DOCSLIB.ORG

Shifting Tides: Radical-Right Populism and Immigration Policy in Europe and the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shifting Tides: Radical-Right Populism and Immigration Policy in Europe and the United States SHIFTING TIDES: RADICAL-RIGHT POPULISM AND IMMIGRATION POLICY IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES By Martin A. Schain TRANSATLANTIC COUNCIL ON MIGRATION SHIFTING TIDES Radical-Right Populism and Immigration Policy in Europe and the United States By Martin A. Schain August 2018 Acknowledgments The author thanks the editors at the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) for their important comments, as well as Aliyyah Ahad for critical insights and contributions that have enriched this work. He would also like to thank his friends and colleagues, Pascal Perrineau and Michael Minkenberg, with whom he has shared an interest in the radical right over many years. This research was commissioned for the eighteenth plenary meeting of the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), held in Stockholm in November 2017. The meeting’s theme was “The Future of Migration Policy in a Volatile Political Landscape,” and this report was one of several that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: the Open Society Foundations, Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Barrow Cadbury Trust, the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www.migrationpolicy.org/ transatlantic. © 2018 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. Cover Design: April Siruno, MPI Layout: Sara Staedicke, MPI No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www.migrationpolicy.org. Information for reproducing excerpts from this report can be found at www.migrationpolicy.org/about/copyright-policy. Inquiries can also be directed to [email protected]. Suggested citation: Schain, Martin A. 2018. Shifting Tides: Radical-Right Populism and Immigration Policy in Europe and the United States. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................1 I. Introduction ..........................................................................................3 II. What Drives Support for Radical-Right Populism? ..........................4 A. Economic Instability .......................................................................................................................5 B. Immigration and the Diversity Dilemma ..................................................................................6 C. Migration, Security, and “Crisis” ..................................................................................................9 D. Politics and Voter Realignment ....................................................................................................9 III. Electoral Breakthroughs and Establishment ................................... 10 IV. Gauging Influence over Immigration Policy and Policymaking ..... 14 A. Impact on the Party Itself ...........................................................................................................14 B. Impact on the Party System and Agenda Formation ..........................................................15 C. Impact on Policy ...........................................................................................................................18 V. Prospects for Future Impact ............................................................. 20 VI. Policy Recommendations .................................................................. 22 A. Potential for Participation ..........................................................................................................23 B. Immigration and Political Mobilization ....................................................................................24 C. A “Whole-of-Society” Approach ..............................................................................................24 D. Rebuild Economic Confidence ..................................................................................................25 Works Cited .............................................................................................. 27 About the Author ...................................................................................... 33 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Executive Summary In recent electoral cycles, a wave of support for populist radical-right policies, particularly in the immigration arena, has reshaped the political landscape in Europe and the United States. These policies vary from country to country, but generally share several common threads: a sense of exclusive nationalism, belief that national identity is under threat from foreign cultures, desire to sharply cut immigration, and distrust of elites. And although candidates who espouse such positions have achieved only limited electoral success—with notable exceptions that include the United States in 2016 and Italy in 2018—this ideology too soon to tell when, or if, the current wave of radical-right populism will lose steam, it is a crucial moment hasto examine had an undulythe broader large societalinfluence drivers on the underpinning political agendas its success and priorities and how of it mainstream is shaping immigration parties. While it is policymaking and institutions. The United States is unique compared to most European countries in that it does not have a prominent radical-right party; rather, strains