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Diaprepes Abbreviatus</I> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Host

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POPULATION ECOLOGY Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Host Plant Associations S. E. SIMPSON,l H. N. NIGG, N. C. COILE,2 AND R. A. ADAIR:! University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL .'3.'3850 Environ. Entollloi. 25(2): 333-349 (1996) ABSTRACT Diaprepes ahhreviatus (L.) is an insidious pest of citrus, sugarcane, and other economic crops of subtropical and tropical areas of the United States and several Caribbean island nations. Host plants associated with this pest, 157 genera, =270 species in 59 plant families, are listed. Plants that support egg deposition to adult include Citrus spp.; Arachis hypogal'a 1.., peanut; Sorghum hicolor L. (synonym: S. vulgare) sorghum; Sorghum hic%r L. ssp. him/or, guinea com; 7£a mays L., com; Eugenia uniflora L., Surinam-cherry; Dracaena draco (L.) L. dragon tree; Ipomoea hatata (L.) Lam., sweet potato; and Saccharum officinarl1lll L., sugarcane. More than 40 plant species, in 20 families, are associated with larval feeding. As a result of inadequate management strategies and a wide range of adult and larval food plants, D. abbreviatus can be considered a major long-term threat to the survival of several agronomic crops. KEY WORDS Diaprepes ahhreviatlls, host plant, citrus, sugarcane, corn, potato, peanut Diaprepes abbreviatlls (L.) (=the West Indian sug- ulatory and control measures to be effective, the arcane rootstalk borer weevil) has become an im- plant hosts of D. abbreviatlls must be identified. portant long-term pest of citrus and ornamental Otherwise, an overlooked hosl could allow endem- crops in Florida (Hall 1995).Since its introduction ic infestation. Consequently, we have compiled in 1964, D. abbreviatlls has spread from an Orange here the following 5 D. abbreviatus plant associa- County citrus nursery to =22,727 ha of commer- tions: (1) plants from which adults have been col- cial citms in 17 counties tmd 94 commercial citms lected; (2) plants upon which adults feed; (3) and ornamental plant nurseries (Woodruff 1968, plants upon which eggs have heen laid; (4) plants Beavers et a!. 1979, Hall 1995). To limit distribu- from which larvae have been collected; and, (5) tion of the weevil, strict quarantines are currently plants that support the entire life cycle. The ob- enforced in weevil-infested citrus and ornamental jectives of this study were to document the plants nurseries. No movement of contaminated host associated with D. abbreviatus in Florida and var- plant material is allowed. ious island nations of the Caribbean and to deter- S(weral strategies have been llsed for the control mine additional plants of the family Rutaceae lIpon of adult and immature D. abbreviatlls over the pasl which D. abbreviatus adults will feed. centnry. For example, weevil control was reported in Pm'lto Rico by handpicking adults from infested sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L. (Wolcott Materials and Methods 1933a). Early eradication attempts in Florida Forced, no-choice feeding experiments lIsed 5- proved unsuccessful (Griffith 1975). In the past 60 10 adult, field-collected weevils caged (30.5 by yr, a few persistent and nonpersistent pesticides 30.5 em, aluminum, stocking front cages, BioQuip, have been used for adult and larval control; several Petaluma, CAl for 24 h with bouquets of the fU- persistent pesticides have provided some measure taceous plants listed in Table 1. Deionized, glass- of control (Wolcott 1954), but with environmental distilled water was provided in 25-ml Erlenmeyer hazards. Biological control methods have had lim- flasks with a cotton dental wick. Leaf bouquets in ited success (McCoy and Simpson 1994). For reg- deionized glass-distilled water in 2.5-mlErlenmey- er flasks were presented for 24 h. If after 24 h no IFlorida Departlllent of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 3027 Lake Alfred Road, Winter Haven, feeding had occurred, the bouquet was left for an VI. 331;1;1. additional 24 h. After 48 h of testing, weevils were 2Florida D•.partment of Agricnlture and Consumer Selvice.s, provided \vith immature, fully expanded red grape- Division of Plant Industry, P.O. Box 14700, Gainesville, 1'1, 32614- fruit leaves for 24 h to ensure adequate nutrition, 7l00. "TIl(>Kt'rr Center for Snstainable Agriculture, Vero Beach Re- and then testing was resumed with that cage. search Station, 7055 Cherry Lane, V•.ro Beach, FL 32966. Leaves were obtained from the Division of Plant 0046-225X/96/0333-34\l$02.00/0 © 1996 Entomological Sudety of America 334 ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 25, no. 2 Table 1. Aduh D. abbreviatus forced, no-choice feeding on RutaceoU8 plants Scientific name Common name Aegle mannelos (L.) Corr. Serr. Bael Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle Chevalier's aeglopsis Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Eng!. Gabon powder flask Afraegle pan/G1llala (Shum.) Eng!. Nigerian powder flask Amyris balsamifera L. Sea amyris Atalantia sp. Malantia Gas/m/roa edulis Llave & Lex. White sapote Gas/m/roa tetrameria Millsp. Wooly white sapote Gilrops/s gilletim'" Swingle & M. Kellerman Gillet's cherry orange Gitms amhlycarpa Ochse Nasnaran mandarin Gitms aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 'Oavao' Lime Gitrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Persian lime Gitms aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Giant Key lime Gitms auranti/folia (Christm.) Swingle Citrus of Moi lime Gitms aurantium L. 