WORDS DEFINITION AC field The active magnetic field produced by the use of alternating current. Addendum The distance between the pitch line and crest of thread. Agency The entity contracted to inspect new OCTG using the methods and criteria specified. Alternating current (AC) Current that reverses its direction of flow at regular intervals. Ampere (A,I or amp) A unit of electrical current. Ampere-turns (NI) The product of the number of turns in a coil and the number of amperes of current flowing through it. This is a measure of the magnetizing strength of the coil. For example Angle beam A term used to describe an angle of incidence or refraction other than normal to the surface of the test object. This includes shear waves and longitudinal (compression) wave. API Abbreviation for American Petroleum Institute, headquartered in Washington, D.C. Arc Burns Localized points of surface melting caused by arcing between electrode or ground and pipe surface. Arcing Current flow through a gap, often accompanied by intense heat and light. ASNT Abbreviation for American Society for Nondestructive Testing, headquartered in Columbus, OH. ASTM Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials in West Conshohocken, PA. Back reflection In ultrasonic testing the signal received from the back surface of the pipe wall. Backscatter Secondary radiations resulting from the interaction between the primary gamma radiations from the source and the pipe wall. Basic size The theoretical or nominal standard size from which all variations are measured. Black Crested Thread A thread that does not have full crest because the original (black) mill surface has not been completely removed. Black light A colloquial expression used to describe long wave ultraviolet light (UV-A) with wavelengths in the range of 320 to 400 nanometers. Blister A raised spot on the surface of pipe Blunt start The removal of the partial thread at the entering end of thread. Borescope An optical instrument with an illuminating lamp for inspecting the inside surface of OCTG. Box end The internally threaded end of integral joint OCTG or the coupling end of threaded and coupled OCTG. Broken Thread A thread tooth that exhibits a fracture through it, or that has a portion missing with its remaining surfaces having a broken appearance. Burr A localized point of roughness, or a thin ridge or protrusion, produced by mechanical damage or in machining the thread or chamfer. Calibration The adjustment of instruments, prior to use, to a known basic reference often traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Carload The quantity of pipe loaded on a railway car for shipment from the pipe-making facility. Casing A pipe run form the surface and intended to line the walls of a drilled well. Typically, casing sizes are defined as 5" OD and larger. Cathode ray tube (CRT) A vacuum tube with a luminescent screen often used for viewing ultrasonic echo signals or for video readouts of computer stored data. Central conductor (shooting A conductor that is passed through the bore of OCTG for the purpose of creating a circular or rod) circumferential magnetic field in the OCTG. Chamfer The conical surface at the end of threaded pipe (API round or buttress threads). Chatter A wavy surface of the thread flank, root crest or chamfer, produced by a vibrating cutter inserts. Chock Block or wedge used beneath a length of pipe so that it cannot roll. Circular (circumferential) The magnetic field in or surrounding a current - carrying conductor, or OCTG, such that the magnetic field magnetic field is oriented circumferentially within the wall of the OCTG. Circular (circumferential) Circular magnetization is the production of a magnetic field in a pipe wall or coupling such that the magnetization magnetic field is oriented circumferentially. Classification The action taken to categorize a length of new OCTG based on conformance with the contracted inspection requirements. Coil method A method of magnetizing in which a length of OCTG is encircled by a current-carrying coil. Coil shot A short pulse of magnetizing current passed through a coil surrounding a length of OCTG for the purpose of longitudinal magnetization. Color code Paint band identification of OCTG classification in accordance with appropriate specifications. Connection Threaded assembly of tubular components. Connector A one-piece tubular section, not including pipe or couplings, used for the purposed of joining or changing from one size, mass, or type of thread connection to the same or other size, mass or type of threaded connection. Continuous method A method of searching for imperfections while the magnetizing current is being applied. Contour (verb) The gradual tapering by filing or grinding to prevent abrupt changes in the wall thickness. Contract The document agreement which specifies the terms of the inspections to be performed. Controlled area A defined area in which the occupational exposure of personnel to radiation or to radioactive material is under the supervision of the individual in charge of radiation protection. (This implies that a controlled area is one that requires control of access, occupancy, and working condition for radiation protection purpose). Couplant A material (usually a liquid) used between an ultrasonic transducer and the test specimen to conduct ultrasonic energy between them. Coupling An internally threaded cylinder for joining two lengths of threaded pipe. Coupling mill end The end of the pipe of which the coupling is applied at the mill. Referred to as the box end of integral joint pipe. Coupling stock Tubular used for the manufacture of coupling blanks. Crack A stress-induced separation if the metal which, without any other influence, is insufficient in extent to cause complete rupture of the material. Crest The top of a thread. Crest clearance The distance between the crest and root of mating threads. Crest truncation The distance between the sharp crest (crest apex) and the finished crest. Cross threaded Angular misalignment of internal and external threads relative to each other resulting in improper make-up. CRT see cathode ray tube Cut A gouge or distortion in two or more thread crests in a line either parallel to the pipe axis or at an angle across the threads. DC field Either a residual magnetic field or an active magnetic field produced through the use of direct current. Dead zone (ultrasonic) The distance from the front surface of the pipe to the nearest inspect-able depth. Dedendum The distance between the pitch line and root of thread. Defect An imperfection of sufficient magnitude to warrant rejection of the product bakes on the stipulations of these specifications. Demagnetization The process of removing part or all of the existing residual magnetism from OCTG. Dent A depression that is without metal loss and is caused by striking or being struck by, other objects. A local change in surface contour caused by mechanical impact, but not accompanied by loss of metal. Detect The act of locating an imperfection. Detector or detector shoe A scanning shoe carrying one or more transducers. It is used to protect transducers from mechanical damage. Diameter tape A measuring device consisting of a thin, flexible, metallic tape which can be wrapped around the circumference of a length of OCTG and is graduated such that average diameter can be directly read from the scale. A diameter tape is also referred to as a pi tape. Differential wiring Sensors electrically connected in opposed series such that the output of one sensor effectively opposed the other sensor. In search coils, the differential wiring results in equal and opposite voltages being developed when the magnetic field changes equally in each coil. Thus, no net voltage output is produced. Diffuse indications (magnetic Indications that are not clearly defined as, for example, indications of subsurface imperfections. particle) Ding (e) A flattened area or indentation on a chamfer or thread crest caused by mechanical impact. Direct current Refers to an electric current flowing continually in one direction only through a conductor. Discontinuity An irregularity in the product such as laps, seams, pits, and laminations. Also called a flaw or imperfection. Disposition The action taken in conformance with API Specification 5CT or 5D with regard to detect in a length of new OCTG. The defect may be removed, cut off or rejected. See Section 9 of API Specification 5CT or Section 8 of API Specification 5D for restrictions. Dose rate The amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed per unit of mass and time of irradiated material. Measured in rem or rad. Dosimeter A device that measures radiation dose, such as a film badge or ionization chamber. DP An abbreviation for Drill Pipe. Drift mandrel A precision dimensioned cylinder sized to pass through a specified diameter and weight of pipe. It is passed through the pipe ID to locate obstruction