Article 109364 52Fb4234ad255

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The effect of winter ploughing on reduction of pistachio weevil population density

M. R. MEHRNEJAD and R. MIRZAEI Pistachio research institute, Rafsanjan, Iran Abstract The weevil Polydrusus davatchii Hoffmann, is a potential pest for pistachio buds and developing flower clusters in early spring. The effect of winter ploughing on weevil’s population density was investigated using emergence traps in a contaminated pistachio orchard through 2009-2012 in Bayaz, 75 Km North-West of Rafsanjan, Iran. It was found that beetles only emerges from soil where naturally covered by plant litters under the pistachio trees’ canopy during 20 March to 20 April. No adult weevil captured through emergence traps in other parts of orchard. The number of weevils that captured under trees canopy having no any plant litters were significantly less than those captured under trees canopy where naturally covered by plant litters. A significant difference was found for the abundance of weevils in plowed and non-plowed areas. In addition, the present field experiment verified that abundance of weevils on aerial parts of trees in plowed plot were significantly lower than those in non-plowed plot. Based on the results, winter ploughing (30 cm depth) of pistachio orchards causes positive effect on reduction of weevils’ population density. Key words: Cultural practices, pest, pistachio, Polydrusus davatchii , weevil, winter ploughing.

Corresponding author: [email protected] : ' & !

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9M: { -M:u, O! F% ( E D - _0Q ) % )$%-:% N .and Hay, 1979; Cardina et al ., 1991; Pollard and Gussans,

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: : F # . 2%$ & # =F Q% ($? #U @ . 1AB &2 E>=> M= 6 M B M=F M &%& : ? ( M L3 K> RM =>?: &%^( : : # $ ' @% ) M Y0( Minitab %YM% LM$ F% &9-:% One way ANOVA )-M., /M-?& F%M$% )M: @S= & N O9P & . $ = )M" M @S= F% R =>?: &%^( )" &%& /#$ )M^EJ= : ? ?-Q R $ &P' ' O N> _VM M @MS= F% - T %& !^= J & &F _V B. Korotyaev WM:( #Q 5 % Z L$ ( =$.T( .( .( [ ) 2:% #$ &F . L0$% ) : & J. Meleshko ,&# ?? @?? . 1??AB ??&2 E>E> ]M? F% \M? F% OM, @=T %#Q : I# T% & S 2M#f&% WM:%% ( $ $F $ N )-., /-?& : ? @? 1AB C& (#& & @% => => ?: @=" %#Q $%% . 2%& )=%&% /-?& & MN OM9P ) M: =>?M: @M=" %M#Q R {M:: @M=" %M#Q &%M^( &%& /#$ )-., /-?& F% WMI @M=" %M#Q &%& /#$ )-., C U-V= @S= M FM( )?M: 5 M!` M = @M )? F%M$% )M: )M Q$ & M MI F% M, M @S= &%^( F% - " %& !^= J &F _V )^JP & /-?& *M =>?M: &%M^( . $ = \? ]? F% /-?& _VM )M^JP & 2?& % L%$% =>?: %& !^= J I P /-?& F%$% ) : & ;.( ;.( [ ) 2:% #$ &F &MM MM &%MM= F% MM, /MM-?& F%MM$% ) MM: F% MM- T )-M., /M-?& M ) F% P. davatchii =>?: F% 5 &M [M> & =>?: @=T %#Q .( [ ) M )Mf! F% Mq^ &M= & &MS= MZu>% )" 2:% m MM( $MM=F & & \MM? \% . $MM \MM? ]MM? 5 M! ` y %7M M _M _ !$= / $F (. %& $ ) & #= 5 & . . &%& & / )! [-!T 6 @? . 1?AB ? ? ? ? E>

OM9P d M ( M .% G GG )-., C & U-V= W % v & N O9P & * )-., =>?: &%^( W:-= 8> V&$ 'n$ %*( /%!Z ) N Table 1. Mean of adult pistachio weevils captured in emergence traps at four different conditions in a pistachio orchard, spring 2009 and 2010 Emergence traps’ locations Mean adult weevils captured (±SE) WXG YZ @% 2009 2010 Under the trees’ canopy, soil were naturally covered by plant litters 20.30 ± 1.78 a 23.90 ± 2.14 a I B, ^ f> J 5 =F )-., /-?& F%$% ): & Under the trees’ canopy, naked soil (soil were naturally uncovered by plant litters and organic materials) 0.70 ± 0.26 b 1.00 ± 0.422 b I B, / ^ f> J 5 =F )-., /-?& F%$% ): & Outsides of trees’ canopy, soil were naturally covered by plant litters and organic materials 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b I B, ^ f> J 5 =F )-., /-?& F%$% ): F% \? Outsides of trees’ canopy, naked soil (naturally uncovered by plant litters and organic materials) 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 b I B, / ^ f> J 5 =F )-., /-?& F%$% ): F% \? P value 0.001 0.001

