1 5) ly uping y

and ta in this ta in this as such, such, as ea and ea and pile a table ll remain a differ from from a differ nts in our itional forms ps or inal /j/ with that /j/ with that inal ) adjustments as ) adjustments ime. Our Proto- ime. are based on n which cognates the most commonly a tentative subgro 1992) and Landaburu two sub-branches Proto- y taken from Powlison's (199 y taken from Powlison's e reconstructions wi thesis of athesis syllable-f ogy (especially Meira, Gild y not stand the test of t er information T. Payne (1993), for furth er information ss need (we hope, minor ts a table of forms withi of possible cognates—both for our somewhat tentative, as they as tentative, somewhat péng), Proto-Pemón (PPem: Kapón x 1 and Appendix 2) were provided by Jon onstructions to lower-level grou Conventions for writing the Yagua da ira and Franchetto (2005), plus add per, except the pronouns (reconstructed b Proto-Venezuelan (PV, : Akuriyó, Karihona, Tiriyó; Meira 2000), Proto- PT ecognize that all thes Yagua, and Proto-Witotoan e from Landaburu (1979, hesis that has not been well-substantiated, and below. In some case s, where Powlison’s dat gua, Proto-Witotoan and its reflects either full meta at they will doubtle ever, they do follow the most recent developme follow ever, they do Doris Payne. Forms are usuall As such, this table is not restricted to only to only is not restricted this table As such, on at the moment. We are explicitly not trying to com not trying are explicitly on at the moment. We ical forms, the label PV ma Makushi, Panare, †Tamanaku, Mapoyo/Yabarana, and possib Franchetto 2005) and morphol

languages), but rather represen an (PPek: Bakairi, Arara, Ik (1985), Payne and Payne (1990), ng. These reconstructions are exploring the maximum number uctible, we sometimes offer rec th), the Paynes’ datath), the Paynes’ are used. List for Proto-Cariban, Andoke, for Proto-Cariban, Andoke, Ya n is all Yagua, compiled by e reconstructed by Spike Gildea for this pa oposed Macro-Carib etymons (both in Appendi , Kamarakoto, Taurepán] and Makushi), and ban Toolbox database (Meira 2006). We r should represent valid histor e work that we may not envisi Taranoan) by Spike Gildea: Proto-Taranoan ( his field notes. All other Andoke forms ar lifications (cf. D. Payne upon which they are based, and also th i-Muller (2002): Kapón, Pemón, scover in any case for proto- phonology (especially Meira and a). Note that the Venezuelan Branch is a hypot is Branch Venezuelan the that Note a). ne. Here we are interested in interested we are ne. Here rk on the family increases. very lenis pronunciation. /j/ after a consonant n form is not readily reconstr e asterisk with no further marki articularly for vowel leng iwai and Katxúyana), Proto-Pekodi our reconstructions come from cognate sets published in Me generally phonemic form with a few exceptions noted chronological or lexicostatistical calculations. lexicostatistical calculations. or chronological Appendix 1. The Swadesh 100 Unless otherwise specified, our Peba-Yagua Our Andoke data for any of Greenberg's pr Appendix 1 presents Swadesh 100 word lists Appendix 1 presents Swadesh of a a word has /j/ at the end consonant, or palatalization of the consonant. All Proto-Cariban forms in this Appendix ar • Carib forms are indicated by a singl how for intermediate groupings; fe w reconstructions incomplete cognate sets, with Pineda (1984). immediate purposes and for future comparativ and for future immediate purposes Ye’kwana, †Kumanagoto, and †Chaim even though we expect that PV reconstructions collective understanding of Proto-Carib Hoff 2006). The data that inform found in Meira’s unpublished comparative Cari suspect until publication of the cognate sets the body of rigorous comparative wo Landaburu in personal communication, from dictionary, but re-written in a Doris and Thomas Payne’s data (p Huitoto-Ocaina and Proto-Bora-Muina Parukotoan (PPar: Hixkaryana, Wa [Akawaio, Patamuna, Ingarikó], Pemón [Arekuna given in Gildea (2003), modified by Matté table follow the IPA with following qua on Yagua phonology): that might be useful for glotto used forms (which would be difficult to di may be sought. Throughout the Appendix, hyphens indicate morphemic divisions. Meira 2002). Where a Proto-Cariba branches, again (with the exception of Proto- 2 h toan, ic l he tone / collapsed; ɨ but it was but s for to-Ocaina to-Ocaina ex.) form of the form of the in Yagua, such that such that Yagua, in tered by David / is always fronted to /i/ in ɨ but for typographica / (/ ɨ a vowel indicates phonem ble, in this table we use t generally has /i/ and / of prefixes is the same a / has allophones [m] before phonemic These data were en language of the (sub-)family one sandhi is common e also morphologically compl oken off in Appendix 1, even though zation over vowels, s Aschmann's reconstruction for Proto-Wito cross-referencing purposes, following the Englis in nasalization and quality depending on to reconstruct it. For Yagua, a tilde under the following Yagua list plus * indicates his reconstruction for the Wito ion. Additionally, t s are written explicitly in this table. in this explicitly s are written material in more than one /, high central unrounded. nn’s (1993) Witoto etyma. ɨ ertain other Yagua entries ar pronominal possessor (the system for abstract qualities. It is br ] before phonemic oral vowels. /m e surroundng morphemes. Where possi d as [i]). As a result, his dictionary does not distinguish between /i/ and / not distinguish does his dictionary llowed the IPA convention of writing nasali ) u econstruction; a double asterisk ** indicate as having six phonemic vowels: D. Payne is certain of the distinct the numbers from Aschma (or ɯ of the (sub-)family such that he was able ɨ -frozen part of a word. (C ndicate that Aschmann found the cates high pitch (best analyzed as high tone). llowing table numbers. For correspond to Swadesh nalien] always has a nominal or phonemic nasal vowels, and [n ?) is a Yagua derivational prefix le tone patterns, depending on th

ha- e o o e a i ] before phonemic oral vowels. The allophone oral vowels. ] before phonemic b ] under any analysis is not as frequent ɨ (variant root in isolation. in isolation. root

/ only in those cases where Wa- ɨ Numbers in Column 1 of the fo Our Proto-Witotoan is Aschmann's (1993) r Accute accent over a vowel indi nasalization (for other languages we have fo clarity, for Yagua). we havethis opte d for /n/ has allophones [n] before nasal vowels, and [m Payne and Payne (1990) analyze Yagua Powlison analyzes Yagua as having only 5 vowels, so as having Yagua Powlison analyzes • • • Young. For Witotoan data, /ï/ is high back unrounded, in contrast with / gloss in column 2, we include parentheses not sufficiently attested across all languages sometimes it might be a synchronically well while BM plus * indicates his r econstruction for the Bora-Miraña branch and HO branch. Witotan elements in parentheses i

A Yagua inalienably possessed noun [i the vicinity of /j/ and [ / written we have the same root might bear multip patterns found on the alienably possessed nouns). If a possessed noun begins with /hV/, the vowel can vary possessive prefix. 3

)

ẽ ʔ

e ) ʔ ti ̃ ẽ ʔ ẽ ́a ̃ ́

kõ õ( bí-hã bi- dzï b ṍ * * * * P-HO (ha

]

] o) ]

DL ʔ * . DL

pa-nee-(re)

. a)-xaa- PL

M ná * F e) ʔ * [

ʔ [

e) [ tsá?aá-(ne)

ɨ

ʔ * ) -ai )é-ne a)-xa -tsi -p ɨ ʔ ʔ ḯʔ ʔ ʔ x ɨ́ ( ḯ (-xé ḯ ka(aité oó (-xé ï mï mï mï xíneé xi(x xe( -ná m (-tï), pamere, míta-(ne), (gíráá-me) * * * * * * xín ɨ́ ɨɨ ((p)airïï-kïne), * (tsíítï), ( ɨʔ *

e)

ʔ * * ?*

́ ̃ e) * -ne i ̃ ʔ a ʔ i-() ʔ (b)õ()

oto-Witotoan P-BM (k)õõ-xe( õ-xe( kii-() ki (ta)

** * ** ** ** Pr ‘nothing; free, gift’

] tya ̰

ʷɨ

m INCL

.

PL ̰ [

̰́ hu ̰́ ̰́ u j , -tja, -ta ** ̰́ tju ??** e ̰́ ta ʃḭ ḭḭ

Yagua Yagua raj híj wu hij ru nu t ne t hárjíj; cf. ’ NCL

‘Anim’

‘1I

‘Inan’ ‘Inan’ ‘Anim’ ‘Anim’ ‘Inan’ ‘Inan’

’ .Col’

‘1Exc’ na ‘Inan’ ‘Inan’ ‘Inan’ -rô ’ ɨ ɨ ɨ -rô

t t -rô ɨ ɨ ə taike

nmô-rô NCL w C-jamo NCL * ə ra * * COL ôw ômô-rô ôm-jamo k ɨ k ɨ k ɨ apina (t)ôn ɨ (t)ôrô môtjô môtj-jamo môrô môn ɨ môk ɨ môk-jamo ônôk p ɨ ômerô * * * * * * * ‘Anim.Col’ * * PT PT PT ‘2 ‘1I * ‘1I * * * * * ‘Anim.Col’ * ‘that’ ‘yon’ bo bo ʔ ʔ bo ʔ

Andoke Cariban Andoke o ʔə ha ka- ɲ é- dí- i- * *

(262) (259) ] (257) (257) (258) (258) (256) (256) (201) (260) (261) (261) (205) (205) (200) (200) THOU I YOU [ WE THIS THAT WHAT WHO NOT ALL MANY

001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 4

nï) i ḯ i)

β í ʔ ta(he) á(d)e ï * P-HO (mena) (hana) (ki (dï-goï) (mim ) (kom

xï),

o ʔ * č ko),

ɨ́ ),

ɨ

ḯ e)-ne -n β ɨ -ge) ́

́ ̈ * ́ ̈ naa na i -(n i ɨ m ́ a), (amóóbe) yïïi) réï) a am β ɨ́ ɨ́ ʔ xéné-gayï), ( g ḯ ʔ e tsaane míínéékkï mita-ne giraa-ne kee-(pi)-ne kááme(- nom ḯḯ gai-ge gai-ppi tsaa-ppi m č * * (bókkï-ne) (áxáítso-ne-gayï), (áyá-gayï), (áirá-né-gayï), (ï ( (m * (táa (koom (xééï), ( * * *

naï *

* ḯ

()ki()

oto-Witotoan P-BM ta() menai() -gaï ()m Pr ** ** * * ?** ** * ́ **

j ̰

mjḭ́ a ̰́ cf.

ha

tya ̰ ‘fat’; ‘fat’;

j- ʷɨ

n ḭ m

cf.

̰ 'inanimate',

mu ̰́ a ̰́

ha ‘fat/3SG.animate-person’ ‘fat/3SG.animate-person’

̰́ , j) ̰́ ‘woman w/ children’ a ̰ i

̰́

‘woman w/o children’ ̰́ j [complex?]; i m ̰ -ka ̰ ‘nothing; free, gift’ a ̰ m ̰ rjij ṵ a ̰ ̰́ ej tya ̰ ḭ mu ̰́ ̰́ j-ha á-ra-hu ̰́ j a ʷɨ hja ̰ ḭ d (with general classifier) ‘adult, person; big, fat’, tá-ra-k ɨɨ (with general classifier + SG?) n ha m hám ‘nothing; free, gift’ pasíij wá-tu-rá wá-tu-ru wá-tuj wá-n ni (n kíwa ʃ wíit ’ 1 ’

2 ‘fat’

ne )a )a ‘little ɨ ‘little ʃ ʃ a[mo]

a ʃ i t ɨ

(t (t ʃ ɨ ɨ ɨ ː r kat ɨ ɨ t m m pit ak torono no toto ɨ * * * * * pitikô * tôwinô atjôkô(nô)/(ne) -imô wôriti wôk w kana * PT PT ‘long/far’ * PT ‘long/far’ PT PT PT * * * PT * ‘Augmentative’ ?*

-

ʌ i k ə̃ h ʌ ə̃ ʌ́ h ʌ mã ʔ

Andoke Cariban Andoke * Yagua ʌ - ‘with this also’ -m tii yó h ʌ́ ih * (41) (263) (127) (127) (39) (182) (182) (138) (138) (181) (181) (220) (220) ONE TWO BIG LONG SMALL (221) WOMAN (40) MAN PERSON FISH BIRD

011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 5

) ka)

gaï ʔ h ĩ ʔ ĩ ́ na ̃ ( ini) ini) ́ ̃ ́ -(tï) ̃ ́ - ̃ ko β ̄ ʔ ̈ a a he ̈ ()ni i h i ame (daihí õ ʔ õ ʔ t

* ?* * * * * P-HO (nai

) ɨ oó) e), téx ʔ ʔ e)- eke) ǰḯ ííbe) , (-x ḯḯʔ ʔ ʔ gai( ɨ o,

?-a e(é)