and/or to assure compliance with appropriate specifications. Drunken Thread Distortions in the spiral path of a thread around the pin. Sometimes applied to wavy threads or threads with crests that undulate around the periphery of the threads. Dry method A magnetic particle inspection method in which the particle employed is in dry powder form. Dual transducer An ultrasonic probe containing two piezoelectric crystals, one for transmitting and one for receiving. Eccentricity A condition of pipe in which the O.D. and I.D. axes are not coincident, resulting in wall thickness variation around the circumference at a given section plane. Eddy Current Testing A non destructive testing method, using an electromagnetic instrument which induces eddy currents in the pipe or tube under test and detects variations caused by discontinuities An Eddy Current is a circulating current caused to flow in the OCTG by varying magnetic fields. Effective thread length Threads having fully formed roots, but not necessarily finished crests. Electric Resistance Weld Pipe having one longitudinal seam formed by electric resistance welding (ERW) or electric (ERW) Pipe induction welding without the addition of extraneous (filler) metal. Electromagnet (EM) When ferromagnetic material is surrounded by a current carrying coil, it becomes magnetized and is called electromagnet. Electromagnetic inspection A general term including primarily the eddy current and flux leakage methods for the detection of (EMI) imperfections. Field Electromagnetic "Inspection System" may include equipment for performing additional inspections or services. Encircling coil A coil surrounding the OCTG under test. Evaluation The process of determining the severity of an imperfection which leads to determining whether the OCTG is acceptable or reject-able under the appropriate specification. External thread A thread on the outside surface of OCTG. False indication An indication that is not the result of magnetic forces. Examples are particles held mechanically or by gravity in shallow depressions or particles held by rust or scale on the surface. False Starting Thread A circumferential tool mark on a round thread chamfer that precedes the actual starting thread. Sometimes referred to as a double starting thread. Featheredge A thin sharp crested portion of a thread normally formed when the starting thread on round or buttress (pipe threads) runs out to the face of the pipe and not on the chamfer. Ferromagnetic A term applied to materials that can be magnetized or strongly attracted by a magnetic field. Field end The pipe end opposite of coupling, box or mill identification. Film badge A package of photographic film worn like a badge by some workers in the inspection industry to measure exposure to ionizing radiation. The absorbed dose can be calculated by the degree of film darkening caused by the irradiation. Fin A thin, long ridge of metal protruding above a chamfer surface or thread profile. Flank angle The angle of the individual flanks. Flank or side The surface of a thread that connects the crest with the root. Flowing flank (back flank) The opposite flank to the leading flank. Fluorescent magnetic particle The magnetic particle inspection process employing a finely divided fluorescent ferromagnetic inspection inspection medium that fluoresces when activated by black light. Flux density The strength of a magnetic field. Expressed in flux lines per unit area, i.e., gauss, kilogauss Flux leakage This is the magnetic field forced out into the air by a distortion of the field within the OCTG caused by the presence of a discontinuity. Flux lines Imaginary magnetic lines used as a means of explaining the behavior of magnetic fields. Their conception is based on the pattern of lines produced when iron filing are sprinkled on a piece of paper laid over a magnet Synonymous with magnetic lines of force. Frequency (Hz) Number of complete cycles of a wave motion per second of time. Unit of measure is called a Hertz. Full body This term refers to inspection coverage of the entire surface area of the OCTG within the limitations of the inspection equipment used. Full crest thread length The length of machine threads, from the end of the machined threads, including the incomplete starting threads, where the crests have full form. Furring Buildup or bristling of magnetic particles at the ends of a longitudinally magnetized length of OCTG i.e., at its poles. Gain control A sensitivity adjustment on an amplifier or circuit. Galling Surface damage on threads caused by localized friction welding of high spots. Gamma rays High-energy, short wave length electromagnetic radiation emitted by a nucleus. Energies of gamma rays are usually between 0.010 and 10 Mev. Gamma rays are penetrating and are best attenuated by dense material like lead or tungsten. Gauge point A predetermined point on the thread flanks used as a referenced for measuring thread elements. Gauss (G) A unit of flux density or induction. Numerically, one gauss is one line of flux per square centimeter of area. Gaussmeter See magnetometer Gouge Elongated grooves or cavities caused by mechanical removal of metal. Grind, probe Grinding performed to explore or determine the depth of an imperfection. Grind, radius Grinding performed to remove sharp edges and/or abrupt changes in the wall thickness around exploratory grinds or imperfections. Grind, removal Grinding performed to remove an imperfection or defect and make the product comply with the appropriate specification (refer to the latest edition of API Specification 5CT, Section 9, Disposition; and API Specification 5D, Section 8, Disposition). Grinding Removing material from a surface by abrading, e.g., grinding wheel or file. Hall detector A semiconductor element that produces an output electromotive force proportional to the product of the magnetic field intensity and a biasing current. Handling Damage Cuts, gouges, dents or flattened crests (mashes) that occurred during handling (loading, unloading, shifts in transit, etc.). Handling tight Sufficiently tight so that the coupling cannot be removed except by use of a wrench. Hand-tight Threaded joint that has been made up by hand without the aid of tongs. Hand-tight standoff The length, at hand-tight engagement from the face of the coupling to vanish point of the threads for round threads and the base of the triangle for buttress threads. Hard Spot An area in the pipe with a hardness level considerably higher than that of the surrounding metal, usually due to localized quenching Hardness A measure of the hardness of a metal, as determined by pressing a hard steel ball or diamond penetrator into a smooth surface under standard conditions. Results are often expressed in terms of Rockwell hardness number (HRB or HRC) or Brinell hardness number (BHN). Refer to ASTM E10, ASTM E18, and ASTM E110 for added information. Hardness value (hardness The average of the valid readings taken in the test area. testing) Heat The metal produced by a single cycle of batch melting process. Heat analysis The chemical analysis representative of a heat as reported by the metal producer. Height of threads The distance between the root and crest of the thread measured normal to the thread axis. Helix angle The angle made by the conical spiral of the thread at the pitch diameter with a plane perpendicular to the axis. Hydrostatic test (hydrotest) Filling a length of OCTG with water, under pressure; and its ability to hold a certain pressure without leaking or rupturing. ID (id) Literally, inside diameter. Imperfect thread length Threads having imperfect thread forms. Imperfection A discontinuity or irregularity in the product detected by methods outlined in this specification. Improper Thread Form A general term describing an excessive deviation from a normal thread profile (in an axial plane) over a length of one pitch or over multiple pitch lengths. Improper Thread Height Lack of sufficient thread height (depth). This may be because of a "shaved" condition where an excess of metal has been removed from the root or crest, distorting the contour of the thread. Included angle The angle between the flanks of the threads. Inclusion Foreign material or non-metallic particles entrapped within the metal during solidification. Indication A response from nondestructive inspection that requires interpretation in order to determine its significance, e.g., a blip on the log or a powder buildup on the OCTG. Indicator (or readout) A device for displaying a condition, a current or a potential. Typical ones used on inspection instruments are galvanometers, De Arsenval (dial) or digital meters, CRTs, or warning lights. Induction The act of inducing a magnetic field in a ferromagnetic body. Inspection The process of examining OCTG for possible defects or for deviation from established standards. Inspection job The inspection of one or more lots of OCTG by an agency subject to a single