New Mexico Anthropologist

Volume 5 | Issue 2 Article 3

6-1-1941 A Tri-Lingual Text by Martín Colllió Huaiquillaf Donald Brand

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Recommended Citation Brand, Donald. "A Tri-Lingual Text by Martín Colllió Huaiquillaf." New Mexico Anthropologist 5, 2 (1941): 36-52. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nm_anthropologist/vol5/iss2/3

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Anthropologist by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 36 NEW MEXICOANTHROPOLOGIST

A TRI-LINGUAL TEXT BY MARTIN COLLLI6 HUAIQUILLAF

Introduction by DONALDD. BRAND

To anyone who is somewhat acquainted with the southern Atha- paskans of the southwestern United States, there are a number of marked historical similarities as well as some cultural resemblances between the southern Athapaskans and the Araucanian peoples. Both the Araucanians and the southern Athapaskans constitute discrete groups within which exist considerable differences of dialect (e. g., Picunche vs. Huilliche, western Navajo vs. Mescalero Apache), habitat (e. g., Navajo in highland steppe and forest vs. San Carlos Apache in lowland desert, Mapuche in humid forest vs. eastern Pe- huenche in steppe and desert), native economy (e. g., sedentary agri- cultural Moluche vs. nomadic hunting and gathering Pehuenche of Patagonia and the pampas, sedentary agricultural Navajo vs. nomadic Lipan and Mescalero Apaches), physical type (e. g., Ranqueles vs. Chilotes, eastern Navajo vs. Mescalero Apache), etc. Although often called "nations," neither the Araucanians nor the Athapaskans (not even the Navajo) were ever under one ruler, nor did they form complete confederacies. Neither group was ever con- quered by the Spaniards; in each case more than two centuries were made up of many peaces broken by raids; and both groups succumbed in the 1880s-the Apaches to the United States and Mexico, and the Mapuche-Pehuenche to Chile and Argentina. Both groups took over the horse, became notorious for mounted raids, and captured white women and children who gave rise to a Mediterranean blood strain. The names "Apache" and "Mapuche" or "Araucano" became awe- inspiring over large areas, and large historical and romantic litera- tures were based on both. Missionary activity has been carried on among both groups for a long time, but only a very small fraction of either has been Christianized-even on the surface. The Mapuche and Navajo are two of the most studied of American Indian languages, yet relatively few white men can speak either. Both the Araucanians and the Athapaskans were much reduced in population by disease, war and famine, in the 19th century, yet they are now strong groups rapidly increasing in population, and dominating their respective countries among the indigenous groups. Both Araucanians and southern Athapaskans are very accul- turable. The Navajo and the Picunche and Mapuche were respectively on the northern and southern margins of the great Middle American region of higher cultures; and the respective "middlemen" were the Pueblo Indians in the north and the peoples of Diaguita culture in the south. Both groups, after the coming of the Spaniards, took to a live- stock economy, and this continues to be the mainstay for both. Both the Navajo and the Mapuche are now noted for their silverwork, and their weaving. The Araucanians do not work turquoise, but they weave NEW MEXICO ANTHROPOLOGIST 37 a great number of items in addition to the choapino (rug), e.g., ponchos, belts, chamales (women's robes), icullas (shawls), vinchas (hair or head bands), saddlebags, slings, etc. One more interesting similarity might be mentioned, an Old World fruit-the apple-is as important to the Mapuche as is another Old World fruit-the peach- to the Navajo. The writer was able to make a brief trip into the Frontera of Araucania, before leaving for Argentina. Upon returning to Santi- ago, and on the, day of departure on the Trans-Andean train, he was fortunate to meet Mr. Martin Colli6 Huaiquillaf, an educated Arau- canian leader of Temuco and Santiago. Mr. Colli6 had studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (1918-19),' and had a varying com- mand of English, Spanish, and Mapuche. At the moment of leaving, Mr. Colli6 gave the writer a longhand manuscript, in three languages, which he had drawn up that same day. It is herewith reproduced. Since there was no time to go over it with Mr. Colli6, and since time and distance have prohibited submitting proofs to him, there undoubt- edly are some errors of transcription. The Mapuche text is exactly as written, barring possible mistakes of deciphering certain letters in the longhand copy. The Spanish and English texts are essentially as written in the original, with some slight changes of grammar, spelling, and phraseology. There is little new material in this text, but it is being published for three reasons: (1) this is the only trilingual text incorporating Mapuche of which the editor is aware; (2) it represents a Mapuche's own unsolicited and unguided selection of material, and interpretation into Spanish and English (The English is not a translation of the Spanish, but rather attempts to give the actual significance in English words of the meaning of the Mapuche. It is a basic assumption that no language can exactly express the meaning of any other language; and the translation into two foreign tongues rather than one should obtain a closer approximation to the original meaning) ; (3) it is hoped that this publication will create a greater interest in the ethnology of the Araucanians than now exists in the United Stdites. The writer knows of only one institution in the United States (The Catholic Uni- versity of America) which at the moment is devoting any attention to Araucanian studies.