, * ɨ́ɨ́ʔ doó-(xe

*( ɨʔ * o ɨ́ e) * áam ̈ ʔ a-ï) ) , ʔ e ʔ i ḯ β m ʔ é) m ̈ i ʔ o -(xé -(ppaiko) kko), (oo na)- ɨ́ɨ́ ḯ ɨ́ me- mé ɨ́ɨ́ʔ ḯḯ ḯḯ gáaini ḯ (néébaba) battsó-(), ( ba(i)(k)ké-( (-tane) bá(i)(k)keé, ḯ éékoó, (atsímï) (táí)-do, t t bákkï *(iáábe) * * (x (painé (m * *(koo)-m ( m ʔ (mé)- * * *

e)

ʔ ( ẽ ko ̄ ʔ ̈ (aï)me()

oto-Witotoan P-BM x i tï-x Pr ** * ?** * * * ** *

̰́ )

n i d

un d n

íí

̰́ d i ̰ ̰ tij jíí ̰ a b d

̰́ ̰́ nu m udn nu ̰́ wi úú d d (possibly n ḭ n n i -tii ‘CL.extremity.of.branch/antenna/insect- paw’ ha-tan na hu haj haj sawij n ṵ n ’ 2

’ ‘bark, ‘bark,

‘trunk’ 1 ‘bark, ‘bark, ru

ri ‘arm’ pô)

pô -

‘branch ɨ

ɨ ɨ / ‘flesh

ə

ep ɨ ip (-t pô ɨ ɨ ɨ * * akôrô kaikuti (w)ajamô wewe/jeje ekata apô-r ôp a-t a-r ôna-t jare mit ɨ pitupô pitupô punu munu j-ôtîpî-rî * skin’ * * PT PT * skin’ body’ * * * ‘branch * * * * * *

ə

-p ‘skin, ə́

‘selva’ ‘selva’ , -ta õ ə ṍ ka ɲ eko

Andoke Cariban Andoke ĩɲ Yagua * -pé -d ‘tree.Cl’ -d -káp ə ‘seedpod’ (cf. ‘belly, pod’) * - * -tasi leather, cover’ * -dusé -tan

(33, (143) MEAT / (264) (158) (32) (152) (152) (159) (153) (31) (101) (101) DOG LOUSE TREE BRANCH SEED LEAF ROOT BARK SKIN FLESH (265) BLOOD 266) BONE

021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031

) ) ĩ ĩ

6 head

pa(ih * ‘body

̃ pe ) tï()‘ ʔ

̃ h i -to ́i ̃ ́ y ḯʔ ʔ ĩ

pó(e)-(no-h oo) po- ti (mó)kaï(to) ʔ ʔ ʔ h ḯ pa(de), ()pódo ï ohí-(tï) topo poe i (h) * ?* * hair’ * hair’ ??* ‘mouth-liquid’ * P-HO (o (tapa (otó-kï) (otó-kï) (hepo) *

) ́ (exï) ɨɨ ʔ * * ‘head ‘tooth-

‘saliva’ ‘saliva’ -

x-ne ‘head ïï

* o xï- ne ǰ ḯ x ɨ gá(x ‘body hair’ t ɨ́ e) ɨɨ ʔ * áá n

β ) , *

ʔ *

ɨ ï o), (bógaá), -ne, -ne ʔ ʔ ko y ḯ ɨ -xï -gáí-neé ïrïba xï-m ɨɨʔ ï-(r ʔ x ɨɨ x ɨɨ xï- ʔ ʔ m ḯ íí d ḯ (óka)-(x)ítto ɨ́ʔ ɨ́ʔ nígaï-x nígaï-(ko) nígaï ḯ n ḯ (me)- t íi x ḯ xïï-(ní-ba) íí (mé)-íí ʔ (mé)- * * hair’ * * (iyáábetto) (ííbo (gagááí ‘feather’ * hair’ * * finger-? * *

to ʔ ‘fly-

* *

oo o) * ʔ ʔ * -gi() ʔ ()po ii ()pe (ib)o (ga?a)pe

oto-Witotoan P-BM (m)óka(x)ï topo-( (-)po(e) po(e)-no-() Pr * * ** ?** ?** 3’ * * ??** * ** ** ‘saliva’ ??** ??** ** 'prepared fat for eating', fat for eating', 'prepared

ií d n ̰́

n i

possibly from 'protect, watch ̰́ possibly from 'protect, ̰́ o 'soup fat' a ̰ á d j ̰ 'wing' 'wing' á íj ‘saliva’ ‘saliva’ 'hair, small feather', feather', small 'hair, ̰́ a ̰́ ̰́ tja d ʃ

̰́ u ̰ ‘CL:feather’ yg-P ‘fat’, ‘fat’, (inalien) (inalien) ̰ ̰́ , mo n ̰ ̰ no ̰ nu ̰ ru ̰ j- ṵ síj pya síj ṵ a aat d juroó ṵ juroó mu

hiwan n ḭ raatjeja t m mú hasíj n ḭ hasíj - hu mo tuwa n ḭ hu over; 'heart, pulse'? nu h ṵ tóó -h h ṵ ríí ha n

ɨ

-r

ɨ

ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ

‘saliva’ ‘saliva’

‘tail, ‘tail, ɨ

aroko ɨ

ɨ

-r ɨ * ɨ ta-r ɨ

pumo kat ret ɨ arok apôri-r (e)tipot pu-tupô pe-r pana-r ônu-ru ôwna-r m ôtaku (j)ô-r nuru * * penis’ PPek * * * * * * * * *

ák ʌ ‘head

*

‘tail, ‘tail, ĩ

ʌ * ʌ , tubã tá * ʌ / - ʔ ta ́ i ̃ ‘horn, ə ə í si ɲ ef túdu bei ɲ esidiák ʌ ɸ

Andoke Cariban Andoke -hád ə Yagua ke - thorn, point’ -n stern’ - -kabe hair’ -tai - - -ák - ‘eyebrow’ -p - * -kón -son ə

(1) FAT (2) / (4)

(269) (8) (5) (10; (121) (268) (268) (7) (6) EGG GREASE (267) HORN TAIL FEATHER (270) HAIR 243) HEAD FOREHEAD (9) EAR EYE NOSE MOUTH SALIVA TOOTH TONGUE

032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044

7

, -()

y ḯ ʔ e onõï (he)bae-goï() mõnoï (he)bae-goï() * * * ‘chest’ P-HO (onó-k(aï)-be) (kainï-kï) hebae

o

i) ɨʔ ɨ́ ʔ

o-(ï) ‘chest’ ‘chest’ *

-gai- ɨ

́ * ïdïï) -gai-m ɨ́ ḯ ɨ́ ɨɨ aaáí ï-x ‘chest’ ʔ mo-() ppaine o ótts - bá(ï) ɨ́ɨ ɨ́ ), (mékéttï ḯ ʔ ótts ʔ ḯ ótts ʔ ‘belly’ ‘belly’ ʔɨ o-(xota)

o k bïïga, bïï) ɨ́ɨ (kko) ɨʔ

ɨ́ ɨ́ɨ ɨ́ɨ ʔ (mé)- (mé)-tt (mé)-m ʔ (mé)- (mé)-íi čč (mé-ke)-má (mé)-m (mé)-pp (x * * *(atsi)- ‘shin’ * ‘stomach’ * * * ‘chest’ m (xóónoga, xéénoga) (x má čč (kédáá m *

pai)naï ʔ bae-()aï ʔ

oto-Witotoan P-BM ()-(k)aï-(be) xe xebae mõ( xebae-gaï Pr ** * * ** ** breast’, ‘woman’s ** ** ‘chest’

̰́ a ̰

tja ̰

hi 'breast' (Yagua- 'breast'

pene

̰́ u ̰ 'chest, sternum', sternum', 'chest, 'stomach' 'chest, thorax' 'chest, thorax' í (Peba- Rivet) Rivet) (Peba- ́ d

'stomach, belly' belly' 'stomach, ̰ wu 'bird stomach' l j entrails ̰ 'stomach, belly, ́ ̰ tu j uuj ḛ i ̰́ = 'liquid' classifier) 'chest, ʃ asíj ṵ tú j s ̰ a ̰ d ḭ ̰́ mu ̰ tunu jet ̰́ uutúuj uutun d d -ha (inalien), interior'; interior'; (inalien), hároosíj nu han hom vi-nite i p i pún wumú tana hu n n ( breast, teat'; Rivet)

na

ː ‘milk’

‘heel’ ɨ ɨ ɨ waku-ru u -r ʃ ɨ ɨ ɨ -r ut

‘sole’ ‘sole’ ɨ ʃ htôpu (w)ere t ta m

* * * , Ap (e)wen wetVpu * pupu-ru pu(pu)-tôpu p ɨ ôtjôkumu-ru ômija-r amo-r p ɨ manat PT * PT * * PT ?* PT ‘heel’ (foot’s ‘heel’ (foot’s stone) * ?* *

* * * ĩ ́ i ‘breast’ ‘breast’ ‘belly, ‘belly,

d ʌ ka kodói dom p ə ɲ ek ə̃ ɲ eé Andoke Cariban Andoke Yagua - - - - pod’ - -

(15) (244, (271) (22) (13) (13) (27) (29) (29) CLAW FOOT KNEE HAND BELLY 272) NECK BREAST

045 046 047 048 049 050 051 8

‘eat fruit’

‘eat fruit’ fruit’ ‘eat

́ ̃ -(te) i ́ ̰̈ ĩ i ʔ n ̈ i kome(kï) dï ()tõ() gõ a kaká * * * * * * P-HO (banóhi) (hidó) (áka) (i)n (dzïí)

kï)

x ḯ kkï) ʔ ɨ́ɨ

ge ï) ɨ́

kkï) n ), (m ́ ḯ g ḯ ́ ɨ te xe) bïï ḯ ‘eat meat’ meat’ ‘eat gá-né ɨɨ

ɨ́ɨ ) (

ʔ ‘eat fruit’ fruit’ ‘eat ɨ e ʔ o β ), (ï m ḯ éte) - ïdïï) čč ḯ ḯ do, (d β xï x ɨ́ ḯ ééme) (k (mé)-x (mé)-í ado, (ádïk doó-( geéne ma ɨɨʔ aitt geébo gaaxá(-kï) kïga g ɨ č * * * * (denókko), (d (d (pii ( * ‘eat * ‘eat meat’ ‘eat * g)an(oxi) ʔ ʔ (ne) ( ĩ ko()

oto-Witotoan P-BM d(o) gõ gaka Pr ?** ??** **xido * ** ** fruit’ * * * ** * *

̰́ u ̰ j,

su 'bite and 'bite

toj 'chew, bite';

̰́ ‘live’] ‘live’] a ̰ ‘suck’ ú , h ṵ watú j ̰́

'drink' (V used with children) (V used with children) 'drink' ʃ

‘eat’ ‘eat’ ṵ túuj ̰́ 'see, look at, watch, show' t ̰ 'go to drink in other location' 'go to drink in other location' e j ̰́ 'bite, give electric shock'; íj, ̰́ tja e ̰́ j a ̰

̰ 'drink' (V) ʃ tju i ʃ ó d mj 'see, know' j ̰́ ̰ nu j ̰ nu ṵ t í áátja iíj h ṵ n y d d d [ ha t hu suka hatú hatóó tuutuú himj m san s ṵṵ in pieces' take n hu tuwa n híítuuj ma n ’ 1

ɨ

(N)

(postp) ) ɨ ‘eat ‘eat ‘sleep ‘eat ‘eat ə ‘eat ‘eat ‘eat fruit’ fruit’ ‘eat r ep ɨ ’ ː ə (V) ɨ k ɨ 2 ɨ (Vtr) ɨ wajip ‘eat nuts’

r ɨ wa ap

ôwanô a ôre woku-ru ôn [t-]ônô [t-]ôku aku ônap ôteka ône ôta putu wôn wetu(m * (v.intr) PT * * ‘sleep PT * PPar * * meat’ * bread’ * * *ôt-ôku *

i * ʔ tú

Andoke Cariban Andoke * Yagua - * ba * * * * (274)

(279) (273) (280) ) (278) (276) (276) (275) (275) (277) (277) (281) (281) GUTS HEART ( (34) LIVER DRINK EAT BITE SEE HEAR KNOW SLEEP DIE

052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061

9

(N) )-() ʔ i)

ʔ -te), ï ʔ ʔ ()ne( ï (ïní)kï maká(di) * * * P-HO (pee) (dai (bí aihi) e, i, (a,

e) (N) x ɨʔ ʔ

ba)

e

β

kï), e) e -kkïn ḯ ḯ β β ḯʔ ) ɨ́ é-tso ts(ii) áro) β ʔ

- -(nï) ʔ * ʔ éï), (na ape ape o)-kïnï ts(ïï) kkáao) ʔ ḯ x ɨ x ɨ ʔ ʔ ai) č

g ɨ́ g ɨ́ ittsi ga ge, (tad̈ (ná tsaá-(pé), (tó)-g( kagááí-( (ak)ïï-kkïnï ka ( * * (gái (gáiïï (gaaméne) (gíinixa), (ééteba), (tsïï (rixákko), (peé) *(ts (ááka-ne) * * * *