contract or subcontract as appropriate. Inspection lot A definite quantity of product manufactured under conditions that are considered uniform for the attribute to be inspected. Inspection lot sample One or more units of product selected from an inspection lot to represent that inspection lot. Inspection lot size The number of units of product in an inspection lot. Inspection system The combination of equipment, procedures and personnel required for the detection of reference indicators. Inspector An employee of an agency qualified and responsible for one or more of the inspection or tests specified in the contract. Integral joint OCTG with one end threaded externally and the other end threaded internally. Integral joint OCTG has no coupling. Interpretation The process of determining the nature of the indication. Interrupted Starting Thread The absence of a portion of the true starting thread groove on the chamfer of a round or buttress (pipe thread) caused by thread axis misalignment with the chamfer axis, or out-of-round chamfer diameter. Isotope Atoms with the same atomic number (same chemical element) but different atomic weights. Jointer A length of pipe made up of two shorter pieces of pipe. Knife (or Razor) Edge A sharp edge that the end of the pipe producing no faces; cased by an excessively small chamfer diameter and/or excessive I.D. bevel. Lamination An internal metal separation crating layers generally parallel to the surface. Lap Fold of metal which has been rolled or otherwise worked against the surface of rolled metal, but has not fused into sound metal. Last engaged thread The last thread on a pin engaged with the coupling. Last scratch Last visible evidence of the machined thread tool mark on the pipe surface. Lead The distance a thread moves axially. The distance form a point on a thread measured parallel to the axis of the thread section. Leading or front flank (stab The flank of the pipe threads facing the near end of pipe. The flank of the coupling threads facing flank) the open end of the coupling. Leakage field This is the magnetic field forced out of the material into the air by distortion of the field within the material caused by the presence of the discontinuity. Leaker A length of OCTG that will not hold hydrostatic pressure. Length A complete section of pipe (the colloquial term is "joint"). Length of thread engagement The length of contact between two mated parts measured axially. Licensed material Radiation source material possessed, used or transferred under license issued by the appropriate government agency. Lift off The perpendicular distance between detector shoe and the surface Linear imperfections Linear imperfections include, but are not limited to, seams, laps, cracks, plug scores, cuts, and gouges. Load or pressure flank The flank which takes the load. The back 3-degree flank of buttress casing. Log The strip chart record or readout of indications produced while inspecting with EMI or other electronic inspection equipment. Longitudinal imperfection An imperfection which has its principal direction or dimension approximately in the longitudinal direction. Longitudinal magnetic field Magnetization of OCTG in such a way that the magnetic flux runs substantially parallel to the axis of the OCTG. Loss of back reflection Absence of or a significant reduction of an indication from the back surface of the article being (ultrasonic) inspected. Magnetic field The space around a magnet within which ferromagnetic materials are attracted is called a magnetic field. Magnetic particle field indicator A device containing artificial flaws which is used to verify the adequacy or direction, or both of a magnetic field. Magnetic particles Finely divided ferromagnetic material capable of being individually magnetized and attracted to distortions in a magnetic field. Magnetic poles The area on a magnetized OCTG where the magnetic field is "leaving or returning," usually at its end when longitudinally magnetized. Magnetism The ability of a magnet to attract or repel another magnet is called magnetism. Also recognized as a force-field surrounding conductors carrying electric current. Magnetizing force The total force tending to set up a magnetic field in a magnetic circuit divided by its length. It is usually designated by the letter "H" and the unit is the "oersted." Magnetometer Either a mechanical or electronic instrument for measuring magnetic field strength. An electronic magnetometer is also known as Gaussmeter. Magnetomotive force (MMF) The product of the current and the number of turns in a current carrying coil. Major cone An imaginary cone which passes over the crest of the external thread and root of internal thread. Major diameter The crest diameter of the external thread and the root diameter of the internal thread. The largest diameter of the thread. Manufacturer A firm, company, or corporation responsible for making the product to warrant that it conforms to this specification, the manufacturer may be, as applicable, a pipe mill or processor; a maker of couplings, pup joints or connectors; or a threader. The manufacture is responsible for compliance with all of the applicable provisions of this specification. Marking The term "marking" is used to refer to the assorted marks on tubular products, and includes inspection marking made with paint sticks and stencils, and ball-point paint tubes. May Used as a verb to indicate that a provision is optional. Mechanical Damage See Handling Damage and Galling. Mill end The pipe end having the coupling, box or mill identification. Mill scale An oxide of iron that forms on the surface of hot steel. Minor cone An imaginary cone which passes over the root of the external thread and crest of internal thread. Minor diameter The root diameter of the external thread and the crest diameter of the internal thread. The smallest diameter of the thread. Monitoring radiation Periodic or continuous determination of the amount of ionizing radiation presenting a region. MPI Abbreviation for magnetic particle inspection. No-drift A length of pipe which will not pass a specified drift diameter with reasonable pressure. Nondestructive evaluation Same as nondestructive testing. (NDE) Nondestructive testing (NDT) Inspection to detect internal, surface and concealed defects or imperfection in materials, using techniques that do not damage or destroy the items being tested. Nonfull-crested threads Those threads on which the profiled or machined pipe surface still appears on the thread crests. (Also see black-crest threads.) Nonrelevant indication Magnetic particle indications that can occur singly or in patterns as a result of leakage fields created by conditions that require no evaluation such as changes in section (like the edge of bimetallic weld), magnetic writing, etc. Normal beam A vibrating pulse wave train traveling normal to the test surface. Notch See reference indicator Oblique imperfection An imperfection at an angle other than longitudinal or transverse. OCTG Abbreviation for oil country tubular goods. A term applied to casing, tubing, plain-end casing liners, pup joints, couplings, connectors and plain-end drill pipe. OD (od) Literally, outside diameter. Often used as an abbreviation for outside surface. Operator The person present throughout the inspection or testing process who is responsible for the unit, operates the controls, and observes the readout to detect imperfections. Owner The entity having ownership of the new OCTG at the time inspection is contracted, specifying the type of inspection or testing to be conducted, and authorizing its performance. The owner may be the purchaser. Perfect thread length A design length from the end of pipe or coupling to a specified location. Permanent Magnet A magnet or body which retains a strong residual magnetic field. Permeability (a) The ease with which material can become magnetized. (b) The ratio of flux density produced to magnetizing force, i.e., B/H. Personnel monitoring Device designed to be worn or carried by an individual for the purpose of measuring radiation dose equipment received (e.g., film badges, pocket dosimeters, film rings, etc.) Pin end The externally threaded end of a pipe without a coupling applied. Pipe Casing, tubing, plain-end casing liners, and pup joints as a group. Pipe mill A firm, company, or corporation that operates pipe-making facilities. Pit A depression resulting from the removal of foreign material rolled into the surface during manufacture. Pitch A distance from a point on a thread to a corresponding point on the next thread measured parallel to the axis. Pitch cone An imaginary cone which passes through the thread profile at approximately the thread center. Pitch diameter The diameter of the pitch cone or the distance between the pitch line of the thread. Pitch line An imaginary line drawn approximately through the center of the thread making the widths of the thread tooth and gap equal