of this ideology as it relates to border and immigration policy have iteration of anti-immigrant, radical-right populism in Europe has existed and endured for decades, with at various points in recent history flared up in corners of the Republican Party. By contrast, the current varyingsuch as thedegrees decline of success.of traditional Despite manufacturing ebbs and flows industries in popularity, and of several the mobilizing discernible capacity trends of have trade created unions, fertileand the ground growth for of its secular recent over electoral Christian breakthroughs. religious identities—have Most significantly, undermined economic support and social from changes— traditional electoral bases on both the left and the right, and made that support more conditional on particular issues. While it is too soon to tell when, or if, the current wave of radical- right populism will lose steam, it is a crucial moment to examine the broader societal drivers underpinning its success. At the same time, new issues have emerged on the political agenda as a result of changing patterns of immigration, growing ethnic and religious diversity, and concerns about how well immigrants (and especiallyby border-security Muslim immigrants) challenges (such are integrating as the surge into in Westernunaccompanied societies. child Even migration in the United at the States, southern where U.S. the public has long viewed immigration and growing diversity more positively, this confidence has been shaken perpetrated by people with immigration backgrounds. Ultimately, these long-term trends and new issues borderhave loosened that began the intraditional 2014) and connection a series of between high-profile voters terrorist and established attacks in parties Europe and and created the United a pool States of alienated voters for radical-right candidates to court. As largely single-issue parties in much of Europe, the impact of the populist radical right on immigration policymaking,electoral pressure until exerted now, has by been the successes limited and of populistmostly indirect. radical-right Rather politicians, than directly center-right shaping policy,parties their have mosttended significant either to impactco-opt somehas been of the on issues the party on the system radical-right itself and agenda on the topolitical regain agenda.lost votes In orresponse to isolate to the their challengers by cooperating only with other established parties (or, as in France and the Netherlands, have narrowed considerably in recent elections such that the radical right no longer “owns” issues such as toimmigration, do both). As Islamophobia, a result of the security, first strategy, and Euroskepticism. the policy priorities of parties across the political spectrum Shifting Tides: Radical-Right Populism and Immigration Policy in Europe and the United States 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE While its power over the political agenda has not always translated into significant parliamentary power—particularlyand in Austria, Denmark, in first-past-the-post Italy, the Netherlands, electoral Norway, systems—radical-right and Switzerland they populism have joined has had governing other forms ofcoalitions. influence. Yet Countries even in these with cases,proportional their membership representation in a havegoverning given coalitionmore seats has to not radical-right always allowed parties, win votes but are generally less effective at governing: while they can get some of their priorities onto the thempolitical direct agenda, influence they haveover immigrationhad limited impact policy. onPopulist the development radical-right of parties
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Second Progress Report on the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS)
    Second Progress Report on the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS) CONTENTS A. The German Adaptation Strategy (DAS): objectives, principles and processes ............................... 4 A.1. The DAS: principles and objectives ................................................................................................................. 4 A.2. The DAS reporting cycle ................................................................................................................................. 5 A.3. The DAS, APA and Progress Report in review ................................................................................................. 8 A.4. European Union and international integration ............................................................................................ 11 B. Current findings and results ........................................................................................................ 13 B.1. Monitoring: climatic changes, impacts and adaptation responses ............................................................. 13 B.2. Vulnerability assessment ............................................................................................................................. 18 B.3. APA II implementation and APA III preparation process .............................................................................. 33 B.4. Adaptation measures by other actors .......................................................................................................... 35 B.5. Evaluation of
    [Show full text]
  • Reconfiguring Nationalism: Transnational Entanglements of Hindutva and Radical Right Ideology