1. It is probable that Frank G. Speck's "Two Araucanian Texts," pp. 371-373, Proceedings of the International Congress of Americanists, 21:I, The Hague, 1924 (which were obtained from a J. Martin Collio, from Temuco, who was at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania 1921-1922) were obtained from the same individual. The writer was not aware of this publication when he met Martin Colli6 Huaquillaf. Interested parties can get in touch with Mr. Colli6 Huaquillaf at Calle Santo Domingo 1895, Santiago, Chile. Since the first historic record of the Desde la 6poca en la cual relata la Chillka piam fii miilen meu kim fiei fii Araucanian Indians, there have been historia acerca de los indios Arauca- felen kiila rume mapuche afpun Chile. three castes of native people in south- nos se han notado tres castas indi- ern Chile. genas en el sur de Chile. The first of these three nations or Estas tres castas de aborigenes son: Tiifachi kiila rume mapuche, pu Arau- castes is the Araucanians proper, los Araucanos que fueron duefios del cano nguen lelfiin Huelen nguefui the former owners of Huelen Valley, valle del Huelen donde se encuentra tiifa Santiago waria miiletui. in which Santiago de Chile is located. Santiago de Chile. The Araucanian made many different El Araucano hizo toda clase de resis- Pu Araucano riif pilafui fiii niin ma attempts to maintain the independence tencia para mantener la independencia fieyael tafii mapu, akulu pu Espafiol. of his native land against Spanish de su tierra natal en contra de la occupation. invasi6n espafiola. c0 Although the government recognizes Aunque el gobierno reconoce la exis- Gofiernu kifie pataka kechu mari war- the existence of only 150,000 Araucan- tencia de s6lo 150,000 Araucanos; en anka Araucano mapuche miiten miilei ians; there are really 300,000 from realidad existen cerca de 300,000 entre pi; welu miilei kiila pataka waranka Bio-Bio to Chiloe. Bio-Bio y Chilod. Bio-Bio engu Chilod fente pun meu. This figure is according to the most Esto esta de acuerdo con la iltima Tiifa ta we roki chen meu kimel, fii recent census of Chile, in which the noticia del censo de la poblaci6n indi- koniin feichi kiidau meu. writer took charge of the Araucanian gena en la cual tom6 parte el que Indian population. escribe esto.

The second group consists of the Alka- Luego se encuentran los indios Alka- Ka miilei ta tiifeichi pu alkalufu laf- lufe Indians, who are found in the lufes que viven en las numerosas islas ken chankifi meu. various islands of the archipelagos of de los archipielagos al sur de Chile. southern Chile. These Alkalufe Indians live by fishing, Los indios Alkalufes se mantienen de Pu alkalufe mapuche challwa meu and there is no record of their popula- la pesca y no hay noticias estadisticas mongue kei, kimfielai tunte len engiien. tion. sobre la poblaci6n. No one appreciates the work of the Nadie aprecia el trabajo de los Alka- Falil mangue kelai fii kiidau pu alka- Alkalufes. lufes. lufe. The Alkalufes are really a savage and Los Alkalufes son en realidad una Pu alkalufe kullin reke wed, wed kiilei, ignorant group, and are without civil- tribu de salvajes e ignorantes, sin kim chillka tulu kellu niyelaeyu. ized protection. protecci6n civilizada. The Alkalufes wear no clothing. Los Alkalufes andan desnudos. No Pu alkalufe triltran kiilei takun niye- usan ropa. lai. The Alkalufes refuse civilized cloth- Los Alkalufes rehusan ropa civilizada, Pu alkalufe weri kimkeche takun, co ing, and do not care for civilization. y no les importa la civilizaci6n. duam lofi chillkatu monguen. CD The Alkalufes have a language or Los Alkalufes hablan un idioma o Pu alkalufe fii dungun giifiiim reke idiom that sounds like the noise of a dialecto parecido al de los pajaros. millei, dungu ayiim engiin giilalen bird; when they speak they open their Cuando empiezan a hablar abren la polol kei fii keum engiin. mouths and make sounds with their boca y hacen ruido con la lengua. tongues.