(N)

a)pe ʔ * ḯ t ̰́ʔ i (ga

oto-Witotoan P-BM gïnikaï Pr * ** ?** * * * **

̰́ 'fly' i ̰

hi 'hit, 'hit, 'kill, torment'; 'kill, torment'; huwáj j ̰

̰ wa

ntjuunu ́

ha ̰

rjo ́ i 'kill, allow to die' ̰ 'kill, allow to die' ́ ‘fly sp.’ (N) ‘fly sp.’ 'kill by blowgun or throwing; do ̰́ 'stretch, arrange, heal, fly'; íij ̰́ j j , t ̰́ ̰́ nu ʷ sa ̰ ̰ n i ̰ n i úú d

n witchcraft to someone'; fight, kill'; mu nu ratje (V) nuru ̰́ rup hu tirjo ma

] ɨ ɨ ‘kill,

ɨ ɨ ɨ [p ’ ’ ’ ’ 1 2 1 2 n ə Hixk, tô[mô] p ɨ werewere -] ewai ɨ * * * (t)wô(nô) [w-]ôtep [w [w-]ôtep

shoot’ PT PT (N) ‘go with wings’ ‘come * ‘go’ ‘come PT ‘come *[w-]ômôk ‘come *[w-]ômôk ereuta Mak Andoke Cariban Andoke * Yagua * *

] (285) (286) (283) (282) (282) DOWN (284) (141) [ (288) (288) KILL SWIM FLY FLY WALK COME LIE (287) SIT

062 063 064 065 066 067 068

ĩ 10

to ʔ tai

ʔ -(te) tóma) tóma) kó ʔ ʔ nai hi móna pï() o ʔ (haï-)nõ-h * * * * * [?-water-liquid] P-HO (hi (nééna)

ï-ba ʔ

a) *

ḯḯβ e o, éxekkáigo) x ḯβ -gai ̈

ǰ ́ i -e(ppi) nï -e(ppi) ́ ̈ ɨ́ ɨɨ r

k i ï-ba ɨ́ɨ́ -ppaiko (gaaméne) ʔ (í)xo(k) akkï xïïb(ái)ge neé, (i ʔ kóox kóox pékkó-e(ppi) m n ḯ * (éxekká * nï [water-liquid] *

do() ʔ * ko

() ʔ

oto-Witotoan P-BM nõ-() Pr ?* * * * * * ?** **

éésij b

̰́ m

nu stars with this ̰́ i ̰ n 'our + father') ‘stand up’ ‘stand up’ j ḭ haaj

, harimjṵ́ = 'go up, ascend'), i íj

y ̰ r + ʃ ḭ (Yameo-Rivet) j j

éésum ‘talk’ b ṵ (Peba-Rivet) ; ̰́ ḛḛ ̰ a a mju arit ̰́ m táj, i d w d j ̰́ d ̰́ a ̰ a ̰ kee ṵ hj hasum (also = ‘CL.liquid’) (also = ‘CL.liquid’) nuu ( sa h ṵṵ n ḭ hinj wana raitarra h ṵ n run w (= hani h ṵ n Some (mild?) for ‘day’? root [Contains taboo on referring to word?] ha ’ 2 ’ 3

ɨ

‘gift O ‘gift ‘stand , say ’ 1

2 ə

-i ‘say ɨ -]m ɨ ‘put ‘make,

m ɨ

[t ‘be

ː ‘give, put’

r ’, tarô

ɨ 1 nunn ‘sun * * utu ekarama arama [w-]ka[ti] a(p) weyu titi nunô tirikô tuna * Tiriyo up’ Karinya-Sur do, give, put’ PPar * * (with something)’ * PV * PT * n-aun, n-aumu nawo * *[t-] away’ ‘say * * (‘sun’)

- ̃ ẽ ́ - ə̃ d əə u ʔ ʔ

‘Give him ̃ɒ̃

Andoke Cariban Andoke Yagua yi-k ĩ something!’ * i pó * dú (48) (65) (66) (290) (290) (67) (291) (291) (64) STAND (289) GIVE SAY SUN DAY MOON STAR WATER

069 070 071 072 073 074 075

) ̰̈ i

( ʔ

11 óda ẽ

1 β

) ẽ o) ĩ - -dõ o) ʔ -hi -kï) ̰̈ʔ ̰̈ʔ ʔ ̰̈ʔ -kï) ḯ ʔ i i i (koni)dzïï pí píí ʔ ʔ nõ-(kï) nõ-(h aen aen aen * * * * P-HO (nop (gotí (hi (hi (idái-kï) ??*

-?-ai ḯ )o) )o)

ʔ ʔ

ne ottso)

ḯ

* ɨ ‘pebbles’ ‘pebbles’

meít ḯ xï-gai

aa nííxa-ba gíitsi-ba (xíí)né-gai-y xíínï-x β k ḯḯ báí-giíxï pá-giixï (xíínï)-giixï [water-?] [water-?] * (négai-(ne)-ï) (gíítsïï) (áimóó-ppai( ( (áimóó-ppai( (ottsoï) (kotsííbai) *

o o

* ʔ ʔ *

ĩʔĩ -pi -pi * ẽ ʔ ʔ -x -() ̰̈ ̠ ̰̈ʔ * ʔ ĩ ‘stone, ‘stone, n i ́ n i ́ e ́ e ́ (k)onigï

oto-Witotoan P-BM nõ-x goti xa xi(moo) xi(moo) xa Pr ** ** rapids’ ?** ** ** ** * * **

for both.

'quiet clouds' jahfíího

‘polish blowgun’)

̰́ ki 'storm clouds' íj

(N) á 'cascajo' ̰́ 'species of stone', ʃ

́ d 'cloud, smoke' 'cloud, smoke' 'cloud, smoke; fragrance, u ̰́ íi, j ahuukii u ̰́ ̰ 'sand for polishing blowguns' d í íj ij ̰ ra d = 'fire' on ʃ sintja ʃ field’ ‘garden, b , ̰́ t anju awat áj áj d y a ̰ d d d m a ̰́ kan ̰́ ko, mu CL.earth, ̰́ u mu ʃ wat ʃ ̰́ t ̰́ ṵṵ i (from (from ru r há-wit rá-wit wan t sintja í mu mu -ko n ṵ ḭ n ṵ wat ʃ rápurjehéj wákan n ṵ wat ʃ na smell' hiin híin híin púpuhurú hiru, huru ‘smoke’, and cf. Ocaina and cf. ‘smoke’,

o

ʔ

píi ʔ ‘earth’

hi

wôreiCV konopo tôpu saka(w) samutu nono kapurutu wepeto mapoto * * * * * *

-i pa isi (cf. Aschmann’s #59, #59, Aschmann’s (cf. Andoke Cariban Andoke d ə́ Yagua ɸ * ɲ õ ʔĩ * ʌʔ ?* o ʔ

, píi ʔ (59) (72) (73,

(74) hi (62)

(372) (372) 55) (56) (56) ] (57)

LOUDS AT REST RAIN STONE 251, SAND EARTH CLOUD (247) [C SMOKE FIRE ASH POWDER DUST Probably

076 077 078 079 080 081 082 083 1

12

) ĩ -()

(to) ̩̈ i (h ̰̈ ḯʔ i ̃ t (do)(p)e(ta) ḯ a ̃ ʔ t nah h i mokó-() boda hi naï() doti(-de-te) * * * * * * P-HO (ote-de-te)

)

báaï

ʔ

*

o)-gáxï o)-

a)-ne e) β β ako-ne)

β β β

xáko) ?* --ne

ʔ ḯ ḯ ɨɨ koó) étso) ḯβ á-ne -() ko rai- β ḯ ts ḯ ́ɨ́ʔ ɨ -ppai-ne ɨ́ ḯ (xïgatso) (xïgatso) xï gáxï káme-( báaï káme-( t aitt gíí(-gi gí(-kká)-ne-( ḯβḯ ts k ḯβ e-ne pekko áígookkó-né tsï * (m (áii (kátsï * * * cf. ‘blood’ (báttïne) (pééme (gánókóó-ne, gánékóó-ne) (da * *

̰̈ * tï-() i ʔ

(o)te(te) (xi)

oto-Witotoan P-BM (na)x Pr * ** * * * ?** ?** * * * *

úpaj r , 'reddish' a d 'burn

a 'become gray, ʃ

n ṵ t ííwaj wá-rann d páruuj

'iron' (V); burn'

'reddish' sunun ̰́ í j ̰́ í d

'reddish' 'reddish' apó ̰ wu d ̰́ , ̰ na ́ a d ṵ n ́ ṵ ̰ 'lukewarm, hot'

̰́ 'raw, immature' j; píísiij j ̰́ aku akíí kií d d

̰ 'blue, green' ṵ ku ḭ ṵ kií oo ṵ w ntja̰ d ̰́ ̰́ poora ṵ síj ́ una 'burn, light (a fire)', white' piisije (Vtr)' completely ma nu m ru wá-ran wá-rann haatjá súnu wá-sunu wá-sunu wá-sun 'be anemic, palid' há-paru, wá-paru pupá wá-n wá-n nu wá-n wá-n wá-n wá-nó kan wá-kanu sún

) -re ɨ ː ) (Vtr) (Vtr)

mi -me ː ɨ NV (Vintr) p ɨ ɨ t-a kananamano a(k)pi-re not ɨ * * t-puru-me/ke atu( - jatu uk(w)a ôtema(-r (w) t-a(re)mutu-ne koko tono t * PT ?*t- * PT ?* * *

ə̃ ‘red’

te-i ʌ d ɒ -i ʔ ʔ

Andoke Cariban Andoke * Yagua * dedai ‘mountaintop’ pe pa pó u ɒ -i tí-p * ?* a

) (226) (68) (222)

(85)

(223) (294) INTR BURN (V (292) PATH MOUNTAIN (293) RED GREEN (295) YELLOW (296) WHITE BLACK (227) NIGHT HOT COLD

084 085 086 087 088 089 090 091 092 093 094 13

)ta(pé- ́ ʔ ̃

(ha mame ?* P-HO (made) (ikoípoï) dete) )

re -né ḯ ɨɨ

roï)

, -t ɨ ʔ é

β

* éne) i) -ne) áá)-ne ɨ́ , -teer ɨ ape-né ape-né ɨ e-ne ɨ β ʔ ap(e)(k)kïn ʔ r m ʔ ɨ́ (ék ga (tsane) imí-ne imí-(gayï) ( bé -t ɨɨ (pá(i)ge pá(tté)ï meme * * gá (gáíttóokï) * * ( * (píígai-ne) (áraa (dáár * *

(e)meá(d)e

oto-Witotoan P-BM maime Pr * ?** * ?**(i)paï ?* **

ṵ

̰́ i ʃ t ḭ wún

an ), ʃ

ṵ t n ṵ d

m ̰ 'be full, be

̰ ma wún

to ̰

hi 'pretty, good, ɨ̰ w

, ́ ̰ (probably ̰́ rjanu ṵ j, sám [prefix] 'new, recent' [prefix]

̰́ 'round' 'dry branch'

, mu ̰ ̰ 'round, circular' (thing),

(animal or person), correct, right, 'straight, true, ṵ j- 'good, pleasing, suited, suitable', a 'new, recent', 'new, j, sám d ṵ i ̰ u nu sa ́ ̰ 'dry sth.' (V) ḭ d d w a ̰́ j ṵ hó ̰́ r anu ̰́ j-, w i tjá ḭ 'full person/animal', clean, beautiful, delicious', 'dry, powdery; ruined' m pan póónj enough' sám rántjée wá-seé good' wá-n hu wá-tato wá-tu wá-tuuríij 'round, spherical' hiikán wá-n [cluster due to vowel deletion between two alveolars] wá-tsá wá-ssá, wá-sá, susa wíirú, wúdnu

h ɨ kaenano * kure

PT *ôtet Andoke Cariban Andoke Yagua * (301) (224) (297) (297) (298) (298) (300) (300) FULL GOOD NEW ROUND (299) DRY NAME

095 096 097 098 099 100 14 =

B e ontinue to mokorø that he each cell of bold italics. bold 'at';

ï) β y a selection of ‘good’ ,

).

