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Development of a Rotary Thermomagnetic Motor for Thermal Energy Conversion

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Development of a Rotary Thermomagnetic Motor for Thermal Energy Conversion Lucas Diego Rodrigues Ferreira DEVELOPMENT OF A ROTARY THERMOMAGNETIC MOTOR FOR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION. São Paulo 2019 Lucas Diego Rodrigues Ferreira DEVELOPMENT OF A ROTARY THERMOMAGNETIC MOTOR FOR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION. Doctor’s thesis presented to Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo is fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Science degree. São Paulo 2019 Lucas Diego Rodrigues Ferreira DEVELOPMENT OF A ROTARY THERMOMAGNETIC MOTOR FOR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION. Doctor’s thesis presented to Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo is fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Science degree. Area: Mechanical Engineering Advisor: Prof. Ph.D. Oswaldo Horikawa São Paulo 2019 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Este exemplar foi revisado e corrigido em relação à versão original, sob responsabilidade única do autor e com a anuência de seu orientador. São Paulo, ______ de ____________________ de __________ Assinatura do autor: ________________________ Assinatura do orientador: ________________________ Catalogação-na-publicação Ferreira, Lucas Diego Rodrigues DEVELOPMENT OF A ROTARY THERMOMAGNETIC MOTOR FOR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION / L. D. R. Ferreira -- versão corr. -- São Paulo, 2019. 173 p. Tese (Doutorado) - Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica. 1.Materiais Magnéticos 2.Simulação de Sistemas 3.Motores Térmicos 4.Energia Térmica I.Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Politécnica. Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica II.t. To my loving and supporting parents Luiz Fernando and Roseli Aparecida, And to my partner in love and life, Juliana Rodrigues i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was made possible thanks to the contributions of many people. In first place I would like to thank my advisor, Prof. Oswaldo Horikawa, he was always willing to help me in a kind manner in every step of this Ph.D. Following my gratitude is directed to Prof. Sergio Gama, who exercised a mentorship advisory position through the process of research, with many insightful and enlightening discussions. I am also extremely grateful to my colleagues both in the University of São Paulo, and the L3M laboratory from the Federal University of São Paulo, especial regards are destined to Carlos V.X. Bessa, Rogério Issamu Yamamoto, André Paganotti, Prof. Ricardo Galdino, the technicians Cesar Celestino de Souza e Silva and Samuel de Paula Rodrigues, and the many other students and collaborators who have made the research a much easier and enjoyable process. A special regard is designated in memoriam of Professor Isaias da Silva, his base research is the fundament of the Rotary Thermomagnetic Motor developed in this thesis, but more importantly, he will always be missed as a colleague and a friend. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and family, without whom this research would be impossible, especially to my partner Juliana Rodrigues. ii SUMMARY Thermomagnetic motors can represent an alternative for the conversion of heat into mechanical energy, limited by the critical transition temperature (TC) of the used magnetic materials. Thus, by using materials with a TC close to room temperature, the energy available in the form of low-grade heat sources can be converted into useful mechanical work. This thesis proposes the development of a thermomagnetic motor to be operated with heat sources at temperatures in the range from 343 to 353 K, and a heat sink at room temperature, using water as the heat transfer fluid, presenting a novel approach to the construction of thermomagnetic devices. The design of this thermomagnetic motor was developed with the intent of producing a rotary movement, working similarly to an electric stepper motor, where instead of the electromagnetic coils being activated by an electric current, plates of a magnetic material change their magnetization state, due to a change in their temperature caused by the heat transfer with the heat transfer fluid. The analysis of the thermomagnetic motor proposed was done with the adoption of an integrated approach of numerical simulation and experimental validation. The evaluation of the motor is divided into the three main physical phenomena it encompasses: the magnetic field source, the heat transfer processes involved in the change of temperature of the magnetic material, and the system dynamics and power production. Each of these systems was modeled using computational tools. These