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Article 109364 52Fb4234ad255 ' "# & ! "#$% /0!. )-., *# +, !" #$%& ' (( ) ( ( ; !9:% : 67, 3( 8 5& : 2& 3( ) ($)* ) &E )-., C D & B +, 5% . 2:% %- % & )-., /-?& @ )$% 2 Polydrusus davatchii Hoffmann =>?: & MN O9P ) : @=" %#Q R $%% : . L0$% ( /0!. ) K )IJ!= & HGG $=F & & =>?: 2 &M" /%YM? M XM M!$= M MI F% M, M @S= F% WI =>?: @=T #Q )T &%& /#$ )-., C U-V= @S= F%$% ) : & * =>?: &%^( . & = \? ]? F% 5 & = [> & /-?& F%$% ): ) Q$ & F UZ $ P )M" M @MS= F% R =>?: &%^( . & &%= F% , /-?& F%$% ) : F% - T %& !^= J I P /-?& @M=" %M#Q M$%% )MT &%& /M#$ a M-$ 5 M!` . M= 2M: M#$ &F _VM @S= F% - T %& !^= J Y $ & &F _V _V )^JP & 2?& % L%$% =>?: &%^( F% - " %& !^= J &F _V )^JP & ) -., /-?& =>?: . 2%& 2fg= e( 2 5 % 2 ^ _T%( B T & -= -$: d @P%Q c Z C )$-.=F _V bQ B +, :% . 2:% #$ &F . Z%F [-!T )$-.=F _V =>?: )-., 2 ,: -.$ , +&( The effect of winter ploughing on reduction of pistachio weevil population density M. R. MEHRNEJAD and R. MIRZAEI Pistachio research institute, Rafsanjan, Iran Abstract The weevil Polydrusus davatchii Hoffmann, is a potential pest for pistachio buds and developing flower clusters in early spring. The effect of winter ploughing on weevil’s population density was investigated using emergence traps in a contaminated pistachio orchard through 2009-2012 in Bayaz, 75 Km North-West of Rafsanjan, Iran. It was found that beetles only emerges from soil where naturally covered by plant litters under the pistachio trees’ canopy during 20 March to 20 April. No adult weevil captured through emergence traps in other parts of orchard. The number of weevils that captured under trees canopy having no any plant litters were significantly less than those captured under trees canopy where naturally covered by plant litters. A significant difference was found for the abundance of weevils in plowed and non-plowed areas. In addition, the present field experiment verified that abundance of weevils on aerial parts of trees in plowed plot were significantly lower than those in non-plowed plot. Based on the results, winter ploughing (30 cm depth) of pistachio orchards causes positive effect on reduction of weevils’ population density. Key words: Cultural practices, pest, pistachio, Polydrusus davatchii , weevil, winter ploughing. Corresponding author: [email protected] : ' & ! )-., /-?& )$% / L-= /=Y P. davatchii $0 MM %MM- % & MM / wMM$ & )!YfMM: /MM %MM, O?: )IJ!= )-., /-?& F% 2.V$ )-., =>?: 5 M % M M F% )MQ= 5 M % & . $M = I-.= /-?& LMMM$ MMM Hoffmann WMMM:( hMMM ( /MMM:%? ) . M!" M= ) M 7r( M FM( M 2 F% ) #Q Polydrusus davatchii Hoffmann (Col.: Curculionidae) . )M" M!$= @M&F )-M., LMP% =>?M: .? % M#Q 5M% j%& Ok: . (Hoffmann, 1956) U i( W%M & 2 5% [-!" LZ . 2:% )( @ P . jP M#Q 5% . (Davatchi, 1958) &" 6%Y )-., 2 /%!Z ) #%F )$% ) .? '= 2 ^ / r> )M!=%& 2M%$ &n-P% 2 % o` ;lm ) & ?%% ( M )-M., M CM & M#Q 5M% MqQ . && = # . Q%$ & /0!. " )-., pJ: & / 2 E^ C & 5 !` ':!= /-?& x? . 