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Orígenes Y Tipología De La Terminología Armamentística En Inglés Medio

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Orígenes Y Tipología De La Terminología Armamentística En Inglés Medio Orígenes y tipología de la terminología armamentística en inglés medio Miguel Luis Poveda Balbuena DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA INGLESA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS Orígenes y tipología de la terminología armamentística en inglés medio Miguel Luis Poveda Balbuena Tesis presentada para aspirar al grado de DOCTOR POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE MENCIÓN DE DOCTOR INTERNACIONAL PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO: Filosofía y letras Dirigida por: Dr. José Ramón Belda Medina Agradecimientos La realización de esta tesis doctoral no hubiera posible sin la ayuda y el apoyo de muchas personas que siempre han estado a mi lado cuando las necesitaba. En primer lugar, quisiera expresar mi más sincera gratitud al director de este trabajo, el Dr. José Ramón Belda Medina. Especialmente por su apoyo constante en el desarrollo de la investigación y las correcciones que siempre de un modo acertado insistió en señalar, como mi extraño uso en ocasiones del punto y coma. Además quisiera también darle las gracias por su calidad humana y su paciencia a lo largo de estos años. Merecen también un sincero agradecimiento mi tutor de doctorado, el Prof. Miguel Ángel Campos, por su ayuda en la fase inicial del proyecto, y mis colegas de la Universidad Pedagógica de Cracovia, de los cuales he aprendido tanto acerca del trabajo en la universidad, por haberme brindado la posibilidad de publicar artículos en las revistas universitarias y participar en varias conferencias. Mi gratitud también va hacia mis estudiantes de filologías modernas de Cracovia por haberse portado siempre tan bien conmigo. Compartir el tiempo con ellos hace que ir a trabajar sea mejor cada día. Quisiera también dar las gracias a mis padres, Luis y Trinidad, por el cariño que siempre han mostrado, a mi abuela, especialmente por el pollo al ajillo, y al resto de mi familia. Mi agradecimiento también va a mis amigos por comprender mi ausencia en muchas partidas, y de un modo muy especial, a mi prometida Aleksandra, sobre todo por su comprensión y mi relativa poca disponibilidad en los últimos meses de trabajo en esta tesis doctoral. Por último, deseo mostrar mi agradecimiento también a cualquiera que haya podido olvidar en esta página, así como a aquellos que ya no están entre nosotros pero sin duda nos ven desde algún lugar. Índice de contenidos 1. Introducción 13 2. Marco teórico 21 2.1 PERIODIZACIÓN DEL INGLÉS MEDIO 21 2.2 LENGUAS EN CONTACTO CON EL INGLÉS HASTA FINALES DEL SIGLO XV 23 2.2.1 Lenguas en contacto con el inglés antiguo 23 2.2.2 Lenguas en contacto con el inglés medio 27 2.3 LOS PRÉSTAMOS LÉXICOS EN INGLÉS MEDIO 32 2.3.1 Definición del préstamo 32 2.3.2 Préstamos de origen celta y nórdico 40 2.3.3 Préstamos de origen francés y latino 43 2.3.4 Préstamos de otras lenguas 49 2.4 LA TERMINOLOGÍA ARMAMENTÍSTICA EN INGLÉS MEDIO 50 2.5 RECURSOS LEXICOGRÁFICOS COMO HERRAMIENTAS DE TRABAJO 55 3. Objetivos 59 4. Metodología 61 4.1 CREACIÓN DEL MIDDLE ENGLISH WEAPONRY CORPUS (MEWC) 61 4.1.1 Criterios de inclusión y exclusión 61 4.1.2 Terminología que compone el MEWC 62 4.2 MÉTODO DE ANÁLISIS DE LOS TÉRMINOS DEL MEWC 67 4.2.1 Orígenes. Términos nativos y préstamos 67 4.2.2 Tipología de los términos del MEWC 67 5. Análisis del MEWC 71 5.1 ESTRUCTURA 71 5.2 ANÁLISIS INDIVIDUAL DE LOS TÉRMINOS DEL MEWC 74 6. Resultados 199 6.1 ORÍGENES DE LA TERMINOLOGÍA DEL MEWC 199 6.1.1 Términos nativos y préstamos 199 6.1.2 Terminología del MEWC según su origen 201 6.1.3 Imposición y adopción 204 6.2 CATEGORÍAS DE ARMAMENTO, OBJETOS NUEVOS Y YA EXISTENTES, Y ORÍGENES DE LA TERMINOLOGÍA DEL MEWC 205 6.2.1 Categorías de armamento del MEWC 205 6.2.2 Categorías de armamento y orígenes 207 6.2.3 Objetos nuevos y objetos ya existentes 215 6.2.4 Objetos nuevos y objetos ya existentes en relación con su origen 217 6.3 TIPOS DE PRÉSTAMOS 221 6.3.1 Tipos de préstamos del total 221 6.3.2 Tipos de préstamos y orígenes 223 7. Conclusiones 229 8. Resumen y conclusiones en inglés 239 8.1 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH 239 8.2 CONCLUSIONS IN ENGLISH 240 9. Límites de la investigación 245 10. Futuras líneas de estudio 247 11. Bibliografía 249 Índice de tablas Tabla 1. Términos nativos y préstamos del MEWC 201 Tabla 2. Orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 203 Tabla 3. Imposición y adopción de los préstamos del MEWC 204 Tabla 4. Armamento ofensivo de combate cercano y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 208 Tabla 5. Armamento ofensivo de asta y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 209 Tabla 6. Armamento ofensivo de tiro y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 210 Tabla 7. Armamento defensivo corporal