models were then validated according to the data measured, obtained from a test stand of an idealized thermomagnetic motor, and for a rotary thermomagnetic motor. This methodology allowed a more comprehensive understanding of the critical working principles of the motor developed, and with that a fast advancement of the technology through a validated computational model. The computational models helped to identify the critical components to be improved in the development of these motors. These parameters can be guidelines for the design of thermomagnetic motors. One of the ways identified to produce a significant performance improvement, in the simulations, was the adoption of a control strategy that promotes the regeneration of heat in the plates of magnetic material, through which an improvement in the efficiency of 2.7 times could be achieved. Keywords: Magnetic Materials, Systems Simulations, Heat Engine, Thermal Energy iii RESUMO Motores termomagnéticos representam uma alternativa para a conversão de calor em energia mecânica, limitada apenas pela temperatura crítica da transição termomagnética (TC) dos materiais magnéticos. Ao usar materiais com TC próximo à temperatura ambiente, pode-se realizar a conversão da energia contida nas chamadas fontes pobres de calor, produzindo trabalho mecânico útil. Esta tese propõe o desenvolvimento de um motor termomagnético para operação com fontes de calor com temperaturas entre 343 e 353 K, e resfriamento à temperatura ambiente, utilizando a água como fluído de troca térmica, apresentando uma abordagem inovadora para dispositivos termomagnéticos. O motor foi projetado para produção de movimento rotativo de um eixo, per meio de um princípio similar ao de um motor de passo, no qual em vez de bobinas ativadas pela passagem de corrente elétrica, placas de material magnético sofrem uma mudança em seu estado de magnetização, devido à mudança de temperatura, causada pela troca de calor com a água. A análise do motor termomagnético proposto foi realizada com a adoção de uma abordagem integrada de simulações numéricas e validação experimental, dividindo a avaliação dos motores nos três principais fenômenos físicos envolvidos em seu funcionamento: a fonte de campo magnético, o processo de troca térmica envolvido na mudança de temperatura do material magnético, a dinâmica do sistema e produção de potência. Cada um destes sistemas foi modelado usando ferramentas computacionais. Os resultados obtidos foram então validados utilizando dados experimentais, obtidos a partir da construção e caracterização de uma bancada de testes para um motor termomagnético idealizado, e também para o motor termomagnético rotativo construído. Esta metodologia propiciou maior entendimento das funções críticas do motor desenvolvido, e possibilitou ainda sua otimização, através do estudo dos modelos computacionais validados. Os parâmetros obtidos ajudaram a identificar componentes críticos para melhoria no projeto do motor rotativo construído, e servem também como guias gerais para projetos de motores termomagnéticos. Um dos componentes com elevado potencial de melhoria foi a adoção de uma estratégia de controle para a regeneração do calor nas placas de material magnético, o que possibilitou, nas simulações, uma melhoria até 2,7 vezes na eficiência. Palavras-chave: Materiais Magnéticos, Simulação de Sistemas, Motores Térmicos. iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The “curious thermo-magnetic motor”. ......................................................................... 11 Figure 2: Cover of the magazine Scientific American from August 1887, presenting the Pyromagnetic motors developed by Edison. ................................................................................. 13 Figure 3: Edison’s patents submitted in 1887, (a) the Pyromagnetic Motor, converting heat into mechanical movement, and (b) the Pyromagnetic Dynamo, used to convert heat into electricity directly. .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4: Thermo-magnetic motor patented by Tesla, (a) initial position of the motor, and (b) the second stage of the movement of the motor. ................................................................................. 16 Figure 5: A Thermo-magnetic motor with two ferromagnetic materials linked and without the action of a spring. .......................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 6: Historical development of the research of Thermomagnetic devices for energy conversion, in the graph each bar plot represent a 5 years period. ................................................ 20 Figure 7: Network analysis mapping of the systematic bibliometric search of the paper related to the field of thermomagnetic energy conversion within the Web of Science database. ................. 22 Figure 8: Two different theoretical models
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