'Bouquet' Sour orange Gitms aurantium L. 'Chinotto' Sour orange GUms bergam/a Risso & Poit. 'Bergamont' Bergamot Gitms depressa Hay Shekwasha mandarin Gitms hystrix DC. Caffre lime Gitms ichangensis (Swing.) Ichang papedaa Gltms limettioides Tan. Sweet lime GUms limettloides Tan. 'Palestine' Sweet lime Gitms limon (L.) Burm. f. 'Baboon' Lemon Gitms limon (L.) Burm. f. 'Bearss' Lemon Gitms limon (L.) Burm. f. 'Cameron Highlands' Lemon Gitms limon (L.) Bum1. f. 'Ponderosa' Lemon Citms X limonia Osbeck 'Volkamer' Lemon Gitms 11Ulxillla(Burm.) Merr. Pummelo Citrus nUicroptera Montr. Melanesian papeda Gitms medica L. var. Sarcodactylis (Noot.) Swingle Buddha's hand Gitn,s medica L. 'Etrog' Etrog citron Gitms m€yeri Tan. Meyer lemon Gitn,s obovoidea Hart. ex Takahashi Kinkoji Gitms reticulata Blanco 'Silver Hill' Satsuma Gitn,s tachibana (Mak.) Tan. Taehibana mandarin Gitn,s tachibana (Mak.) Tan. Kinokuni mandarin Gitms X limonia Osbeck Rangpur lime Gitms X paradisi Madfad. 'McCarty' McCarty grapefruit Glausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Wampee Eremocitms glauca (Lind!.) Swing. Lime, Australian desert" Eremocitms hybrid EremocitrIls X Skekwasha mandarin Fortunel/a crassifolia Swingle Meiwa kumquat Fortunel/a japonica (Thunh.) Swingle 'Marumi' Round kumquat Fortlmella margarita (Lour.) Swingle 'Nagami' Oval kumquat Fortunella /Illlrgarita (Lour.) Swingle 'Centennial' Oval kumquat Fortrmella polyandra (Rid!.) Tan. Tropical kumquat Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa Toothpick glycosmis Linwnia acidissima L. Wood apple Microcitms australasica (F.J. Muell.) Swingle Australian finger lime Microcitms australis (Planch.) Swingle Australian round lime Microcitms papuana H.F. Winters New Cuinea lime Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel Curry leaf Murraya paniG1llata (L.) Jack Orange jasmine Naring; crent/lata (Roxb.) Nicholson Hesperethusa Pambums missionis (Wight) Swingle Pamburas Severinia buxifo/ia (Poi ret) Ten. Chinese box orange Severinia disticha (Blanco) Swingle Philippine box orange Swillg/ea g/rltinosa (Blanco) Merr. Tabog Triphasia trifo/ia (Bunn. f.) P. Wilson Myrtle lim!" X Citroncin.lS Citrangequat hybrid X Citrofortlmella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands Calamondin Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg Lime, prickly ash or wild lime This was a forced, no choice feeding experiment. a No feeding. Industry (DPI) Citrus Arboretum, Florida Depart- ceous species. Weevil feeding was recorded as ei- ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services ther feeding or no feeding. (FDACS), Winter Haven, FL. This arboretum sup- Florida Department of Agriculhlre and Con- plies validated budwood and seed to the Florida sumer Services/Division of Plant Industry main- citrus industry and breeding stock for other ruta- tains the Florida State Collection of Arthropods. April 1996 SIMPSON ET AL.: D. abbreviatus HOST PLANTS 335 Insect specimens are collected from various loca- plant. Sugarcane, citrus, dragon tree, and sweet oems, submitted to the department for identifica- potato are hosts known to support the entire life tion and a detailed specimen identification report cycle. Corn, peanut, and sorghum have not been issued for each sample submitted (FDACS 1964- reported to support a generation of this weevil in 1994). The records for D. abbreviatus from 1964 the field. There were 59 plant families with which through 1995 were obtained and compiled by ac- D. abbreviatus has been associated by observation tivity-adult collection only, adult feeding, egg de- of adults, adult feeding, egg masses, or larvae on position, larval feeding, and all life stages present. the plant (Table 2). We also reviewed the scientific literature from Observations of host plants upon which adult 1898 to 1995 for reports of the same activities. weevils feed and lay eggs were more varied than plants which support larva] development (Tab]es 2 and 3) (Myers 1931), but this is perhaps only be- Results and Discussion cause of the ease of above ground observation as Sixty-two plants in the family Rutaceae were compared with the examination of roots. D. ab- tested for adult feeding (Tab]e 1). Of these 62, D. breviatus females deposit eggs between
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  • Federal Domestic Quarantine Order Huang Long Bing (Citrus Greening)

