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Alam Al-Mareefa

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Alam Al-Mareefa ABCDEFG cab 260 ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ اﻹﺳﻼم ــ اﻟﺼ ــ اﻟﻐﺮب ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ: ﺗــﻮﺑﻲ أ. ﻫــﻒ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ: د. ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻏﺼﻔﻮر X¹uJ« ‡ »«œü«Ë ÊuMH«Ë WUI¦K wMÞu« fK:« U¼—bB¹ W¹dNý WOUIŁ V² WKKÝ X¹uJ« ‡ »«œü«Ë ÊuMH«Ë WUI¦K wMÞu« fK:« U¼—bB¹ W¹dNý WOUIŁ V² WKKÝ ﺻﺪرت اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﺎدي اﻻول ١٩٩٨ ﺑﺈﺷﺮاف أﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺸﺎري acbاﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻲ ١٩٢٣ ـ ١٩٩٠ 260 ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ اﻹﺳﻼم ــ اﻟﺼ ــ اﻟﻐﺮب ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ: ﺗــﻮﺑﻲ أ. ﻫــﻒ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ: د. ABCDEFGﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻏﺼﻔﻮر fDž√ 2000 ا*ﻮاد ا*ﻨﺸﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ رأي ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻬﺎ وﻻ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻋﻦ رأي اﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ M ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ٧ M 9ﻬﻴﺪ ١١ M اﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻞ ١٣ M ا*ﻘﺪﻣﺔ ١٧ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻻول: اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ا*ﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ٢٥ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ: اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ٦٧ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ: اﻟﻌﻘﻞ واﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﻼم واﻟﻐﺮب ١٠٩ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ: اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ ١٣٧ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳋﺎﻣﺲ: اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎت واﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎت واﻟﻌﻠﻮم ١٦٩ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس: اﻷﺟﻮاء اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ وﺧﻠﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ٢٢٣ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ: اﻟﻌﻠﻢ واﳊﻀﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼ ٢٥٩ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ: M اﻟﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼ ٣٠٩ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ: M ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ٣٤٥ M اﳋﺎ8ﺔ: اﻟﻌﻠﻢ واﳊﻀﺎرات ﺷﺮﻗﺎ وﻏﺮﺑﺎ ٣٨٥ M اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ ٣٩١ ا@ﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﻮر ٤٨١ ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﺬه دراﺳﺔ *ﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻗﺎﺋـﻤـﺔ ﻣـﻨـﺬ زﻣـﻦ ﻃـﻮﻳـﻞ ﻫـﻲ: *ـﺎذا ﻧـﺸـﺄ اﻟـﻌـﻠـﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻐـﺮب ﻓـﻘـﻂ وﻟـﻴـﺲ ﻓـﻲ ﺣـﻀـﺎرﺗـﻲ اﻹﺳـﻼم واﻟـﺼـ^ رﻏـﻢ أن ﺣﻀﺎرﺗﻲ اﻹﺳﻼم واﻟﺼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺘ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻀﺎرة اﻟﻐﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ? وﻳﺘﻔﺤﺺ ا*ﺆﻟـﻒ ﻟـﻺﺟـﺎﺑـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻫـﺬه ا*ـﺴـﺄﻟـﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ا*ﺆﺳـﺴـﺎت اﻟـﺪﻳـﻨـﻴـﺔ واﻟـﻔـﻠـﺴـﻔـﻴـﺔ واﻟـﻘـﺎﻧـﻮﻧـﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﳊﻀﺎرات اﻟﺜﻼث^ وﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة ا*ﺆﺳﺴﺎت ا*ﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ (*)^ وﻫﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة اﺧﺘﺺ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻐﺮب دون ﻏﻴﺮه^ mﺎ أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﶈﺎﻳﺪ واﳊﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ^ اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ دوﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ. (*) اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻫـﻲ Kcorporation وﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘـﺎب. وأﻓـﻀـﻞ ا@ﻘﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺣﺎرث اﻟﻔﺎروﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ا@ﻌﺠﻢ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲK ط ٤ (ﺑﻴـﺮوت: ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎنK ١٩٨٢)K ص K١٧٠ وﻫﻲ: ﻫﻴﺌﺔK ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔK ﺷﺮﻛﺔ. وﻳﻌﺮف ا@ﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳـﻠـﻲ: «ﺷـﺨـﺺ اﻋﺘﺒﺎري أو ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲK ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞK ﺑﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن وﻗـﻮﱠ ِﺗ ِﻪK ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮK @ﻨﻔﻌـﺔ ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ أو @ﻨﻔﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ (دون أﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ) أو ﻷﻏﺮاض ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ. وﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﺪوام ﺗﺆول إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ أو ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺗﻪ». ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ أن ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ا@ﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺘﺎب «ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ» ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻣـﻊ اﻟـﺴـﻠـﺴـﻠـﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎK ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك إدراك واﺿﺢ ﻟﺪى ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﺄن ﻫﺬا ﻛﺘﺎب ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدي. ﻓـﻠـﻴـﺲ ﻣـﻦ ا@ـﺄﻟـﻮف أن ﳒـﺪ ﺑـﺎﺣـﺜـﺎ أﻣـﺮﻳــﻜــﻴــﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﻳﺨﺼﺺ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﻤـﺎ @ﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪور اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎم ﺑﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ــ أو ﻛﺎن wﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ ــ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ. ﺑﻞ إن اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎول ا@ﺆﻟﻒ إﺛﺒـﺎﺗـﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﻫﻲ أن اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻛـﺎن ﻣﺆﻫﻼ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻞ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﺷـﻬـﺪﻫـﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻷوروﺑﻲ ذاﺗﻪ. وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻫﺬا ﻟﻢ ﻳـﻜـﻦ ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺎ ﺣـﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞK ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴﺔ ذاﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ اﻋﺘﺮاﻓﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔK ﺑﻞ اﳊﻀﺎرة اﻟﺒﺸـﺮﻳـﺔ ﺑـﻮﺟـﻪ ﻋـﺎمK ﻟـﺘـﻠـﻚ اﳉﻬﻮد اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﻟﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠـﻤـﺎء اﻟـﻌـﺮب ﻓـﻲ ﻣـﻴـﺎدﻳـﻦ اﻟـﻔـﻠـﻚ واﻟـﺮﻳـﺎﺿـﻴـﺎت واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء واﻟﻄﺐK وﻫﻲ اﳉﻬﻮد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺆﻫﻠﻬﻢ ــ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ــ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮا ﻫﻢ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ا@ﻨﻬﺠﻲ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ. وﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪر اﻋـﺘـﺰاز ﺳـﻠـﺴـﻠـﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ا@ﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟـﻜـﺘـﺎب وﺣـﺮﺻـﻬـﺎ ﻋـﻠـﻰ إﺧـﺮاج ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ أﻓـﻀـﻞ ﺻـﻮرة ـﻜـﻨـﺔK ﻓـﺈن ﲡـﺮﺑـﺘـﻬـﺎ 7 ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔK ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺪور اﳉﺰء اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻠ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺪات اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ــ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻘﺪر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ا@ﺸﺎﻛﻞ واﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎت. ﻓﺎ@ﺆﻟﻒ ﻳﺴﺪي ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺟﻠﻴﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲK إذ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺆﻫﻼ ﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼل اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮت وﺟﻪ اﻟـﻌـﺎﻟـﻢ ﺑـﺄﺳـﺮهK وﻟـﻜـﻦ ﻣﺎدام اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻳﺆﻛﺪان أن ﻫﺬا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑـﺎﻟـﻔـﻌـﻞK ﻓـﻼﺑـﺪ أن