaches uplands on the E side of the Mekong, or wet air from Vietnam? Main Forest Types Mostly dry evergreen/semi-evergreen forest on high relief terrain, but some areas of mixed deciduous. The Nam Kading valley is dominated by broadleaf evergreen forests with a high density of large trees, and of species attractive to frugivores. Surveyors in 1994-1995 considered much of the forest to show signs of past disturbance from fire or cultivation. The natural influence of topography and soil type is not well understood, however, and the forest does show high species diversity with 83 tree species recorded in a sample of 428 individuals from two areas. Three species of dipterocarp accounted for a large percentage of trees recorded. Forest in the lower relief Nam Ao valley showed large differences in species composition. Other Habitat Features The stretch of the Nam Kading passing through the NBCA was the most pristine lowland riverine habitat in Laos. It also appeared to form an appreciable biogeographic boundary for arboreal groups such as Callosciurus squirrels and langurs. These values must have been seriously impacted by the Theun-Hinboun hydropower project, however. Recorded Vertebrates1 MAMMALS Common Name Scientific Name National Global Lao Risk Priority Threat Status Category Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica HNP GNT ARL Large loris species No Species Identified - - - Small loris species No Species Identified - - - Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina - VU PARL Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis - VU PARL Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta - GNT PARL Bear Macaque Macaca arctoides - VU PARL Francois’s Langur Semnopithecus francoisi - DD PARL Phayre’s Langur Semnopithecus phayrei INP DD PARL Douc Langur Pythagrix nemaeus HNP EN ARL White-cheeked Crested Hylobates leucogenys HNP DD PARL Gibbon Yellow-cheeked Crested Hylobates gabriellae INP DD LKL Gibbon Dhole Cuon alpinus HNP VU ARL Bear species No Species Identified - - - Back-striped Weasel Mustela strigidorsa - VU LKL Hog Badger Arctonyx collaris - 0 LKL Oriental Small-clawed Aonyx cinerea HNP GNT ARL Otter Otter species No Species Identified - - - Binturong Arctictis binturong HNP 0 ARL Asian Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii INP GNT LKL Asian Elephant Elephas maximus HNP EN ARL Pig species No Species Identified - - - Sambar Cervus eldii - 0 PARL Large-antlered Muntjac Muntiacus vuquangensis - N/A PARL 1 See priority/ threat/ risk classification key at the end of this section. Gaur Bos gaurus HNP VU ARL Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor - 0 PARL Inornate Squirrel Callosciurus inornatus - VU LKL East Asian Porcupine Hystrix brachyura - VU 0 BIRDS Common Name Scientific Name National Global Lao Risk Priority Threat Status Category Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri - Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis HNP Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus tickelli - Wreathed Hornbill Aceros undulatus - Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules - Coral-billed Ground Carpococcyx renauldi - Cuckoo Pale-capped Pigeon Columba punicea INP Yellow-vented Green Treron seimundi - Pigeon White-bellied Green Treron sieboldii - Pigeon Long-billed Plover Charadrius placidus - River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii INP Small Pratincole Glareola lactea - Rufous-winged Buzzard Butastur liventer - Darter Anhinga melanogaster - Grey Heron Ardea cinerea - Blue-naped Pitta Pitta nipalensis - Blue-rumped Pitta Pitta soror - Swinhoe’s Minivet Pericrocotus cantonensis - Brown Dipper Cinclus pallasii - Fujian Niltava Niltava davidi - Green Cochoa Cochoa viridis - Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii - Grey Laughingthrush Garrulax maesi - Sooty Babbler Stachyris herberti - Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus - . CLASSIFICATION KEY (from Duckworth et al., 1999) National Priority Categories ANP: Acute National Priority; HNP: High National Priority; INP: Intermediate National Priority Global Threat Categories 0: not listed as of concern; DD: data deficient; GNT: globally near-threatened; GT-CR: globally threatened - critical; GT-EN: globally threatened - endangered; GT-VU: globally threatened - vulnerable; n/a: not applicable. Lao Risk Status 0: not at risk in Lao PDR; ARL: at risk in Lao PDR; CARL: conditionally at risk in Lao PDR; LKL: little known in Lao PDR; n/a: not applicable; PARL: potentially at risk in Lao PDR. 4 PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NBCA SYSTEM Biodiversity Values This is a mid/high ranking site for biological importance, the most valuable of the Annamite Fringe NBCAs (Ling 1999), and most important NBCA for evergreen forest conservation in biogeographic subunit 10A after Xe Pian (Berkmüller 1995). There are good numbers of key species for both birds and mammals, including populations of Elephant, Gaur, Giant Muntjac, gibbons, Sooty Babbler and Rufous-throated Fulvetta. There are furthermore two species of bird not recorded in any other NBCA, including Pale-capped pigeon (GT-VU;LKL), and one of only two NBCAs with confirmed records of Binturong (ARL).
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