at the pitch line. Pitted Threads A depression or cavity on a chamfer or thread surface caused by inclusions or porosity exposed after machining or by corrosive attack during storage of the pipe. Plain-end Pipe end without threads or tool joints Plain-end casing liner Casing provided unthreaded with a wall thickness often greater then that specified for J-55 Planar This term refers to an imperfection lying in one geometric plane that is normally parallel to , and within, the outer and inner surface. Plug Scores Internal longitudinal grooves occurring in seamless pipe, usually caused by hard pieces of metal adhering to the high-mill plug. Pole piece The ferromagnetic portion of a magnetic field though the air gaps into the wall of the OCTG being inspected. Powder dry An OCTG surface that is sufficiently dry to allow any type of powder, applied to surface, to be blown form the surface without residue remaining. Power tight A threaded connection that has been fully made up by mechanical means using power tongs or a screw-on machine. Precision caliper A measuring device, usually with two legs or jaw that can be adjusted to determine the thickness, diameter, and distance between surfaces. The device may be equipped with a vernier or dial. Precision ruler A smooth edged strip (usually of wood or metal) marked off in units and used for measuring. Prime pipe Pipe meeting all of the specified inspection and testing requirements. Probe Transducer or search unit Process capability The ability of process or NDT method to repeatedly detect a defect under normal conditions of variability. Sometimes related to confidence level. Processor A firm, company, or corporation that operates facilities capable of heat-treating pipe made by a pipe mill. Product Pipe, coupling, connector, coupling stock, and coupling blank, either individually or collectively as applicable. Pulse A wave of short duration. Pulse length (or pulse duration) The time from initial current flow until the magnetization current has decayed to one-half the peak magnitude. Pulse-echo method An ultrasonic test method that both generates ultrasonic pulses and receives the return echo. Pulser Electronic device and probe for generating a controlled magnitude magnetic pulse for standardizing transducer. Pup-joint A length of casing, tubing, or plain-end casing liner shorter than Range 1 Purchaser The entity that has purchased directly from the manufacturer the new OCTG being inspected. The purchaser may be the owner. Radiation safety officer An individual engaged in the practice of providing radiation protection. He/she is the representative appointed by the licensee for liaison with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and with "agreement states" radiation control branches. Radioisotope An unstable isotope of an element that disintegrates spontaneously, emitting radiation. Reading (hardness testing) The number that obtained form the instrument dial from a single penetration the indenter into the surface of OCTG. Readout A device that visually indicates a condition, voltage, or current. Typical devices used in inspection requirements are galvanometers and CRTs. Recess The counter-bored section at the end of line pipe and oil country tubular goods couplings to facilitate stabbing the thread. Recommended practice (RP) A standard to facilitate the broad availability of proven sound engineering and operating practices. Reference indicator Real or artificial discontinuities in a reference standard which provide reproducible sensitivity levels for inspection equipment. Artificial indicators may be holes, notches, grooves, or slots. Reference standard A pipe, or pipe section, containing one or more reference indicators used as a base for comparison or for inspection equipment standardization. Reflection The characteristic of a surface to change direction of propagating acoustic waves; the return of sound waves from surface. Relevant indication An indication resulting from a discontinuity. Residual field The remaining magnetic field retained by ferromagnetic materials after they have been exposed to a magnetic force. Residual method Inspection for imperfections utilizing the residual magnetic field. Resolving power (ultrasonic) The measures of the capability of an ultrasonic system to separate in time tow discontinuities at slightly different distances. Right-hand thread A thread that winds in a clockwise receding direction when viewed axially. Roll Mark A term applied to surface imperfections caused by improper roll alignment or roll surface damage. Such imperfections may be periodic or continuous. Rolled-in Slugs A foreign metallic body rolled into the metal surface, usually not fused. Root The bottom of a thread Root truncation The distance between the sharp root (root apex) and the finished root. Runout Intersection of the thread cone and the pipe outside surface. Location on the outer surface where the thread groove vanished. Safety factor The ratio of the maximum permissible working load to the load causing failure. Scab An imperfection in the form of a shell or veneer, generally attached to the surface by sound metal. It usually has its origin in an ingot defect. Scanner A detector assembly carrying one or more transducers for detecting imperfections and defects in OCTG (see detector). Often the scanner is equipped with a magnetizer and is a part of it. Scatter Secondary radiation which is emitted in all directions. Seam Crevice in rolled metal which has been more or less closed by rolling or other work but has not been fused into sound metal. Seamless pipe A wrought steel tubular product made without a welded seam. It is manufactured by hot working steel, or if necessary, by subsequently cold finishing the hot-worked tubular product to produce the desired shape, dimensions and properties. Search coil Small coil or coils mounted in a transducer shoe. Sensitivity The size of the smallest discontinuity detectable by a nondestructive test method with a reasonable signal-to-noise level. Shall Used to indicate that a provision is mandatory. Shallow discontinuity A discontinuity which has little depth in proportion to wall thickness. Sharp crest The top intersection of the sides when thread flanks are extended. Shaved (or Thin) Thread A specific condition of improper thread form exhibiting an excessive narrowness of thread width. Shield A layer or mass of material used to reduce the passage of ionizing radiation. Shoe See detector shoe. Shoot Pass a short-time pulse of high current through a conductor. Shot Short-time pulse of current. Shot field Residual magnetic filed induced by a short impulse of magnetizing current. Often it is generated using a battery or capacitor discharged magnetizer. Should "Should" is used to indicate that a provision is not mandatory but recommended as good practice. Shoulder A condition where an excess of metal appears adjacent to the last threads in one or more places around the circumference. Usually an excessive amount of black threads appear opposite the shouldered area. This condition may also be known as "hooked threads". Shoulder (Thread Profile) See Step. Signal A response of electronic NDT equipment to an imperfection or defect. Single thread A thread having lead equal to the pitch. Skelp A coil or strip of metal produced to certain thickness, width, and edge configuration from which welded pipe is made. Skip The path of ultrasonic beam in the OCTG from the point of entry on the surface to the back surface and reflecting to the front surface again. Sliver An extremely thin elongated piece of metal that has been rolled into the surface of the parent metal to which it is attached usually by only one end. SOP An abbreviation for standard operating procedures. Source The origin of radiation; an x-ray tube or radioisotope. Special processes Final operations performed during pipe manufacturing that affects attribute compliance required in this document (except chemistry and dimensions). The applicable special processes are as follows. Stand off The axial distance between specified reference points. A distance from coupling face to vanish point on the pipe. Standardization The adjustment of instruments, prior to use, to an arbitrary reference value. Standardization check A check of the standardization adjustments to ensure that they remain correct. Step A specific condition of improper thread form that exhibits an abrupt machining deviation above or below the normal threads profile. Stress The load per unit area. Stretch Mill Indentation Localized thinning of the pipe body wall - usually located on the inside surface. Subsurface discontinuity or Any discontinuity that does not open onto the surface (either ID or OD). imperfection Surface speed Velocity of the transducer shoe over the surface. Survey An evaluation of the radiation levels incident to the presence and use of radioactive materials. Survey meter A portable instrument which measures does