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Research on Migration: Facing Realities and Maximising Opportunities

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Research on Migration: Facing Realities and Maximising Opportunities Research on Migration: Facing Realities and Maximising Opportunities A Policy Review Research and Innovation EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate B — Open Innovation and Open Science Unit B.6 — Open and inclusive Societies Contact: Cristina Marcuzzo and Pilar Gonzalez Pantaleon E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels EUROPEAN COMMISSION Research on Migration: Facing Realities and Maximising Opportunities A Policy Review* Prepared by Prof Russell King and Dr Aija Lulle under contract CT-EX2015D239101-101 * The views expressed reflect only those of the authors Russell King is Professor of Geography, University of Sussex and Visiting Professor in Migration Studies at Malmö University. Aija Lulle is Research Fellow in the School of Global Studies at the University of Sussex and Director of the Centre for Diaspora and Migration Studies, University of Latvia. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2016 Open and inclusive Societies EUROPE DIRECT is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 Print: ISBN 978-92-79-52977-1 doi:10.2777/109329 KI-04-15-841-EN-C PDF: ISBN 978-92-79-52976-4 doi: 10.2777/414370 KI-04-15-841-EN-N © European Union, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Cover image: © szélléva, 2016 Foreword Migration has become a crucial issue for Europe, one that is likely to dominate policy and political agendas for many years to come. Migration is also increasingly presented, both in public and expert discourse, as a challenge requiring coordinated European responses, involving both Member States and the European institutions. At European level the issue of migration is of long standing. For almost twenty years, the EU has been building the foundations of an overarching and comprehensive migration policy, which has gone hand in hand with the realisation of people freedom of movement. Realising a common European migration policy requires a strong cooperation between the EU and its Member States. The recent large inflow of asylum seekers and economic migrants has forced policy-makers to react to the emergency. At the same time, a long- term and coordinated approach to migration is needed and beneficial to all European countries in order to better integrate migrants and work out smartly our cultural bonds. Even more than in the past, the development of a long-term vision for European migration and mobility policies needs to be underpinned by sound evidence and analysis, reliable and comparable data, of the kind that socio-economic research is in a position to contribute to. At European level, research on migration was widely supported by the Seventh Framework Programme for Research (FP7), in particular under the Socio- economic Sciences and Humanities theme. FP7 research projects studied different aspects of the migration phenomenon such as integration and diversity, trans-nationalism, temporary/circular migration, migration and development, migration flows, data and statistical modelling, to mention just a few of the areas covered. The European comparative perspective brought in by most of this research is an important added value of working with multi-country research teams in the study of migration. Research on migration and mobility will continue to be an important component of Horizon 2020, the Research and Innovation Framework Programme for 2014-2020. However, at a time of unprecedented mobilisation of public resources to tackle the migration challenge, a stock-taking exercise of past and ongoing European socio- economic research was felt to be necessary to bring this rich body of knowledge to the attention of policy-makers, academia and the general public. Unit Open and inclusive Societies January 2016 In Directorate General for Research and Innovation of the European Commission, Unit Open and inclusive Societies, the work was coordinated by Cristina Marcuzzo and Philippe Keraudren. Catherine Lemaire provided editorial assistance. Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................9 1.1 Facing the realities of migration and maximising its benefits ..........12 1.2 Facts and figures on migration in Europe ....................................................14 Policies and Flows ........................................................................................ 21 2.1 Widespread aspirations confront restrictive immigration policies ��������23 2.2 Geographies of flows have changed ....................................................................26 2.3 Temporalities of flows have also changed ........................................................30 2.4 Family reunification: changing perspectives on a gendered process ���33 2.5 Realising the potential of skilled migration ������������������������������������������������������35 2.6 Challenges of measuring irregular migration ...................................................39 2.7 Forced migration, asylum and refugees .............................................................42 Integration ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51 3.1 A contested concept .....................................................................................................54 3.2 Multiple dimensions of integration .......................................................................55 3.3 Economic integration: labour-market incorporation and fiscal outcomes ..........................................................................................................................................59 3.4 Challenges of social and cultural integration ��������������������������������������������������67 3.5 Integration pathways of the post-migration generations �������������������������72 3.6 Spatial dimensions of integration ..........................................................................76 3.7 Integration is a political and a politicised process ����������������������������������������79 3.8 Integration and transnationalism: not a zero-sum relationship �������������85 Migration and Development ..................................................................... 89 4.1 Linkages between migration and development: competing frameworks ..........................................................................................................................................90 4.2 Impacts of migration on development, inequality and migration pro- pensity in home countries ...................................................................................93 4.3 Remittances: a panacea for survival and development? ���������������������������96 4.4 Social remittances: a qualitative approach to development ����������������104 4.5 The contribution of return migration .................................................................106 4.6 Mobilising the diaspora: co-development and hometown associations .......................................................................................................................................110 4.7 Skilled migration and the dilemmas of brain drain ....................................114 4.8 European perspectives on migration and development: a global approach ...................................................................................................................117 Conclusion ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������121 5.1 Flows and policies .......................................................................................................123 5.2 The multiple challenges of integration ............................................................124 5.3 Can migration be an agent for development? ..............................................126 References �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������128 List of European research projects consulted for the review 148 Facing Realities and Maximising Opportunities 9 Introduction 10 Migration - Facing Realities and Maximising Opportunities Ask people in Europe to estimate the share of the world’s population who are international migrants, and they will almost certainly give a figure which is an over-estimation. The real figure, widely quoted by the United Nations, the International Organization for Migration and other authorities, is simple: just over 3 per cent, or a total of 232 million in 2013. The same goes for EU citizens’ guesses about the percentage of migrants in their own country or continent. Often the results are spectacularly exaggerated. According to the latest Eurobarometer survey data, immigration is now top of the ‘most important concerns facing the EU’, with 38 per cent of respondents citing this response, up from 24 per cent the previous year. Comparison of the figures in Table 1 shows
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