ﻫـﻨـﺎك ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻪK اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ دون ﲢﻘﻖ ﻫﺬا اﻹﳒﺎز اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ. وﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى ﻓﺈن اﻟﻬﺪف اﳉﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب إﻟﻰ إﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪK ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ا@ﺆﻟﻒ ﺗـﻮﺟـﻴـﻪ ﺑـﻌـﺾ اﻟـﻨـﻘـﺪ إﻟـﻰ اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌـﺮﺑـﻲ وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب. وﻟﻜﻦ ا@ﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻘﺪK ووﺟـﺪ ﻣـﻦ واﺟـﺒـﻪ أن ﻳﺮد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ أوﻻ ﻓﺄوﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮاﺷﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻪ وﺗـﻌـﻠـﻴـﻘـﺎﺗـﻪ ﻋـﻠـﻴـﻬـﺎ. ﻏـﻴـﺮ أن ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺮدود ا@ﺘﻜﺮرة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﻓﺴﺎد ﺣﺠﺞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻛﻠﻬـﺎK وإﺿـﻌـﺎف ﻗـﻀـﻴـﺘـﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺪي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﳊﻀﺎرة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺟﻠﻴﻠﺔ. وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺸﺮوع إﻋﺎدة ﻃﺒﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔK ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﺮاء. وﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ أن ﻳﻌـﺮب ﻋـﺪد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاء ﻋﻦ رﻏﺒﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻬـﻮر ﻃـﺒـﻌـﺔ ﺟـﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟـﻬـﺬا اﻟـﻜـﺘـﺎب ا@ـﻬـﻢ. وﺣﺮﺻﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﻨﺐ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﻪ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺪور اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺑﺠﺰأﻳﻪK ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﻔﻮرK أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻷدب اﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰي ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷردﻧﻴـﺔK اﻟـﺬي ﻛﺎن ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻤﺮا ﻣﻨﺬ ﺻﺪور أﻋﺪادﻫﺎ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم ١٩٧٨. وﻗﺪ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻋﺼﻔﻮر أن ﻳﻘﻮم ﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎبK وﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﻔﻮر أن ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎبK ﻷن وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺗﺨﺘـﻠـﻒ ﻋـﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺟﺬرﻳﺎ. وإﻧﻪ @ﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻌﺪ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ا@ﻌﺮﻓـﺔ أن ﺗـﻘـﺪم إﻟـﻰ اﻟﻘـﺎر اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ا@ﻬﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺤﺘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ رﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺿـﻤـﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﳊﻀﺎرة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ودورﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺬي أﺣﺮزﺗﻪ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻴﻮم. 8 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﻻ ﻳﻔﻮت اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ أن ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺸﻜﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ا@ﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺮاء اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ وﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر أﺣﻤﺪ ﺻﺒﺤﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒـﻌـﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰK واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﻔﻮر ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ. وﺗﻮد اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ أن ﺗﻘﺪم ﺷﻜﺮا ﺧﺎﺻﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻬﻮر ﻗﺮاﺋـﻬـﺎ اﻟـﻜـﺮام اﻟـﺬﻳـﻦ أﺑﺪوا اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻨﺬ ﺻﺪور ﻃﺒﻌﺘﻪ اﻷوﻟﻰK وﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺨﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﺑﺪاء ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻬﻢ (ﺳﻮاء أﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ أم إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ. وﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ أن ﺣﺮص اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ إرﺿـﺎء ﻗـﺮاﺋـﻬـﺎ اﻟـﻜـﺮام ﻫـﻮ اﻟـﺬي دﻓﻌﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﺮاﺳﺨﺔ ﺑﻨﺸﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘ ﻟﻜﺘﺎب واﺣﺪ. واﻟﻠﻪ ا*ﻮﻓﻖ. ﻫﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ 9 ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ 10 ﻬﻴﺪ ﻬﻴﺪ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻧﺸﺄة اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳـﺚ وﻛـﻴـﻒ وﺻﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟـﻢ إﻟـﻰ ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻋـﻠـﻴـﻪ. ﻟـﻘـﺪ ﺷـﻬـﺪ اﻟـﻘـﺮن اﻟﻌـﺸـﺮون ﺻـﺮاﻋـﺎت ﻏـﻴـﺮ ﻋـﺎدﻳـﺔ ﺑـ اﺠﻤﻟـﺘـﻤـﻌـﺎت واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت واﳊﻀﺎرات. وﺷﻬـﺪ اﻟـﺮﺑـﻊ اﻷﺧـﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺮن اﻣﺘﺰاﺟﺎ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت ﻟـﻢ ﻳـﺴـﺒـﻖ ﻟـﻪ ﻣـﺜـﻴـﻞK وﻛﺎن ذﻟﻚ اﻻﻣﺘﺰاج إﺣﺪى اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎ@ﻲ اﻟﺬي دب ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ. ﻟﻜـﻦ ﻣـﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺪرﻛﻪ اﻟﻨﺎس إدراﻛﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ ا@ﻘﺪار اﻟﺬي أرﺳﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜـﻠـﺖ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻘﺮﻧ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮب َأﺳﺲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎ@ﻲ اﳉﺪﻳﺪ. وﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ا@ﺒﻜﺮة ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺎب اﳊﺮ ا@ﻔﺘﻮحK وﻫﻲ ا@ﻨﺎﺑﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ أدت إﻟﻰ أﺷـﻜـﺎل ﺷـﺎﻣـﻠـﺔ ﻣﻦ ا@ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ واﳊﻜﻢ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة. واﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺎرزة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟـﺸـﻜـﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﳋﻄﺎب اﻻﺟـﺘـﻤـﺎﻋـﻲ وا@ـﺸـﺎرﻛـﺔK ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨـﺤـﻮ ﻧـﺤـﻮ اﻟـﺸـﻤـﻮل. و8ـﺜـﻞ اﻟـﻌـﻮ@ـﺔ ا@ﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرا أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ إن اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮار وا@ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة وﺗﻠـﻘـﻰ اﻟـﻘـﺒـﻮل واﻟـﺮﺿـﺎ ﻟـﺪى ﺷـﻌـﻮب ﻣـﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ. وﻳﺼﻮر اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ا@ﻤﻜﻦ @ﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺮق ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨـﻮع ﻣﻦ اﳊﻮار ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮا ﺑﻠﻴﻐﺎ. ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ أﺷﻜﺎل اﳋﻄﺎب وا@ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ 11 ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ذات ا@ﻨﺤﻰ اﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺬه ﻗﻮى أﺧﺮى ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻮةK ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋـﻠـﻰ أوﻟـﻮﻳـﺔ اﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ واﶈﻠﻴﺔ. وﻫﻨﺎك أﻳﻀﺎ أﻧﺎس ﻳﺨﺸﻮن اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺮة ﻟﺜﻤﺎر ا@ﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ. وﻟﺴـﻮف ﻳـﺒـﻘـﻰ اﻟـﺼـﺮاع ﺣـﻮل أي اﻷﺷـﻜـﺎل اﺨﻤﻟﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻌﻘﻞ واﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴـﺔ ﺳـﻴـﺤـﺘـﻞ ﻣـﻜـﺎن اﻟـﺼـﺪارة ﻣـﺤـﺘـﺪﻣـﺎ. واﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ اﻟﺮاﻫﻨﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻮف واﻟﺘﺮﻗﺐ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛـﺎﻧـﺖ ﻗـﻮى ا@ـﺴـﺎواة وا@ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺴﻮد أم أن ﻗﻮى اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻌـﺎد اﻟـﻌـﺮﻗـﻲ واﻟـﺘـﺮﻛـﻴـﺰ ﻋـﻠـﻰ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻧﻘﺴﺎم ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ. 