F 137.77 116.73

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& ( M BM, M M^ f> MJ 5 )=F )-., /-?& F%$% ) : & ]? h = -= D F% )T )-., =>?: @=T %#Q \? $ 8> # . . L0$% %*( /%!Z ) O9P F% %& = . &9-:% =>?: * % N O9P F% . d G 5 & [> Fig. 1. Emergence trends for the adult pistachio weevils, Polydrusus davatchii from 1 m 2 soil under the pistachio trees’ canopy (non -plowed soil, soil surface was naturally covered by plant litters) through 35 days in early spring. Weevils captured using “emergence trap” in 2010 and 2011. 16 emergence traps were used as replications, average number recovered per cage exposed in vertical axis.

F%M$% ) M: @MS= & ]M? M#$ &F _V &F _V ]? W % & N O9P & * )-., =>?: &%^( W:-= [> V&$ & = /#$ % %*( &%^( Y-$%, @?%& &%Z% . d G )-., /-?& Table 2. Mean of adult pistachio weevils captured in emergence traps at two soil surface conditions (plowed and non -plowed) under the pistachio trees canopies, spring 2010 and 2011. Numbers in brackets refer to replication

Soil surface conditions Adu lt weevils captured (±SE) WXG YZ @% 2010 2011 Plowed soil; soil surface was naturally covered by plant litters 5.75 ± 0.817b 4.7 ± 0.888b B, ^ f> J 5 =F )-., /-?& F%$% ): & 8 &F _V ]? (20) (16) Non-plowed soil; soil surface was naturally covered by plant litters 19.00 ± 2.30 a 16.5 ± 3.68a B, / ^ f> J 5 =F )-., /-?& F%$% ): & 8#$ &F _V ]? (16) (16)

P value 0.001 0.008

F 34.78 8.14

@ M %% ( 5& @ %% F% ]? F% =>?: \? $=F @S= & D#? )!T O F & =>?: 5 % M )M$% /M FM /=Y & 5 .% 2:% 2#f &% % )-M:& MJ )-M., M )?M: M FM M )$% & . 2M:% @M M )? 5 !` # %F# _V( 3 9( F% O, y . & = %P % &? _V( B M [MQ & )$% 2 F% D:: 5 % & 5 % Mehrnejad, ) M$ M= M ]M? @?%& ) !-% = 5 =F M ) M 7r( M )M` M!T F% Mn-V= MJ OkM: @ pJM: & ]M? F% @=T %#Q \? @S= )^EJ= . ( 2014 WM:%% &MQ M( M DM:: M = @ *#( F% O, . !T = %M#Q )M" &%& /#$ b ) N O9P F% &9-:% C 5 M F% a M( ) $%& qQ 2?& & 2#f &% ): & &%= F% , @S= F% WI =>?: @=" & MM#Q 5 % 2MM MM E^ & ' MM (( 5 MM . MM$ MM= VM#= ' M (( 5 . $ = \? ]? F% /-?& F%$% . . 2:% [% ) $ & )-., /-?& & M!^ CM F% ! ^= &S= & y 2 E^ )T & = & )MT &%& /M#$ 5 !` a .-$ = /-?& F%$% ) : 89:; #'! 7 8 (# 7 56 $- : 4 , ,# & 123

)-M., =>?M: @M=T %M#Q ) 7r( - . !!T = )-M., /M-?& )-M., =>?M: 2M ^ _T%( 9> V&$ 5 M % y =% 2:% T )$ ) f / %7 _V( _VM ]M? W% )$% )^JP & & ( 2?& % )?: )v vt vt M ( M % . d C #$ &F _V &F . . (Mehrnejad, 2014) !T $ ) 7r( )-., )# F% )$ . |!= %*( /%!Z ) 2?& ! ( Scavenger ) %? :, y : = |$ ) Table 3. Population densities of adult pistachio weevils per tree )-M., M X F UZ !$= :, I F% [4 twigs] in a pistachio orchard having two different soil surface conditions; plowed and non-plowed, spring 2011 and 2012.