    Reconfiguring nationalism: Transnational entanglements of Hindutva and radical right ideology Eviane Leidig Summary This dissertation explores a minority within the Indian diaspora who support the ideological agenda of the radical right in the West. It situates the Brexit referendum and process in the UK, and Trump’s election and presidency in the US, as manifestations of the radical right which provided an opportunity to merge the ideological currents of Hindutva (or Hindu nationalism)— an ideology originating from India—with these phenomena. Thus, this dissertation traces the transnational ideological linkages between Hindutva and the Western radical right. It positions the role of diaspora networks as interlocutors in adapting Hindutva towards Western political contexts, in effect creating alliances with radical right actors. United by shared practices of exclusion, this results in the reconfiguring of nationalist imaginaries made possible by transnational entanglements. The dissertation consists of five articles that follow an overview of the background, the theoretical framework, and the methodological approaches of the study. The background provides historical and contemporary context of the evolution of Hindutva, its reformulation with the diaspora, and its convergence with the Brexit and Trump campaigns. The dissertation then draws upon theoretical insights in nationalism scholarship, as well as studies of diaspora and of the radical right, focusing on the conceptual overlaps between these fields in order to establish an intellectual foundation for the topic. Lastly, it employs a combined methodological approach that utilises genealogy, qualitative content analysis on social media, quantitative social media analysis, and semi- structured interviews as a means of demonstrating how ideology is operationalised at multiple scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Financial Report 2017 Contents
    Deutsche Bank Non-Financial Report 2017 Contents 3 About Deutsche Bank 3 CEO Letter 9 Approach to Sustainability 9 Business Environment and Stakeholder Engagement 12 Sustainability Ratings 12 Topics Covered in this Report 54 People and Society 15 Clients 54 People Strategy 15 Product Suitability and 64 Corporate Social Responsibility Appropriateness 69 Arts, Culture and Sports 17 Client Satisfaction 72 Environment 20 Complaint Management 72 In-house Ecology 22 Products and Services 78 About this Report 33 Digitization and Innovation 79 Supplementary Information 37 Conduct and Risk 79 Limited Assurance Report of the 37 Culture and Conduct Independent Auditor regarding the 40 Public Policy and Regulation seperate non-financial group report 41 Anti-Financial Crime 81 Limited Assurance Report of the 45 Environmental and Social Issues Independent Auditor 47 Human Rights 83 Abbreviations and Acronyms 49 Climate Risk 51 Information Security 85 Imprint 52 Data Protection 87 Back Cover Page About Deutsche Bank 3 CEO Letter 9 Approach to Sustainability 9 Business Environment and Stakeholder Engagement 12 Sustainability Ratings 12 Topics Covered in this Report Deutsche Bank About Deutsche Bank Non-Financial Report 2017 CEO Letter About Deutsche Bank Ladies and Gentlemen, CEO Letter When we announced our new strategic objectives in March, we declared unequivocally that we are still committed to our roots and underscored our intention to be a responsible corporate citizen. We therefore welcome the increasing importance of non-financial reporting. Our clients, particularly the institutions, are increasingly basing their investment decisions not only on financial criteria, but also on how these and other projects they support might impact the environment, people’s lives, and society.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights of Women Wearing the Veil in Western Europe
    Human Rights of Women Wearing the Veil in Western Europe Research Paper I. Introduction The present paper analyses legislation, policies, and case-law surrounding religious attire in a number of countries in Western Europe and how they affect the human rights of women and girls who wear the veil in Western Europe. It also more broadly analyses discrimination and violence experienced by women wearing the veil in Europe learning from their own voice. Throughout the paper, the terminology ‘veil’ is used to refer to a variety of religious attire worn mostly, but not exclusively, by Muslim women. There are different types of clothing that cover the body. This research is focused on manifestations of veils that are the subject of regulation in several Western European Countries. They include the hijab (a piece of clothing that covers the head and neck, but not the face), niqab (a piece of clothing that covers the face, where only the eyes are visible), burqa (a piece of clothing that covers both the face and eyes), jilbab (a loose piece of clothing that covers the body from head to toe), or abaya, kaftan, kebaya (a loose, often black, full body cover overcoat). The head and body covers are often combined. In several countries, some of these clothing are based on traditional costumes rather than religion and are often worn by rural communities in the countries of origins. The paper also uses the terminology ‘full-face veil’ or ‘face-covering veil’ to refer to both niqab and burqa. Furthermore, it refers to burkini, a swimsuit that covers the body from head to ankles, completed by a dress.