rate exposure of radiation intensity. T &C Abbreviation for threaded and coupled. Tally The overall length of OCTG measured in 1/100 of a foot. This dimension is commonly used when purchasing casing and tubing. At the well site, a "makeup" tally for round threads is commonly made by measuring from the last scratch on the pin to the far end of the coupling or box. Taper The change in the pitch diameter of round thread and the change in the root diameter of the buttress thread. Test (hardness testing) Two or more valid reading that have been made in the same test area. Readings are usable when they are within two Rockwell B numbers (HRB) of one another. Test area (hardness testing) An area on OCTG that has been ground or field smooth and flat to remove the decarburized surface materials. Test block Special precision blocks, used as standards to facilitate calibration of an inspection instrument. Thick Threads Thread that have the appearance of being cut off-form. This appearance would have to be substantiated with the use of a thread comparator, lead gauge, and/or depth gauge. Third party inspector See agency or inspector. Thread (screw thread) A ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on the internal or external surface of the pipe. Thread axis The axis of the pitch cone, the longitudinal central line through the threads. In the basic thread design, all length measurements are related to the thread axis. Thread form The profile of a thread in an axial (longitudinal) plane for a length of one pitch. Thread protector A protection device placed on the end of OCTG to protect threads and seals from damage. Thread Run-Out on Face See Featheredge Threads per inch The number of threads in one inch of thread length. Threshold The investigation level established during EMI or UT inspection. Indications exceeding this level require further investigation. Tolerance The permissible deviation from the specified value. Tool Mark Surface roughness on thread, chamfer, or counter bore surfaces caused by the machining action and condition of the cutting edge of single-point, die, or chaser tools; also can occur in the form of a longitudinal ridge across thread crests due to an improperly shaped or adjusted chaser. Torn Thread (tears) Thread surfaces, which have portions that are chipped, rough, or ragged. Torque A twisting force that tends to produce rotation-the force causing a threaded connection to makeup. Transducer Device which converts one form of energy to another. This term applies to all ultrasonic probes, search coils, eddy current probes and most other detectors. Transverse Literally means "across" usually signifying circumferential or substantially circumferential in direction. Tubing In petroleum production this is the tubular product used to bring the product to the surface. API sizes range from 1.050 OD to 9.625 OD inclusive. Turns per inch The number of thread turns in one inch of thread length. Ultrasonic Relating to frequencies above the audible range, i.e., in excess of 20 kilohertz (kHz). Ultrasonic testing (UT) A nondestructive method of inspecting materials by the use of high frequency sound waves. Ultraviolet light (UV) Light in the wavelength range shorter than visible light. Upset A forged metal end of OCTG with increased wall thickness and diameter used for threading or welding. Upset Underfill A depression on the outside or inside surface of an upset caused by insufficient flow of metal to completely fill out the upset to the desired shape. Upset Wrinkles Surface irregularity occurring on pipe upsets in the form of transverse forging laps. Vanish point The location where the external thread runs out or terminates on the OCTG outside surface. The point where the lead of the chaser tool makes its final cut Velocity ultrasonic The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium. Voltage (V) The unit potential causing the flow of current. Wavy Thread A cyclic variation in the helix angle of a thread, and/or its radial location. Wet method The magnetic particle inspection method employing ferromagnetic particles suspended in a liquid bath. Wetting agent A substance which lowers the surface tension of a liquid. Wicker (or Whisker) A wire-like piece of metal peeled from a thread or chamfer surface, and which may be attached to the machined surface at one end. Wrench tight When thread protector is tightened by hand using strap wrench, pipe wrench or thread protector wrench, i.e., 30-100 foot-pounds torque. Yoke A U-shaped pieces of soft magnetic material, either solid or laminated, around which is wound a coil carrying the magnetizing current. Yoke magnetization A magnetic field induced in OCTG, or in an area of an OCTG, by means of an external electromagnet shaped like a yoke. Zero The act of setting a dial indicating depth gauge for "zero depth." The past tense is "zeroed." Artificial Lift The use of pumping equipment to lift the fluids out of a well. Bent Sub Short joint of drill pipe with a calibrated bend in it. Used in directional drilling. Blowout In drilling, when a kick gets out of control and reservoir fluids blow out at the surface. Blowout In drilling, when a kick gets out of control and reservoir fluids blow out at the surface. Blowout Preventer (BOP) Safety valve under the rig floor that can be activated to seal off the hole, preventing it from blowing out. Break Out Unscrew a pipe connection. Christmas Tree Valve manifold on top of well. Cuttings Pieces of the drilled rocks brought to the surface by the returning mud stream. Differential Sticking A differential between the mud column pressure and the reservoir pore pressure forces the drill pipe against the side of the hole and sticks it. Directional drilling Drilling at an angle instead of vertically is particularly necessary offshore, where multiple wells need to be drilled from a central platform, but with their bottom-hole locations offset considerably in all directions. Strain The relation between the changes in length to the original length. It is the axial deformation per unit length. Acceptance Criteria Defined limits placed on characteristics of materials, products and services. Arbitrary Acceptance Criteria A set of acceptance criteria that was not established to meet a specific set of drilling conditions. (Example: “Premium Class”) Artificial discontinuity See reference indicator. ASQC American Society for Quality Control. Auditable Statement A statement that will result in the same action when performed independently by more than one individual. Examples (auditable statement): “The tube shall not be longer than 33.0 feet.” (Non- auditable statement): “The tube length shall not be excessive.” Austenitizing Heating steel to the austenitizing temperature (about 1670 degrees F) and allowing time for the steel microstructure to transform to Austenite. Normally the first step in heat treating a steel drill stem component. Bevel diameter The outer diameter of the contact face of the rotary shouldered connection.

BHA (bottom hole assembly) An assembly of heavy drill stems components configured to accomplish certain tasks and placed at the bottom of the drill string. BHA components may concentrate weight on the bit, rotate the bit, measure drilling parameters and hole trajectory, steer the bit, or perform other functions. Bit sub A sub, usually with 2 box connections, that is used to connect the bit to the drill stem. Boreback box Machining the box end of BHA connections to remove un-engaged threads and make the connection more limber. These steps increase the fatigue life of the box. Box connection A threaded connection on Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) that has internal (female) threads. BSR (Bending Strength Ratio) On a drill collar or other BHA component, the ration of the box section modulus to the pin section modulus. BSR is used as an approximate indicator of the suitability of a given connection on given outside and inside diameters. BSR does not apply to connections on normal weight drill pipe. Buoyancy Factor The ration of a free hanging component’s apparent weight in drilling fluid to its weight in air. Calibration Comparison and adjustment to a standard of known accuracy. Calibration system A document system of gauge calibration and control. Class See Drill Pipe Class. Class 2 A set of acceptance criteria for used drill pipe taken from API RP7G. Class 2 pipe may have more wear and damage than Premium Class pipe. Cold Rolling Imparting residual compressive strain to a BHA connection to improve its fatigue resistance. Cold weld A metallurgical inexact term generally indication a lack of adequate weld bonding strength of the abutting edges, due to insufficient heat and/or pressure. A cold weld may or may not have separation in the weld line. Other more definitive terms should be used whenever possible. Cold working Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature low enough to insure or cause permanent