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Home , Hamas, Moshe Dayan

No. 9

January 18, 2001

THE ROLE OF IN THE AQSA INTIFADA

Meir Litvak Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies

Since it was founded in 1987, Hamas (the parameters of the negotiations and force to Islamic ) has consistently accept an agreement more favorable to the opposed the peace process. Hamas played an . This constitutes a victory for important, if indirect, role in the events leading Hamas strategy. Since the signing of the up to the outbreak of Israeli-Palestinian violence Declaration of Principles in 1993, Hamas in September 2000. In general, Hamas spokesmen have claimed that the path of hardened Israeli security positions and led Israel negotiations with Israel leads only to to implement more severe security measures. concessions, with no quid pro quo, since Israel These, in turn, imposed greater hardships on seeks to impose its solution on the Palestinians. Palestinians and weakened public support for the They have criticized the PLO for abandoning the peace process, making it even more difficult for military option when it signed the , the Palestinian Authority (PA) to justify to its thereby renouncing an important means of own public any concessions in the negotiations. pressure on Israel. As an alternative to Arafat’s More immediately, Hamas contributed to the strategy, they have advocated the kind of chain of events by waging a vigorous struggle waged by Hizbullah, which led to propaganda campaign against alleged Israeli domestic pressure in Israel and eventually to efforts to undermine the foundations of al-Aqsa unilateral Israel withdrawal from Lebanon. Even Mosque. The highly charged atmosphere before the withdrawal, and especially afterward, produced by this campaign explains the violent, they have argued that Israel only understands the albeit spontaneous Palestinian reaction to Ariel language of force, and that the only way to Sharon’s controversial visit to the confront it and extract concessions from it is on 28 September. And by pointing to al-Aqsa as therefore the armed struggle, or . the spark for the confrontation, Hamas reinforced Since the outbreak of the violence, greater its argument that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict hostility toward Israel and Hamas’ role in is essentially a religious conflict between two mobilizing the public have forced the PA, at least polar opposites, in which there can be no for the time being, to end its repression of compromise. Hamas. Under public pressure, the PA released The current confrontation began as a mass almost all Hamas detainees, except for a few uprising but Yasir Arafat and the PA quickly who were kept under protective custody, i.e., to embraced it as an instrument to change the protect them from Israel, or for some political figures whose activities were directed primarily

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against the PA itself. The release of Hamas are willing to accept any Israeli withdrawal, they prisoners enabled the movement to rebuild its object to any undertaking involving renunciation operational infrastructure, which had been of Palestinian claims to all the territory taken by damaged during the previous two years as a Israel in 1948. In other words, they adhere to the result of “work accidents” and the killing of so-called “Lebanese model” that would allow the military operatives. In short order, the results Palestinians to renew the struggle for national were seen in the bombings in , , objectives in more favorable conditions, or to an and elsewhere. approach that recalls the strategy of stages endorsed by the PLO itself in 1974. Thus, But while the PA has adopted Hamas’ Hamas is confirmed in its strategic concept, operational line of thinking, the relations which views the current confrontation as merely between them remain problematic, and Arafat’s a stage in a protracted struggle that will attitude toward Hamas is ambivalent and highly eventually produce final victory in the form of reserved. This stems from a different view of Israel’s destruction. Palestinian tactics and strategy in the current confrontation. It is also a function of Hamas’ Of course, Hamas recognizes that the intifada understanding that fundamental differences has strengthened Arafat’s position, at least in the between the two parties over issues like the short term. But they believe that his popularity character of the emerging Palestinian state and will last only as long as he persists in his the nature of Palestinian society have been aggressive posture toward Israel and does not temporarily suppressed but have not disappeared. concede sacred Palestinian principles. Moreover, they stress that the popular outburst of Hamas takes satisfaction from the fact that rage in the territories was also an expression of Arafat is now pursuing a course of confrontation growing Palestinian frustration with Arafat’s with Israel, and the movement’s leaders are rotten and corrupt regime. Since Arafat cannot prepared to back him as long as he persists in this solve or substantially change the nature of the course. But while Arafat wants to use the PA, they believe that these trends will strengthen confrontation in order to apply pressure on Israel Hamas over the long term. and secure a settlement on favorable terms, Hamas insists, as it has always done, that the From Hamas’ point of view, any agreement with struggle is not tactical but rather strategic. In Israel would be undesirable. But even if this other words, it should not aim to improve scenario materializes, Hamas leaders do not Palestinian bargaining positions in a political believe that it would be a serious setback for the process. Instead, it should aim to force Israel to movement. As long as the confrontation withdraw unconditionally, without any continues, the number of Palestinian casualties Palestinian commitments in return. will rise and the economic and social damage Consequently, Hamas leaders, notwithstanding will increase, as will the hatred between the two the current détente between Hamas and the PA, peoples. As a result, any agreement after this continue to criticize Arafat for what they see as round of confrontation will be brittle and riddled his excessively conciliatory approach to Israel, with suspicion, and will not herald any real for his desire to reach some kind of settlement, or reconciliation. That means that the option of even for his willingness to discuss ways to lower struggle will be preserved until such time as the level of violence. circumstances change in favor of the Arab side and allow the complete realization of Palestinian By contrast, Hamas spokesmen have reiterated national objectives. their aim of “liberating” all of , from Rosh Hanikra in the north to in the south and from the desert to the sea. And while they

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