    [Show full text]
  • Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe
    This page intentionally left blank Populist radical right parties in Europe As Europe enters a significant phase of re-integration of East and West, it faces an increasing problem with the rise of far-right political par- ties. Cas Mudde offers the first comprehensive and truly pan-European study of populist radical right parties in Europe. He focuses on the par- ties themselves, discussing them both as dependent and independent variables. Based upon a wealth of primary and secondary literature, this book offers critical and original insights into three major aspects of European populist radical right parties: concepts and classifications; themes and issues; and explanations for electoral failures and successes. It concludes with a discussion of the impact of radical right parties on European democracies, and vice versa, and offers suggestions for future research. cas mudde is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science at the University of Antwerp. He is the author of The Ideology of the Extreme Right (2000) and the editor of Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe (2005). Populist radical right parties in Europe Cas Mudde University of Antwerp CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521850810 © Cas Mudde 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Populism and Fascism
    Populism and Fascism An evaluation of their similarities and differences MA Thesis in Philosophy University of Amsterdam Graduate School of Humanities Titus Vreeke Student number: 10171169 Supervisor: Dr. Robin Celikates Date: 04-08-2017 1 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Ideology ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Populism and fascism as ideologies ........................................................................................................ 9 1.3 The Dichotomies of Populism and Fascism ........................................................................................... 13 1.4 Culture and Nationalism in Populism and Fascism ............................................................................... 19 1.5 The Form of the State and its Role in Security ...................................................................................... 22 1.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 25 2. Practice ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • On Trumpism, Or the End of American Exceptionalism
    Teoria politica 9 | 2019 Annali IX On Trumpism, or the End of American Exceptionalism Nadia Urbinati Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/tp/820 Publisher Marcial Pons Printed version Date of publication: 1 June 2019 Number of pages: 209-226 ISSN: 0394-1248 Electronic reference Nadia Urbinati, « On Trumpism, or the End of American Exceptionalism », Teoria politica. Nuova serie Annali [Online], 9 | 2019, Online since 01 April 2020, connection on 26 May 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/tp/820 Teoria politica On Trumpism, or the End of American Exceptionalism Nadia Urbinati* Abstract This papers uses Trumpism to illustrate populism in power. It analyses it in its rhetorical style; in its propaganda, tropes, and ideology; and finally in its aims and achievements. It shows how the representative construction of the people is rhetorical and is independent of social classes and traditional ideologies. The paper argues that populist democracy is the name of a new form of representative government that is based on two phenomena: a direct relation between the leader and those in society whom the leader defines as the «right» or «good» people; and the superlative authority of the audience. Its immediate targets are the «obstacles» to the development of those phenomena: intermediary opinion-making bodies, such as parties; established media; and institutionalized systems for monitoring and controlling political power. Populist leaders compete with other political actors with regard to the representation of the people and use electoral victory in order to prove that «the people» they represent is the «right» people and deserves to rule for its own good.
    [Show full text]
  • Populists in Power Around the World | Institute for Global Change
    Populists in Power Around the World JORDAN KYLE RENEWING LIMOR GULTCHIN THE CENTRE Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 5 The Trouble With Defining opulismP 9 Two Essential Features of Populism 12 Types of Populism 21 Cases of Populism in Power 26 Populism Trends Around the World 32 Conclusion 44 Appendix: Methodology 45 Downloaded from http://institute.global/insight/ renewing-centre/populists-power-around-world on November 7 2018 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXE CUTIVE SUMMARY Populism is dramatically shifting the global political landscape. This report defines populism and identifies its global prevalence by introducing a global database “Populists in Power: 1990–2018”. Only with a clear and systematic understanding of the phenomenon of populism can political leaders begin to offer meaningful and credible alternatives. This report sets out to define populism from a global perspective and identify some of its key trends since 1990. Populism contains two primary claims: • A country’s ‘true people’ are locked into conflict with outsiders, including establishment elites. • Nothing should constrain the will of the true people. Although populism always shares these two essential claims, it can take on widely varying forms across contexts. This report identifies three types of populism, distinguished by how populist leaders frame the conflict between the ‘true people’ and outsiders: • Cultural populism claims that the true people are the native members of the nation-state, and outsiders can include immigrants, criminals, ethnic and religious minorities, and cosmopolitan elites. Cultural populism tends to emphasise 3 religious traditionalism, law and order, sovereignty, and painting migrants as enemies. • Socio-economic populism claims that the true people are honest, hard-working members of the working class, and outsiders can include big business, capital owners and actors perceived as propping up an international capitalist system.
    [Show full text]
  • What Can England Learn from the Long-Term Care System in Germany?
