Exploring the Corresponding Words Among the Subgroupings, Revising Swadesh List, Compared with Chinese
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GRAMMAR of SOLRESOL Or the Universal Language of François SUDRE
GRAMMAR OF SOLRESOL or the Universal Language of François SUDRE by BOLESLAS GAJEWSKI, Professor [M. Vincent GAJEWSKI, professor, d. Paris in 1881, is the father of the author of this Grammar. He was for thirty years the president of the Central committee for the study and advancement of Solresol, a committee founded in Paris in 1869 by Madame SUDRE, widow of the Inventor.] [This edition from taken from: Copyright © 1997, Stephen L. Rice, Last update: Nov. 19, 1997 URL: http://www2.polarnet.com/~srice/solresol/sorsoeng.htm Edits in [brackets], as well as chapter headings and formatting by Doug Bigham, 2005, for LIN 312.] I. Introduction II. General concepts of solresol III. Words of one [and two] syllable[s] IV. Suppression of synonyms V. Reversed meanings VI. Important note VII. Word groups VIII. Classification of ideas: 1º simple notes IX. Classification of ideas: 2º repeated notes X. Genders XI. Numbers XII. Parts of speech XIII. Number of words XIV. Separation of homonyms XV. Verbs XVI. Subjunctive XVII. Passive verbs XVIII. Reflexive verbs XIX. Impersonal verbs XX. Interrogation and negation XXI. Syntax XXII. Fasi, sifa XXIII. Partitive XXIV. Different kinds of writing XXV. Different ways of communicating XXVI. Brief extract from the dictionary I. Introduction In all the business of life, people must understand one another. But how is it possible to understand foreigners, when there are around three thousand different languages spoken on earth? For everyone's sake, to facilitate travel and international relations, and to promote the progress of beneficial science, a language is needed that is easy, shared by all peoples, and capable of serving as a means of interpretation in all countries. -
Review of "The Romance Languages" by R. Posner
Swarthmore College Works Linguistics Faculty Works Linguistics 1998 Review Of "The Romance Languages" By R. Posner Donna Jo Napoli Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-linguistics Part of the Linguistics Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation Donna Jo Napoli. (1998). "Review Of "The Romance Languages" By R. Posner". Journal Of Linguistics. Volume 34, Issue 1. 302-303. https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-linguistics/10 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Romance Languages by Rebecca Posner Review by: Donna Jo Napoli Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 302-303 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4176472 . Accessed: 17/07/2014 15:00 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Linguistics. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.58.65.13 on Thu, 17 Jul 2014 15:00:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS cliticin objectposition when quantification is involvedand the presenceof the resumptiveclitic when thereis no quantification,even if a wh-phraseis involved. -
Gramley 2009
1 The Origins of English. 1. The origins of human language. According to some calculations the capacity for language – which is surely one of the most clearly human features we have – emerged approximately 145,000 years ago (± 70,000) (Bickerton 1990: 175). The emergence of human speech depended on both suitable physiological change in what were to become the organs of speech and on changes in the structure of the brain to allow humans to work with the complexity of language neurologically (ibid.: chap. 8). Furthermore, widespread opinion (e.g. Bickerton 1990: 4; Bloomfield 1933: 3; Chomsky 1968: 100; Diamond 1992: 141; Sapir 1921: 23) sees the acquisition of language as a unique phenomenon. As such it was then passed on to the descendants of the first group of speakers. Just how this mooted first language may have looked in detail is unknown, but the multiplicity and diversity of languages spoken in today’s world indicate one of the unchanging principles of human language – change: out of one many have developed. One of these many languages is English, itself a grouping of often very different varieties spoken all over the world by both native and non-native speakers. (Just how many speakers is a widely debated question, as is the question of what a native and what a non-native speakers is. See the discussion in chapters 7 and 13.) It is the aim of this book to explore how English came into being and developed the enormous amount of diversity which the label English covers. 2. Divergence, change, and the family model. -
Germanic and Romance. Probing the Similarities and Differences