'at' (Aschmann mokoreti, B

'forehead' -goï) mo ḯ - ko ɨ r ,

muun dak m píime(ba) (tsatsíi), *(- ḯ

* (e)meá(d)e -, *

o ‘blue’ Part I contains Part just thos BM HO *( Hp/Hn/Hr 1993); BM BM * Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan ?** all: s no relevant reconstruction): o-Carib etyma numbers. We c

'in,

̰́ 'ant sp.' put as many forms as possible in

-wa ‘ant sp. ntains putative Macro-Carib forms

tyiinu ̰́

present putative cognates,present putative but onl ṵɲṵ h i ‘behind’,

táp ‘beautiful, good’ j- mukohø ike Greenberg’s data is given in the first row

= Murui Huitoto. Additional sources consulted in such consulted sources = Murui Huitoto. Additional , h ṵ síj ́ 'in front of' 'forehead +

̰́

Hr m i sa ̰

‘large black ant w. w. ant black ‘large j, sám ṵ a ̰

'army ant', u ̰́ -wa ̰́ mo ḭ ̰ ta ), and Thiesen and Thiesen (1998) for Bora (

ymologies, divided into two parts. tenua O Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan similar to isula, army ant’ army isula, to similar (< ə hát "sitaracuy", n ṵɲ bite’, painful xarooga sám ḭ mowe -mo along') [michalay] mn refer to Greenberg's Macr articularly when Aschmann 1993 ha ca Huitoto, ca

so again, we have sought to n ɨ ɨ

kakô ,

ɨ with Modern Data Modern with table, as these rows do not re nded to Proto-Amerind. Part II co = M

Hn eneng kxura ɣ tukuyi juku, m , ma ,

kure PPar * , , toan language forms (p

), Leach (1969) for Ocaina (

Numbers in the first colu jawôko ‘good’

Hr iraka k ɨ kuule kure *(n)mapu(nu) mu pode Huitoto, Huitoto, pode * * all: ? Mekorom, ɨ ’s (1985) proposed Macro-Carib et ymologies Compared Compared ymologies = N Hp Amerind etymologies. For each Amerind etymologies. For proposed etymon, d by repetition of forms in the

that he did not propose also exte *

e-i = Ocaina, (Cl) ́ ̃ O * Andoke Cariban Andoke -da ɸəʔɲ -ta

= Muinane, This Appendix lists all Greenberg Occasionally we have listed specific Wito M ANT BEAUTIFUL BEHIND BLACK Bora, Appendix 2: Greenberg’s Macro-Carib Et putative Macro-Carib forms believed did pertain to the Proto- Our "modern" data is given in the second row. be interested in offering the maximum number of possible cognates, the table. We are not concerne forms within which cognates may be sought. Etymologies Macro-Carib 2.1 The Appendix 1 2 3 4 cases are Burtsch (1983) for Murui Huitoto ( 15

; ,

nhun ́ tïïbó- a ́ all: ;

abooko

ɲ̈ a , *

'my bow'. ha áko ʔ bo-ga -ga tu, d ʒ

ḯ O all: ‘arrow’ ḯḯ ‘stick’ ʔ , ‘woman’s all: ‘arrow’

) munia , omonyhy,

‘tree’ ‘tree’ boo ɨ táí-t gáínï

* * ta ʔ O

-() ; ḯ ɨ̃ idura tï-() tï-() t ɨ monnø pai)naï

ʔ BM BM ʔ ll jáko, kábee

, ʔ k(oe)- tï() tï() k(oe)- kaní ĩ k ḯβ e-ne (báttïne) hi

; o ʔ * (xi) * ?* *( (aï)me() baìde mo ɨ β

tï(); tï(); (aï)me-nai-() mõ( xebae-gaï déjuu á kuiña, otaki ɨ foro a’x n ** BM HO ** HO HO ?** ** ‘milk’ ** breast’ B ** B ‘close’ (ga) i mono, mono tirao f o mex-pikua, bagoo’ja, ogob ipua Hr

, ̰ ́ Hr a ̰ 'arrow' 'arrow' (Vintr) ?**

itya ʃ all: ku ṵ

pirjej (Vintr) 'close

háát 'buttocks' 'neck', iy d ̰́ u ̰ 'CL.liquid') 'chest, thorax', ̰́ 'chest, thorax' púrjee a ̰ ̰ wu ‘neck’ ̰́ 'bow', aku, wá-n chest, teat' ̰́ 'female breast, d - 'closed', a ̰ -ha nu ̰

iy, tun yá 'CL.branch' ̰ ̰ d ̰ tunu a uutúuj tja ̰ uutúuj d d tii eli (cf. wá-n t ka ruweeroó ruwéé, n hi t tín ma upeko hu n púrji 'close [road, tube]', 'become cloudy', [road, tube]', 'become cloudy [sky]', 'close eyes'

-ne ɨ

gu ɨ li ə m negro ə , p t- ə -

‘milk’ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ r

- u -r -r ɨ ʃ ri-r k ɨ ɨ (Vtr) ə ɨ

ut t ʃ ɨ rapa ip t ɨ

taku w manat pup peta apuru * * ?*t-puru-me/ke mekoro Bak. * porir ipolire, PT * manate, mangu, emane PT * paxo, ipæpok *purop apu, ot-apu-raz, apuru *

,

‘arrow’ d ə ə̃

ə̃ ; - ́ * (jaw)

ʌ n de ə̃ 'tree.Cl' ṍ ka ə̃ ʌ ta ʌ -a-diko -k ta ɲ eé * - - (Ciérralo!) Andoke Cariban Andoke u ɒ -i tí-p Peba-Yaguan pãhã-se Proto-Witotoan ĩ -n -n -k -tú-ta-n y-

)

V

(

BOW BRANCH BREAST BUTTOCKS CHEEK CHEST CLOSE

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 16

, HO

‘night’ ‘night’ eikø, oko,

naï o na;aaxo xiíbai; ǰ * , ‘penetrate’

, * e HO ‘pierce’, β ‘dig’, ḛ ,

no’xaa ‘blow’; 'sleep';

́ ̰̈ 'sleep' ï-gai injuhe -x i de ʔ ‘dog, jaguar’ ̰̈ ̠ , kyto, kiddo, keto, β , ʔ ʔ

night’ n i ́ ‘dog, jaguar’, ko ‘ ()kï(); níi ̰̈ʔ kïga (i)n e ́ pekko to * * * * o ʔ (ka)pai() (t)aï

x i ‘penetrate’ poono boó, buúú ɨɨ kï BM * ** HO ?** ?** ** B BM Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan xoo’tjo høku ho’xo nanexe **xa na

"tigrillo" ̰́ "tigrillo"

dno ́ 'earth', BM 'dream (v.)' ́

??** íi

'dog, jaguar'; d 'sleep' ̰

sa field’ ‘garden, inside of’, ‘inside, i ̰ ̰́ , ka ̰ riy ̰́ jíí y ‘shoot/hunt by blowgun,

b 'sleep' j ̰́ rji ̰ ̰́ kan ́ ́ ̰́ poora na m no úú d Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan (historically complex) (historically [göhsu] ha n ḭ ka neka-ide, híítuuj ma ma jinioxee mu n ṵ ḭ du wimu n blow’ ñuwa nu ) ,

perro , kxose- both:

] ’ 2

karijakô ’ ‘enter’ 1 [coze]

, * ) ‘inside’ ‘inside’ (< Sp. ɨ ‘nightfall (v.int)’ all: ɨ ‘sleep

waikini

* ) ɨ

'jaguar' ‘sleep ta

'jaguar' ‘night’, ‘inside’ PV k ɨ weroro ɨ , , )kapawu [gu-enequi-az

(w ɨ kaikuti akôrô wôn wetu(m [w-]ômô(m tawô koko ‘sleep’ * *kaha, kosari, ka kosô okori, kule, jeki * * nik, * * et ida, * * *kok-mam *

beõ i ̰́ ʔ i ‘go ́ ẽʔ

ʌ to

*nono to koi éi p ʌʌ ʔ ʔ õ peru yi-a-tõ

( underwater) Andoke Cariban Andoke pe ĩɲ yó k ə̃ʔ ñohe ɲ õ ʔĩ dia-to a, nõ yi- nejejma h ʌʔ

DEER DOG DREAM EARTH ENTER EVENING

12 13 14 15 16 17 17

‘heel’

;

, ‘face’

me ‘oil’ ‘oil’ ) ĩ , -(te)

nemu oonhin̈ ʔ ‘foot’ hi

aaáí * num pa(ih ʔ -

‘forehead’ ‘forehead’ both: *

O ḯ

kwahihi ‘grease’;

forehead’ ‘excrement’ , HO ;

‘ , -() ko ko ma-name, ma-name, all: ɨ ɨ ïrïba y ḯ ʔ m otó-kï) m ḯ kwihi, d ḯ pa(de), (mé)-tt e ḯ akkï ‘give’ ‘give’ * * * * * * * nemuìe name BM BM BM Hr B HO *( HO HO Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan nemoon’in tha-njemi ko-itebo, etaiboi, topuuxo ʔɨ (me-)mi, tha-iimi, both: BM

‘heel’

‘eye’ ̰́ ‘eye’ ̰ namee, namee, a

̰́ tja hároosíj ‘put, put away, ̰ nu ‘put’ hu baj ‘latrine’

‘feces’, ‘feces’, ‘forehead’ BM ‘foot’, ‘foot’, ̰́ o ̰́ o tohá ‘soup grease’ (n.) ́

ṵ di ̰ tu ‘fat, lard’ (n.), (n.), ‘fat, lard’ ‘defecate’ , (vi-)mo j ̰ ‘eye’, í i ‘give’, ‘fat’ (adj.), ‘fat’ ɔ ̰́ , mo d ̰́ , mo j ̰́ ̰́ mu ṵ )w síj j- n ̰́ a ̰ Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan dometjina (h kina we-nin-se vi-nimi-ši, n ḭ (from ‘protect, watch over?), mo kwi, n ḭ n i raatjeja nu mw mo i sa guard’,

ɨ

PPar r ɨ ‘put ‘put

*[t-] ekarama

utapo (foot’s ‘heel’ arama ‘feces’, , ‘put, give’ ‘heel’ ‘heel’

ï(rï) * ‘give’, ɨ ‘defecate’ ‘heel’

, /*watô

‘give, put’,

‘fat (N)’ ‘sole’ ɨ ɨ htôpu ta -]m

wet ɨ weka ônu-ru kat pupu-ru pu(pu)-tôpu p ɨ pe-r ‘put’ utu [t ɨ footprint’, idebu footprint’, ‘gift (Vtr)’, * ‘gift away (Vtr)’ * * * * * tapu ‘ * PT * * stone) * i * ‘make, do, give, put’, * ‘I ‘eye’

ák ʌ ĩ - i-i ẽ ʔ * ́ - ‘oil’ ‘oil’ ə̃ ə ‘feces, entrails’ ‘feces, entrails’ ʌ / - ʔ ʌ , ́ i ̃ ʌ ka ɲ é ɲ esidiák ʌ ‘I defecate’ ‘I defecate’ ‘eyebrow’ ‘give him something!’ Andoke Cariban Andoke umahe-hëh defecate’ - o-mã -ák - keh ke tubã -d -túdu yi-k

)

OIL

(

EXCREMENT EYE FAT FOOT FOREHEAD GIVE

18 19 20 21 22 23 18

let’s ako-

‘

β 'burn' -ne) ḯ ), e all:

β ) ‘weight’ ‘weight’ [äocke] (pééme rai- , ɨ

(pátïïk , xáko

́ , to tóma), m ʔ ʔ ʔ ɨɨ , * me-pei, yfo maaji

uu (hi ), ( díjo ótts ‘sun’; kátsï ʔ O ʔ -e(ppi),

‘walk’ ɨ́ ,

all: ‘house’

), (

‘aigukunu, HO * ‘go!’,

, ,

(mé)- áígookkó-né kóox (xïgatso (peé) díu, ta onõï (békkï-ne) étso ‘weight’, * * * * * ʔ * usuma e ï-ba β

xop(o) ta 'hot'; ʔ e áii ** BM go’ B HO 'heavy' ‘sun’ BM BM ( Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan pathoa ne), (gánókóó-ne, gánékóó-ne) all: nï *(nééna) ixa, ha, xa, (mee-)ha, -ko

Hr BM * BM

́ 'sit'

sa ̰ 'burn', j ̰́ ‘walk’ kií, ḭ ma íij ʷ BM 'hot' piisije

rup all:

(Peba)

BM

̰́ 'lukewarm, hot', akíí, wá-n akíí, 'iron, burn' 'burn, light (a fire)' d (Vtr)' 'burn completely

'(his/her) grandfather' ṵ kií

̰́ 'sun', ́ ṵ tú - 'heavy' ‘go’, i a ʃ ‘CL:place’, pa ̰ ho Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan p (-ku) hijá ha vi-niteli hom me híin kogoro wá-n wá-n wá-no hinj píísiij rúpaj n ṵ t -

, ‘stay’ ə

k

ɨ ’ 2

[entzarri] ‘seat’, ’,

1 ‘sit amo-r ‘hot’ (A?) ‘hot’ (A?)