    Research report September 2019 What can England learn from the long-term care system in Germany? Natasha Curry, Laura Schlepper and Nina Hemmings About this report The current social care system in England is widely regarded as unfair, complex, confusing and failing to meet growing care needs in the population. But despite a series of reviews, commissions, reports and inquiries, and increasingly urgent calls for reform, change to this system remains elusive. Germany introduced its current social (or ‘long-term’) care system in 1995 in response to the challenges of ageing and rising costs of care. The system was developed at a time of significant economic and political upheaval in the wake of reunification. This report seeks to assess the German long-term care system through the lens of the policy challenges that face us in England. Using a literature review and a series of interviews with experts on the German system both within and outside Germany, we have sought to draw out elements of the German system that could either be incorporated into our thinking or that offer us cautionary tales. While the context may vary, we face common demographic and social challenges. As such, this report is intended not as a critique of the German system, nor as a comparative piece, but as a contribution to the discussions that we hope will ensue in the coming months. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the individuals who agreed to take part as interviewees, including those who met with us in person in Berlin and were very generous with their time and knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Faith in Equality: Religion & Belief in Europe
    The Equinet Report ‘Faith in Equality: Religion and Belief in Europe’ highlights recent legal developments that have taken place in the field of discrimination based on religion and belief. LEGAL FRAMEWORK EU protection against discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief is incomplete. EU law specifically prohibits differential treatment based on religion only in the area of employment (including vocational training). This gap would be covered by adopting the Horizontal Directive, proposed in 2008. EMPLOYMENT Discrimination cases have been identified in areas such as recruitment and selection; headgear and religious symbols; religious harassment in the workplace; justified occupational requirement; opting out of certain work tasks; work patterns; and conflicts of rights. EDUCATION Consistent with the trend shown in our 2011 report, a majority of the cases reported to equality bodies across the EU which deal with religious freedom in education are connected to the Muslim religion, particularly with Muslim women’s dress. GOODS & SERVICES In relation to religious discrimination in the provision of goods and services, justifications for discriminatory behaviour towards certain religious groups have to be examined thoroughly, be they health and safety concerns, the need to maintain security or the aim of enhancing integration. MANIFESTING RELIGION & BELIEF IN PUBLIC Although the full-face veil and the burkini are not comparable, they are both the subject of the will of politicians to legislate against forms of religious garments. Our report finds that the European Court of Human Rights' ‘living together’ argument for a blanket ban on the full-face veil does not sufficiently delineate what it means in respect of restricting fundamental rights, including the right to freedom of religion.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Manual
    Immigration Manual November 2006 Baker & McKenzie International is a Swiss Verein with member law firms around the world. In accordance with the common terminology used in professional service organizations, reference to a “partner” means a person who is a partner, or equivalent, in such a law firm. Similarly, reference to an “office” means an office of any such law firm. © 2006 Baker & McKenzie All rights reserved. This publication is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study or research permitted under applicable copyright legislation, no part may be reproduced or transmitted by any process or means without prior written permission. IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER. The material in this booklet is of the nature of general comment only. It is not offered as advice on any particular matter and should not be taken as such. The firm and the contributing authors expressly disclaim all liability to any person in respect of anything and in respect of the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done wholly or partly in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this booklet. No client or other reader should act or refrain from acting on the basis of any matter contained in it without taking specific professional advice on the particular facts and circumstances in issue. Immigration Manual Immigration Manual INTRODUCTION This manual is designed to provide a general overview of the immigration laws and procedures of various countries. Please note that the immigration laws and procedures are constantly changing and are subject to new policies and developments. Therefore, this manual is not intended to be exhaustive and specific questions should be directed to the Executive Transfer and Immigration Department of Baker & McKenzie, Hong Kong.
    [Show full text]
  • Metropolitan Mosaics and Melting-Pots
    Metropolitan Mosaics and Melting-Pots Metropolitan Mosaics and Melting-Pots: Paris and Montreal in Francophone Literatures Edited by Pascale De Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch Metropolitan Mosaics and Melting-Pots: Paris and Montreal in Francophone Literatures, Edited by Pascale De Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Pascale De Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4771-2, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4771-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Paris and/or Montreal: A Double Vision of Migrant Negotiation Pascale De Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch Chapter One ............................................................................................... 28 Migration and Identity in Haitian Québécois Literature Susan Ireland and Patrice J. Proulx Chapter Two .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]