    Federal Domestic Quarantine Order Huang Long Bing (Citrus Greening)

    FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER HUANG LONG BING (CITRUS GREENING) The purpose and goal of this order is to prevent the spread of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus through regulatory authority provided by Section 412(a) of the Plant Protection Act of June 20, 2000, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 7712(a), which authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to prohibit or restrict the movement in interstate commerce of any plant, plant part, or article if the Secretary determines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary to prevent the dissemination of a plant pest within the United States. The Administrator of APHIS considers it necessary, in order to prevent the dissemination of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, to establish restrictions on the interstate movement of nursery stock from regulated areas in Florida as described in this Federal Order. Huanglongbing, (HLB), or citrus greening, a highly injurious disease of citrus caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, was first detected in Miami-Dade County, Florida. On September 16, 2005, APHIS imposed restrictions on the interstate movement of all Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus host plant material, and Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) host plant material, from within the quarantined area, in order to prevent the artificial spread of this disease (see attached memorandum to STATE AND TERRITORY AGRICULTURAL REGULATORY OFFICIALS, DA#2005-30; also found at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/citrus_greening/pdf_files/spro2005-30.pdf) Regulated Articles: Hosts of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus). The following hosts are prohibited to be shipped or moved outside the quarantine area, including all live plants, budwood, and cuttings of: Aeglopsis chevalieri, Balsamocitrus dawei, Calodendrum capense, x Citrofortunella microcarpa, × Citroncirus webberi, Citrus spp., Clausena indica, C.
  • Supplementary Material for RUSSELL, DYRANA N., JAWWAD A

    Supplementary Material for RUSSELL, DYRANA N., JAWWAD A

    Supplementary Material for RUSSELL, DYRANA N., JAWWAD A. QURESHI, SUSAN E. HALBERT AND PHILIP A. STANSLY−Host Suitability of Citrus and Zanthoxylum Spp. for Leuronota fagarae and Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Florida Entomologist 97(4) (December 2014) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse Corresponding author: Dr. J. A. Qureshi University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) 2685 SR 29N, Immokalee, Fl 34142, USA Phone: (239) 658-3400 Fax: (239) 658-3469 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Leuronota fagarae Burckhardt (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), an exotic psyllid described from South America, was first observed in 2001on a citrus relative Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. (Sapindales: Rutaceae) in southern Florida. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) is principal vector of the bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter spp.’ causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease. Both vector and disease are now well established in Florida and also reported throughout the Americas and Asia. The host range of D. citri is limited to citrus and some rutaceous relatives. Additional vectors and host plants could accelerate spread of HLB in citrus and threaten endangered species such as Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Rich. and Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl. Experiments were conducted to evaluate adult survival, reproduction and nymphal development of psyllids on 3 Citrus and 4 Zanthoxylum species as well as orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Syn. M. exotica) (Sapindales: Rutaceae), a common ornamental and preferred host of D. citri. Leuronota fagarae in single male−female pairs at 24 °C lived an average 4-47 days, 4-12 fold longer on Zanthoxylum spp. (except Z. flavum) than on citrus.