12 اﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻞ اﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب وﻗﺘﺎ ﻃﻮﻳـﻼ. وﻟـﺬا ﻓﺈﻧﻨﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟـﻔـﻀـﻞ ﻟـﻌـﺪد ﻛـﺒـﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﺷـﺨـﺎص وا@ﻨﻈﻤﺎت. ﻓﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ اﻟـﻮﻗـﻒ اﻟـﻮﻃـﻨـﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺖ ﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ دراﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧـﻴـﺎ ﺑـﺒـﻴـﺮﻛـﻠـﻲ ﺳـﻨـﺔ ١٩٧٦ـــ ١٩٧٧ (ا@ﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ٢٤٠ ــ K(F٧٦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﻀﺮت ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺤﺚ أدارﻫﺎ روﺑﺮت ِﺑ ﱠﻠﻪ ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان «اﻟﺘﺮاث واﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ»K وﻣﻜﻨﺘﻨﻲ اﻟﺰﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ وﺿﻊ أﻓﻜﺎري ﺣﻮل ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ. وﻓـﻲ ﺳـﻨـﺔ ١٩٧٨ـــ ١٩٧٩ ﻣـﻮل ﻣـﻌـﻬـﺪ اﻟـﺪراﺳـﺎت ا@ﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺴK ﻧﻴﻮﺟﻴﺮزيK ﺳﻨﺔ دراﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎن ا@ﻔﺮوض أن أﻗﻀﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ﻋـﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺬه اﻟـﺪراﺳـﺔ. ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ا@ﺬﻛﻮرة ﺧﺼﺼﺖ ﻟﻜـﺘــﺎب ِﺑﻨْﺠَ ِﻤﻦْ ِﻧ ْﻠ ِﺴﻦ «ﻋـﻠـﻰ ﻃــﺮق اﳊــﺪاﺛــﺔ» On the Roads to Modernity ﺑﺴﺒﺐ وﻓﺎﺗـﻪ ا@ـﻔـﺎﺟـﺌـﺔ. وﻛـﺎﻧـﺖ ﺗـﻠـﻚ اﻟـﻔـﺘـﺮة اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺴ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪر ﺑﺜﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧـﻮاح ﻛـﺜـﻴـﺮة ﺗﺨﺺ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب. وﺣـﺼـﻠـﺖ ﻓـﻲ ﺧـﺮﻳـﻒ ﺳـﻨـﺔ ١٩٨٠ ﻋــﻠــﻰ إﺟــﺎزة دراﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ زاﺋﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓـﻲ ﺟـﺎﻣـﻌـﺔ ﻫـﺎرﻓـﺮد. وﻛـﺎن ذﻟـﻚ اﳋﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ اﳋﻄﻮط اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘـﺎب ﻋـﻠـﻰ ا@ـﺸـﺎرﻛـ ﻓـﻲ ﺣـﻠـﻘـﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﺨﻤﻟﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻬﺎرﻓﺮد. وأﻧﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪاﳊـﻤـﻴـﺪ ﺻـﺒـﺮة ﻣـﻦ ﺟـﺎﻣـﻌـﺔ 13 ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﺎرﻓﺮد ﻟﻠﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﻪ @ﺸﺮوع ﺑﺤﺜﻲ وﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮة ﺧـﻼل اﻟـﺴـﻨـﺔ. وﻗﺪ ﺣﻀﺮت ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ا@ﺴـﺎق اﻟـﺬي درﱠﺳَﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑـﺼـﻔـﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺮﺗK وأﻓﺪت ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮات اﻟﺜﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺗﻪ. ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻﺑـﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل إﻧﻨﻲ واﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﺻﺒﺮة ﻧﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻬﺎت ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. وﻗﺪ ﻣﻜﻨﺘﻨﻲ إﺟﺎزة ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﻲ ﺣﺼـﻠـﺖ ﻋـﻠـﻴـﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺧﺮﻳﻒ ١٩٨٧ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺮغ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ا@ﻘﺎرن ﻟﻠـﻘـﺎﻧـﻮنK وﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ﺗُـﺘَﺢ ﻟﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ أﻃﺮوﺣﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أﺿﻌﻒK وﻟـﻌـﺒـﺮت ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ. وأﻧﺎ ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ﺟﺪا @ﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻹﺟﺎزة. وأﻧﺎ واﺛﻖ ﻣﻦ أن ﻗﺮاﺋﻲ ﻳﺪرﻛﻮن ﺑﻮﺿﻮح أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن wـﻜـﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ أن ﺗﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻻ إﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻗﺪر ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ا@ﺼﺎدر ا@ﻜﺘـﺒـﻴـﺔK وأﻧـﻨـﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺪت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎت 8ﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ وﻻﻳﺔ ﻣَ (ﻓﻲ أﻗﺼﻰ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ) إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ. وﻗﺪ ﻣﻜﻨﺘﻨﻲ ﺷﺒﻜـﺔ اﳊـﺎﺳـﻮب اﻟـﺘـﻲ ﺗـﻨـﺘـﻈـﻢ اﺋـﺘـﻼف ا@ـﻜـﺘـﺒـﺎت اﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أوﻫﺎﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺎﺳـﺎﺗـﺸـﻮﺳـﺘـﺲ دارﺗْﻤُ ْﺚ ﻣـﻦ اﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن wﻜﻨﻨﻲ اﻟﺮﺟﻮع إﻟﻴـﻬـﺎ ﻟـﻮﻻﻫـﺎ.
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