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Ii. the Writing of Church History

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Ii. the Writing of Church History INTRODUCTION TO CHURCH HISTORY I. WHAT IS CHURCH HISTORY? A. History may be defined first as an incident. B. A second meaning for history is information about an incident. (Comes from the Attic Greek word historeo which meant to learn by inquiry or investigation) C. A third meaning for history is inquiry or research to check as well as find data about the past. D. Interpretation is thus a fourth meaning for history. E. History as an event is absolute, occurring only once in time and space; but history as information, inquiry and interpre- tation is relative and subject to change. F. History may be defined as the interpreted record of the socially significant human past, based on organized data collected by the scientific method from archaeological, literary, or living sources. II. THE WRITING OF CHURCH HISTORY: A. The Scientific Element. (The historian seeks to get as "close" to the event as possible) B. The Philosophic Element. (Historians divide into schools and philosophies of history as they pursue the meaning). 1. The "Pessimists" who often adopt a materialistic approach to reality and are obsessed with the failure of man. (Spengler) 2. The "Optimists" who see man as the main and determina- tive factor in history. (Toynbee, Hegel, Marx) 3. The "Pessimistic-Optimists" emphasize the failure of man but are optimistic concerning man's future. They approach history as biblical theists who seek to find the glory of God in the historic process. C. The Artistic Element. 2 1. Those who record history should seek to do so in such a way that it will be interesting. 2. History is for all. III. THE VALUE OF CHURCH HISTORY: A. Church history links the past factual data of the Christian gospel with the future proclamation and application of that gospel in a present synthesis that creates understanding of our great heritage and inspiration for its further proclamation and application. B. Church History is an Aid to Understanding the Present. 1. Why are there so many different groups of believers? 2. Why are there so many different liturgical practices? 3. What developed and survived as doctrine? C. Church History as a Guide. 1. The present is often the product of the past and the seed of the future. 1 Cor 10:6,11; Rom 15:4 2. One can come to see old heresies in their new guise. D. Church History as a Motivating Force. 1. It edifies, inspires, and stimulates a higher spiritual life. 2. It is as important to know one's spiritual ancestry so as to become a better heavenly citizen as it is to know the history of one's land to become a better earthly citizen. 3. This leads to a greater appreciation of one's place and role within the Body of Christ. E. Church History as a Practical Tool: 1. A student of the Word will have a greater appreciation of Basic Doctrines as he sees their historical develop- ment throughout church history. 2. The church at sometime in its history has probably served to illustrate every biblical point. F. Church History as a Stabilizing Force: 1. Man's history will never be complete without including in it his beliefs. 2. Tyrants throughout history have tried to remove the beliefs of the church to install a false religion. 3 IV. THE ORGANIZATION OF CHURCH HISTORY: A. The Branches of Church History: 1. The Political elements involves relations between the church and the state/secular environment. 2. The Propagation of the Church through Missions cannot be ignored. 3. The Persecution of the Church is important because it is usually during or right after these times that the church makes it greatest advances. 4. The Polity which is the government of the church is also important. 5. The Polemics is the church's struggle against heresy and analysis of its own position. 6. The Praxis of the church is the practical outworking in life of the Christian faith. 7. The Presentation of Truth by the church is also important to church history. B. Periods of Church History: (Let us remember that history is a continuous stream of events within the framework of time and space-thus this system is artificial) 1. Ancient Church History. 5 B.C.-A.D.590 a. The Spread of Christianity to 100. b. The Struggle of the Old Catholic Imperial Church for survival. 100-313 c. The Supremacy of the Old Catholic Imperial Church. 313-590 2. Medieval Church History. 590-1517 a. The Rise of the Empire and Latin-Teutonic Chris- tianity. 590-800 b. Changes in Relationships between the church and the state. 800-1054 c. The Supremacy of the Papacy. 1054--1305 d. Medieval Sunset and Modern Sunrise. 1305-1517 3. Modern Church History. 1517- a. Reformation and Counter Reformation. 