2= )-M., LM: )M& & = )-?! &S= . &M M= M#= %- % & ':!=$ /-?& U ^b 5MM% ;m )MM & %MM- % F% . (Mehrnejad, 2001) 2MM%& %MMP [MS= WM:( M^ W%M & )-., =>?: Ff= M" )-M., c>M!= q^ & &S= 2 ^ & #Q M?%% & . & = i B" #Q &%= /-?& , ) -., & / qQ )!=%& a( ) & #= /0!. M" )-M., c>M!= & %M syM ^= M [% ) $ !9:% )M- 6-M. %M _M c>M!= /M=T /-:% T zMb= 5M% )" 2:% $> & % )M cM^-= =>?M: )$ 9 . (Mehrnejad, 2014) 2:% eM( LMZ )M0 -$ & hMP= ) k : /R=% LZ '= 2MM:% MM 6%YMM /% MM % F% Polydrusus Germar O!MM & @M.$ {M M#Q 5 .% & = Y $ [-!" ':!= & . (Meleshko and Korotyaev, 2005; Legalov et al ., 2010) =>?: 5 % % $ #Q . (Mehrnejad, 2014) &%& [: /%M!Z )M M @ M %% & )-M., /-?& &= Z h != Mi )M )$ 5 % : = |$ ) 2:% #$ h M M^= P. davatchii =>?M: @=" %#Q / Y = . (Mehrnejad et al ., 2017) M $ = &%F Parthenogenesis MM )MM$% F% 5&MM & / @MM=" %MM#Q )MMT 2MM:% @Mg= E( Korotyaev and Meleshko (1995) 6%Y :% Farivar Mehin, 2002; Jalilvand, ) M!!T M= ) M 7r( M 5 M % Mi )M Polydrusus O!M ) c^-= =>?: & )MMT 2MM:% MM 6%YMM s% MM ?% (. 1998; Mehrnejad, 2001 F% =>?MM: )MM$ 5 MM!j .MM MM= Parthenogenesis Polydrusus nadaii Meleshko and Korotyaev =>?MM: M!$= M$% M 6%YM )M$ = M: F% Polydrusus O! Velázquez-de-) M M Y $ )-M., /M-?& 2M 2:% 5* = Polydrusus pilifer Hochhuth Polydrusus inustus Germar 5 M % F% &MZ td 6%YM 5 % :% . ( Castro et al ., 2014 Kajtoch and ) M$%& &%F Parthenogenesis c M > F% )T M h 5 YP & )-., /-?& F% =>?: Lachowska-Cierlik, 2009; Kajtoch et al ., 2012 (. (. )M$ 5 M .% M$& &M $ ) 7r( )-., X ) Q F% )T 2:% _M= M F% M =>?M: M Z h M!= M:% M /-M:% & M &^M: F% [: & )f(= 5 E% )MJ % 5 M % & . $M M= xM.S= = /-?& F% . (Meleshko and Korotyaev, 2005) 2M:% M hM MMfT= MM =>?MM: )MM F% MM )MM$ F% MM? & . 2M. $ 2M:& & =>?M: 5 M % F% -M# Zu>% Pachnaeus Pachnaeus litus Diaprepes abbreviates &Y /-:% & $o$ W:( %Si h : : }MMMM (McCoy , 1999 ) Artipus floridanus opalus F% )MM$ 5 MM % v H G $MM=F & & /MM=T 8 (Menu and Debouzie, 1995) Curculio elephas Gyllenhal = >?M: @M=" %M#Q . M#$ h )-., /-?& 89:; #'! 7 8 (# 7 56 $- : 4 , ,# & 123 M LM ( )M" 2M:% (%#Q $%% qQ )^EJ= % (Dicker, 1946) (Anthonomus pomorum (Linnaeus)) ' M: h(%= @o! C z%Y= w? & $ $F F% - .P (Dezianian, 2005) Rhynchites auratus (Scopoli) u M M )M%% MnV#= M:% N O9P &. = k: (Faleiro, 2006) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) M=? F% &9-M:% &M= O9P . )-?: Southwood (1978) W:( . $%& mm KZ [> ) '^R= i ) Y $%E Y O! 2M %M#Q 2 ^ _T%( _V e( : 2M ) 2M & OM9P 5 M .% &M M-= -$: m ! _T%M( 5 M!` FM#T ynS= / F ( $ & WMI &M M, Y ( y 2 f$ & h M: J ~P F% &%^( *:% F UZ % )M$F f$M 2 ; & . & F @=T J U" 2 .P M L0$% / U-V= }I$ & F#T _-. :T% {M . 2M%& &M 2 M.P W: & -= -$: JP ) Tyler et al ., 1983; Fortnum and Karlen, 1985; Gerard ) 2M:% 9M: { -M:u, O! F% ( E D - _0Q ) % )$%-:% N .and Hay, 1979; Cardina et al ., 1991; Pollard and Gussans, F% OM9P . M 'Mn$ 'M:!= J )$F )$ & & 9 _VM &%M= Mq^ & . ( 1981; Hussain and Ghaffar , 1993 . 2M = %P 5 =F ! , 2 .P !