strain. Contact marks Intermittent marks adjacent to the weld line resulting from the electrical contact between the electrodes supplying the welding current and the pipe surface. Contract Agreed requirements between a supplier and customer transmitted by any means. Control Feature A documented method to perform an activity to ensure conformance with specified requirements. Crossover sub A short component with different threads on either end, used to convert sections of the drill stem from one threaded connection to another. Decarburization The loss of carbon from the surface of a ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with the carbon at the surface. Delivery That point in time and physical location at which the agreed transfer of ownership takes place. Design Acceptance Criteria Defined limits placed on characteristics of materials, products or services established by the supplier to ensure conformance to the product design. Design Factor for Burst The design factor for burst is divided into a component’s burst pressure capacity to give the Pressure (DFB) maximum permissible burst pressure that may be applied to that component. Burst pressure capacity is increased by simultaneous tension, but this benefit is normally ignored in drill string design. Design Factor for Collapse The factor divided into the collapse pressure rating of a drill pipe tube to determine the maximum Pressure allowable differential (collapse pressure) for the tube. DFC is applied after first de-rating collapse pressure capacity to account for the effort of any simultaneous tension. Design Factor for Excess BHA The factor multiplied by desired weight on bit (WOB) to determine minimum buoyed BHA weight. Weight The excess BHA weight helps to keep the neutral point below the top of the BHA. Design Factor for Tension The factor divided into a component’s maximum tensile load capacity to determine the maximum allowable load for that component. Design Validation The process of proving a design by testing. The required testing is that required by the supplier, user, and/or the applicable product to design requirements. Dispatch To send off to a particular destination. Documentation Recorded information. Dogleg A sharp change of inclination or azimuth in a well bore. Doglegs may be planned (intentional) or unplanned (accidental). Dogleg Severity A measure of the combined rate of change in inclination and azimuth of a well bore, usually expressed in degrees per 100 feet (or in metric units, degrees per 30 meters) of well bore length. Drift A gauge used to check minimum ID of loops, flow lines, nipples, tubing, casing, drill pipe, and drill collars. Drill collars Thick-walled pipe to provide stiffness and concentration of weight at the bit. Drill Pipe Lengths of tube, usually steel, to which special threaded connection call tool joints are attached. Drill Stem All the components that are connected together and form the assembly used to drill the well, usually considered from the bottom of the top drive or swivel downward. Also called “Drill String” although the latter term is often used to refer to that part consisting only of normal weight drill pipe. Excessive reinforcement Outside weld beads which extend above the prolongation of the original surface of the pipe (more than 1/8 in. for pipe having a thickness of ½ in. and under, and more than 3/16 in. for a pipe having a thickness of over ½ in.) Excessive trim Ref. API Specification 5L, Par. 7.8 Extended Reach (ER) A term applied to certain wells characterized by large horizontal displacement to TVD ratios. For design considerations in this standard, ER wells are those wells in which traditional BHA’s are removed from the drill stem and bit weight is applied by operating normal weight drill pipe in compression. Failure Improper performance of a component that prevents completion of its intended function. Failure Mechanism A name given to a chain of conditions and events by which failure can occur (example: Fatigue). Failure Driver A condition or situation which accelerates a failure mechanism and leads to more rapid failure. Example: Drilling mud corrosiveness is a failure driver for fatigue. More corrosive mud systems cause a drill string component to fail quicker by fatigue, other things equal. Fatigue The progressive localized permanent structural damage that occurs when a material undergoes repeated, fluctuating stress cycle. As fatigue damage accumulates at a point, a fatigue crack or cracks can form. Under continued stress cycles, these cracks can grow until failure occurs. In drill stem components, stress cycles occur when the component is bent or buckled then rotated. They also result from vibration. Fatigue Crack A crack resulting from fatigue. Fitness for Purpose The principle of tightening or loosening the arbitrary acceptance criteria in this standard when such action is appropriate for either reducing risk or safely reducing cost. Fluorescence The emission of visible radiation by a substance as the result of the absorption of ultraviolet light radiation. Forging Plastically deforming metal, usually hot, into desired shapes with compressive force, with or without dies. (2) A shaped metal part formed by the forging method. Full depth thread A thread in which the thread root lies on the minor cone of an external thread or lies on the major cone of an internal thread. Heat Checks Shallow cracks on the exterior of tool joints. The cracks are usually formed while the pipe is rotated with high side loads. Typically not detrimental in themselves, heat checks can lead to failures such as split box. Heavy Weight Drill Pipe ): A group of pipes that are between normal drill pipe and drill collars in weight. They are (HWDP) characterized by the absence of an internal upset and the presence of an external upset about midway in the tube. HWDP attributes are not covered in API standards. Hook cracks or upturned fiber Metal separations, resulting from imperfections at the edge of the plate or scalp, parallel to the imperfections surface, which turn toward the ID or OD pipe surface when the edges are upset during welding. I (moment of Inertia) I = (p/64) (D4-d4), where D and d are large and small diameters respectively. Inadequate flash trim A condition in which height of weld flash after trimming exceeds the limits set in the API specification to which the pipe was manufactured. Incomplete fusion Lack of complete coalescence of some portion of the metal in weld joint. Incomplete penetration (lack of A condition where the weld metal does not continue through the full thickness of the joint penetration) Inspection Procedure Step-by-step requirements and process quality controls for the conduct of an inspection method. Inspection Program A group of one or more inspection methods that are applied to evaluate the acceptability of drill stem components, and the criteria against which the acceptability of the components will be judged. Internal thread Thread on the internal surface of a coupling or pipe. Ionization chamber An instrument that detects and measures ionizing radiation by observing the electrical current created when radiation ionizes gas in the chamber, making it a conductor of electricity. ISO International Standards Organization. J(Polar Moment of Inertia) J = (p/32) (D4-d4) where D and d are large and small diameters respectively. Joint 1) A length of pipe. 2) A connector. Kelly The square or hexagonal shaped steel pipe connecting the thread axis, in which the pitch diameter equals the value in Column 5 of Table 25. Kelly saver sub A short substitute that is made up onto the bottom of the Kelly to protect the pin end of the Kelly from wear during make-up and break-out operations. Lbt Length of threads in the box measured from the make-up shoulder to the intersection of the non- pressure flank and crest of the last thread with full thread depth. Lower Kelly value (Kelly cock) An essentially full opening value installed immediately below the Kelly, with outside diameter equal to the tool joint outside diameter. Valve can be closed to remove the Kelly under pressure and can be stripped in the hole for snubbing operations. Make-up To screw a connection together. Make-up shoulder The sealing shoulder on a rotary shouldered connection. Manufacturing Acceptance Defined limits placed on characteristics of materials, products, and services established by the Criteria supplier to ensure conformance to the manufacturing requirements. Margin of Overpull(MOP) The excess tensile capacity above the normal hanging or working load(Pw) for contingencies such as hole drag and stuck pipe. Mill grind An area of the OCTG surface removed by grinding during the manufacturing process. Moment of Inertia see I Offset of plate edges The radial offset of plate edges in the weld seams. NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology. Neutral Point The point in the drill stem below which the drill stem is buckled and