Suborden Eupnoi Suborden Laniatores

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Suborden Eupnoi Suborden Laniatores Conocemos muy poco sobre la taxonomía y el comportamiento Algunas especies de la de los Opiliones de Centroamérica. Debido a esto, presentamos Familia Cosmetidae familia Cosmetidae, las especies más comunes de la Estación Veragua Rainforest, presentan dimorfsmo con información general sobre Opiliones: En los trópicos, los opiliones viven en el bosque y son poco comunes en zonas rurales. Al ser nocturnos y asociados a los sexual en los quelíceros bosques son poco conocidos por los (señalados por las Suborden Eupnoi seres humanos. Sin embargo, son fechas), ya que en los muy comunes y diversos. Cynortulla sp. machos (derecha) son Familia Sclerosomatidae más hinchados que en las hembras (izquierda). Los Opiliones son nocturnos y onmívoros, ya que se alimentan Eupoecilaema de artrópodos pequeños (adultos y magnum larvas), animales o material vegetal muertos, frutas y hongos. Durante Cynorta sp. el día, la mayoría se encuentran escondidos bajo la hojarasca, troncos, en cuevas o en grietas. Una excepción son los Opiliones del suborden Eupnoi, que pueden ser observados expuestos tanto durante el día cuanto Prionostemma sp. durante la noche. Poecilaemula signata Al igual que los escorpiones, estos animales refejan la luz Suborden Laniatores ultravioleta (UV), también conocida como luz negra. La Algunas especies presentan dimorfsmo sexual, ya que los función de este fenómeno es desconocida. Familia Stygnommatidae machos suelen ser más robustos y armados, o con partes del Uno de los mecanismos de defensa más comunes en cuerpo, espinas o tubérculos más grandes que en las hembras. los Opiliones es el camufaje. Otro mecanismo utilizado En los arácnidos, las partes bucales se llaman quelíceros y Esto probablemente debido a que en algunas especies los por ellos es el “hacerse los muertos”. Este mecanismo en los Opiliones tienen forma de pinza pequeña. A cada lado machos pelean con otros machos. En algunas especies, los se conoce como tanatosis (nombre que se deriva de de los quelíceros se encuentran machos poseen un par de “peines” (señalados por las fechas) Tánatos, el dios de la muerte sin violencia en la mitología los pedipalpos, que en el cuarto par de patas. griega). así como las antenas de los insectos tienen una función sensorial. quelicero→ pedipalpo → Zygobunus sp. Meterginus inermipes Familia Gonyleptidae Los Opiliones tienen un par de ojos (señalados por la fecha) Eucynorta picta que generalmente son muy pequeños y no forman imágenes; Cuando un depredador atrapa un opilión, ellos pueden secretar Flirtea lateralis sólo sirven para distinguir entre luz y oscuridad. sustancias que contienen compuestos químicos que producen un olor y sabor desagradable, haciendo que el depredador Debido a su poco estudio, libere al opilión. La secreción En estos animales, el segundo par de patas (señalado por las los nombres científcos puede ser colorblanco, fechas) es táctil y más largo que de estos Opiliones amarillo o anaranjado. los demás. Por eso, la mayoría pueden cambiar. Estas secreciones de Opiliones ondean el ¡Todavía hay generalmente sólo segundo par de patas en muchas especies producen un olor el aire para percibir el no descritas por desagradable entorno. los científcos! y no causan daños a los depredadores. Especie no descrita Parahernandria Eucynorta transversalis Eucynorta pictipes spinosa Contacto: [email protected] DESCARGA GRATIS [fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org] [1109] versión 1 3/2019 Los Opiliones se reproducen a través de huevos, los cuales son colocados por las hembras en el suelo, grietas, hojas o troncos. De cada huevo, nacerá un opilión inmaduro o ninfa, que irá creciendo a través de diferentes mudas hasta llegar a ser adulto, donde ya no va a mudar más. Las ninfas de la familia Cosmetidae, se distinguen porque poseen los pedipalpos (señalados por la fecha) muy alargados. Cuando se convierten en adultos, los pedipalpos de los cosmétidos se vuelven más cortos y con forma de cuchara. Los Opiliones son animales Veragua Rainforest es una invertebrados que pertenecen Estación Biológica ubicada en Fotografías al grupo de los arácnidos. Rosannette Quesada-Hidalgo Las Brisas, provincia de Limón, En Costa Rica se conocen Kenji Nishida vertiente Caribe de Costa Ninfa de Cosmetidae como “pendejos”, “abuelitos” Julián Solano Rica. Posee un bosque tropical o “piernas largas”. Su nombre Glauco Machado lluvioso primario que recibe común en inglés es “daddy entre 4000 y 4500 mm de long legs” que signifca “papá lluvia al año y una temperatura Cómo citar esta guía piernas largas”. Los Opiliones Quesada-Hidalgo, R; R. Pinto da promedio de 23 °C. Es una Familia Nomoclastidae son parientes de las arañas, los Rocha estación abierta a todo público. escorpiones y las garrapatas, y B. Damron. 2018. Opiliones En algunas especies del género Quindina que se encuentran Más información en la web: que también se encuentran de en el Caribe de Costa Rica y en Panamá, los machos dentro del grupo de los www.veraguarainforest.com Veragua Rainforest, Limón, Costa construyen un nido de barro y materia orgánica, en arácnidos. Rica. Una producción del proyecto troncos o ramas cerca del suelo. El nido consiste en un Opilio tracker. Más información Diseño piso en forma de círculo, de aproximadamente 4 cm de Los Opiliones se parecen mucho a las arañas en la sobre Opiliones y versión pdf en Felipe Bouabci Simões diámetro, rodeado de una pared circular de 1 cm de altura forma del cuerpo, pero ¡no redes sociales: @Opilio_tracker Tarsila Leite Ceruci aproximadamente. Los machos permanecen dentro del son arañas! A diferencia de las Pedro Garcia Abilleira de Castro nido por varios meses donde reciben visitas de diferentes arañas, donde el cuerpo está Supervisión hembras, que viven en los alrededores