‘sit , * aga

ɨ (Vtr) ‘burn’ ‘burn (v-tr)’ ‘burn’ (Vintr) (Vintr) ‘burn’ ne, amunine, sit’, -]tô[mô] i ʔ ewai s ‘

[w ɨ p t tamo(ko) ômija-r amôti-ma/-ne uka *atu(NV) * ? PT * * ji-njadi, *ñali, ui-ñatore ame t-eeme * *uk(w)a *jatu eka *erew-ta/ma

* ‘go!’ ‘he goes’ ‘he ʌ * ĩ -ka a a i mõnõ-i ə̃ tap - ko - ʔ ʔ ə apit h dom - (ideophone) Andoke Cariban Andoke ta-boe h ẽ ǰ yo yore pá -p

-

GO GRAND FATHER HAND HEAVY HOT HOUSE

24 25 26 27 28 29 19

-()

y ḯ kee- ́ 'my ʔ e ‘thigh’, , * * , ‘big’ ‘big’ ‘shin’

(mex-)tia, (mex-)tia, ‘shin’ ) , HO (ídï) all: ɨ ɨ áí-táx ɨɨ

‘leg’;

id , *

, * ni ̰ giraa-ne aáí; tsaa-ppi ɨ ï *

, * - ʔ baá) , * tax ḯ ḯ 'man' HO ‘foot’, , * kai(do) all: ḯ (bókkï-ne) ʔ

í , ʔ ‘grow’ mé-(i)tooinóx gai-ppi ï áíxï mita-ne (mé)-tt (mé-kk ‘foot’; * * * * ‘foot’ ‘foot’ * ɨ (ï)dza (xóónoga, xéénoga) da

HO husband'; BM BM *( * BM BM BM * Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan oonna iñi, inuj, moni, aamon both: (pi)-ne ɨ ** both: oemana me

, -ko ̰ o 'my ‘my ɨ́ɨ ṵ

, -k ɨ

̰ , -k

raj-wan rai-wano

, mu ̰́ a ̰́

‘lower leg’ ́ ‘foot’ men’

‘ 'man', j, ha ̰́ ‘upper leg’ ̰ tu ṵ i ũ m ̰ n ̰ ̰́ mu a uuséé ṵ dá d Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan ‘big, large, fat (inanimate)’ husband’ wá-n husband' BM ha (mex-)tea n wi-mana m nu

‘thick’,

‘grow’

‘leg’ ‘leg’ ‘grow’, ‘husband’ ta /pa) ‘thick’ ‘thick’ jo jo ‘large’, ɨ ɨ ɨ ‘foot’ ‘foot’ 'man'

ɨ m an ‘foot’

r ‘Augmentative’ * ɨ /*

‘sole’ ‘sole’ ‘sole’ wa i ti-ma mono ta jo/*m jo/ ɨ ta ta ɨ p ɨ ɨ ɨ imô ɨ n ɨ at t *pôre(-p ɨ

wane *n *wôk *ino mon-me * moonomi, [hu-emanupi-aze] PT * *- * * č ite, *pupu-ru *p *pupu-ru *p ? *ame

h ə

‘long’) - a ʔ

k ə̃ ə̃ (ks)nio-h n ə̃ n ə̃ ɒ ə õ- ə ə -m -k * ( ‘lick/suck it’ Andoke Cariban Andoke m ĩʔ -p -p ʌ -a-bã

1 2

1 2 HUSBAND HUSBAND LARGE LEG LEG LICK

30 31 32 33 34 35 20 HO HO

‘cebus

ko); ; all: ï-ba; ʔ ʔ

oyíyi), (rorí

; ʃ

* (t tsaa-ppi ‘howler

* (hóma)

)

nuu ‘howler monkey’ all: ‘make’ ‘make’

, * (name), *(ío, íyo); Hp O

BM

; all:

tieme

yo í ame BM * íba;

̰́ʔ ʔ ‘howler monkey’ (name) ,

(n)ame(); (námï-ba , gai-ppi ï pékkó-e(ppi), nï ‘moon’ node (io iyo) d ʒ * *

ɨ * f ʔ

r(-id ) io, io; meénu ame kï pï() himae monkey’; ??** BM * * B HO ** ** HO * * (capuchin) monkey’ * BM BM Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan (me-)ne, nuu homa Hr ,

nome ‘howler nane (n.),

̰́ ‘boy, 'our-

̰́ ‘occupy’ , ̰́ all: i ̰́ ̰ n uurja ̰́ (v.), ika d d haaj ee-nu - n ̰́ n d ‘monkey (sp.)’, a ̰ n ṵ j uuya , nu ̯ ̰́ d ɲ éj w

, ra ́ ‘full moon’ ‘thunder’ (n.), i ́ , harimjṵ́ i ra ̰ i ‘thunder’ (v.) a ̰ (< ̰ r

̰́ ‘son’ (vocative) , hań̰ species [multiple other j ‘make’, ‘make’, ‘howler monkey’ r bo e ‘man’, ̰ ja p i , kanná̰ ̰́ ja rawi uja ṵ oó ḛḛ ̰ d ʃ mju n ̰ ̰ ku ̰́ t ̰́

‘be occupied with’, ‘be occupied rjantuk a ̰́ anu ̰ u ̰́ watarja ṵ hj i d mu Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan father') malaje e ra n ru h ṵ wataj ne nene hiwáaj tatin wá-n son’, ,nymni kadna monkey’ amu mu names] remelane, alimane, aremane, arremelen w hani m

imemuru

kupô ‘man’ ‘man’ PPem * PPem ‘thunder’, ‘howler monkey’ , ɨ ‘thunder, lightning’, ɨ r r ɨ ‘boy’ manan manan ɨ ‘monkey (species?)’ * [t-] wôk arimi itjo * imere mørury PT ‘lightning’ tama * *

̃ ʌ -a-ti , d ə ə̃ h ʌ d əə

ʔ ʔ (howler) ʔ ‘I thunder’ * Andoke Cariban Andoke dú a-k yó ú ɒ pó

1 2

1

LIGHTNING MAKE MAN MONKEY MONKEY MOON

36 37 38 39 40 41 21 O O

e; β

ɨ ‘outside’ i ‘outside’; ‘outside’; ‘now’ ‘now’ ʃ ; ̈ u ; all:

̈ a i, iht ʃ ha(a), hai xoon ‘penis’

́ o m ‘tail’; ‘tail’;

‘sun’ íihju ‘sun’ to o) Hr

‘nephew’ áat

ʔ ‘go outside’ ʔ

B

na o) oo all: ʔ ʔ ííhju, íhkjoóh ‘go’, á; ʃ ‘outside’; ‘today, now’; ʔ ʔ ‘go’, nééna) námé

*( jaht (ib)o enaìse, komoma biruì, bimonado ‘today’; ʔ ‘today’; hino

(-)po(e) topo(- hna, n ẽ ooho, hu beébe í haaun peé ə Hr Hr ** O B B O B ?** BM *( Hr Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan n buroó all: háj, ná

iimú

‘lower ‘lower b

m uj ‘today, ‘today,

̰ ‘nephew’ d

̯ ‘nephew of ni ̰́ i

híín ra both: maña(-ha) ‘today’, ‘today’,

‘upper lip’ ííjee HO d áj ʃ een ṵ wít

d d ̰ ‘right now’,

n ‘nephew’ ̰́ ** ‘mouth’,

a ‘penis’ ‘go out(side)’, ʃ ‘go out’ ́ ̰́ ‘sun’ h ṵ n t ̰́ u ̰ j ‘here’ ‘here’ i i d ʷḭ s ̰ ̰ ru ɲ u ̰ ma ‘son’ (voc.), ̰́ ‘son’ (voc.), íívjee, n ííjeerundá d d Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan sibling of same sex as ego’, now’, lip’, (voc.), ‘outside’ hinj h ṵ tóó p i han y-niru, vi-nerro nu errama n n wá hijú mans ma hapwe, wi-pinši háp

all:

‘son-in-law’

ə

‘lip’ ɨ ɨ ɨ ‘beak, point’ ɨ paito ‘penis, tail’ ɨ -r ɨ nunn ta-r ɨ

ôwna-r *amenarô arok

*nuuna, *nunuø *nunô PT * mda mtar, j-emtala, *m *ôtipi-r *pot unari *onali, j-enari, erome erome, ereme, ‘today’ opengo, enpen ?

‘lip’ ‘lip’ ə̃ə̃

̃

* ewi ‘lip’ ʲ d əə ta p ʌ -k di ‘mouth’ t * ʔ ə í ə ̃ɒ̃ ɸ ɸʌ child’ ‘sister’s Andoke Cariban Andoke pó m - -noé opitu poito, -sepo -p n i - -di

2

MOON MOUTH NEPHEW NOSE NOW OUT PENIS

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 22 ‘walk’

all:

fi; ‘penetrate’ ‘penetrate’ kome (pl.) ʔ

tíí );

both: ʔ

kï fa oou;

‘pierce’, e kiraie ḯʔ maká(di)

O * ‘dig’, β

d ʒ

‘rainy season’ tad ‘blow’; ‘people’, O

‘rain’ de ‘walk fast’

ʔ HO

, ( naï ʔ ʔ no, me-tibani, ʔ ʔ -ppai-ne (sg.), ḯ ha t ïge raìofe; howa ʔ (ka)pai() (t)aï * ɨ́ * k ɨ ruide;

()mï poono nõ-ci (i)gaï(baï) boó, buúú m wa kaape ** ‘person’ ?** B ** B B ** BM Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan fefo ?** texbue kiraike o ʔ ekain-ite Hr j

wá- ṵṵ

**

a, (Spanish (Spanish

(n.), d á d , háns ̰́ ṵṵ

m-waj ̰ on b

hja ̰ m wá-ran ‘reddish’ ṵṵ á, hanu

, ni d , káwuh BM Rui ‘make hole in, pierce’ , r ́ komoene íj ʷḭ ṵṵ ʃ both:

̰ ra ‘red’;

‘rain’ (v.) ̰ ‘rain’ j ̰́

-m ̰ a ̰ Hr uh d b ‘fry’ u, han ̰́ mu ha ́ ẽ ʃ hja ̰ ̰́ u mu ́ una i Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan komolej ni n ṵ reesíij t omonahi tomara ru hu ru rann w ruj rót kám borrowings) siíj, siit

*puka , ?

toreka

‘person’, ) ‘rope’ * ɨ urari purô ) ‘Pl’) ‘collective’ ‘collective’

‘person’, ɨ č

‘snake’ PT ɨ , axpe * , ə t-a:mi:-re toto ɨ komo t-a(k)pi-re * komo w karipona atpo konopo awo-t puru, ôwa(-r ekatu(m - a- e a-k

* * *- po, p t-apide t-apire, PT korori, kabuia kapuja, kabuja, * *ôkôju t kan , t ani, ekanumi * ́ a *

ʔ * á a ɸ ?*

ɒʌ * ʌ i ẽɲẽ *

-i ɒ -i ʌ -a- ́ se ̃ ( Andoke Cariban Andoke h ʌ́ ih ʌ -a-y d ə́ pe -sodi y- pa a-tõ-

PERSON PIERCE RAIN RED RIB ROAST ROPE RUN

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 23 HO HO ; gá- ʔ ‘sun’; ‘shade,

ï-ba ʔ

all: Hr

both: nï ‘short’; ‘short’; ), (do * e ) ‘stone’ ‘stone’ β ḯβḯ paagá-(jï),

-ba(ï); -ba(ï); * -kï) naá , muuro; ɨ ḯ (nééna) x ɨ

B a) * ḯ O

-e(ppi), -e(ppi), ‘day’ ; ɨ́ ɨ̀ ‘small’; rí-ne(- hebekï-goï) ʔ x ḯβ ai), (ííkkox ɨ de; 'back' (Aschmann 1993) ‘back’ ‘back’ ʔ ɨ

foko báá (mé)-x xïïb(ái)ge, páaga-x kóox tóma), móna ‘short’ ɨ ̰́ HO *( * * * * * ()ki() mó ʔ mer *

h ̰ urii- goti-; (nop ha ḯḯ ); nani hihë i ʔ neé, (i ʔ (hi shadow’ ?** BM * * B ** HO * BM Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan manaide emódo u muuro (x x ɨ meri-de, short’, Hr BM ṵ ‘ w all:

ṵ ‘talk’ (Peba, Rivet Rivet (Peba, ‘stone’, ‘stone’,

e modo u ̰́ ɔ ʃ kee

́ tu, kan ta (Yameo, Rivet

n ḭ wana BM ‘one piece manioc, ‘one piece manioc,

̰́ 'type of stone, ‘shoulder’ HO ‘shoulder’ u ̰́ , rá-wit raitarra Hr

‘say’, ‘say’, ʃ

anju ̰́ ‘sun’; ṵ to d táj ‘mountain’ i forest’ ‘wilderness, ̰́ ntu, nu poho Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan hu tapuse hápuu, wápuu, hinrjú tá-puu-see pencil’ tree, one stick, small namat vi-omote, n ṵ m h ṵṵ tetiu títju, tútitju paranú tao há-wit wan cascajo', toó iñi, wana ini, hinj 1911); 1911)

’ 2

ə r ‘sunlight’,

ə

‘sun

*titi uanu

ôkatu ɨ ’ 1

* tjawaraka(ru) , ɨ ‘sunlight’

‘talk, converse’ * ɨ ɨ ô ‘day’, ‘day’, ‘sun

-t ʲ

ɨ ‘day’ aminôp - nt ɨ ôt-uru amore-r t mota-r mojoti, tôpu weju awatin

amali-li, t-imue-re t-imue-re amali-li, * umata e-motari, mootali, ura, j-uro mona, maname, m PT * *topu, taho, toxu winai ano * * * di ́ ?*