^ / F 2 .P eM= M / M F @M=%Z 2 ^ _T%( r( & ]? & OM9P 'Mn$ F% O, . & 9: ) @= O9P $ $ MZ%F M Z zM$ 5 M % &%= F% . & =% 2:% & / &% % )$%-MM:% MMN @MMS = F% WMMI MM$ 5 MM=F . 2MM:% )-M%$ )MM^EJ= &M= &MM= 2 M ^ eM( 'n$ F ) C U-V= @S= j & O9P . = @MM=T %MM#Q )MMT &%& /MM#$ MM$o$ (=MMI= MM: $: $: MM F & CMM ]MM? 5 &MM @ MM %% F% =>?MM: M^ M^ f> MJ 5 M=F )M" )-M., /-?& F%$% ): & H )?M: )M a M- OkM: M!!T = 2TQ )-., /-?& FM M UMZ $ P @= I F% , %7 _ )! =F & *( ^EJ= . & = @I-!= /-?& B M, M [M: M [: F% )-., )!" &" /%Y? X @MS= MbQ )M^EJ= & . 2M:% F M $ &= #Q 5 % y & . & . M _VM eM( ]? F% =>?: @=T %#Q \? M BM, /M )-M., /M-?& F%$% ): & H M: CM & =>?M: @M=" %M#Q 2 ^ _T%( I )$o` & 2VE ^ f> J 5 =F !^ &. 2%$ & E &%= 5 MM MM!^ )-MM., /MM-?& F%MM$% )MM: F% \MM? & ;H # <&# MI ) M: M^ f> MJ 5 M=F )M" /-?& U& =>?M: 2M )M &E )-., C D & c IS( 5% . & , ) KM & MP Q% _P F% -* m 2^: ) )-., 5 MM MM!^ )-MM., /MM-?& F%MM$% )MM: F% \MM? & H [MMM: %MMM ( /0!MMM. xMMM [ MMM MMM-= MMM " )M$o` ^ f> J 5 =F pJ: & )" /-?& U& &. : F zb= & L0$% ( H GG ) . 2%$ & I @?? 1??AB C&?? (#& & @??% D ?? => M . M & 'Mn$ %MR( /%M!Z ) O9P m ( % 5 M ^( %M ( Emergence trap ) MN O9P F% : GG G !9MM:% & E%MM-= [MM: & & MM OMM9P & )-M., =>?: @=T %#Q \? @S= @S= 2M#f &% M( F )Mi ) $ : $ 'n$ M )-?!M 6 D M 5 .% & &9-:% C ]? pJ: : ' & ! [: & & 2#f &% [% ) $ 5 & & & FS= M: 2M $ & . 2 %& )=%&% F m = ) ^ [: M> xjMj & B M=F 5 M .% L0$% ; ;m O9P '$% ) @n-= N & &= =>?: &%^( ) M: CM 5 M % & . L0$% &n( @= T ] = . & 2%&& 6 M!$= M M I F% M, M^ f> MJ /-?& F%$% @? . 1?AB ? ? ? ? E> [: F% $= P )-., 2?& X F UZ & E%M-= [M: & & M M: : F # & 2M?%!* -f.$ J &%= o & fZ ) . & @fP B M=F D M % )^JP F% . L0$% C U-V= ^JP @M=" J " )^JP { & . 2%& & /-?& F . & &9-:% [: D % WI ;m ; [M: 5M M= @ M %% & /-?& )!( !" ( ? @? . 1?AB ?&2 # E>=> cM Z )M -T%( ) : _V Z . $ &F _V ? G & # # $ ' @% ($ C# )M$o` Mo& )M^JP & . M L0$% -= -$: ;m &Q &9-M:% B =F 5 % & : F , ($A ( & ($ ( M Z M: CM 5 M % & . M#$ L0$% w? _V Z @S= F% )T =>?: @=T %#Q $%% N O9P F% M & &T @ fP F% )-., C & a % % UM-V= W %M & & $M \? )-., /-?& F%$% ) : @M=T %#Q &%^( : . & [f$& )IJ!= Z :% ) M: @MS= ]M? & O9P ' (( 5 . : @=MM 2MM?& %MM MM 2 MM.P =>?MM: . $ 'n$ F 2 in? & /-?& F%$% MM# %F MM# F% _MMZ% /MMF [MMQ & MM )MM$% )-., /-?& F%$% ): @S= & N O9P 'n$ H UE% F( )?: 5 !` = @ )? UZ @= I F% , ^ f> J 5 =F )" 5 &M F% )^JP & & F vd & D & X & . & . B , [: [: F% )-., )!" X F & %&M M= . M L 0$% 2#f &% ( F )i ) )-M., /-?& F%$% ): @S= & N O9P 'n$ H x %M . M & [Mf$& 2 e J pfi d ( G $=F &S= MJ OM9P 'Mn$ @MS= & 5 =F )" U& nV#= )M /&F ) Mb 6 F% =>?M: 6 M h Beating ) 9M: ! : & D:: 5 % h )?: . _V -= -$: ;m c Z ) @=" MM= 2MM $ MM & . (Speight, 2005) MM & &9-MM:% ( tray M|!= %MR( /%M!Z )M O9P @P%Q ( % & 2M?& vt %M U-V= F% )?: v %& $ M 'Mn$ d G !9M:% & O9P . & &M= )M^JP & M: . M &F ) b &n( J U & M= ) ^ [: 2#f &% ( F )i ) $ : tdd o * F% )^JP & )i . 2 L0$% /=Y B =F =>?M: &%^( : 2 $ & . 2 %& )=%&% F m &M= /M-?& . &M 2M?& U M & d o & fZ ) -= 6 M M OM9P 'M$% )M @Mn-= MN & &= MQ% M > & !T U & d 5 > F% : .
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