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ET SON REGARD SUR LES MOUVEMENTS D'extrême DROITE Amérlcains, 1938-1944

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ET SON REGARD SUR LES MOUVEMENTS D'extrême DROITE Amérlcains, 1938-1944 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LE COMITÉ DIES (SPECIAL HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN­ AMERlCAN ACTIVITIES) ET SON REGARD SUR LES MOUVEMENTS D'EXTRÊME DROITE AMÉRlCAINS, 1938-1944 MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN HISTOIRE PAR MAXIME WINGEN DER JANVIER 2010 UNIVERSlTÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 -Rév.01-200G). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concéde à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS J'aimerais tout d'abord remercier mon directeur de recherche Greg Robinson, professeur à l'UQAM, mentor et ami, pour ses précieux conseils, son support, ses connaissances. Sans ce dernier, ce mémoire n'aurait jamais vu le jour. Je remercie également Pauline Léveillé, assistante à la gestion de programme en histoire de l'UQAM, pour son assistance et sa compréhension. Plusieurs autres personnes ont contribué, à leur façon, à l'écriture de ce mémoire: le professeur de l'Université McGill Leonard Moore, pour son aide sur le Ku Klux Klan; Sandra Burell, archiviste au Centre d'archives Sam Huston (situé au Texas), qui a été autant patiente que dévouée; les employés du centre d'archives de la Roosevelt Library ainsi que le service du prêt entre bibliothèques de l'UQAM. Je suis reconnaissant du soutien de l'équipe de la Bibliothèque de Chambly. Je remercie de plus Isabelle Lehu, professeure d'histoire à l'UQAM, Marc Bordeleau, chargé de cours au département d'histoire de l'UQAM et Frédérick Gagnon, professeur en sciences politiques de l'UQAM et directeur de l'Observatoire sur les États-Unis. Je prends finalement cette opportunité pour exprimer ma gratitude envers ma précieuse famille et mes amis : Karl Wingender, frère et ami, pour sa patience, son support moral et son écoute; Guillawne Pilon, ami de longue date et compère, pour avoir parcouru avec engouement ses études en histoire américaine et pour les discussions enrichissantes; Jacques Longpré, pour nos débats enflammées sur la politique américaine; Valérie Thibault, amie de cœur, qui a su m'épauler et être indulgente. Enfin, je dédie ce mémoire à mes parents qui ont développé en moi un enthousiasme particulier pour la connaissance intellectuelle et pour le partage de la culture. Je gratifie mon père, Michel Wingender, pour sa combativité ainsi que son endurance physique et morale. Je remercie ma mère, Guylaine Champagne, pour sa grande écoute, ses recommandations et son sens de la communication. Bref, ce mémoire n'aurait pas pu se réaliser sans l'aide inestimable des personnes mentionnées ici. TABLE DES MATlÈRES RÉsUMÉ , VI INTRODUCTION '" . CHAPITRE l BILAN HISTORIOGRAPHIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIE ,. .. 4 1.1 Émergence de l'historiographie sur le comité Dies... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... 4 1.2 Le comité Dies au sein de l'historiographie du HUAC... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 1.3 Réémergence de l'intérêt de l'historiographie pour le comité Dies... ...... .... 8 1.4 Historiographie sur l'extrême droite américaine des années 1930-1940........ 14 1.5 L'extrême droite américaine et approches comparatives ...... '" ... ... ... ... ..... 19 1.6 Démarche méthodologique et problématique... 21 1.7 Choix de méthode , , ... 23 1. 8 Sources utilisées... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. 24 CHAPITRE II LE COMITÉ DIES ET SA CONCEPTION DE SUBVERSION ET DES ACTIVITÉS ANTIAMÉRICAINES...... 27 2.1 Introduction... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... 27 2.2 Facteurs idéologiques: anti-américanisme et anticommunisme... ... ... ... ..... 27 2.3 Le comité Dies, communisme, nazisme et fascisme: méthode comparative.. 30 2.4 Le comité Dies: différents concepts et analogies sur l'extrême droite, le fascisme et le conservatisme aux États-Unis 33 2.5 Conclusion 46 IV CHAPITRE III LE REGARD DU COMITÉ DIES SUR LES MOUVEMENTS D'EXTRÊME DROITE ÉTRANGERS '" 49 3.1 Introduction '" 49 3.2 Regard du comité Dies sur la propagande allemande: le Consul allemand, le Transocean News Service, la German Library et le German Railroads Information Office... 53 3.3 Le comité Dies et Le German-American Bund (Amerikadeutscher Volksbund) 59 3.4 Le Kyjjhauserbund (League ofGerman War Veterans) et le comité Dies....... 70 3.5 Le regard du comité Dies sur le German Sund '" 74 3.6 Le regard du comité Dies, le mouvement fasciste italien et les Black Shirts 77 3.7 Le comité Dies et autres mouvements d'extrême droite étrangers ,... 