ʌʌ * i-i

ɸə * h ʌ i ʔɸʌʔ ə ʔ ʔɸ * isi ̃ɒ̃ it!’ ‘steal Andoke Cariban Andoke ka tofitu tõ -sa ʌ -a-h tod d ɒ ə ʌ -a- ɸ i

SHADOW SHORT SHOULDER SPEAK SPIDER STEAL STONE SUN

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 24 O

)

ʔḭ ̰ a ̰́ uuro, ramo

‘now’

e; ɨ O ɨ β pekore, all: hit ‘today’; ‘today’; ídï

* n(ï) taï-(ma x ɨ́ ʔ ?* íihju baá), B do

‘swamp’ ‘swamp’ ḯ

ha(a), hai HO *

‘tomorrow’

á; ‘morning’; ; ‘lower leg’ ḯ

Hr ʔ ‘morning’, ííhju, íhkjoóh - ‘today, now’; ʃ ɨ -gi-() ‘tomorrow’, ‘tomorrow’,

‘tomorrow’ ‘tomorrow’ ʔ

ʔ (ípá)-káa-xa-(neba), *káa- (ípá)-káa-xa-(neba), kïné-bï (mé-kk tsíttsï, i báxï ma ii

* * * ʔ * * ); jaht co í ‘forest’ ɨ -pa r biruì, bimonado ʔ ɨ í háj, ná bemona ʔ péhkoré k r

Hr HO B ‘today’; O B BM Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan (m ma te i ma, buroó bexkore ukoro d ɨ ha both: ‘lower ‘lower ‘forest’ ‘forest’ ‘today, ‘today,

Hr BM

both: uuséé d both:

ṵ siy n ‘today’ ííjee BM d BM ‘swamp’

sij, tamj ??** ṵ ‘thigh’, á d ‘forest’ n ̰ ̰ ṵ dá íívjee, n ííjeerundá a d d Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan i a e wa-kada- m leg’ pitu, putu nibia n now’, n tarimj e ha tox toha, tapasej; toó

kogorone ‘tree’

ẽ

‘trunk’ ɨ ɨ ‘forest’ ‘forest’

ɨ ep , mi, m , mi, ɨ pet *(m)ômô *amenarô *koropo (j)ô-r wewe/*jeje jutu

*(š)akoro ‘scum’, ikalitao, ikalitao, ‘scum’, *(š)akoro kuliža ikulipato, i-piti, petti peti, m ? ? koropo, kokoro, ? *je * * PT *

both:

se ̃

́̃ pa ́

‘pool’ ‘tree.Cl’ ‘tree.Cl’ ə ‘lake’ ‘lake’ * ka ĩ ɸʌ ́ si ̃ * p ʌ /-ta ̃ɒ̃ n ə̃ de ə it!’ ‘tie ‘forest’ Andoke Cariban Andoke ʌ -kák o ́ ke -pã yi-ya-a-o ñeahp n i ú ʔ -kón doapa, hodeefah ‘forest’ o ʔ -d

)

V ( SWAMP THIGH TIE TODAY TOMORROW TOOTH TREE

65 66 67 68 69 70 71

25

pikjo

‘guard’; htso ‘guard’; ɨ ‘to sink’ - ‘low, down, ‘hope’,

bu foo ɲ o

, mena, inama, inama, , mena, s include classifiers) , eenote ə i β baári mene ‘white’ ‘white’

‘earth’; ‘earth’; ʔ * baa ẽ ‘wait, guard’, ‘clear’ ‘clear’ ‘wait’, ‘wait’, ‘wait’, -x ‘wait, guard’, ‘wait, guard’, ʔ ̰̈ ̠ meté ‘dual’ (Thiesen & ‘dual’ (Thiesen n i ́ ‘aguarde’ ‘gummy’ ɯ̀ e ́ gií-ne, me ‘low’, ‘low’, h

*

(o)te(te) moìfo sedade

xa -k urooho te ʔ

B Weber) (Note: Witotoan number ** BM descend’ O B ‘wait’, ‘guard’ ?** Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan minoke, minjek hanama okuìride mara mone-ide

pupãy all: = ‘two’ = ‘two’ ̰́ ki ‘mash’ -huy plus classifier,

há-paru, wá-paru a- ̰́ ko, mu

d Hr paa mara CL.earth, ‘low, short’, mu ,

‘twin’ ko

j ́ - íi d s i ̰ gray, white' 'become ‘white’, ‘white’, ‘vulva’ Hr ‘earth’ ‘wax’, ‘wax’, a-/anra-/n ̰́ kan ij ṵ d rina ́ ʃ Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan plus dual suffix ‘go down’ nomoira, naramue pa popo mu ‘earth’, (ha/wa)pu- Iani mat e n ṵ tuj h ṵ t pupá páruuj

po ‘wait

‘descend’ ‘low’,

paapo tô both: p ɨ ɨ

w * ‘vase’ (‘interior, (‘interior, ‘vase’ ‘twin’ ‘twin’

tát ɨ *kananamano

ôpinô, eni ôr mômôku t-a(re)mutu-ne ‘come down’, ‘descent’ sheath’) meni *atjôkô(nô)/(ne) an popo, poxpo * momoki mogo, mueke, for’ moropo, morombe amona t-amune, PT * (lit. ‘with * *

-ka -ka te-i ʌ́ h ʌ mã ə̃ da ʔ esi-ka, esi-ka, this also’) ẽ * Andoke Cariban Andoke ʌ - -k -yáta a-doáto-se p ə pó

TWO UNDER VAGINA WAIT WAX WHITE

72 73 74 75 76 77 26 ;

imílle wahju, wahju, imílle B

‘want’ ‘want’

all:

oìakaide, heruìde xamááro; -gaï r ine O ** Hr Proto-Witotoan Proto-Witotoan kaáwa

i á

ta ̰

wa ‘woman w.out ‘woman w. children’ ̰́ j

‘Desiderative suffix’ ‘Desiderative ‘Desiderative’, ‘Desiderative’, j j ̰́

ũũ Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan children’, children’, r -ru ‘want’ watoa, wato, huitarynia wá-tu-rá wá-tuj, wá-tu-ru

’ 2 ‘my wife’ ’ 1 ‘woman

i-witi

a[mo] ‘Desiderative ‘Desiderative ʃ ‘woman t ː ti ɨ ‘wife’

‘wife’, ɨ no t

wôr p ɨ

*(CV)te (postposition)’ puiti * * PT * (verbal suffix) suffix) (verbal

ʌ́ to-

Andoke Cariban Andoke - tii

WISH WOMAN

78 79 27 O

all:

B ‘want, ‘head’

‘want,

-wa o

‘come’; ‘come’; both: ʔ all:

‘ask’; ‘head’ po-(gï) xamááro ʔ bite ï

fo O ‘strong’ ‘request’, ‘request’, ‘high’ ‘high’ * ʔ ‘come’, xobáá aa, uu, aaji ̈ o, ónhun ire oo xaaxa ɨ ́

aise HO k() ́ nm ʔ (k)aime ʔ i tsaá tsaá i e kade ‘strong’ ǰ ho ‘ask’; B

** ipo, re, r h ɨ

ɨ̀ ‘arrive’, ino a ɨ ɨ̀ nígaï; ‘arrive’, r (o)nãï *

‘high’, e, me , ha ride oìakaide, heruìde č kai(), i kanote ite fei-n , Proto-Witotoan BM Hr ??** ‘come’; ‘ventive suffix’ desire’, ‘want, desire’, ‘request’, ‘desire’, desire’ Hp Hp ** ko-ipai bi faara h ɨ kaáwa imílle wahju,

̰́ j, ̰́ to ̰

ru ̰ hi ni

̰́

̰́ a ̰ i

all: a

̰ ʃ ‘eat’) j ̰́ ́ ro i

‘above’, n ṵ t

j ́ ‘arrive’, basei m ahaach d wa ̰́ ‘angry, fierce’, tá himj a

h ḭ reach’ r place, na rjá ‘want, wish, jeen b all: ́ ‘want, request’, ṵ , súra-, su ník ḛ ta ̰ a ̰́ him ín ‘greedy’, d ‘strong (drink) ‘lower arm’, arm’, ‘lower ‘hair, feather’ ‘hair, ‘come’, ‘come’, ‘head’, ̰́ ‘head’, eeríj a- j ̰́ b

‘above’ ṵ n d

‘head, hair’ ‘head, j, wa ̰́ ̰ no ̰ n i jú ‘glutton’ (from saj hasíj ahu e h ḭ riie wán ‘strong’, h ṵ n haseé ‘upper arm’ hu ‘arrive at othe amaseo n ṵ m -ru desire’,

wo, ɨ ’

r 2 ’ 1 ‘come

ɨ ‘come ɨ ‘head’ ‘head’ ‘head’

‘be angry’, n Peba-Yaguan ɨ ‘fierce’

pu-tupô pu-tupô ire apô-r [w-]ôtep *kawô ‘high’ * * Cariba -epoi, epo, -po erexko ə j-ape j-apa-ri, apo:-ri, pui, obwi, epu *[w-]ômôk ‘arm, * ‘head’

‘head’ ‘head’ ṍ ka * hand, branch’ Andoke tai -tai -tai -n

HEAD ABOVE ANGRY ARM COME WISH Macro-C

Greenberg’s Etymologies Amerind with a Macro-Carib Component

1 2

1 1 2.2:

ABOVE ABOVE ANGRY ARM ARRIVE ASK Appendix 1 2 4 7 9 12 Amerind

)

28

h ĩ ɨ ĩ ou ʃ ka ́ -( ̃ ‘bite’, a (ne) ́ ̃

‘belly’; ‘belly’; ĩ e); n i ̈ õ ʔ O ‘food’ (táí)-do i β gõ a * ‘bite’, ‘bite’, * ‘chest’ ‘chest’

gááho kemáht ‘feed’,

xebae do e), * ́ ̃

HO -(tï), ɨɨʔ a eka * ‘tail’ ‘tail’ ‘woman’s ** õ ʔ -(xe ʔ

all: * BM xebae-gaï ‘belly’, oo; ooxo, oxooxa doó e) ʔ

‘stomach’, ‘stomach’, ʔ , hebe ‘belly’; ‘bite’,

* ka), oo) pai)naï ** meat’, ‘eat ʔ ʔ ( ʔ ʔ ʔ bae-()aï, báuú ẽ

(bógáa), *(gagááí (o ʔ (ib)o ɨ̀fena ‘flesh, meat’; ‘flesh, meat’ mõ( xe d(o) tï-x mé ʔ éékoó, (daihí Proto-Witotoan ** * ?** BM * HO * breast’, ** Hp ‘belly’; B ‘stomach’ ‘gnaw’, ** fruit’; ‘eat * kaj ** gáxotja all: all:

-

̰́

both:

‘behind, ‘inside ‘inside wimu ii ̰́ u ̰ j d éé b su

rún ‘chew’ ó, d ́ uj n ṵ m

‘belly’, ‘belly’, ̰ tu

‘tail’ ‘tail’ san

‘behind, back’, ‘behind, back’, ee i d ̰́ = 'liquid' d a ̰ ‘chest, sternum’, ‘chest, sternum’, ṵ síj ̰́ u mju ‘chest, thorax’, thorax’, ‘chest, í d m -ha su

, pún ̰́ ‘eat’, ** ‘woven bag’, , run ( ‘in, of’, ‘hill, back’, ‘hill, back’, ̰́ j ̰́ ‘breast’ (Yagua, Rivet) ṵ a ̰ i a d ṵ a ̰ mu ʲ na ún t uutúuj uutun tja ̰ ṵ síj ɔ d d d back’, ‘inside, inside of’ of, in the middle of’, n rún m pene odoh tawó wu n n hi classifier) ‘chest, breast, teat’, m me-ikoe himj ‘bite’, m n ṵ

‘eat ‘chest’, ‘chest’,

ɨ ɨ ‘eat bread’ ‘eat meat’ meat’ ‘eat ‘heart, chest’ ‘heart, chest’ -r waku-ru (Vintr) ‘eat’ ‘inside ‘inside

ɨ fruit’ ‘eat n Peba-Yaguan ‘bite’ ‘bite’ ‘tail, penis’ ‘inside’ ɨ * ɨ ‘eat nuts’ , axke , axke ə

arok purop ôwanô tawô *(e)wen *wetVpu ôtek munu-ru * ? bread’ * PT, Ap ? * * Cariba -ak matiri matir, mate, utevui, ido-re eta ida, oku e:ka, eku, *[t-]ônô *[t-]ôku *aku *ônap *ôt-oku umane munu, menu, ‘chest’ ‘chest’ ə̃ ‘tail, stern’ ‘tail, ‘breast’ ‘breast’ tá i * a ʔ n ə ɲ eé - - * Andoke -tú-ta-n ba -dusé

TAIL CHEST BELLY EAT BLOOD Macro-C

1 3 4

1

1 BACK BELLY BELLY BITE BLOOD

Amerind 15 31 32 33 40 29 ‘cut’

all:

