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Other_____________________________________________________________________ I University Microfilms International AN INQUIRY INTO THE TRANSITION FROM LATE WOODLAND TO LATE PREHISTORIC CULTURES IN THE CENTRAL SCIOTO VALLEY, OHIO CIRCA A.D. 500 TO A.D. 1250 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Flora Church, A.A., B.A., M.A The Ohio State University 1987 Dissertation Committee: Approved by W.S. Dancey P.W. Sciulli R.W. Yerkes To Nancy Emmaline Thompson And Wadsworth Church ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was partially funded by a grant from Sigma Xi and a Graduate Student Alumni Research Award from the Ohio State University. Martha P. Otto and Bradley Baker of the Ohio Historical Center were immeasurably helpful in placing their collections at my disposal and in providing work space and equipment. A.G.E. Latimer created the site catchment drawings in chapter IX. I want to express my appreciation for the unwavering support-- financial and otherwise-- received from Chung-min Chen and the Department of Anthropology in general. Professor William S. Dancey, my adviser, has provided me with a challenging model of intellectual curiosity and scientific rigor. He has shown me endless patience and encouragement, and for all of this, I thank him. I also want to thank Professor Paul W. Sciulli for the tir-e and care he gave in guiding me through quantitative analysis and for the refuge his osteology lab provided, Professor Richard W. Yerkes for his cheerful willingness to help, and Professor William M. Sumner, whose door was always open to me. Thanks go as well to my colleagues Owen Hagovsky, Annette E. Latimer, Margaret MacMinn-Barton, Dee Anne Wymer, and especially to Carol Piacentini and Professor Arthur S. Keene of UMass/Amherst, for their friendship and support during my graduate career. Finally, words cannot express the thanks I owe to my parents, Ann and Homer Church, to my brothers and sisters (Joe and Lori; Marsha, Steve, Jason and Nick; Mitchell; Douglas; Teressa and Mitchell Lee; Barbara; and Mark), nor to those friends who travelled this road with me in spirit— Robin, Grey, Michele, Priscilla, Madelyn, Tom, and Larry. I VITA 9 January 1954 ......................Born - Sandusky, Ohio 1975 ..................................A.A., with Honors, Bowling Green State University, Firelands, Huron, Ohio 1977 .....................................B.A., Cum laude. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1 9 8 1 ..................................M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS 1983 An analysis of textile fragments from three Ohio Hopewell mound groups. Ohio Archaeologist 33(1):10—16. 1984 Textiles as markers of Ohio Hopewell social identities. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 9(1):1 — 25. 1986 Current research on Ohio's prehistoric Hopewell textiles. Proceedings of the 1985 CHACM00L Archaeological Conference, Calgary, Canada, in press. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: North American Archaeology Studies in Eastern Woodlands Prehistory and Lithic Analysis .... W.S. Dancey Style in Archaeology . W.M. Sumner Quantitative Methods . P.W. Sciulli v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ iii VITA .......................................................... v LIST OF TA B L E S ..................................................ix LIST OF FI G U R E S ............................................... xi CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM: RESEARCH GOALS 1 II. THE PROBLEM: LITERATURE REVIEW ............... 8 The Fort Ancient Tradition ................ 8 The Baum P h a s e ...................... 15 The Late Woodland in Central Ohio .... 21 Theories on the Origins of Fort Ancient . 27 Summary and Conclusions: Directions for New Research ............................... 38 III. ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRAL SCIOTO DRAINAGE ................................ AO Climate ............................. AO Climatic Change ............................. A2 Hydrology.................................... A6 Bedrock Geology ............................. A7 Physiography ............................... A8 Present Topography ........................ A9 Soils ....................................... 51 V e g e t a t i o n .................................. 56 Environmental Summary ...................... 59 IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ECORD: LATE WOODLAND AND LATE PREHISTORIC SIi ,S . 61 The History of Archaeological Research in the Central Scioto Drainage ............... 62 The Nature of the Site Sample............ 66 General Characteristics of the Sample . 73 vi Major Site Descriptions................... 78 Late Woodland S i t e s ................. 78 Late Prehistoric Sites ............... 84 Summary and Evaluation of the Sample . 93 V. CHRONOLOGY AND THE QUESTION OF POPULATION. INTRUSION ............................. ...... 95 Ordering the Baum Phase Sites: An Illustration of the Problem............... 96 Methodology.................................. 102 Temporal Homogeneity... ......... ..... 103 Ceramic Attributes in Chronology .... 108 Triangular Points as Chronological Markers 117 Absolute Chronological Data for the Central Scioto Valley ............................. 123 New Chronological Order ................. 127 Evaluating the Prufer and Shane Model of Cultural Change ............................. 130 VI. SETTLEMENT PATTERN COMPARISON ............... 136 General Site Distribution ............... 138 Environmental Variables ................. 140 Archaeological Variables ................. 145 Comparing Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric Site Distributions............ 147 Summary of Site Distribution Characteristics ............................. 168 Conclusions ................................ 170 VII. EDGE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF ARTIFACTS ............ 173 Theoretical Approach to Macro-Wear Analysis 174 Methodology: The Macro-Wear Approach . 177 Results of Application: A Functional Classification ............................. 188 Testing the Classes: Use-Wear or Non-Use Damage? .................................... 194 Summary and Conclusions ................... 196 VIII. A COMPARISON OF SITE STRUCTURE............... 200 A Late Woodland Example: Water Plant . 202 Examples of Late Prehistoric Sites: Baum and Gartner ................................ 213 A Comparison of Site S t r u c t u r e .......... 218 Conclusions ................................ 222 vii IX. LATE WOODLAND AND LATE PREHISTORIC: SITE CATCHMENTS IN THE CENTRAL SCIOTO VALLEY . 226 Review of Site Catchment Analysis . 226 Methodology .............................. 233 Results and Summary of the Site Catchment A n a l y s i s .................................... 234 X. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...................... 251 Recent Theories on Nucleation and D i s p e r s i o n .................................. 252 Recent Theories on Sedentariness .... 254 Chronology