Germanic and Romance. Probing the similarities and differences There is a large literature in the field of comparative and historical syntax of drawing comparison between Germanic and Romance varieties. This includes a particular tradition which argues that the earlier languages were more alike than their present day counterparts (see in particular Adams 1989; Fontana 1993; Mathieu 2007 and Franco 2009). The most prominent example of this similarity is the Verb Second constraint, which is characteristic of many early and contemporary Germanic languages (see Vikner 1995 and Walkden 2014) and argued to be operative in Medieval Romance (Thurneysen 1892 et seq.). The workshop will aim to develop a more nuanced understanding of both the parallels and points of contrast between these two families, through synchronic comparison of phenomena in previous historical stages and diachronic consideration of the relevant pathways of change. The time is right for such an exercise on several grounds. First, research in recent decades has equipped the historical linguist with a range of large-scale corpora for both Germanic and Romance (see, for example, in the case of Romance the Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese, the Base de Français Médiéval and the Opera del Vocabolario Italiano alongside the Penn Parsed Corpus of Historical English, the Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus and the Corpus of Historical Low German for Germanic). This affords a methodologically more robust basis for comparison than has previously been possible empirically. Second, a more nuanced understanding has been reached in recent years of previously little-reported variation amongst the early Germanic and Romance varieties (see Walkden 2014 and Wolfe 2015), which has so far not been extensively exploited for comparison between Germanic and Romance. -
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo-European and Germanic Background Indo-European Background It has already been mentioned in this course that German and English are related languages. Two languages can be related to each other in much the same way that two people can be related to each other. If two people share a common ancestor, say their mother or their great-grandfather, then they are genetically related. Similarly, German and English are genetically related because they share a common ancestor, a language which was spoken in what is now northern Germany sometime before the Angles and the Saxons migrated to England. We do not have written records of this language, unfortunately, but we have a good idea of what it must have looked and sounded like. We have arrived at our conclusions as to what it looked and sounded like by comparing the sounds of words and morphemes in earlier written stages of English and German (and Dutch) and in modern-day English and German dialects. As a result of the comparisons we are able to reconstruct what the original language, called a proto-language, must have been like. This particular proto-language is usually referred to as Proto-West Germanic. The method of reconstruction based on comparison is called the comparative method. If faced with two languages the comparative method can tell us one of three things: 1) the two languages are related in that both are descended from a common ancestor, e.g. German and English, 2) the two are related in that one is the ancestor of the other, e.g. -
The Romance Advantage — the Significance of the Romance Languages As a Pathway to Multilingualism
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 8, No. 10, pp. 1253-1260, October 2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0810.01 The Romance Advantage — The Significance of the Romance Languages as a Pathway to Multilingualism Kathleen Stein-Smith Fairleigh Dickinson University, Metropolitan Campus, Teaneck, NJ, USA Abstract—As 41M in the US speak a Romance language in the home, it is necessary to personally and professionally empower L1 speakers of a Romance language through acquisition of one or more additional Romance languages. The challenge is that Romance language speakers, parents, and communities may be unaware of both the advantages of bilingual and multilingual skills and also of the relative ease in developing proficiency, and even fluency, in a second or third closely related language. In order for students to maximize their Romance language skills, it is essential for parents, educators, and other language stakeholders to work together to increase awareness, to develop curriculum, and to provide teacher training -- especially for Spanish-speakers, who form the vast majority of L1 Romance language speakers in the US, to learn additional Romance languages. Index Terms—romance languages, bilingual education, multilingualism, foreign language learning, romance advantage I. INTRODUCTION The Romance languages, generally considered to be French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian, and in addition, regional languages including Occitan and Catalan, developed from Latin over a significant period of time and across a considerable geographic area. The beginnings of the Romance languages can be traced to the disappearance of the Roman Empire, along with Latin, its lingua franca. -