y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 212 Tabla 8. Armamento defensivo: escudos y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 213 Tabla 9. Armamento defensivo de la montura y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 214 Tabla 10. Armamento general ofensivo y/o defensivo y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 215 Tabla 11. Objetos nuevos y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 218 Tabla 12. Objetos ya existentes y orígenes de la terminología del MEWC 220 Tabla 13. Tipos de préstamos del total del MEWC 222 Tabla 14. Tipos de préstamos de origen francés del MEWC 224 Tabla 15. Tipos de préstamos de origen nórdico del MEWC 225 Tabla 16. Tipos de préstamos de origen latino del MEWC 226 Tabla 17. Tipos de préstamos de origen celta del MEWC 227 Tabla 18. Tipos de préstamos de origen neerlandés o bajo alemán del MEWC 228 Lista de abreviaturas A Anglo adj. Adjetivo Cat. Catalán Cp. Comparar CASD Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary CF Francés central CL Lenguas celtas DAF Dictionnaire de l’ancien français DEHF Dictionnaire étymologique et historique du français DELL Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine DMF Dictionnaire du moyen français F Francés Gael. Gaélico L Latín LGR Le Grand Robert de la langue française Ir Irlandés MDu Neerlandés medio MED Middle English Dictionary ML Latín medieval MLG Bajo alemán medio NF Francés normando OE Inglés antiguo OED Oxford English Dictionary OF Francés antiguo OI Islandés antiguo OIr Irlandés antiguo OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary ON Nórdico antiguo OSc Escocés antiguo OW Galés antiguo Port. Portugués prob. Probable REW Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch WOLD World Loanword Database WS Sajón occidental v. Verbo 1. Introducción En sus mil quinientos años de historia, desde la lengua continental que llegó a la Britania romana con las invasiones germánicas hasta la lengua global que conocemos hoy, el inglés es posiblemente la lengua germánica que más ha cambiado y evolucionado en poco tiempo, hasta tal punto que un hablante nativo, no instruido en la historia de la lengua inglesa, aborda un texto de hace más de mil años como si de una lengua extranjera se tratara. Como apunta Trask (2007), “it is spectacularly different from the English we use now (…) and we can’t read it without special study” (p. 2). Si no se está familiarizado con el inglés de ese período se podría dudar acerca de que el texto esté escrito en inglés y no en noruego, islandés u otra lengua. Por el contrario, los textos editados en otras lenguas, como el francés, el alto alemán o el castellano anteriores al siglo XIV poseen un mayor grado de inteligibilidad para un hablante nativo de hoy y resultan más fácilmente identificables con un estado anterior de la propia lengua1. Resulta interesante el modo en que Knowles (2005) abre su obra A Cultural History of the English Language diciendo que “a language related to Modern English has been spoken in Britain since the early fifth century” (p. 1). Este autor se refiere a una etapa anterior de la lengua inglesa como si de otra lengua emparentada con el inglés de hoy se tratara. Algo que también menciona Lipka (2002), preguntándose si realmente se puede afirmar que el inglés anterior a la época normanda de 1066 es la misma lengua que el inglés de hoy (p. 21). En la propia periodización de la historia de la lengua inglesa por etapas se tiene en cuenta los cambios sociales históricos en cuanto a la influencia que pueden tener sobre la lengua. De acuerdo con Knowles (2005), el inglés ha ido experimentando cambios continuos a pequeña escala, interrumpidos por eventos 1 A grandes rasgos basta comparar textos escritos en estas lenguas previos al siglo XIII como el Cantar de Roldán, la Canción de los Nibelungos o el Cantar de Mío Cid con sus respectivas versiones en lengua de hoy y un texto en inglés de ese período y su versión correspondiente en inglés de hoy. 13 Introducción mayores que conducen a cambios más rápidos y radicales. Los cambios lingüísticos más importantes y decisivos en la historia de la lengua inglesa tuvieron lugar durante la Edad Media. Baugh y Cable (2009) opinan que al inicio de este período encontramos una lengua que hoy en día debe aprenderse como lengua extranjera y aparecerá al final convertida en el inglés moderno. Según Paloma Tejada (1999), estamos en uno de los momentos más fructíferos en los estudios sobre los cambios lingüísticos debido al aporte desde la vertiente social de la lengua (p.15). Ya en 1953, Weinreich afirmaba que, desde el punto de vista de algunos antropólogos, los contactos lingüísticos son simplemente otro aspecto más de los contactos culturales y las posibles interferencias un aspecto más del proceso de aculturación. Entre todos los cambios debidos al contacto con otras lenguas, el vocabulario es la parte más susceptible de cambio y donde antes se percibe.
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