de los nidos. Algunas dividido por una “cintura”, en hembras copulan con el macho, colocan sus huevos en los Opiliones todo el cuerpo Erika Hingst-Zaher está fusionado. Por eso, el piso del nido y después se van. Los machos entonces, algunos Opiliones parecen una Apoyo son los encargados de cuidar los huevos hasta que nazcan. bolita con muchas patas. Otra Comisión del Programa de diferencia con las arañas, es Excelência Académica (PROEX) que los Opiliones no producen - Ecologia de la Coordenação de seda para hacer telarañas, y Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de tampoco tienen glándulas de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Brasil veneno para cazar sus presas. Esto quiere decir, que los Septiembre 2018 Opiliones son inofensivos para los seres humanos. Taxonómicamente, los Opiliones son clasifcados como un orden dentro de la clase Arachnida. El orden Opiliones se divide en cuatro subórdenes: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi y Laniatores. En Costa Rica, los subórdenes más comunes son Eupnoi y Laniatores. Quindina limbata Opiliones de Veragua Rainforest Veragua de Opiliones Limón, Costa Rica Costa Limón, Contacto: [email protected] DESCARGA GRATIS [fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org] [1109] version 1 3/2019 We know very little about the taxonomy and behavior of the Some species of the family Opiliones from Central America. Because of that, we present the Family Cosmetidae Cosmetidae, present most common species of the Veragua Rainforest Station, with sexual dimorphism general information about Opiliones: In the tropics, Opiliones live in the forest and are rare in rural areas. Due to being nocturnal and associated with in the chelicerae forests, they are poorly understood (indicated by the Suborden Eupnoi by humans. However, they are arrows), since in the very common and diverse. Cynortulla sp. males (right) they Family Sclerosomatidae are more swollen than in the females Opiliones are nocturnal and omnivorous, since they feed on Eupoecilaema (left). small arthropods (adults and larvae), dead magnum animals or plant material, fruits, and fungi. During the day, most are Cynorta sp. hidden under leaf litter, on the trunks of trees, or in caves or cracks in rocks. An exception is the Opiliones of the suborder Eupnoi, which can be observed exposed both during the day and during the night. Prionostemma sp. Poecilaemula signata These animals, like scorpions, refect ultraviolet (UV) light, also known as black light. The function of this phenomenon Suborden Laniatores Some species of Opiliones present sexual dimorphism, where is unknown. males will be more robust and armed, with parts of the body Family Stygnommatidae with spines and tubers larger than in females. This is probably A common defense mechanism in the Opiliones is due to the fact that in some species the males defend camoufage. Another mechanism used by the them is In arachnids, the mouthparts are called chelicerae and in the territories or fght with other males. In some species, males “playing dead”. This mechanism is known as thanatosis Opiliones they have the shape of a very small claw. On either have a pair of “combs” (indicated by the arrows) on the femur (name derived from Thanatos, the god of death without side of the chelicerae there are of the fourth pair of legs. violence in Greek mythology). the pedipalps, which, like the antennae of insects, have a sensory function. chelicera→ pedipalp → Zygobunus sp. Meterginus inermipes Family Gonyleptidae Opiliones have a pair of eyes (indicated by the arrow) that are Eucynorta picta Flirtea lateralis generally very small and do not form images; they only serve When a predator catches an opilion, Opiliones can secrete to distinguish between light and dark. substances that contain chemical compounds that produce In these animals, the second pair of legs (indicated by the an unpleasant odor and taste, causing
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  • Biodiversity of the Huautla Cave System, Oaxaca, Mexico
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  • Segmentation and Tagmosis in Chelicerata
    Arthropod Structure & Development 46 (2017) 395e418 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata * Jason A. Dunlop a, , James C. Lamsdell b a Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany b American Museum of Natural History, Division of Paleontology, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY 10024, USA article info abstract Article history: Patterns of segmentation and tagmosis are reviewed for Chelicerata. Depending on the outgroup, che- Received 4 April 2016 licerate origins are either among taxa with an anterior tagma of six somites, or taxa in which the ap- Accepted 18 May 2016 pendages of somite I became increasingly raptorial. All Chelicerata have appendage I as a chelate or Available online 21 June 2016 clasp-knife chelicera. The basic trend has obviously been to consolidate food-gathering and walking limbs as a prosoma and respiratory appendages on the opisthosoma. However, the boundary of the Keywords: prosoma is debatable in that some taxa have functionally incorporated somite VII and/or its appendages Arthropoda into the prosoma. Euchelicerata can be defined on having plate-like opisthosomal appendages, further Chelicerata fi Tagmosis modi ed within Arachnida. Total somite counts for Chelicerata range from a maximum of nineteen in Prosoma groups like Scorpiones and the extinct Eurypterida down to seven in modern Pycnogonida. Mites may Opisthosoma also show reduced somite counts, but reconstructing segmentation in these animals remains chal- lenging. Several innovations relating to tagmosis or the appendages borne on particular somites are summarised here as putative apomorphies of individual higher taxa.
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