above which it is not buckled. Non-Auditable Statement See ”Auditable Statement” Non-pressure flank The thread flank on which no axial load is induced from make-up of the connection or from tensile load on the drill stem member. On the pin, it is the thread flank farthest from the make-up shoulder. On the box, it is the thread flank closest to the make-up shoulder. Normalized and Tempered A term to describe material that has been heat treated by first normalizing, then tempering. Normalizing Hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it to the austenitizing temperature then allowing it to cool slowly. Out-of-line weld beads or OFF A condition in which the inner and/or outer weld beads are sufficiently out of radial alignment with seam the abutting edges of the joint to cause incomplete penetration. Penetrator A localized spot of incomplete fusion. Pinhole A short un-welded area in the weld line extending through the entire pipe thickness so that fluid will leak out through the area very slowly. Pony Collar A short drill collar, often about 1/3 to ½ the length of a full drill collar. Porosity Voids in a metal, usually resulting from shrinkage or gas entrapment occurring, during solidification of a casting or weldment. Premium Class A set of acceptance criteria for normal weight drill pipe taken from API RP7G, Recommended Practice for Drill Stem Design and Operating Limits Premium Class, Reduced TSR A class of used drill pipe that meets the requirements of premium class in every detail except tool joint diameters. Tool joint diameters are allowed to be smaller to recognize and control an industry- wide practice of using certain tube/tool joint combinations that give better fishing clearances then Premium Class. Premium Class, Reduced TSR is not recognized in API standards. Product Result of activities or processes. Quality Conformance to specified requirements. Quench and tempered Quench hardening -hardening a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling rapidly enough that some or all of the austenite transforms to martensite. Tempering- reheating a quenched-hardened or normalized ferrous alloy to temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. Range A length classification for API Oil Country Tubular Goods. Re -facing Field repair of deal damage on a rotary shouldered connection by grinding or cutting the deal face. Re-facing changes pitch diameter of pin and box, and can lead to deal failure in extreme cases. As a general rule, re-facing should be avoided if practical. Re -facing Benchmark A mark made on the pin neck or box counter-bore of a rotary shouldered to indicate the axial position of the original shoulder seal. The benchmark helps quantify the amount of re-facing a connection has undergone. Reference dimension Dimension that is a result of tow or more other dimensions. Rejectable Component A drill Stem component which fails to meet or exceed the acceptance criteria outlined in this standard after undergoing all or part of the specified inspection program. Rotary shouldered connection A connection used on drill string elements, which has coarse, tapered threads and sealing shoulders. Saver Sub A sub that screws onto a high-cost drill stem component. Repeated make-breaks are made on the saver sub, protecting the threads on the high-cost component from damage. Section Modulus See Z Service Category See Category Shoulder Width The distance from the box counter-bore or pin neck to the tool joint outside diameter, ignoring the tool joint bevel. Signal-to-noise ration The ratio of the signal from a significant imperfection or defect to signals generated by surface noise. Slag inclusions Non-metallic solid material entrapped in the weld metal and base metal. Slip Area The area on drill pipe, usually near the box end, where slips are set when running the pipe into or out of the well. Slip Crushing Inward plastic deformation of the drill pipe tube by the radial forced induced when pipe is set on slips. Slip Groove A groove cut into drill collars, in which slips can be set. Specified Requirements Those requirements necessary to provide product, including designated quality system elements, design and manufacturing acceptance criteria and customer defined requirements. Split Box Failure Drills stem failure mode in which a connection box splits longitudinally. Stability Forces Pressure-area forces that tend to destabilize (buckle) or stabilize drill pipe. Stabilizer A BHA component having a body diameter about the same size as a drill collar, and having longitudinal or spiral blades that form a larger diameter, often at or near hole diameter. Stiffness Ratio The ratios of the section modulus (Z) of drill stem components immediately below a change in drill stem diameter, to the section modulus of those immediately above. Stiffness Ratio is calculated using tube diameters, not connection diameter. Stitching Variation in the properties of the weld occurring at short regular intervals among the weld line due to repetitive variation in welding heat. The variation in properties gives rise to a regular pattern of light and dark areas visible only when the weld is broken in the weld line. Storage compound A substance that is applied to threaded oil field pipe connections to protect against corrosion during either shipment or storage or both. Straightness The degree to which the longitudinal axis of a length of OCTG parallels a straight line. Stress relief groove A groove machined on a BHA connection pin to reduce stress by removing unused threads that act as stress concentrators. Stress relief grooves may have a nominal effect o the torsional and tensile capacity of the pin neck, but are placed primarily to increase its fatigue life. Stress-relief feature : A modification performed on rotary shouldered connections that remove the unengaged threads of the pin or box. This process makes the joint more flexible and reduces the likelihood of fatigue cracking in this highly stressed area. Sub A short drill stem component Sulfide Stress Cracking A drill stem failure mode in which cracks form in a drill stem component when hydrogen is liberated during a chemical reaction between steel and hydrogen sulfide. Swivel Device at tip of the drill stem that permits simultaneous circulation and rotation. TSR Torsional Strength Ratio. The ratio of tool joint torsional strength divided by tube torsional strength. Tempering Reheating a quenched-hardened or normalized ferrous alloy to temperature below the transformation range and then cooling. Tender offer made by a supplier in response to an invitation to satisfy a contract award to provide product. Tensile Failure A failure mode in which the applied tension on a component exceeds the product of its cross- sectional area times the actual yield strength of that component. Tensile strength The maximum tensile stress that a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile strength is calculated from the maximum load during a tension test carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Test pressure A pressure above working pressure used to demonstrate structural integrity of a pressure vessel. Thread compound A substance that is applied to threaded oil field pipe connections prior to make-up to provide lubrication during assembly and disassembly and to aid in sealing against high internal and external pressure in service. Some thread compounds may also contain substances that provide storage compound properties. Thread Root In a connection, the area at the base of the thread form. If the threads are considered projections above a surface, the thread root would be the part of the surface between adjacent threads. Threshold Stress For a given drill stem failure mechanism, the stress below which failure cannot occur. If stress is above the threshold, failure may or may not occur, depending on other factors. Tool joint A heavy coupling element for drill pipe having coarse, tapered threads and sealing shoulders designed to sustain the weight of the drill stem, withstand the strain of repeated make-up and break-out, resist fatigue, resist additional make-up during drilling, and provide a leak-proof seal. The make section (pin) is attached to one end of a length of drill pipe and the female section (box) is attached to the other end. Tool joints may be welded to the drill pipe, screwed onto the pipe, or a combination of screwed on and welded. Torsional Capacity The calculated torsion required to yield a drill string component, assuming minimum specified yield strength and either actual or assumed minimum dimensions. Torsional Failure A failure mode in which a part of the drill stem is plastically deformed beyond specified acceptance limits due to the application of torsion loading. Under-cut Under-cutting on submerged-arc-welded pipe is the reduction in thickness of the pipe wall adjacent to the weld where it is fused to the surface of the pipe. Un-inspection Component