Latin Language and Latin Culture
Latin Language and Latin Culture from ancient to modern times Joseph Farrell University of Pennsylvania ab published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb22ru, UK www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011±4211, USA www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de AlarcoÂn 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain ( Cambridge University Press 2001 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2001 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge 1 Typeset in 92 /12 Times New Roman and New Hellenic Greek on `3B2' [ao] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library isbn 0 521 77223 0 hardback isbn 0 521 77663 5 paperback Contents Preface page xi 1 The nature of Latin culture 1 2 The poverty of our ancestral speech 28 3 The gender of Latin 52 4 The life cycle of dead languages 84 5 The voices of Latin culture 113 Appendix: Nepos fr. 59 in the edition of Marshall (1977) 134 Bibliography 135 Index 141 ix CHAPTER 1 The nature of Latin culture Coming to Latin culture At the end of Virgil's Aeneid there occurs an episode in which the goddess Juno ®nally agrees to stop ®ghting. Her position, however, is far from abject. -
Romance Languages (Bryn Mawr) 1
Romance Languages (Bryn Mawr) 1 Spanish ROMANCE LANGUAGES (BRYN SPAN B102, SPAN B120. Four courses at the 200 MAWR) level. Two courses at the 300 level. Second Language and Literature Department Website: French https://www.brynmawr.edu/romance FREN B101-FREN B102 or FREN B101-FREN B105; or FREN B005-FREN B102 or FREN B005-FREN B105. The Departments of French and Francophone Two literature courses at the 200 level. FREN B260 Studies, Italian, and Spanish cooperate in offering (BMC) or FREN H212 (HC). One course at the 300 a major in Romance Languages that requires level. advanced work in at least two Romance languages and literatures. Additional work in a third language Italian and literature is suggested. ITAL B101, ITAL B102. Two literature courses at the 200 level. Two literature courses at the 300 level. Major Requirements Spanish The requirements for the major are a minimum SPAN B102, SPAN B120. Two courses at the 200 of nine courses, including the Senior Conference level. Two courses at the 300 level. and/or Senior Essay, described below, in the first language and literature and six courses in the In addition to the coursework described above, when second language and literature, including the the first language and literature is Spanish, majors Senior Conference in French, if French is selected as in Romance Languages must enroll in SPAN B398 * second. Students should consult with their advisors (Senior Seminar). no later than their sophomore year in order to select courses in the various departments that complement When French is chosen as either the first or second each other. -
A Pipeline for Computational Historical Linguistics
A Pipeline for Computational Historical Linguistics Lydia Steiner Peter F. Stadler Bioinformatics Group, Interdisciplinary Bioinformatics Group, University of Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Interdisciplinary Center for Leipzig ∗ Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig∗; Max-Planck-Institute for Mathematics in the Science; Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology; Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen; Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna; Santa Fe Institute Michael Cysouw Research unit Quantitative Language Comparison, LMU München ∗∗ There are many parallels between historical linguistics and molecular phylogenetics. In this paper we describe an algorithmic pipeline that mimics, as closely as possible, the traditional workflow of language reconstruction known as the comparative method. The pipeline consists of suitably modified algorithms based on recent research in bioinformatics, that are adapted to the specifics of linguistic data. This approach can alleviate much of the laborious research needed to establish proof of historical relationships between languages. Equally important to our proposal is that each step in the workflow of the comparative method is implemented independently, so language specialists have the possibility to scrutinize intermediate results. We have used our pipeline to investigate two groups of languages, the Tsezic languages from the Caucasus and the Mataco-Guaicuruan languages from South America, based on the lexical data from the Intercontinental Dictionary Series (IDS). The results of these tests show that the current approach is a viable and useful extension to historical linguistic research. 1. Introduction Molecular phylogenetics and historical linguistics are both concerned with the recon- struction of evolutionary histories, the former of biological organisms, the latter of human languages. -
Europaio: a Brief Grammar of the European Language Reconstruct Than the Individual Groupings