ï) ‘older gá- kí- ʰ ̈ a * ‘younger * a xk

ʔ ḯ ï ‘body’ ̈ u; ‘say’ ko), onaam kod ḯḯ

ɨ ‘buy’ r xááma O pií b kí-(ttï), kí-( β βḯ

xoon B * * u ʔ

‘(of a woman) to have to have a woman) ‘(of both: ̈ ̈ ‘buy’

O ), ),

; ́ ́ koaiti, koaiti, gá-( n i n i ‘brother of woman’, ɨ ‘invite him!’ xïïb(ái)ge ʔɨ ʔɨ ?* io * bade ab ɨ ɨ

méhpií da da mex-)pi ʔ ʔ b , upa Proto-Witotoan Hr B a brother’; brother’, brother’; Hp BM ( ( amarede nokoj i a

̰́ ] i

p ʷ

̰́ u ̰ j ‘cut

h ṵ ríj ‘peal’, haru h ṵ n ‘break’, ‘break’, j ́ i t ̰ ̃ i hootá ɨ̃

‘take’, ̰́ ‘take’,

ma ‘cut’, j ̰́ ‘guide, take’,

̰́ [phonetically

BM p i ̰́ u ̰ rj i

̰ nsije pu hijata ‘take (possibly by ‘break, yank’, ‘take person along, ‘break’, ‘break’, ju

‘talk’

j ̰ ‘take, knock down’, íj ‘break’, ‘break’, tá a ̰́ ʃ ‘brother (of man or ̰́ ‘brother a

̰́ Hp ʃ ̰́ t ̰́ u ̰ t ṵṵ p i ̰ kee trees’ (voc.) ‘son’ (voc.) carry’, ‘grab’ (wu , a kaita, w páta róotjá ‘cut’, rai-puipuin, pw pi woman)’, n ḭ hara pu pu force)’, ‘older ‘older

‘cut down’

ɨ pepe

‘younger ‘cut’ n Peba-Yaguan ‘seize’ anik ‘older brother’ ‘take, carry’ carry’ ‘take,

*jamun akôtô pipi arô apôti brother’, brother ? PPar * * Cariba akete, ako:to pipi, pïri añiki, añek apoi, apwi, apue ‘body * * (animal)’ (animal)’ * Andoke -od ə

BODY CUT BROTHER CALL TAKE Macro-C

1

1 1 BODY BREAK BROTHER CALL CARRY

Amerind 43 49 53 55 57 30

e); ‘cold’;

x ɨʔ ʔ ohpa koó) ‘cold’ ‘cold’

‘tooth-finger-?, ʃ ́ɨ́ʔ

pít ‘tooth’;

ko, (da aihi) i, e, *(a, -te), -gi-() -gáí-neé ḯ ʔ

ʔ ʔ ‘chew’ ynieng íí tsï (ná tsaá-(pé), dzïí) ii ‘body’; doti(-de-te) (bí * * * * ɣ do *( i pií ɨɨʔ ʔɨ Proto-Witotoan

BM * ??** BM ‘traditional naming and baptism ceremony for child’ HO HO * ma- B

BM

íj ʃ 'bite

pot ṵ túuj, toj

'bite, give ̰́

‘come’ j ̰́ ó mj d ‘small’, wu ̰ ̰ n i

s ṵṵ ‘sister, niece, ee san d hu n ‘rainy season’

poó 'chew, bite', , wá-kanu ‘male child’ sanehe oxana ̰́ ‘walk’, ‘cold’ ‘tooth’,

, ṵ á

both: ‘little grandchild, nephew, d íij

(Yameo) HO

‘infant, child’, ‘infant, j oo ṵ w n ̰ í d ʷ i d ̰ ʃ ɨ a ̰́ u ̰ j rá t ee-nu iíj d d xiana electric shock', son (voc.)’, female cousin (voc.)’, iha ,su in pieces' and take porii p ḭ p ḭ (voc.)’, ‘girls n sanora kan sún ana rup n ’

2 ’ 1

-me ɨ par

‘come

not ɨ ɨ

ɨ ‘come ɨ both: t-

*

ep ɨ n Peba-Yaguan ɨ ə par ‘grandchild’ wajip ɨ , ɨ ap

(j)ô-r pa-r atono, [w-]ôtep * ‘grandchild’, ‘nephew’ * PPar * PT * * Cariba pa:r su- ti-sano-le, i:sana, sano-ri *[w-]ômôk nd

‘he

i-na-poa ‘sister’s ‘sister’s ‘tooth’ ‘tooth’ ĩ

kón - child’ comes’, ‘he came’ * Andoke kone -sepo pa-nænæu

TOOTH CHILD COLD COME DIE Macro-C

3

1

3 CHEW CHILD COLD COME DIE

Amerind 60 63 69 72 81 31

ohí-(tï) *

‘fly’ HO

head hair’ ïï; noynae, nanyny ǰ

ofotar ‘fly’; ‘earth’ ‘earth’ áá ẽ tï()‘ -ne -ne) ʔ ʔ ɨ -ne; -x enie, x ɨɨ ʔ ̰̈ ̠ a)pe ɨ́ʔ ‘to harden’ x ɨɨ po- ʔ n i ́ ifatre, dáár ʔ e ́ (me)- ɨ́ʔ ï m de * * * *

- (ga xa

fatie, Proto-Witotoan BM *( BM ** HO ?** BM etoj BM abukwa, ibbe, pee

sa y d

),

n ṵ all: n ṵ ḭ wá-n wíirú, d ̰́ ki -mu ‘eye’ ̰́ ‘eye’ a ̰ wún ̰́ ‘get.hard’ ̰́ tja i

̰ nu wá-sá, wá-ssá, wá- wá-ssá, wá-sá, sura ̰́ ko, mu CL.earth, CL.earth,

'(to) dry sth.', dry '(to) sth.', mu , hu

̰́ ̰́ 'dry branch', a -ko

íi, ‘feather’

a (probably d

d ‘hard’,

'wing' 'wing' ṵ ruined', 'dry, powdery, ‘hard’, ‘hard’, ‘eye’ ṵ enerwe, jty feather’, ‘hair, ĩ ɛ ̰́ kan n síj pya ‘garden, field’ ‘CL:feather’ a ne hiikán [clusters fromvowel deletion between alveolars], two tsá, susa wúdn wún kúwaj súra- n ũ mu ‘earth’, n ḭ (possibly from 'protect, watch over') pop hasíj n ḭ ’ ’ 2 2 ’ ’ 1 1 ‘feather’ ‘feather’

na ‘feather ‘feather ‘hair’ ʔ ɨ

-r ‘hair’ ɨ ‘feather ‘feather ɨ

n Peba-Yaguan

aroko aroko p ɨ ɨ

ak nono ônu-ru (e)tipot ‘hardness’ * * PPek * PPek * * Cariba ja ti-ana-le, nono, noro ipot, ipotu, pot *(e)tipot *apôri-r ɨ *apôri-r ɨ

ák ʌ ‘he flies’ ‘he flies’ ʔ ‘hair, fur’ ‘hair,

ʌ ʌ , -

ɲ esidiák ʌ ɲ eh ẽ ɲ ef * ‘eyebrow’ ‘eye’ ‘(head)hair’ Andoke ɲ õ ʔĩ doa -ák - - -kabe byweh -

HARD EARTH EYE HAIR FEATHER Macro-C 1 2

4

2

DRY EARTH EYE FEATHER FEATHER

Amerind 91 97 104 108 109

32

peé ], B

onõï * ; HO dau-tseh

; ́ haaun ; ɨɨ aaáí O

‘my hand’ ʔ - ḯ

ótts ‘foot’ ʔ

both: -() ‘hand’, [ ‘go’; ‘go’;

‘verbal movement y ḯ

‘plant’ ‘plant’ te ʔ idái-kï) (mé)- e (mé)-tt e ‘foot’ * * * haìde

ta() ba ɨ Proto-Witotoan HO *( suf.’ ** ‘hand’ HO ‘go’, - (tha-)usi

BM n ṵ

‘hand’ ‘wood’, ṵ tú

hom híipúú BM Hr ‘he arrives’ ‘he (with general classifier

́ ‘foot’ ɨɨ ‘fire’, ̰ tu

‘finger’, ̰́ ‘finger’, áj

́ ‘one (animate)’

d ‘arrive’ i ̰́ mu tá ki ̰́ i ma-ugtsi + SG?), tiki, tikilo, tekini t hana iguntia ogod híin ‘CL:pole, tree, person’ e nu s-itamana h ḭ

’

1 ’

’ 2 ‘leg’ ‘leg’ ’

2 etamete, 1

‘heel’ ‘heel’

‘tree’ upe /pa) ‘hand ‘foot’ ‘fire

ɨ ‘fire ‘hand

ɨ n Peba-Yaguan ,

‘sole’ ‘sole’ -]tô[mô] ‘foot’, ‘foot’, ta ɨ tôwinô tá-ra-k tôwinô *pôre(-p ɨ [w ɨ

(foot’s stone) ? * Cariba tegina, tinkini, tinki, teukon *amo-r *wepeto *mapoto *wewe/*jeje upu *pupu-ru *pu(pu)-tôpu *p uten, wto(m), itamue

!’ ‘go ‘tree.Cl’ ‘tree.Cl’ =

i-dome *ômija-r ‘foot’ ‘leg’ s ĩ e ‘fire’, ɸʌ -ka s /-ta n ə̃ ə̃ pa de ə ʌ ka ə - dome * ( ‘hand’) ‘forest’ Andoke (ka-)t -dom koit ʌʔ o ʔ -d pa -d -p h ẽ

ONE FINGER TREE LEG GO Macro-C

1 2

1

2

2 FINGER FINGER FIRE FOOT GO

Amerind 110 111 113 120 127 33

e ʔ HO

both: ́ both: ;

ɨɨ

-(te) ótts xebae ʔ

hi

* **

ʔ (mé)- ‘hand’ * HO

‘strong’

mare

BM both:

bae-()aï, -)bohu, ga-buhgu, hebego ʔ akkï;

(e)meá(d)e ɣ * xe onõï Proto-Witotoan ‘healed’, ‘healed’, ?** ** ‘belly’ ‘give’; * imine, imino, mari, mano-d (ma BM keriire-ide

̰́

ṵ -

ṵ w wumu wá-seé ̰́

kan 'pretty, ɨ̰ sura w ‘grab, throw, ‘give’, ‘give’, / could be j ̰́ tíij a ̰

mu sa

ṵ j, sám ‘hard’, ‘healthy, good’, ‘stomach’, ‘stomach’,

‘hand’ r ‘stomach, belly’, belly’, ‘stomach, j j, sám ḭ uuj ḛ ‘heal, get better’, ʃ j ṵ tú w ḭ ] sá ḭ jet ̰́ uo øra, sø a related to the general locative – general locative to the related good, clean’, rántjée 'good, suitable’, ‘interior, inside, stomach, [/ intestines’ maringre mari -neea m sám 'right, correct, good’, ‘healthy, fresh, comfortable’ b p i pún mu tii ‘CL.extremity.of.branch/antenn a/insect-paw’, yank, pull’, hom č súra-, súru- ‘get.hard’

ɨ r ɨ ‘guts’ *[t-] ‘give’ waku ɨ ‘clean’

‘stomach, ‘stomach, ɨ

waku-ru -]m ɨ n Peba-Yaguan ‘good’

‘give, put’, *[t , Ap * , Ap wakulu intestines’, intestines’, PT ‘make, do, give, put’, PPar Cariba mori mori, *kure ?*(e)wen ?*wetVpu *utu ti *utu

ə ‘hand’ ‘hand’ ĩ ‘stomach’ ‘stomach’ ‘feces, pod’ ‘belly, əɲ eta ə ɲ é dom * - ‘intestines’ ‘intestines’ entrails’ Andoke -k - -tura -p

GOOD GUTS GIVE Macro-C

3 3 1 1 GOOD GUTS HAND HARD

Amerind 132 134 139 140 34 HO

) ̈ i ‘large, ‘large,

m ̈ poi ə -(nï); i ar x ɨ ɨ́ɨ́

ɨ́

g ‘causative’

‘leg’ ‘lip’ ‘lip’

* , (m ɨ

e)-ne both: β o áam é-tso, h ʔ β kai(do) ts - - ʔ ‘mouth, ‘mouth,

)-() B x ɨ na)- ɨ́ ʔ

ɨ́ ; g ( me-tax i kááme(-

* * * ta

pa ‘long, high, far’,

(ï)dza po(e) po(e)-(i)ni(ba) - ke a ()ne( Proto-Witotoan long’ * ** ** ** BM Hr aame, ibe, ame ame ibe, aame, (me-)he, me-ehe, ofwe, , fue BM

úú

d ́ n ̰ tu

̰́ mu

nu ‘mouth ‘lower lip’, h ṵ

'kill, torment', torment', 'kill, j ̰

hiduy ̰́ ‘long’ (‘big- ̰ wa a ̰ ‘lower leg’, ‘lower -ka ̰ 'hit, fight, kill', ‘upper lip’ ‘make, cause’, ‘make, 'kill, allow to die', ‘mouth’, - ̰ ‘upper leg’,