The Alkalufes have their own means Los .Alkalufes tienen sus propios. Pu alkalufe niyen kisuke noam kake of transportation from island to island medios de transportaci6n de una isla chankifi meu, maniiill wampo meu. --canoes made from logs. a otra-canoas hechas de airboles gruesos.

If an Alkalufe changes to another cli- Si un Alkalufe cambia su residencia a Kafipiile alkalufe layafui. Kuife, mate, he will surely die. Several years otro clima se muere de seguro. Hace Chile Gobierno kiipal rumei kifie welu ago the Chilean government brought unos afios, el gobierno de Chile tras- lapai Santiago. one of these people to Santiago, and lad6 uno de estos individuos, y se he died because of the climate. muri6 a causa del clima. In the extreme southern part of Chile En el estremo sur de Chile estain los Fente pum Chile miilei ta pu pata- the Patagonian Indian is found (Pata- indios Patagones. g6n; patag6n = fiita namun. g6n = long foot).

The Patagonians, the people with the Los Patagones, de pies largos, son Pu patag6n, fiita namun, fiita witran; long feet, are tall, stout, and heavy, altos, fuertes, gruesos, y dolicocefalos. faneche ka fiita lonko. and have big heads (dolichocephalic). The Patagonians are a working people Los Patagones son buenos trabaja- Pu patag6n kiidaufe che, fillkullifi -they raise cattle, sheep, and other dores. Crian animales de todas clases, yallum kei; welu akum meu Europa animals; but because of European pero ahora por causa de la inmigra- tuchi kolonre kona nguetui ngfin, kim colonization they are now reduced to ci6n Europea se han degradado a kiidauloi pi fiei ngiin. 0 laborers, and are qualified by the obreros del campo. Por esto el usur- European usurpers as unskilled men. pador Europeo los califica como hombres ineptos, de poco talento. With said colonization, the Patagon- Por causa del sistema de colonizaci6n Tufachi colonizacion dungu meu, pu ian will soon join the ranks of the del Europeo el indio Patag6n marcha patag6n amulei iii layael. dead. hacia la muerte.

Those who have taken charge of the Los que se han apoderado de los Tiifeichi akulu niipolu mapu nguyui Patagonian ranches have forgotten to ranchos de los Patagones han olvi- fii kim afiel pu patag6n fii fiidol recognize the Patagonian rights of dado por completo los derechos de los ngiien engiin. ownership. Patagones. The Patagonian dialect is entirely dif- El dialecto de los Patagones es com- Pu patag6n iii dungun doi kanguei, ferent from the Araucanian language. pletamente diferente del de los Arau- Araucano mapuche fii dungun femgue- canos. lai. As for the religion of the Patagonians La religi6n de los Patagones: creen en Pu patag6n feyentui fii miilen ngiine- -they believe in God, but their God is Dios, pero sus dioses estin represen- chen; welu womgiilen meu ka kiyen represented by the planets, the moun- tados por los planetas, por las mon- lafken meu ngiinechen miilei. tains, the ocean, etc. tafias, por el oceano, etcetera. In a Patagonian marriage there is El casimiento entre los Patagones Kure ngueyiim pu patag6n miilei fii first a six-month trial period, after principia con seis meses de prueba. kayu kiyen ngueyael fei meu ula tii- which the approval of the young man's Luego hay que conseguir la aproba- feichi wekure fielu fii chau felepe parents is necessary. ci6n de los padres del novio. piyael. The man is the head of the family; El hombre encabeza la familia. l es Patag6n wentu ta fiidol, feita kimlu, he is the master and his orders must el maestro, y sus 6rdenes deben cum- iii chem pin miilei iii fele ael. be carried out. plirse.

