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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY BY DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) AND FLOODING ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND GROWTH OF SELECT ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPECIES IN SOUTH FLORIDA By CLIFF G. MARTIN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Cliff G. Martin 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Above all, I would like to thank Catharine Mannion for funding me longer than anyone else in my 30 year-work history, Bruce Schaffer for superior mentorship, and both for being flexible to my work habits and accepting me as a student despite my age and previous bad references. I also thank the Tropical Research and Educational Center (TREC) for providing continuous housing at an outstanding bargain and for being one of the best places I have lived or worked in my life. I will truly miss living and working at TREC, but I know I must move on. I also thank Eileen Buss and Fred Davies for serving on my committee. Together, the above committee members are really co-authors of this dissertation. I also thank Holly Glenn for excellence in help and advice, Julio Almanza for all his help, and Chunfang Li for being probably my favorite person to work with at TREC. These three not only provided the most technical assistance, but they were my FRIENDS. I also thank Yuqing Fu and Mike Gutierrez for their excellent help and Luis Bradshaw. I also thank Suzanne Fraiser and the Florida Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, for providing larvae. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................3 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................6 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................7 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................12 Introduction .............................................................................................................................12 Management of Diaprepes Root Weevil .................................................................................24 Flooding Effects on Plants ......................................................................................................30 Plant Species Used in This Dissertation .................................................................................34 Previous Studies with Rutaceae on Soil Moisture, Nutrients, and Diaprepes Herbivory .......36 Previous Studies with Rutaceae on Effects of Flooding and Herbivory by Diaprepes ..........37 Previous Studies on Effects of Diaprepes Root Weevil and Flooding on Ornamental Plants ...................................................................................................................................41 Objectives ...............................................................................................................................42 2 EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY BY DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) LARVAE ON FOUR WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPECIES .................................................................................................................................44 Introduction .............................................................................................................................44 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................47 Results .....................................................................................................................................50 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................52 3 EFFECTS OF FLOODING AND SOIL TYPE ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND GROWTH OF FOUR WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPECIES IN SOUTH FLORIDA ...............................................................................................................................65 Introduction .............................................................................................................................65 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................67 Results .....................................................................................................................................70 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................77 4 SURVIVAL OF DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) LARVAE ON GREEN BUTTONWOOD TREES IN FLOODED MARL SOIL OR POTTING MEDIUM. ...........................................................................................................101 4 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................101 Materials and Methods .........................................................................................................102 Results and Discussion .........................................................................................................104 5 EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY BY DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) LARVAE AND FLOODING ON LEAF GAS EXCHANGE AND GROWTH OF GREEN BUTTONWOOD AND SWINGLE CITRUMELO PLANTS ...............................................................................................................................114 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................114 Materials and Methods .........................................................................................................116 Results ...................................................................................................................................120 Discussion .............................................................................................................................123 6 LEAF DAMAGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SELECT WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS TO ADULT FEEDING BY DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) AND SOIL FLOODING ......................................136 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................136 Materials and Methods .........................................................................................................138 Treatments .....................................................................................................................140 Data Collection ..............................................................................................................141 Results ...................................................................................................................................145 Discussion .............................................................................................................................152 7 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................179 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................186 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................197 5 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Effects of Diaprepes root weevil larvae on root, stem, and leaf fresh and dry weights of buttonwood, mahogany, Surinam cherry, and pond apple. ...........................................59 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Average temperature 6 cm below the soil surface during the experiment. ........................60 2-2 Effect of Diaprepes larval feeding on net CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and substomatal partial pressure of CO2 (Ci) of green buttonwood plants. .............................................................................................................61 2-3 Effect of Diaprepes larval feeding on net CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and substomatal partial pressure of CO2 (Ci) of mahogany trees ....................................................................................................................................62 2-4 Effect of Diaprepes larval feeding on net CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and substomatal partial pressure of CO2 (Ci) of Surinam cherry plants .......................................................................................................................63 2-5 Average sum of larvae, pupae, and adults of Diaprepes root weevil per plant species .....64 2-6 Mean head capsule widths and resulting instars of Diaprepes root weevil larvae recovered from infested plants ...........................................................................................64 3-1 Soil redox potential ............................................................................................................83 3-2
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