1. Introduction 1.1. The Indo-European 1. The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects, including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in South Asia. Contemporary languages in this family include English, German, French, Spanish, Countries with IE languages majority in orange. In Portuguese, Hindustani (i.e., mainly yellow, countries in which have official status. [© gfdl] Hindi and Urdu) and Russian. It is the largest family of languages in the world today, being spoken by approximately half the world's population as their mother tongue, while most of the other half speak at least one of them. 2. The classification of modern IE dialects into languages and dialects is controversial, as it depends on many factors, such as the pure linguistic ones (most of the times being the least important of them), the social, economic, political and historical ones. However, there are certain common ancestors, some of them old, well-attested languages (or language systems), as Classic Latin for Romance languages (such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Rumanian or Catalan), Classic Sanskrit for the Indo-Aryan languages or Classic Greek for present-day Greek. Furthermore, there are other, still older -some of them well known- dialects from which these old language systems were derived and later systematized, which are, following the above examples, Archaic Latin, Archaic Sanskrit and Archaic Greek, also attested in older compositions and inscriptions. And there are, finally, old related dialects which help develop a Proto-Language, as the Faliscan (and Osco-Umbrian for many scholars) for Latino-Faliscan (Italic for many), the Avestan for Indo-Iranian or the Mycenaean for Proto-Greek. -
Swadesh Lists Are Not Long Enough: Drawing Phonological Generalizations from Limited Data
Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 16. Editor: Peter K. Austin Swadesh lists are not long enough: Drawing phonological generalizations from limited data RIKKER DOCKUM & CLAIRE BOWERN Cite this article: Rikker Dockum & Claire Bowern (2018). Swadesh lists are not long enough: Drawing phonological generalizations from limited data. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description, vol 16. London: EL Publishing. pp. 35-54 Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/168 This electronic version first published: August 2019 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Swadesh lists are not long enough: Drawing phonological generalizations from limited data Rikker Dockum and Claire Bowern Yale University Abstract This paper presents the results of experiments on the minimally sufficient wordlist size for drawing phonological generalizations about languages. Given a limited lexicon for an under-documented language, are conclusions that can be drawn from those data representative of the language as a whole? Linguistics necessarily involves generalizing from limited data, as documentation can never completely capture the full complexity of a linguistic system. We performed a series of sampling experiments on 36 Australian languages in the Chirila database (Bowern 2016) with lexicons ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 items. -
ROMANCE LANGUAGES (BRYN MAWR) Brynmawr.Edu/Romance
ROMANCE LANGUAGES (BRYN MAWR) brynmawr.edu/romance The Departments of French and Francophone Italian Studies, Italian and Spanish cooperate in offering ITAL 101, 102. Four courses at the 200 level. a major in Romance Languages that requires Three courses at the 300 level. advanced work in at least two Romance languages and literatures. Additional work in a third Spanish language and literature is suggested. SPAN 110, SPAN 120. Four courses at the 200 level. Two courses at the 300 level. MAJOR REQUIREMENTS The requirements for the major are a minimum of SECOND LANGUAGE AND nine courses, including the Senior Conference LITERATURE and/or Senior Essay, described below, in the first French language and literature and six courses in the FREN 101-102 or 101-105; or 005-102 or 005- second language and literature, including the 105. Two literature courses at the 200 level. Senior Conference in French, if French is selected FREN 260 (BMC) or 212 (HC). One course at the as second. Students should consult with their 300 level. advisors no later than their sophomore year in order to select courses in the various departments Italian that complement each other. ITAL 101, 102. Two literature courses at the 200 level. Two literature courses at the 300 level. Students should consult with their advisors no later than their sophomore year in order to select Spanish courses in the various departments SPAN 110, SPAN 120. Two courses at the 200 that complement each other. level. Two courses at the 300 level. Haverford students intending to major in In addition to the coursework described above, Romance Languages must have their major work when the first language and literature is Spanish, plan approved by a Bryn Mawr College advisor.