The head of a Patagonian family never El jefe de la familia entre los Pata- Rlidol ruka puapatag6n welulka kelai, 1-1 makes a mistake; his word is official gones nunca se equivoca. Su palabra fii chem pin miilei iii fei ngue yael. and final. es oficial y es la Ailtima. The man cares very little for his chil- Al padre no le importa mucho su Pu patag6n miUte duam kelai iii pu dren. familia. yale. The Araucanians fought against the Los Araucanos son los que lucharon Pu Araucano mapuche tiifeichi ke- Spaniards to maintain the indepen- contra los Espafioles para mantener la wachi chi pu Espafiol aukan meu, dence of their native land. independencia de su tierra natal. nifima ngueno ael fii mapu. Although they have been under Span- Han estado bajo la restricci6n de Tiifachi pu che rume weda kiinu paeyu ish restriction they are the true Chil- los Espafioles. Son en realidad los pu Espafiol feiye niin mai ta Chileno eans. verdaderos Chilenos. fel. In every sense of the word the Arau- Sin duda alguna los Araucanos deben Chumlele ru me dungu Araucano ma- canians must be Chileans. ser los Chilenos. puche miilei iii Chileno ngue yael. In spite of this the Araucanians are Pero los Araucanos se encuentran al Pu Araucano mapuche fam tripalei not included in Chilean law. margen de las leyes Chilenas. Chileno chillka meu. The Araucanians take part in Chilean Los Araucanos toman parte en el Pu Araucnno mapuche kellui fii pu progress, particularly in the agricul- progreso Chileno, especialmente en la Chileno iilmen ael, mapu kiidau meu tural industry. industria agricola. miinguel. Politically, the Araucanians are Los Araucanos se sefialan politica- Pu Araucano mapuche, pu fiicha lonko pointed out as a non-producing group. mente como un pueblo que no trabaja, Chileno meu sicho ngue kei kiidau fen- This is true. como una casta improductiva. Asi gue nolu reke, chem kiidau meu punolu tiene que ser porque es la verdad. miilei fii fele ael. Felelu kai muten. However, the wealth of southern Chile Sin embargo, la riqueza de la parte Welu, Bio-Bio ngu Chilok fente pun, is the result of hundreds of years of sur de Chile, de Bio-Bio a Chiloe,. da pu Araucano mapuche kiidau ta tiifei, Araucanian work because the popu- muestras de cientos de afios de trabajo waranka tripantu, feyeniin kiidau lation in this area is supported by de los Araucanos porque los productos monguel waria lei. Araucanian products. de los Araucanos mantienen a aquellas poblaciones.

The agricultural products of all Chil- Los productos agricolas de las grandes Pu iilmen Chileno fii kochecha ka na- ean farmers are either exported or haciendas Chilenas se exportan y se cion amu kei, ka ranguin engui pikum used in central and northern Chile. trasladan a la parte central y al norte Chile. de Chile.

The woolen, clothing, wine, and other Las tiendas de ropa (vestuario), los Kom pu kulperu, pulku engu kakelu businesses all exist because of Arau- negocios de lana, de vinos y de otras pu mapuche fii duam miilei feyenuin canian Indian products. cosas funcionan por causa de los pro- kiidau fii duam. ductos de los Araucanos. Araucanian transactions are behind Toda la moneda corriente en el sur Kom penguen kiyau chi plata Arau- the circulation of money in southern del Chile corresponde a las transac- cano mapuche adiim kaun ta tiifei Chile. ciones de los Araucanos. Chile willi mapu meu. one w eanesaay.

n 1,000 Indians

ins in Loncoche

seen 1,500 In-

seen more than ra Imperial. i thousands of [via, Rio Bueno, and

. extent of In- hout the area.

of the circula- . It shows that ie Araucanians e. ch means "peo-

[apuches.

the Spaniards.

nians trust no

ve been cheated

ive in rukas, which aber Lnd some light made into roof- rasily

)use must have

ew ruka a ban- is held.

of a game: a ,t-race. ansmitted from

illness. rtal. dies it is from

.raucanian may s life has ended but because he I by. certain natural -mine the manner or

1 privilege? Lucanians them- lip.

s bad power are enii tufe. cavern. :o finish a human

iat takes place in it. daun. in tl ie following man- is ei lgaged; that is, a -doctor.

It noise with her prays for every- n against whom t be among the Wiassigns. who is to die

er hand several

hi these stones

the stones and

- work.

be p tid. It is given tals. ed-e we, lamb, horse, price. An ewe lamb for a boy, man. The real ead of the ruka is family within u IFs5L.

e is ending the

ited by cherufe, ?mallen. ire which falls to

ieve that to be levil. seen in a vision at the Lppearance of a rs wh ite clothing and

on dark nights

vil is seen by the e people of the

e people of the

e people of the

ie people of the

ly uses Pehuen- ,he, for the for- t point on which i big tree scien- ; Art ucania chilensis.

,e the Araucan- he, b4cause the lafken ection.

east, the north-

Lthwest. a in the center, V, the Lelfiinche. -he; ocean coast mountain people, ple, Mahuidache; ie; people of the people of the peninsular peo-

classification.

n the Spaniards It is based on the the various groups, as eace people, working Snol -working people, ef people.

i classification of ans. kakeo refers to ,arlike but now rk and lives by

- who does not without making kas been domin- 3 and now lives

kon is "big head

peol ile like gypsies, . Th - translation of in;Qxr people."

itor people. The their name is tame comes from ng rooster.