̰ BM y ĩ ̰́ nu mu ̰́ ‘high, long’ ntjuunu ́ wi ̰́ a ̰́ n ‘transitivizer’ i uuséé ṵ dá d ki

f , huwáj ha mu or throwing, 'kill by blowgun do witchcraft' m na ta ,n m ‘foot’ k ipe, po h ṵ tóó (inalien)’, h ṵ day are ha duration’), - tu -ta -ta

,

‘leg’ ‘leg’ kupô we ‘heel’ ‘heel’ ‘shoot, kill’ ‘kill’ ‘kill’ ‘long/far’ ] ‘lip’ ɨ /pa)

‘foot’ )a ‘lip’ ‘lip’

[p ‘mouth’ ‘kill!’ ‘kill!’ * PPem both: ɨ ‘beak’, ɨ

‘make’ ‘make’ n Peba-Yaguan ɨ (t ʃ , n ə ɨ ɨ

ɨ ‘sole’ -r r

ɨ ɨ p ta-r m ‘large’ * ‘hit, kill’, ‘hit, ta ɨ ɨ , idu [t-]wô[nô] jare ôtipi-r ɔ [t-] pi pi *pôre(-p ɨ pi

PT * (foot’s stone) ? PT * Cariba wo ipo(-ke) uma *pupu-ru *pu(pu)-tôpu *p i , e *pot *m ari it ‘foot’ ‘he ‘he ‘long’ - ‘foot’

k ə̃ ‘large’

* ə̃ ʌ ka í õ- ɸ m builds’ * * - Andoke ka-dekkhe -d (ka-)fi - ĩʔ i-tooitihe tii

KILL LEAF LEG MOUTH LONG BUILD Macro-C

1

1 3

KILL LEAF LEG LIP LONG MAKE

Amerind 155 164 165 167 170 175

35 - pï()

* íín ʔ (meex- keéme

‘beard’, ‘beard’, aimákï) ha ï-bá, eiroma ʔ ko ə ‘many’ HO *(

‘chin’, ‘chin’, [zähzähma]

rahu (ama-)

‘many’

podomo ‘old thing’, ‘old (thing)’, (thing)’, ‘old

thing’, ‘old

ɨ daamu,

atsímï) pékkó-e(ppi), nï yo, me-kuai xïkk(e)’(ai); ‘older’ ‘older’ ‘beard’, ‘beard’ ‘beard’ ‘be full’, full’, ‘be * ɣ * i hakaìe

ta() ira, uat uroohun tsúúkáá míta-(ne) anere, thanere, dane, dama č s Proto-Witotoan BM *( BM ‘old (person)’ ‘old (person)’ * ‘old person’; O ‘old (person)’; B ‘alone’, ** BM )kaa koæ, hoe both: Hr t

̰́ rij ̰ a ̰

ta

‘breast ̰́ ‘breast a ̰́ ‘nothing,

a ʃ t ̰́ ̰́ , harimju ̰ n i tya i ̰ r ʷɨ

m (n.)’, ‘old ̰

mju tju ḭ

hani (‘one’ (‘one’ (= w ṵ j-haaj 'our- ‘beard’, ‘beard’, j ‘mouth’, ‘many’, ‘many’, ‘meat, flesh’, flesh’, ‘meat, ‘many, full’, full’, ‘many, ḛḛ tju, rij ‘mouth (inalien)’ ‘old, rotten’

ṵ hj ṵ im ḭ d free, gift’ free, gift’ ‘old’, +CL:general+SG?) oru rájuu hárjíj i sawij meat of bird’ fodjoome, w father'), ma- h ṵ murú h ṵ tóó -h año onaa n -po tomeulaj tá-ra-k ɨɨ

oti

t-ori-g

ə

t-ure-eke - ‘game’

ə ‘lip’ ‘lip’ ‘mouth’

ɨ ‘beak’, ɨ

n Peba-Yaguan ɨ ‘seed, contents’ ‘seed,

ɨ inj -r ‘meat food’ ɨ ə -r nunn ta-r i t ɨ ɨ ɨ , i-ote ɨ ar ot etipi-r tôwinô ‘contents’, ‘contents’, ‘many’, ‘many’ PT * PT * Cariba ali, ar, ara, arï *nunô *pot *m

̃

d əə ʔ y ot s * * * * Andoke it pody pó *teñ

FILL MEAT MOON MOUTH OLD ONE Macro-C

2

1 1 4

1 MANY MEAT MOON MOUTH OLD ONE

Amerind 180 186 187 192 202 203 B 36

, [?-

‘bad ‘bad ĩ ‘big o a, ‘rain’, ‘rain’, ʔ HO ímítjú ainoe O β

ĩ rarede tí ɨ , ;

ʔ ə ‘river’, a imani huú

O nõ-x heamona B

tjaau ;

(haï-)nõ-h ‘pain’, ‘pain’, , e to now(h) u ̈ β , hesorie ʔ

‘water-?’, ɨ ‘bad(ness)’; ‘bad(ness)’; ‘river’ ‘river’ hoani ‘badness’, i tiahe tiahe ʔ

maan ‘rain’, * ‘water’, ** ‘water’, ‘painful’,

úúra O

-ppai-ne river’, ‘small

heare , iso, ar

‘water’, ḯ hto nííxa-ba t ɨ ɨ́ je, kimóó je, tjaau, * * ‘devil, ‘devil, isire β ille na

nõ-() a nõ-(kï) Proto-Witotoan Hr day’, health’; bad ‘have ‘pain’, B ‘bad(ness)’ ** BM * water-liquid] river’; hanoj no(h)owi BM moóa, teé naahon naahon, -ho, - ulléh

Hr

wá- 'reddish' a na , ̰́ ‘get sick’

a ̰ a all:

d ‘rainy

́ river’ ‘big ́ river’ ‘big n ṵ wadáj wa a ́ ‘pain’ i ́

i ʔ apó d d

‘river’ wa ̰ wa ̰

na wá-ran ana na h ṵ n , na ‘rain’, á

nowa ́ (n), d

‘painful’, ́ ‘painful’, ̰ ra ‘red’, ‘river’, ‘river’, on j ̰́ b ‘devil’, ‘devil’, wá-rann a, ‘river’ d ̰́ m ̰́ ‘water’, ̰́ nara ̰́ u mu a ̰ ́ una n, nou ̰́ Hr ṵṵ ɔ

juno hu ‘hurt’ (v.i), nahua season’, ru r ha ru rann tee, -mu n nu

ɨ

:ik ɨ ’ ’

2 1

an t-one ‘path’ -re ) ː ɨ ‘rain’

mi n Peba-Yaguan ː ‘water ‘water ‘water’

‘evil’, ‘evil’, t-a a(k)pi-re ‘sickness’, PT * ?*t- Cariba anhi *kanopo *tuna t-api-de t-api-re, *paru *ôtema(-r

‘red’ ‘water’

‘rain’ u -i ʔ ɒ -i [peaih]

Andoke d ə́ dú pe otõa -se * tuna

BAD RAIN RED RIVER ROAD Macro-C

2 1

PAIN RAIN RED RIVER ROAD

Amerind 205 208 209 211 212 37

; ɨ́ɨ́

HO saìte

both:

)

ḯ Hr

xï

́ ̰̈

ḯ ‘rope’

i : ïï ‘eye’; ïï ‘eye’;

ǰ both

), (d ́ (i)n ‘sing’;

* ə

áá te ́ ‘rope’

ʔ a, (gáníkkaméi); ‘snake’; ‘snake’;

ɨɨ β all: ‘child, son’ (

ɨ HO

m te) ) ‘eye’ ‘eye’ konah ḯ ʔ -me-ne, *(gaí-píí)-ts ‘know’ βĩ , mene ɨ́ɨ

aitt ‘learn’ mattsí- do kïga; ts ki xíinime ‘know’

* * * * *

gaka (i)gaï(baï)

ohí-(tï) Proto-Witotoan BM ‘see’, *(me)- * ** HO *( ‘dance’ HO *( ** BM BM BM inu, ko-ina, ønu BM konega

ono

̰́

‘see, ̰́ j

‘look at’ u ̰́ ẽ ̰ nu ee-nu ‘female ‘learn’, ‘learn’, d j ̰ n hu n ḭɲ

nut ju ̰́ ‘rope’

kabuhuu, n i ee-tu

d n ‘eye’,

síj , kabohu ‘mirror’, ‘mirror’, ‘snake’, ‘snake’, n ḭ ‘know’,

'see, look at, watch, ‘see, look at, watch’ iy ‘hammock’, ‘hammock’, ̰́ j ̰́ j ̰ ‘small, little’, d

‘sing like rooster or j ‘discover, learn, find’, find’, learn, ‘discover, 'see, know'

̰ nu ̰ nu ‘hammock’ ̯́ ni íj áátja ee d d ɛ d

nuwa:tø n hu show', look at, watch’ uiño n sára hu seje se súuj monkey’ n hu ‘hammock arms’ mæni, n ‘male child’, child’ koli, koni koon káwuh ṵṵ

o:nu

’ 2 ’ ’ 1 ’ 1 ’ 2 2 ‘eye’, ‘sleep )

ɨ ‘little ‘sleep ‘small’ ‘small’ ‘little ‘rope ‘eye’ ‘eye’

a ‘snake’

‘child’ ‘child’ i

n Peba-Yaguan ʃ ɨ ‘know’ (Postp)

‘I know’ k ɨ ‘know’ (Vtr)

ɨ ‘see’ pit ak ewa *

* pitikô ônu-ru ône warô wôn wetu(m mure, moni, imeri mure ‘eye’ ‘small’ * * PT PT ?* PT * Cariba ene, enë, anu wano *putu okon, okoj, okej *ôkôju

‘rope’ ́ ̃ se ‘rope’ se ‘rope’ * * pa * * * Andoke kono

SEE KNOW DANCE SLEEP CHILD SNAKE Macro-C

1

1

1 2 SEE SEE SING SLEEP SMALL ROPE

Amerind 220 221 229 235 237 240 38

Hp in

‘fire’, ‘fire’, n ʔ ́ ‘penis’ ‘river’, ‘river’, ï); a ́ ʔ ̈ a ‘sun’ both: ttï

ɨ́ɨ ‘river’ i ‘forest’ i ‘forest’ e ï-ba tjam B ‘forest’;

ʔ ‘stick’, aitto aitto s am na, tae ki (h)iman(i) me-nehekoa at ‘tree leaf’ s ɨ o), *(x ** ga-moto ɨ ‘tree’; ɨ ʔ ‘forest, bush’; ḯ

, ta ‘penis’ ‘penis’ ɨ ‘forest’, xï-gai, (kotsííbai) áam -e(ppi) nï -e(ppi) o ‘river, sea’ ‘wet’, ʔ ɨ́ all: xa ike, ymaana,

β k ḯḯ (name ()pe , báxï

* (aï)me() * hasik na)-

(aï)me-nai-() m(oon)ai, e tjáá ɨ kóox t t ( Proto-Witotoan ??** BM * ol * moda mee-nixigua, O jungle’; ‘forest, amuunna, anaina ** ?** BM maanu **

;

BM * BM ‘sun’ ́ ‘big ̰́ i ‘fire, ‘fire, wa ̰

; raitarra ‘sun’ hinj na

, ̰́ both: ‘testicle’ ‘CL.pole, ‘CL.pole,

kiwarjá mu n ṵ

mjéj i x a ikø, Hr ḭ ‘light’, ‘light’, č ɔ s nu i-mæ ne ‘fire’, ‘tongue’ ɔ j í (Peba Rivet) (Peba ʃ , n ɨɨ áj ̰ ‘tree’, - d ‘forest’ ɔ ̰́ ‘water’, - ̰ mjisíj, h mjisíj, aat nu ̰́ a le d flames’, flames’, river’ o híin wana (Yameo Rivet) l ka-moesse, wi-miase h ḭ onesi, n to:, t toha, toó ne:n n i person’ maaño ha

iri(ipo) ‘torch’ ’ ’ 2 ’ 1 ’ 2 1 ‘tree’ t-u:ri ‘scrotum, ‘fire ‘fire ‘torch’ ‘torch’ ‘trunk’ ‘flame’, ‘flame’, n Peba-Yaguan ɨ

‘water ‘water ‘forest’ ‘forest’ turi ep

nuru jutu ‘fireplace’, ‘fireplace’, * PT * testicle’ * PT * Cariba ole-ole *wepeto *mapoto *ômu(-ru) -iñiiko itua itu, *wewe/*jeje *paru

u *tuna ʔ ‘forest’ ‘tree.Cl’ ‘tree.Cl’ ‘tree.Cl’ dú ‘egg, ‘fire’ ‘fire’

‘semen, ɸʌ ́ d ̃ , -ta , -ta pa ‘penis’ de d ə d ə - testicle’ testicle’ sperm’ - Andoke ʌʔ -hád ə -di -pa -son ə o ʔ

FIRE TESTICLE TONGUE FOREST TREE WATER Macro-C

1

1

1 2

1 SUN TESTICLE TONGUE TREE TREE WATER

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