1517-1648 (Lutheran, Anglican, Calvinist, Anabaptist) b. Rationalism, Revivalism and Denominationalism. 1648-1789 c. Revivalism, Missions, and Modernism. 1789-1914 d. Tension. 1914- 4 CHURCH HISTORY-LESSON 2 THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE EMPIRE TO 100 A.D. THE FULLNESS OF THE TIME: (GAL 4:4; MK 1:15) I. THE ENVIRONMENT A. Political Contributions of Romans 1. The Romans, as no other people up to their time, developed a sense of unity of mankind under a universal law. (Prepared the world for universal sin and a sal- vation that makes them a part of a universal organism) a. They stressed application of a universal law to all of their citizens. b. In the 5th century B.C. they codified the 12 Tables and taught them to every schoolboy. c. In 212 B.C. under Caracalla, all freemen in the empire were given Roman citizenship, thus all were under one system of law and citizens of one king- dom. d. This laid a foundation for the proclamation of our heavenly citizenship. Php 3:20 2. Free movement about the Mediterranean world would have been very difficult for the messengers of the gospel before the reign of Augustus Caesar (27 B.C.-A.D.14) 3. The Romans developed an excellent system of roads that were built of concrete. 4. The role of the Roman army in the development of the ideal of a universal organization and in the spread of the gospel should not be ignored. 5. Romans conquests led to a loss of belief by many peoples in their gods because the gods had not been able to keep them from defeat by the Romans. 6. The Roman religions provided little comfort as well. a. Worship of Cybele, the great earth mother was brought to Rome from Phrygia (area East of Asia Minor). b. Worship of Isis, from Egypt, was similar to that of Cybele. c. Worship of Mithra from Persia appealed to the Roman soldiers. d. All these religions emphasized a savior-god. 5 B. Intellectual Contributions of the Greeks: 1. Where Rome prepared the way politically, Athens did do intellectually. 2. A universal gospel was in need of a universal language. a. The Attic Greek dialect used by the Athenians in classical Greek literature, became the language that Alexander et al modified, enriched, and spread throughout the ancient world. b. This became known as the Koine or common Greek. c. It was so different from the classical that some theologians thought it to be a special language given by the Holy Spirit to write the N.T. d. Adolph Deissman in the late 1800's discovered that it was actually the Greek of the common man. 3. Greek philosophy prepared for the coming of Christian- ity by destroying the older religions. a. This intellectual discipline made the polytheistic religions unintelligible, so many turned to philosophy. b. But philosophy failed to satisfy spiritual needs. c. At the First Advent philosophy had declined from the peak reached by Plato to a system of self- centered individualistic thought such as Stoicism or Epicureanism. d. Philosophy could only make God an intellectual abstraction. It could never reveal a personal God of love. e. The great Greek philosophers (Plato and Socrates of 5th Century B.C.) served Christianity by calling others to a reality that transcended the temporal and relative world. f. They insisted that reality was not temporal and material but spiritual and eternal. Their search for truth never led them to a personal God, but it demonstrated the best man can do in seeking God through the intellect. 4. The Greek people also contributed in a religious way to making the world ready to accept the new Christian religion when it appeared. a. The advent of materialistic Greek philosophy in the 6th century B.C. destroyed the faith of the Greek peoples in the old polytheistic worship that is described in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. b. Philosophy became a system of pragmatic individualism under the successors of the Sophists. 6 c. Stoics, like Zeno, considered the supernatural, but its god was so closely identified with creation that it was pantheistic. Stoicism taught the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man and held to a highly desirable code of ethics, but it left man by rational processes to worked out his own obedience to the natural laws that he discovered by unaided reason. d. Many of the "mystery" religions taught people to think in terms of sin and redemption, but offered no real solutions. II. RELIGIOUS CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE JEWS: Where Rome set the political climate and Athens set the philosophical climate for the early church, Judaism set the relational climate. Jewish people did not seek to discover God by processes of human reason, instead they assumed His existence and granted Him the worship they felt was His due.
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