A Drill Stem component which can be determined to be neither acceptable nor rejectable due to some condition which renders the inspection process unreliable. Example: A drill pipe tube that is pitted to the extent that the EMI inspection log background noise exceeds the limits of this standard. Upper Kelly valve (Kelly cock) A valve immediately above the Kelly that can be closed to confine presume inside the drill pipe. User The entity responsible for thread compound application. Weld area crack A crack that occurs in the weld deposit, the fusion line, or the heat affected zone. (Crack A stress- induced separation of the metal which, without any other influence, is insufficient in extent to cause complete rupture of the material. Working gauges Gauges used for gauging product threads. Working pressure The pressure to which a particular piece of equipment is subjected during normal operations. Working temperature The temperature to which particular piece of equipment is subjected during normal operations. Yield Strength The stress level above which a material changes from predominately elastic to predominately plastic strain behavior. Z (Section Modulus) Z = [(p/32) (D4-d4)/D], where D and d are large and small diameters respectively. Macaroni Tubing Small diameter tubing ranging in sizes from 1.050" OD to 2.063" OD. Line Pipe Pipe produced for conveying gas, oil, liquefied petroleum products, solids in water slurry, and water, usually over relatively large distances. Annealing A process involving heating and cooling usually applied to induce softening. The term also refers to treatments intended to alter mechanical or physical properties, produce a definite microstructure or remove gases. Bend Tests Tests used to determine the ductility and/or other characteristics of pipe and tubing. The number of tests, radius and degree of bend are generally outlined in the applicable specification. Charpy Impact Test A standard V-notched test specimen bar at a predetermined temperature, supported as a cantilever beam is broken by means of a lead applied suddenly by a single blow from a calibrated pendulum to determine the notch toughness of the materials at a specific temperature. The notch toughness is indicated by the energy absorbed in breaking the bar. Cold Drawn Refers to tubing drawn in the cold state through hardened steel or tungsten carbide dies, either with or without a mandrel on the inside of the tubing. Cold Expanding A method of cold working pipe wherein the diameter of the pipe is increased either by mechanical or fluid pressure exerted within. Cold Work Plastic deformation at such temperatures and rates that substantial increases occur in the strength and hardness of the metal. Collapsing Pressure The pressure which when applied to the outside of a tube causes it to cave in, or to fail by bending or buckling inward. Concentricity A tube is concentric when the center line of the inside diameter is consistent with the center line of the outside diameter. Descaling The process if removing scale from the surface of steel. Scale forms most readily when the steel is hot by union of the oxygen in the air with the iron in the hot steel. Double Submerged Arc Welded Cold finished pipe fabricated from individual lengths of plate which are pressed into a "U" shape (DSAW) Pipe and further into an "O" shape. The joint is tack welded and then a complete penetration submerged arc weld is made by the submerged arc welding method on both inside and outside surfaces. Ductility The property that permits permanent deformation or stretch before fracture by stress or tension. Electric Resistance Weld Hot Made by cold-forming flat rolled steel, welding the longitudinal butt-joint by the electric resistance Stretch Reduction weld process, and subsequently reducing the diameter while the material is hot throughout its cross sections Elastic Limit (Yield point) The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any measurable permanent extension remaining after complete release of the applied force. Elongation The amount of permanent extension in the vicinity of the fracture in the tension test. Usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length, such as 25% in 2 inches. Flare Test A destructive test to check the weld quality and ductility of pipe by a tapered expansion over the apex of a cone of specified dimensions, usually 60 degrees. Flash When hot metal surfaces are joined by fusion under pressure, as in electric resistance welding, metal displaced out of the weld, usually as a thin fin, is called a flash. Flattening test A destructive test where a ring cut from a length of pipe is cold flattened to establish if the ductility, soundness and weld quality meet the specified requirements. Galvanizing The process of applying a coating of zinc to the finished tube to provide corrosion protection. The coating can be applied by hot dipping or electrolytic deposition. Hot Working Plastic deformation of metal at elevated temperature. The end effect is to produce a more ductile product. Killed Steel Has sufficient deoxidizing agent added to remove all free oxygen. Internal gas voids are thus avoided. Ladle Analysis The term applied to the chemical analysis representative of a heat or blow of steel as it is being poured. This is the analysis reported to the purchaser by the steel supplier. Line Pipe This term describes welded and seamless pipe used principally for conveying gas, oil, liquefied petroleum products, solids in a water slurry, and water, usually over relatively large distances. Cross country transmission pipe lines for oil and gas are usually laid underground with compressor or pumping stations located at regular intervals along the pipe line to maintain proper operating pressures and product flow rates. Longitudinal Tensile Tests For small diameter sizes, full size tubular sections are tested. For the larger sizes, longitudinal test specimens are obtained from strips cut from the tube. For welded pipe, specimens are located approximately 90 degrees from the weld. Magnetic Particle Inspection A magnetic field transverse to the weld is produced. Magnetic powder is applied which is attracted (Weld Zone) to regions where the magnetic field is increased by discontinuities at or near the surface. Mechanical Properties Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain, for example, the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and fatigue limit. These properties are often referred to as "physical properties". Mechanical Tubing Tubing used for a variety of mechanical and structural purposes and not necessarily designed for the carrying of fluids or gases under pressure. Normalizing The heating of steel to a temperature exceeding its upper critical temperature, followed by cooling freely in still air so that moderately rapid cooling occurs and a fine-grained structure is obtained. Ovality The difference between the maximum and minimum diameters of any one section of tubing. Parent Metal As applied to a welded product, refers to that portion of metal, which was not affected by the heat from the welding operation. Plastic Deformation Permanent distortion of a material under the action of applied stresses. Pressure Pipe This term describes a large list of seamless or welded carbon or alloy pipe, used for conveying fluids at low, normal, or elevated temperatures or pressures, or both, but not subjected to the application of external heat. Pressure pipe is generally confined to industrial applications, for use in plant steam and hydraulic piping systems. Specification and Grade In general, it can be said that the end use of the piping material and the conditions of pressure, temerature, atmosphere and fluid conveyed would dictate the specification to which it must be manufactured. Grades, of course, represent differences in steel characteristics within a given specification. It is the function of design engineers to determine what specification and grade will be applied to a given end use. Stress Relieving A process of reducing residual stresses in a material by heating the metal to suitable temperature, holding for a sufficient time and cooling at room temperature. Such stresses may be induced by cold working or welding. Tensile Strength Breaking strength divided by the cross sectional area. Also called ultimate strength. Transverse Weld Tests Specimen is taken 90 degrees to the weld with weld at the center. Not applicable for sizes smaller than 8-5/8" OD. Tensile Test A mechanical test to determine yield strength, ultimate strength and elongation by applying tension to a specified specimen. Transverse Tensile Test The specimen shall be located 90 degrees to the axis of the pipe. Not applicable for sizes smaller than 8-5/8" OD. Weld Joint Factor Factor used in the establishment of the maximum allowable stress permitted for materials taking into consideration the efficiency of the weld joint produced by the manufacturing process.