]M?& &M= E &%= : /-?& F & )-V Soil surface conditions Adult weevils on trees (±SE) ) M 7r( M$%( )M! =F & c M IS( [Q 5 Z & !!" )7r( ]? W% 2011 2012 Plowed soil 1.1 ± 0.14 b 0.91 ± 0.09 b . . &%& b F / )# F% #Q 5 % y &F _V ]? $M M= \M? ]? F% D:: )*!% ) )( Non-plowed soil 4.33 ± 0.34 a 3.50± 0.27 a # $ &F _V ]? 5M% MZ%F [-!T /*=% $ = @I-!= /-?& Ok: P value 0.001 0.008 @MM=T %MM#Q *MM MM= . 2MM. $ MM|-$% F% & 2MM F 76.85 71.07 M &F _V @S= & N O9P ) : =>?: )MT &%& /#$ /-?& F%$% ): ) Q$ & #$ &F _V MM )MM$ F% MM? -MM:& & h MM!= MM:% MM M &F _VM M @S= & =>?: T . &%^( %M M L%M$% F% @=T #Q )Q= & =>?: & 5 =F _V @ Z B=F 5% a-$ :% . $ \? ]M? & y )MQ= & M!!T M= ) M 7r( / Y = . 2M:% M M#Q 5M% 2M ^ & 9( '= /-.=F M / )# F% sy ^= )Q= 5 % & . !!T = $F =>?M: $%% F% E%-= [: & : 5 !` MM )MM$ )MM$ = MM: & . MM!!T MM= ) MM 7r( MMo & MM M#$ &F _VM M &F _VM ^JP & )-., /-?& Polydrusus dohrni Faust 8 Polydrusus obliquatus Faust 2M ^ _T%M( B T & 5 =F )$-.=F _V )T &%& /#$ F% @M=T M#Q )Q= & )$ 5 .% $%& h : B!T%, . . 2:% )-%& 2fg= e( 2 5% DME%YE%F !Mi % kM: L%&M M!$= / Y = / X &%& /#$ )f!, 2 (Tillage) SJ: _V : /MM )MM# F% ]MM? & MM y MM!!T MM= ) MM 7r( Aphis gossypii Glover 2 M ^ _T%M( @M Z 5 M % )MT )MM$ @MM=T %MM#Q c>MM!= 5 MM & MM!!T MM= ) MM 7r( eMMMM= Frankliniella spp Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) ) 7r( $%^ )( @ F% Polydrusus pilifer Hochhuth 2 M ^ _T%M( M Z 5 M % )MT EQ & 2:% &f$ =>?: . (Arnoldi et al ., 1974; Kesten, 1982) !!T = eMMM= Empoasca spp . Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) =>?: ) F% yI (Mc Coy , 1999 ) fT= 2M:% M$= PM &n-P% )$-: pJ: F & $ 2 ^ Sitona discoideus Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal fMMM eM( eM( Mo & c M IS( D M & . (Gencsoylu and Yalcin , 2004 ) Barratt et al ., 1996; Bright 1994; Goldson and ) Gyllenhal &M =>?: y 2TQ & SJ: ]? _V 5 MMM!` ( French 1983; Murray and Clements, 1994 _VM @M Z M=% 2:% : (Pecan weevil) =%* Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) F =>?MMMMMM: 2M:% )-M%$ 'M:!= eM( 2 5 % y SJ: @M=T %M#Q (Chadwick, 1965; Coats and McCoy, 1990) Jemsi and Radjabi (2003 ) 6%YM :% . (Bissell, 1934) M L%M$% %7M _MV( M$%& %V - $ uM XM FM! = D M 5M: y 2 ^ _V e( ) M 7r( / )# F% y & = L0$% % : ' & !

WMI P. davatchii =>?M: &= & . (Mehrnejad, 2014) &f$ e= /=F F% q^ & Syringopis temperatella Led. [-!T /*=% c IS( 5 % & !-. )-., 2 @=T %#Q . 2M:% )-M%& 2Mfg= e% [: F% i? /=F & =% 2:% &M M= &!M# ., FS= 6 c > F% / _T%M( B MT )-., C & )$-.=F _V e( zb= . & L0$% $o h : J: & )$-.=F _V Z )-MM., EMM ^= @ MM., /%7MM /-MM.=F &%MM% 2 MM ^ @P%MQ )-M., C 2 5% ) &E c>!= & 5 !` M Mfe% (Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer) $M &F _VM /-M.=F & @M=" MJ E%-= [: & & Mehrnejad, 2008, 2014; Mehrnejad and Copland, ) 2M:% @P%MQ /M-?& )!( !" ( F%$% ): @S= w? )" J F% - M.P M LM ( )-M., 2 l @P%Q 5 !` .( 2005 . . & &F _ $%& -= -$: ;m M C SJ: ]? F & % &? /%7 /-.=F 2 ^ M XM FM UZ !$= I F )-., ,#M\] & & = E &%= u y & 5 !` 2?& &T 6Y )MM.:= )-MM., *MM# +, MM$*=% MM c MM IS( 5 %MM & )$-M.=F _VM )MT !$%7 = / ) Q C pJ: . . L0$% #T $f LZ I IS( 2MM:% MM 6%YMM eMM= MM$ 2 MM ^ _T%MM( B MMT References

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