84 3.8 Conclusion... 89 CHAPITRE IV LE COMITÉ DIES ET LA MENACE JAPONAISE: UN CAS PARTICULIER.. 91 4.1 Introduction... 91 4.2 L'attaque de Pearl Harbor et conséquences sur le regard du comité Dies 95 4.3 La publication des rapports du SCUAA sur la menace japonaise 101 4.4 Conclusion , , , 116 CHAPITRE V LE REGARD DU COMITÉ DlES SUR LES MOUVEMENTS D'EXTRÊME DROITE NATIVISTES 119 5.1 Introduction: caractéristiques du regard du SCUAA sur la droite radicale nativiste... .. .. ... ... ... .. .... ... .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. .. .... .. ...... 119 5.2 Le Ku Klux Klan et le comité Dies , 125 5.3 Le père Coughlin, le Christian Front, Le Christian Mobi!izer et le comité Dies: un exemple de la droite religieuse '" 132 v 5.4 Le comité Dies, William Dudley Peney et les Si/ver Shirts , 141 5.5 George Deatherage, George Van Hom Moseley et l'American National Confederation: un aperçu du comité Dies sur deux protagonistes de l'extrême droite nativiste américaine... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 149 5.6 Conclusion '" .. , 163 CONCLUSION 168 BIBLIOGRAPHIE... 174 RÉsUMÉ Le 26 mai 1938, le Congrès américain mettait sur pied la Special House Committee on Un-American Activities (SCUAA), mieux connu sous le sobriquet du comité Dies. Tout au long de son mandat, de 1938 à 1944, ce comité développait des méthodes d'enquêtes inquisitoires. Il a été par ailleurs le prédécesseur du HUAC du temps de l'après-guerre. Le comité Dies demeure à ce jour un sujet de controverse. Puis, l'historiographie, qui est peu volumineuse et vieillissante, porte un intérêt particulier sur l'acharnement du Comité à s'attaquer au New Deal et au communisme. Pourtant, il y a eu certes des enquêtes menées par la commission Dies sur les mouvements d'extrême droite. Or, bien que les enquêtes sur les mouvements de droite radicaux auraient été moins bien préparées et beaucoup plus aléatoires que celles effectuées contre la subversion de gauche, il est utile et pertinent d'étudier plus en profondeur le rapport entre le comité Dies et les mouvements d'extrême droite. Entre autres, parce qu'il a été l'une des premières commissions américaines à dresser un portrait de l'extrême droite aux États­ Unis. Il a été notamment l'une des seules instances gouvernementales de l'époque à dévoiler publiquement des informations sur l'extrême droite «étrangère» et nativiste. Ce mémoire propose donc un examen des informations mise à jour par le comité Dies sur l'extrême droite. Celles-ci ont amené une certaine conscience publique de la nature des groupes de droite radicaux et de tendances fascistes aux États-Unis. Cette recherche apporte une large contribution à l'historiographie sur le comité Dies en s'attardant à une problématique: quels sont les éléments qui ont été exposés par le comité Dies sur l'extrême droite «étrangère» et nativiste? Quels sont les facteurs qui ont poussé le SCUAA à enquêter sur la droite radicale américaine, et quels en ont été les conséquences et les résultats? Cette étude s'attarde aux distinctions du regard du comité Dies envers les mouvements nativistes (Christian Front, Ku Klux Klan, etc.) et étrangers (German-American Bund, fascisme italien, extrême droite japonaise, etc.). En outre, nous examinons de quelles façons ce regard et les idéologies de la commission Dies ont évolué à travers son contexte national et international. Nous croyons par exemple que les tensions des années 1930, le contexte de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et la course politique de Martin Dies, directeur du SCUAA, ont eu des répercussions notoires. Notre hypothèse démontre que le vu comité Dies a eu, à certains égards, un parti pris pour l'extrême droite américaine au détriment de la menace subversive de gauche. Au même titre que le communisme, c'est l'influence étrangère sur la droite radicale qui semblait perturber le comité Dies. Toutefois, il faut ajouter à cette hypothèse que des éléments politiques, économiques et sociaux ont pu nuancer à la fois les enquêtes effectuées et le regard de la commission Dies sur l'extrême droite. Enfin, cette recherche permet de déceler le manque de souci et d'intérêt de certaines instances politiques et de la population américaine pour le fascisme. Il semble à cet effet que des pressions de toutes sortes ont été nécessaires pour que le comité Dies se tourne véritablement contre les mouvements de droite radicaux. Mots clés : Dies Committee, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, politique américaine, fascisme, nazisme, extrême droite, nativisme, États-Unis. INTRODUCTION Le 26 mai 1938, le Congrès américain mettait sur pied le Special Committee on Un-American Activities (SCUAA), mieux connu sous le nom du comité Dies.
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